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Berggrundsmorfologiska Studier Över Kustslätten Och Norrlands­ Terrängen Inom Delar Av Umeå Kommun, Norra Norrland

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Berggrundsmorfologiska Studier Över Kustslätten Och Norrlands­ Terrängen Inom Delar Av Umeå Kommun, Norra Norrland K • O GERUM GEOGRAFISKA RAPPORTER UMEÅ UNIVERSITET ^ 3 i- Karel Miskovsky BERGGRUNDSMORFOLOGISKA STUDIER ÖVER KUSTSLÄTTEN OCH NORRLANDS­ TERRÄNGEN INOM DELAR AV UMEÅ KOMMUN, NORRA NORRLAND Umeå 1982 Rapport A: 32 Department of Geography University of Umeå BERGGRUNDSMORFOLOGISKA STUDIER ÖVER KUSTSLÄTTEN OCH NORRLANDS­ TERRÄNGEN INOM DELAR AV UMEÅ KOMMUN, NORRA NORRLAND AKADEMISK AVHANDLING, SOM MED VEDERBÖRLIGT TILLSTÅND AV REKTORSÄMBETET VID UMEÅ UNIVERSITET FÖR VINNANDE AV FILOSOFIE DOKTORSEXAMEN FRAMLÄGGES TILL OFFENTLIG GRANSKNING VID GEOGRAFISKA INSTITUTIONEN, FÖRELÄSNINGSSAL F 1, SÖDRA PAVILJONGERNA, UMEÅ UNIVERSITET, FREDAGEN DEN 28 MAJ 1982, KL 14.00 av KAREL MISKOVSKY UMEÅ 1982 Studies in the bedrock morphology of the coastal plain and Norrland terrain in part of Umeå commune, northern Sweden. (Berggrunds- morfologiska studier över kustslätten och Norrlandsterrängen inom delar av Umeå kommun, norra Norrland). Swedish text with a summary in English. Karel Miskovsky, The Department of Geography, University of Umeå, Sweden. ABSTRACT The aim of this studv is to investigate interrelationships between bedrock relief and geological material. The area of investigation 2 covers ca 350 km and is located in the Prec ambrian bedrock in the central part of Umeå commune, in northern Norrland. The boundary between two morphologically different types of landscape, the coastal plain (kustslätten) and the Norrland terrain (Norrlands­ terrängen), crosses this area in a north-westerly direction. The study area's Precambrian bedrock has been mapped in detail by the author and the results are presented in a map at the scale of 1:50,000 together with a description. The occurring rock types have been studied with regard to their resistance against physical and chemical weathering. By relating recent research experience con­ cerning Fennoscandia's palaeogeography, palaeoclimatology and isostasy, an appreciation is given of the character and strength of the forces of disintegration. Accordingly, it seems probable that chemical weathering was the dominant phenomenon during Silurian, Devonian, and even Carboniferous and Permian, whereas when the climate worsened sig nificantly after the Tertiary period Fennoscandia's landscape was resculptured by glacial forces. During Tertiary and Quarternary times , Pennoscandia was twice uplifted and once lowered Statistical correlations between landscape relief, bedrock structure and rock variat ions, show that the highest sections of the landscape are dominated by resistant older gra nitoids, granitic mobilizate and veined gneisses, whereas the low-lying valleys and plains are characterized by the easily weathered biotite-plagioclase schists. Much suggests that the distinctive morphology of the coastal plain and Norrland terrain was initiated by bedrock structure and rock variations. As in some earlier works on Fennoscandia, this study attributes great importance to selective weathering in shaping the landscape. Key words: Precambrian bedrock, Fennoscandia, morphology, Umeå weathering processes Gerum A:32. Published by the Department of Geography, Universit y of Umeå, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden. ISSN 0348-0887, 108 pages. Umeå 1982 RÄTTELSER OCH TILLÄGG TILL LITTERATURLISTAN Innehållsförteckning: Del II: KUSTLANDSKAPET skall vara KUSTSLÄTTEN. Sid 3: l: a stycket, 5:e raden: "med" utgår. Sid 45: 2:a stycket, l:a raden: denudations. Sid 50: 2: a stycket, l:a raden: palejozoiska. Sid 50: 4:e stycket, 2:a raden: syd-västra. Sid 54: 2:a stycket, sista raden: älvserosionen ersätts med erosions- cykeln. Sid 55: l:a stycket, 4:e raden: "(1:3)" utgår. Sid 66: 2:a stycket, 5:e raden (fig 19). Sid 66: 3:e stycket, 3:e raden (fig 20). Sid 102 De Geer, S., 1913: Karta över södra Sveriges landformer. Skala 1:500 000. Med beskrivning. De Geer, S., 1918a: Bidrag till Västerbottens geomorfologi. GFF 40 De Geer, S., 1918b: Sveriges landsdelar. Yraer, 38. Sid 102 Högbom, A.G., 1912: Uber die Glazialerosion im sc hwedischen Urgebirgs- terroin C.R.XI. Congr Geol Intern 1910. Fase 1. Stockholm. Högbom, B., 1916: Zur Meckanik der Spaltenverwerfungen, eine Studie über mittelschwedische Verwerfungsbreccien. B.G.U., 13. Högbom, A.G., Ahlström, N.G., 1924: Uber die subkambrische Landfläche am Fusse vom Kinnekulle. B.G.U., 19. Sid 104 Markgren, M., 1962: Detaljmorfologiska studier i fast berg och block- material. SGÅ 38, 123-169. Markgren, M., 1964: Geomorphological studies in Fennoscandia. Vol 11 Meddelanden från Lunds univ geograf inst avh XLIV. Sid 106 Sederholm, 1.1., 1910: Sur la g éomorphologie de la Finlande, Memoires présentés au IX:e Congr Intern Geogr. Genève 1908. Även i Fennia, 28:1. Sederholm, 1.1., 1912: Uber Bruchlinien, mit besonderer Beziehung auf die Geomorphologie von Fennoskandia. C.R. XI Congr Géol Intern Stockholm 1910, 2. Tanner, V., 1915: Studier öfver kvartärsystemet i Fennoskandias nordliga delar. III. Om landisens rörelser och afsmältning i FinsKa Lappland och angränsande trakter. Fennia, 36:1. UMEÅ UNIVERSITET UNIVERSITY OF UMEÅ GEOGRAFISKA INSTITUTIONEN DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY 901 87 UMEÅ S-901 87 UMEÅ BERGGRUNDSMORFOLOGISKA STUDIER ÖVER KUSTSLÄTTEN OCH NORRLANDS­ TERRÄNGEN INOM DELAR AV UMEÅ KOMMUN, NORRA NORRLAND UMEÅ 1982 RAPPORT A:32 INNEHÅLLSFÖRTECKNING ABSTRACT FÖRORD DEL I: BERGGRÜNDEN INOM DELAR AV UMEÅ KOMMUN, NORRA NORRLAND sid 1 INLEDNING 1 1.1 Undersökningssyfte 1 2 METODIK 2 3 UNDERSÖKNINGSOMRÅDETS GEOGRAFI OCH TOPOGRAFI 3 4 UNDERSÖKNINGSOMRÅDETS GEOLOGI 4 4.1 Svekokarelska orogena zonen 4 4.2 Svekokarelska berggrunden i syd-östra Västerbotten 6 4.3 Berggrunden inom centrala delar av Umeå kommun 6 4.3.1 Metasedimentbergarter 7 4.3.2 Vulkanogena bergarter 16 4.3.3 Primorogena - synorogena intrusivbergarter 21 4.3.3.1 Äldre intrusiv av basisk karaktär 22 4.3.3.2 Äldre granitoida djupbergarter 23 4.3.4 Regenererade och mobiliserade biandbergarter 30 4.3.5 Yngre granitiska - pegmatitiska bergarter 35 4.3.6 Metamorfosen inom Umeåområdet 40 4.3.7 Struktur och spricktektonik 41 DEL II: BERGGRUNDSMORFOLOGISK DETALJSTUDIE ÖVER KUSTLANDSKAPET OCH NORRLANDSTERRÄNGEN INOM DELAR AV UMEÅ KOMMUN, NORRA NORRLAND 5 INLEDNING 43 6 TIDIGARE UNDERSÖKNINGAR 44 7 NYA FORSKNINGSRÖN MED ANKNYTNING TILL FENNOSKANDIAS BERGGRUNDSMORFOLOGI 49 8 UMEÅS LANDSKAPSRELIEF OCH GEOLOGISKA MATERIAL 54 8.1 Undersökningssyfte 54 8.2 Landskapet inom Umeå kommun 54 8.3 Landskapsreliefen med hänsyn till olika parametrar 57 8.3.1 Umeåberggrundens anisotropi 57 3.3.1.1 Materialvariationer 58 3.3.1.2 Bergarternas fysikaliska och kemiska vittrings- benägenhet 60 8.3.1.3 Migmatiseringsgrad 62 8.3.1.4 Variationer i Umeåberggrundens strukturella uppbyggnad 63 sid 8.4 Regionens paleogeografi, paleoklimatologi och epeirogenetiska rörelser som mått på exogena krafters karaktär och styrka 67 8.5 Morfometrisk korrelation av georeliefen och berg­ grundsvariationerna 71 8.5.1 Allmänt om mor f omet ri 71 8.5.2 Den morfometriska landskapsanalysens metodik och resultat 71 8.5.3 Delanalysernas resultat 73 8.6 Umeåberggrundens relief - en produkt av selektiv vittring 86 8.6.1 Kustslättens geologiska material och geomorfologi 86 8.6.2 Norrlandsterrängens berggrundsmorfologi i rel ation till dess geologiska uppbyggnad 87 9 DISKUSSION OCH SLUTSATSER 92 10 SUMMARY 94 11 LITTERATURFÖRTECKNING 99 Exempel på selektiv vittring. Stenens topp- och basdel bildas av resistent aplit medan den nedvittrade mellan- delen består av regenererad, fältspatiserad biand­ bergart. Foto: Rolf Eklund. FÖRORD Under perioden 1975-1980 utförde författaren en berggrundskarte- ring över centrala delar av Umeå kommun. Denna undersökning var i början inriktad på att fastställa materialvariationerna i berg­ grunden med hänsyn till framtida byggnadsgeologiska arbeten samt makadambrytningen inom kommunen. Genom att bearbeta och samman­ ställa undersökningsmaterialet fick man en detaljerad bild över områdets geologiska uppbyggnad (presenteras i kartan 1:50 000). Berggrundsmorfologin är ett ämnesområde som attraherar en berggrunds­ intresserad naturgeograf. Redan under fältperioden ställde sig för­ fattaren frågor rörande sambandet mellan landskapsutformningen och det geologiska materialet. Finns det korrelation mellan områdets bergarts-, och strukturvariationer och terrängens morfologiska gestaltning? 0m svaret är positivt, till vilken grad påverkar då berggrunden landskapsutformningen? För att kunna svara på dessa frågor krävs det förståelse för om­ rådets geologiska material och historiskt-geologiska utveckling. Av praktiska skäl indelas denna studie i två delar. I del 1 ana­ lyserar författaren undersökningsområdets bergartsvariationer, strukturella uppbyggnad och historiskt-geologiska utveckling. Del II är en berggrundsmorfologisk syntes baserad på relationer mellan landskapet och det geologiska materialet. Författaren framför ett varmt tack till Doc Göran Stålhös (SGU) för värdefulla råd och granskning av avsnittet om berggrunden, till professor Erik Bylund (geografiska institutionen,Umeå) och professor Ingemar Larsson, (KTH, Stockholm) för kommentarer och granskning av den naturgeografiska delen. Vidare vill författaren tacka Vilhelm Nyberg, Gun-Britt Ivarsson och Pirjo Miskovsky för teknisk hjälp samt FD lan G Layton för översättningen av samman­ fattningen. Umeå 1982 Karel Miskovsky 1 DEL I BERGGRUNDEN INOM DELAR AV UMEÅ KOMMUN, NORRA NORRLAND 1 INLEDNING 1.1 Undersökningssyfte Det västerbottniska kustlandets berggrund beskrivs i Gav elins och Kullings (1955) arbete "Berggrundskarta över Västerbotten med be­ skrivning". Av olika anledningar (kartans skala 1:400 000, dåvarande
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