Hormone Und Demenz

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Hormone Und Demenz Hormone und Demenz Eine pharmakoepidemiologische Analyse Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades (Dr. rer. nat.) der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn vorgelegt von JEANETTE HOFFMANN aus Teltow Bonn 2020 Angefertigt mit der Genehmigung der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Britta Hänisch 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Ulrich Jaehde Tag der Promotion: 30.10.2020 Erscheinungsjahr: 2020 Aus dem Deutschen Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e.V. (DZNE) Direktor: Prof. Dr. Dr. Pierluigi Nicotera Danksagung Mein herzlicher Dank gilt Prof. Dr. Britta Hänisch, die mir die Möglichkeit gab, dieses spannende Thema zu untersuchen und die Arbeit in Ihrem Team anzufertigen. Mein herzlicher Dank gilt Prof. Dr. Ulrich Jaehde für seine Bereitschaft, die Zweitgutachtung zu übernehmen. Ich danke Prof. Dr. Evi Kostenis und Prof. Dr. Birgitta Weltermann für ihre Mitwirkung an der Promotionskommission. Mein herzlicher Dank gilt Dr. Willy Gomm, ohne dessen tatkräftige Unterstützung die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit nur halb so interessant wären. Mein herzlicher Dank gilt Prof. Dr. Klaus Weckbecker, dessen praxisorientierter Input in der Findungsphase half, das Thema auf die richtige Spur zu lenken. Mein Dank gilt dem Wissenschaftlichen Institut der Ortkrankenkasse (WIdO) für die Bereitstellung der verwendeten Daten. Mein herzlicher Dank gilt den weiteren Mitgliedern meiner Arbeitsgruppe im DZNE und im BfArM: Kathrin, Julia, Steffen, Christoph und Cornelia, fürs Korrekturlesen, für die moralische Unterstützung und für die aufmunternden Gespräche. Mein größter Dank gilt meinen Eltern, Marion und Martin, deren Unterstützung mir ermöglicht hat, diese Arbeit zu schreiben und zu vollenden und ohne die ich niemals so weit gekommen wäre. Inhaltsverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis ............................................................................................ IV Abbildungsverzeichnis ........................................................................................... VII Tabellenverzeichnis............................................................................................... VIII Vorbemerkung ......................................................................................................... X 1. Einleitung.........................................................................................................1 1.1. Demenz ...........................................................................................................1 1.1.1. Eine neurodegenerative Erkrankung ...........................................................1 1.1.2. Demenzarten und Entstehung .....................................................................6 1.1.3. Diagnostik ...................................................................................................9 1.1.4. Therapie ....................................................................................................11 1.1.5. Risikofaktoren ...........................................................................................13 1.2. Hormone .......................................................................................................21 1.2.1. Funktion und Regelung ..............................................................................21 1.2.2. Sexualhormone .........................................................................................23 1.2.2.1. Estrogene .............................................................................................25 1.2.2.2. Gestagene ............................................................................................28 1.2.2.3. Androgene ............................................................................................29 1.2.3. Schilddrüsenhormone ...............................................................................31 1.3. Hormonbeeinflussende Therapien .................................................................34 1.3.1. Weibliche Sexualhormone – Klimakterium ................................................34 1.3.1.1. Das Klimakterium und die Menopause..................................................34 1.3.1.2. Hormontherapie im Klimakterium ........................................................36 1.3.1.3. Hormontherapie mit weiblichen Sexualhormonen und Demenz ...........37 1.3.2. Männliche Sexualhormone – Das benigne Prostatasyndrom .....................40 1.3.2.1. Das benigne Prostatasyndrom ..............................................................40 1.3.2.2. Androgen-Suppression beim benignen Prostatasyndrom......................41 1.3.2.3. Androgen-Suppression und Demenz .....................................................45 1.3.3. Schilddrüsenhormone – Dysfunktionen der Schilddrüse ............................47 I 1.3.3.1. Dysfunktionen der Schilddrüse .............................................................47 1.3.3.2. Therapie der Schilddrüsendysfunktionen ..............................................49 1.3.3.3. Hormonbeeinflussende Therapie der Schilddrüse und Demenz ............50 2. Ziel der Arbeit ................................................................................................53 3. Methoden ......................................................................................................54 3.1. Studienpopulation .........................................................................................54 3.2. Studiendesign: Fall-Kontroll-Studie ................................................................55 3.3. Datenanalyse .................................................................................................58 3.3.1. Logistische Regression ...............................................................................60 3.4. Analysen - Definition von Outcome und Exposition ........................................61 3.4.1. Outcome – Demenz ...................................................................................61 3.4.2. Exposition – Hormontherapie im Klimakterium .........................................62 3.4.2.1. Kovariaten – Hormontherapie im Klimakterium ....................................66 3.4.3. Exposition – Androgen-Suppression beim benignen Prostatasyndrom ......70 3.4.3.1. Kovariaten – Androgen-Suppression beim benignen Prostatasyndrom .71 3.4.4. Exposition – Therapie der Schilddrüsendysfunktionen...............................73 3.4.4.1. Kovariaten – Therapie der Schilddrüsendysfunktionen .........................75 4. Ergebnisse .....................................................................................................77 4.1. Hormontherapie im Klimakterium .................................................................80 4.1.1. Analyse der Verschreibung von Estrogenen, Gestagenen, Kombinations- und lokalen Präparaten ...........................................................................................80 4.1.2. Vergleich verschiedener Lag-times ............................................................82 4.1.3. Vergleich verschiedener regelmäßiger Verschreibungszeiträume ..............84 4.1.4. Vergleich Ausschluss weiblicher Karzinome und weibliche Karzinome als Kovariate ................................................................................................................86 4.2. Androgen-Suppression beim benignen Prostatasyndrom ...............................88 4.2.1. Analyse der Verschreibung von 5α-Reduktaseinhibitoren .........................88 4.2.2. Vergleich verschiedener Lag-times ............................................................89 4.2.3. Vergleich verschiedener regelmäßiger Verschreibungszeiträume ..............91 II 4.2.4. Vergleich Ausschluss männlicher Karzinome und männliche Karzinome als Kovariate ................................................................................................................92 4.3. Therapie von Schilddrüsendysfunktionen ......................................................94 4.3.1. Analyse der Verschreibung von Schilddrüsenhormonen und Thyreostatika 94 4.3.2. Vergleich verschiedener Lag-times ............................................................95 4.3.3. Vergleich verschiedener regelmäßiger Verschreibungszeiträume ..............97 5. Diskussion .................................................................................................... 100 5.1. Hormontherapie im Klimakterium ............................................................... 105 5.2. Androgen-Suppression beim benignen Prostatasyndrom ............................. 114 5.3. Therapie der Schilddrüsendysfunktionen ..................................................... 119 5.4. Stärken und Limitationen ............................................................................. 126 5.5. Ausblick ....................................................................................................... 129 6. Zusammenfassung ....................................................................................... 130 7. Literaturverzeichnis ..................................................................................... 131 III Abkürzungsverzeichnis % Prozent °C Grad Celsius 3MSE Modified Mini Mental State Examination 5ARIS 5α-Reduktaseinhibitoren Abb. Abbildung AD Alzheimer-Demenz ADT Androgen-Deprivationstherapie AOK Allgemeine Ortskrankenkasse Apo Apolipoprotein APP Amyloid-Precursor-Protein ATC-Code Anatomisch-Therapeutisch-Chemische Klassifikation AUS Australien BMI Body-Mass-Index
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