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Numero 2-2007 Géomorphologie : relief, processus, environnement, 2007, n° 2, p. 177-204 Alain Godard on the NW Highlands of Scotland: present relevance for long-term landscape evolution studies Alain Godard sur les hautes terres de l’Écosse du Nord-Ouest : pertinence actuelle pour les études d’évolution du relief à long terme David Jarman* Abstract Godard’s seminal 1965 thesis is revisited as a landmark amongst regional geomorphological studies of Scotland and older uplands gen- erally, for its omnivorous powers of acute observation, for its rare grasp of structural and climatic geomorphology, and for its comprehensive synthesis of landshaping factors. While this vast work extended to the coasts, the Hebrides, and Orkney, the revisit focuses on the upland areas of the NW Highlands. Factors which may have hindered its assimilation and follow-through in the coun- try of study and in anglophone geomorphology are explored. These include obvious and fundamental scientific differences – French regional and synthetic versus British process and thematic at a time of paradigm change away from Davisian denudation chronology – and more subtle cultural barriers, notably its exogenous status in the land of Hutton and Lyell, its non-translation into English, and its at times eye-catchingly expressive idiom and argumentativeness. These stylistic, linguistic, and editorial barriers illustrate the difficul- ties and opportunities in disseminating important concepts in transnational geoscience. While its lack of methodological originality can be criticised, the scope for emulating the author’s eye for landscape, understanding of geology, and passion to interpret their interac- tion is promoted. Godard’s magnum opus is today most noted for its highly detailed tracing of exhumed and extant erosion surfaces. It remains relevant and instructive as the study of long-term landscape evolution undergoes a renaissance in Britain. Godard’s ideas and observations are assessed as platforms for future research on several themes which are reviving in the anglophone world: the large-scale efficacity of glacial erosion; drainage networks and watershed migration; etch-planation processes; passive-margin tectonics; and the possible roots of the paleic relief in the Caledonian orogeny. Key words: A. Godard, Scottish Highlands, erosion surfaces, watersheds, etch-planation, glacial efficacity, landscape evolution. Résumé La thèse magistrale d’A. Godard (1965) est revisitée ici en tant que mine d’informations et matrice conceptuelle pour les études de géo- morphologie régionale tant sur l’Écosse que sur les massifs anciens en général. Cette thèse sert aussi de matériau pour dresser un portrait des capacités hors pair d’observation de son auteur, sa maîtrise exceptionnelle de la géomorphologie structurale et climatique, et son art pour la synthèse des facteurs qui ont donné forme au paysage. Face à un tel monument, le présent article se restreint à l’exa- men des Hautes Terres du nord-ouest de l’Écosse, et donc élude cet autre vaste domaine de l’ouvrage concernant les côtes et les îles Hébrides et Orcades. Les facteurs qui ont entravé la postérité des travaux de Godard au sein de la géomorphologie anglophone sont examinés. Ces derniers concernent des différences de culture scientifique évidentes mais fondamentales, notamment le régionalisme et le penchant français pour la synthèse contre l’accent sur les processus et le penchant thématique en Grande-Bretagne, à une époque charnière (1965) où s’opérait un changement de paradigme historique vers la process geomorphology au détriment de la denudation chronology davisienne. On évoquera aussi toutefois des barrières culturelles plus subtiles, comme le statut d’étranger sinon d’intrus dans la patrie de Hutton et Lyell, l’absence de traduction en anglais de l’ouvrage, et un style d’écriture et d’argumentation quelque peu désuet aux yeux de la nouvelle géographie scientifique. Ces barrières stylistiques, linguistiques et éditoriales soulignent des pro- blèmes récurrents dans la dissémination transnationale d’idées scientifiques. Bien qu’on puisse rester critique à l’égard d’un certain manque d’originalité méthodologique chez Godard, son sens du paysage, sa compréhension de la géologie et sa passion pour inter- préter leurs interactions n’ont fait que peu d’émules parmi ses homologues britanniques. Lorsqu’il est mentionné dans la littérature, le magnum opus de Godard demeure essentiellement célébré pour ses levés topographiques extrêmement détaillés des surfaces d’éro- sion, exhumées ou non. Il est toutefois instructif que l’étude de l’évolution du paysage à long terme subisse actuellement une * Mountain Landform Research, Ross-shire, Scotland. E-mail: [email protected] David Jarman renaissance en Grande-Bretagne. Dans cette perspective et dans le contexte d’une bibliographie actualisée sur l’Écosse, on réévalue ici la qualité des analyses de Godard et leur rôle de ferment pour des recherches futures sur quelques thèmes devenus récemment à la mode en géomorphologie britannique comme l’efficacité à long terme de l’érosion glaciaire, les conséquences morphologiques des pro- cessus d’altération, les réseaux hydrographiques et la migration des lignes de partage des eaux, la tectonique des marges continentales passives, et les traces de paléoreliefs hérités de l’orogenèse calédonienne. Mots clés : A. Godard, Écosse, surfaces d’érosion, réseau hydrographique, altération différentielle, efficacité des glaciers, évolution du paysage. Version française abrégée focalisation sur les processus, Godard restait ancré dans une approche française régionaliste, employant des La thèse d’A. Godard, publiée en 1965, est peut-être la ten- méthodes encore limitées aux observations visuelles, à l’in- tative la plus monumentale jamais réalisée de produire en terprétation des cartes et aux analyses géologiques de solitaire le tableau géomorphologique d’une vaste région des routine. Affronter un si gros volume était donc une tâche Îles britanniques (fig. 1). Elle est fondée sur des travaux de décourageante, même si, comme ce fut le cas pour le présent terrain et des observations de grande envergure, et elle abou- auteur, les dividendes se sont avérées considérables à tit à une ample synthèse de facteurs aussi diversifiés que la condition d’y consacrer une lecture attentive. Cet effort a géologie ancienne, l’érosion tertiaire, et les glaciations qua- permis de révéler l’intérêt de détenir toutes les conclusions ternaires et leurs conséquences. Cet article se focalise sur d’une campagne de recherches contenues dans une seule l’évolution du paysage à long terme dans la partie non insu- source bibliographique, au lieu d’être éparpillées entre plu- laire des Hautes Terres du nord-ouest d’Écosse, c’est-à-dire sieurs articles comme c’est trop systématiquement le cas en les Highlands. On éludera donc le travail sur les côtes, sur Grande Bretagne. les archipels des Orcades et des Hébrides, et sur la Province L’actualité de Godard quarante ans après la parution de Volcanique Tertiaire, reprises depuis dans la thèse de Le sa thèse est examinée sous cinq rubriques : les surfaces Cœur (1994), ainsi que ses vues d’ensemble climatiques et d’érosion (y compris l’altération différentielle) ; l’évolution hydrographiques et ses abondantes analyses pétrologiques et du paysage à long terme (notamment les origines du relief sédimentologiques. paléique) ; l’inefficacité et la sélectivité de l’érosion gla- Il est inhabituel pour des géomorphologues étrangers de ciaire ; la migration des lignes de partage des eaux sous mener des programmes de recherche en Grande Bretagne, et l’effet de l’englacement ; et les limites des glaces (y compris on déplorera ici que l’absence de fertilisation croisée entre l’insignifiance des dépôts glaciaires et des processus post- écoles de pensée nationales, ainsi que l’attrait pour la glaciaires durant l’Holocène). On cite encore Godard au- recherche dans des régions plus éloignées et plus presti- jourd’hui comme l’auteur le plus crédible en ce qui concer- gieuses, soient à terme nuisibles à la discipline et ses ne l’analyse des surfaces d’érosion en Écosse, en grand protagonistes. En dépit d’une large ignorance du détail des partie en raison de ses levés topographiques remarquable- travaux de Godard par la communauté écossaise des ment détaillés et généralement valides des surfaces d’éro- sciences de la Terre, les aspects plus accessibles de son tra- sion, exhumées ou non. Ses cinq surfaces « tertiaires » vail demeurent malgré tout reconnus en Écosse (Sissons, comprennent une « surface écossaise » étendue, avec son 1976a ; Hall, 1991 ; Hall et Bishop, 2002), notamment ses « knick brutal » caractéristique ; et une « surface inter- levés topographiques des surfaces d’érosion. Néanmoins, médiaire », plus ancienne, qui indique un soulèvement en beaucoup de ses idées plus générales et la plupart de ses dôme. La gamme d’altitudes varie d’une région à l’autre, observations perspicaces sont restés dans l’ombre, et sans mais des surfaces définissent dans l’ensemble un système en presque aucune postérité en Grande Bretagne. escalier avec des niveaux à 800–1 000 m, 650–750 m, Certes, pour que la science reçoive quelque écho, elle doit 400–600 m, 180–300 m et 90–180 m. Au-delà des simplistes se rendre compréhensible, doit être communiquée avec com- sommets concordants davisiens, Godard utilise ces corréla- pétence et compter sur une large diffusion. Les raisons pour tions pour identifier des effets de déformation tectonique et lesquelles le travail de
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