Welcoming the Global Gas Industry to Asia's Business Epicentre

VISIT OUR STAND C430, HALL 4 The O cial 2015 Conference Newspaper DAY ONE Published by , and Tuesday, 27 October 2015

Welcoming the global gas industry INSIDE THIS ISSUE 3 Conference Programme, to Asia’s business epicentre Expo Map and Gastech App 8 Pipeline operator upgrades GAVIN SUTCLIFFE, Head of Conference & Governing Body, Gastech control for critical compressor operations Welcome to Gas- Rockwell Automation’s PlantPAx tech Singapore 2015! process automation system We are continuing the integrates stations along 8,200 mi event’s Asian road- US gas transmission pipeline. show following the 9 Production underway huge success of Gas- tech Korea in 2014, at Air Products’ new and this year we will again reflect the dyna- manufacturing facility mism and new business opportunities in the global gas and LNG supply chain. Singapore, now celebrating 50 years as an independent nation, has proved one of Asia’s (if not the world’s) great commercial success stories. It is acknowledged as the hub of Southeast Asia and a centre of technical and commercial excellence in the fastest growing market for LNG. The 32-acre Florida facility allows World Bank has ranked the country at the easier seaport access for top of its list for ease of doing business for shipment of heat exchangers. the last nine years, and opportunities for new partnerships between international gas 12 Höegh LNG perspectives and LNG players are only just emerging. on the market for floating Singapore’s potential is vast, with many LNG solutions key emerging markets from Southeast With its capacity to generate major new business in gas and LNG, Singapore is a natural Gas Processing sits down with Asia now seeking more natural gas and choice for this year’s Gastech Conference. Höegh LNG President and LNG infrastructure and capacity. As North CEO Sveinung J.S. Støhle. Asia continues to dominate global gas and holders. New faces and organisations rep- ronment; the future use for gas in the Asian LNG demand, emerging domestic markets, resenting Asia-Pacific include CNOOC, fuel mix; emerging gas markets; and con- 14 Successful startup including Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam, JERA (Chubu-TEPCO partnership), SIN- tracting, pricing and trading. Gastech also of Qatar JBOG project Thailand, the Philippines, Myanmar and— OPEC, Santos, Pavilion Energy, IE Sin- remains dedicated to delivering the stron- at the epicentre—Singapore, are creating gapore, Singapore LNG, Bank of Tokyo gest original presentations in shipping; gas new opportunities for those seeking to gain Mitsubishi, Badak LNG and the EMA. as a transport fuel; innovative technologies; a market foothold. The Gastech conference has never floating LNG and containment; and the Domestic gas and LNG fuel continue before been so widely endorsed by so global market outlook for gas. to offer more flexible, cost-effective and many companies, reaffirming our robust Another innovative feature for Gas- scalable solutions, underpinned with exist- approach to selecting and delivering the tech Singapore is our Global Meetings ing and emerging technologies. With its finest presentations, papers and speakers. Programme, which enables you to plan The country’s National Vision world-class financial and legal institutions, Across four days of content, our confer- specific meetings with relevant delegates includes a focus on recovering Singapore has the capacity and competency ence commences with an afternoon of throughout the event. This is managed the flared gas at its LNG berths. to generate major new business in gas and high-profile keynote and panel speakers using our tailor-made approach and our LNG, catalysing regional investors and before launching into 12 dedicated streams team onsite, allowing you to maximise 19 The “Lion City” welcomes stakeholders to drive the uptake in gas use with careful consideration of Asia-Pacific your time to drive new relationships. visitors with open arms across Southeast Asian domestic markets. stakeholder needs, but with critical appeal On behalf of the organisers and our Singapore, the epicentre of This year’s conference agenda was again to our international community. hardworking, dedicated Governing Body, Southeast Asia’s growing advised, and then meticulously shaped, Fresh topics and themes reflect the con- enjoy the conference and make the most of LNG market, showcases its by a Governing Body that welcomed an tinually-evolving industry, with sessions the outstanding presentations, speakers and unique culture and people. increasing number of key regional stake- tailored to health, safety, security and envi- networking opportunities. ■ GasProcessingNews.com

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Stay Connected to the Latest Technology and Business Information for the Global Gas Processing Industry Technology, News, Projects GasProcessingNews.com | SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2015 and Trends in the Global Gas LNG TECHNOLOGY PLANT DESIGN Pair NGL recovery with LNG Processing Industry! for improved processing Reduce costs for fired heater purge systems in LNG plants Gas Processing and GasProcessingNews.com are the newest ENERGY NETWORKS Small-scale methanol offers information platforms from Gulf Publishing Company, supply flexibility, cost efficiency Gas-to-power networks publisher of Hydrocarbon Processing and World Oil. Gas bring resources online faster Processing covers the latest in process technologies, equipment, operations and maintenance, and environment and regulations pertaining to Natural Gas Liquids (NGLs), Liqueﬁ ed Natural Gas (LNG), Gas-to-Liquids (GTLs) and Liqueﬁ ed Petroleum Gas (LPG). GasProcessingNews.com provides breaking news, market insight, in-depth articles covering the latest developments and advancements in the Special Supplement to gas processing industry, project data and more. Conference Programme Gastech Expo Map

TUESDAY, 27 OCTOBER

AFTERNOON

12:15–13:30 Delegate Lunch

13:50–14:00 Organizer and Gastech Governing Body Chairmen’s Welcome ■ Chris Clucas, Group Fleet Director, Bernhard Schulte Shipmanagement Ltd. ■ Paul Sullivan, Senior Vice President— Global LNG and FLNG, WorleyParsons Group

14:00–14:15 Government Host Welcome Address ■ Teo Eng Cheong, Chief Executive Officer, International Enterprise Singapore

14:15–14:40 Host Keynote Address—Building a Sustainable Energy Business ■ Helge Lund, Chief Executive Officer, BG Group

14:45–15:00 Singapore Keynote Address ■ Seah Moon Ming, Executive Director & Chief Executive Officer, HAVE YOU DOWNLOADED Pavilion Energy Pte Ltd. THE GASTECH APP? 15:00–15:15 Global NOC Keynote Address ■ Alexander Medvedev, Deputy Chairman of the Management The Gastech App, sponsored by CB&I, is a full networking Committee, Gazprom tool, providing instant capability to collect contact and content information—like a mobile business card! 15:15–15:45 Networking Break Sponsored by Pavilion Energy GASTECH APP FEATURES: • Free to download—Available to all Gastech registered attendees 15:45–16:45 Suppliers Panel Debate: “What will be the Impact of • Improved networking capabilities—Built in QR reader allowing Lower Oil and LNG Prices on LNG Buyers and Sellers connections to be made effortlessly Over the Next 5 Years?” • Peer to Peer interaction—Ability to easily connect with exhibitors, ■ (Moderator) Joseph A. Bevash, Partner—Tokyo, delegates and visitors Hong Kong, Singapore, Latham & Watkin LLP • View all your connection details on your personalised timeline ■ Pierre Breber, Executive Vice President, Chevron • Switch between the Gastech App and Global Meetings ■ Hamad Mubarak Al-Muhannadi, Chief Executive Officer, Programme (separate login required) RasGas Co. Ltd. • Stay up to date with the latest notifications ■ Steve Hill, Executive Vice President, Global Energy Marketing and Shipping, BG Group DOWNLOAD FOR FREE from your app store ■ Philip Olivier, Chief Executive Officer, ENGIE GLOBAL LNG or visit www.gastechsingapore.com/app ■ William M. Walker, Governor, The State of Alaska, US

16:50–17:50 Importers Panel Debate: “What will be the Impact of Lower Oil and LNG Prices on LNG Buyers and Sellers Published by Hydrocarbon Processing as four daily editions, 27–30 October Over the Next 5 Years?” 2015. If you wish to advertise in this ■ (Moderator) Ian Catterall, Managing Director, Head of Natural newspaper, or to submit a press release, Resources Project Finance, Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd. Gastech please contact the editor via email ■ Shigeru Muraki, Executive Advisor, Tokyo Gas Co. Ltd. at [email protected]. ■ Jong-Ho Lee, Senior Executive Vice President, Korea Gas Corporation (KOGAS) Advertisers Vice President, Midstream ■ Hiroki Sato, Vice President, Fuel Procurement Department, and Downstream ABS ��7 JERA Co. Inc. Bret Ronk ADNOC �� 4 ■ Huang-Chang Lee, Deputy Chief Executive Officer–Natural Gastech Contacts Gas Business, CPC Corporation Taiwan Construction Boxscore Database �� 13 Gavin Sutcliffe, Head of Conference and Governing Body ■ Satpal P. Garg, Director of Finance, ONGC Videsh Ltd. dmg::events global energy ��1, 20 Charlie Cracknell, Event Director ■ Weiguo Shan, Head of Gas Market Research, ETRI, China Gas Processing ��2 Editor National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) Gulf Publishing Company Events ��9 Mike Rhodes HOEGH LNG ��5 18:30–21:00 The Gastech Industry Party, Gardens by the Bay Contributing Editors QATARGAS Operating Company ��1 Kurt Abraham Hosted by Chevron US Gas Processing Plant Directory �� 11 Adrienne Blume Photographer CONFERENCE AND EXHIBITION OPENING TIMES Kelly Abraham Conference Exhibition Production Manager Angela Bathe Dietrich Tuesday 27 October 2015 14:00–17:50 10:00–18:00 Artist/Illustrator Wednesday 28 October 2015 09:00–18:00 10:00–19:00 www.HydrocarbonProcessing.com David Weeks Thursday 29 October 2015 09:00–18:00 10:00–18:00 2 Greenway Plaza, Suite 1020 Houston, TX 77252-77046 USA Advertising Production Manager Friday 30 October 2015 09:00–13:00 10:00–16:00 +1-713-529-4301 Cheryl Willis

Gastech Conference Newspaper ■ DAY ONE Tuesday, 27 October 2015 3 ADNOC daily show.indd 1 9/3/15 11:29 AM Visit our Gastech stand B520.

Höegh LNG is a leading owner and operator of floating LNG import infrastructure (FSRUs), has developed flexible FLNG design solutions and is an experienced operator of LNG Carriers.

www.hoeghlng.com CoTEsBanner Gastech Show Daily 2015.indd 1 showcases the latest developments 07.09.2015 10:01:30 and applications in gas technology The Centres of Technical Excellence cruise ships with the world’s largest guest as part of the Floating LNG stream. The new supply of LNG to islands in the Caribbean (CoTEs) programme is open to all Gastech capacities in the world. On the infrastruc- FLNG concept offers some 20% reduction or in Southeast Asia,” explains Philippe Exhibition visitors. This popular seminar ture side, South Korea has announced plans in annual OPEX, adds only a small increase Berterottière, GTT Chairman and CEO. series—80 cutting-edge sessions con- to construct LNG bunkering terminals at a in CAPEX and increases overall safety. Other presentations will include an ducted over four days by leading industry number of its ports. array of LNG technology issues in process, experts—delivers awareness of technologi- Gastech’s CoTEs, in association with Capitalising on potential of small- design, infrastructure, power and LNG car- cal developments and applications in the gas DNV GL, will welcome the Maritime and and mid-scale LNG. A full-day stream rier technology. The programme will also and LNG industries. Port Authority of Singapore and top engine will highlight the potential and challenges address: Gas Processing, LNG as a Marine maker, Rolls-Royce, to specifically outline of small- and mid-scale LNG in Southeast Fuel, Natural Gas Vehicles, LNG & Gas Moving LNG bunkering beyond what is needed to realise LNG bunkering in Asia. These projects are offering economi- Carrier Shipbuilding, Offshore Technology, “chicken and egg” problem. A full Southeast Asia. These seminars will feature cal solutions to develop Asia’s energy and LNG Facilities & Infrastructure, Informa- day has been dedicated to the latest devel- industry experts from Shell, TGE Marine maritime landscapes. tion & Communication Technology in Gas, opments in LNG bunkering technology, Gas Engineering and FMC Technologies. GTT, the leading expert in cargo contain- and Pipeline Infrastructure. which is becoming more relevant as indus- ment systems, LNG carriers and land stor- The CoTEs seminars have been a regular try shows its determination to overcome its DNV GL to unveil latest FLNG age of LNG, will share its industry exper- draw at the Gastech Exhibition since 2011, “chicken and egg” problem. Carnival Corp. technology. The company will also tise. “We see good potential in this market and they provide technology firms, research is the latest to support LNG bunkering by discuss how its latest technology will help because there is a real need for a supply institutes and other technical experts an signing a multi-billion dollar contract to overcome current challenges in unlocking chain adapted to smaller quantities, coastal interactive platform to showcase and discuss build four “next-generation” LNG-powered previously inaccessible offshore gas fields transportation, river transportation, and the developments in gas technology. ■

CoTEs—TUESDAY 27 OCTOBER 2015

GAS PROCESSING (Exhibition Theatre A) LNG AS A MARINE FUEL (Exhibition Theatre B) FLOATING LNG (Exhibition Theatre C) Introduction Moderator Introductory Remarks Moderator Introductory Remarks Moderator Introductory Remarks 10:15–10:30 John Sheffield, Consultant Instructor, Leo Karistios, Global Gas Technology Market Manager, Conn Fagan, Vice President, Business Development, PetroSkills | John M. Campbell & Co. Lloyd’s Register DNV GL Offshore Gas Projects Session 1 Why Do We Need to Have Gas Processing? LNG as a Marine Fuel—Where Technology Meets Logistics An Economic Shallow Water LNG Concept 10:30–10:55 John Sheffield, Consultant Instructor, James Forsdyke, Asia Marine Sales and Marketing Augusto Bulte, Project Development Manager, PetroSkills | John M. Campbell & Co. Manager, Lloyd’s Register Amec Foster Wheeler Session 2 Sour Gas Treatment Technology Selection— Trends and Adoptive Concepts in Marine Maintenance Combining Shipping and Offshore Experience in 11:00–11:25 Pushing Boundaries Using Novel Hybrid Processes Sören Karlsson, Business Development Manager, an Innovative Terminal Design for Different LNG Ankur Jariwala, Senior Product Manager, Cameron Intl. Fuel Gas Handling, Wärtsilä Corp. Applications Tore Røysheim, CEO, GraviFloat AS Session 3 Combination Filtration For Removing Divalent Salts High Manganese Steel for LNG Storage Applications Innovation: A Safer, Smarter, Greener FLNG 11:30–11:55 and Contaminants From Monoethylene Glycol (MEG) Kihwan Kim, Senior Principal Researcher, POSCO for the Future Reclamation Units Richard Whitehead, Vice President, Barry A. Perlmutter, President & Managing Director, Global LNG Segment, DNV GL BHS-Sonthofen Inc. Session 4 Desulphurization of Lean Gas with Thiopaq O&G “LNG Ready” Solutions Using GTT Membrane Process Cycle Options for FLNG 12:00–12:25 Colin Choong, Licensing Technical Manager, Fuel Tank Solutions Annemarie Weist, LNG Process Engineer Manager, Shell Global Solutions (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd Arthur Barret, Program Director LNG Bunkering, GTT Air Products 12:25–13:45 Break Moderator Recap Moderator Recap Moderator Recap Moderator Recap 13:45–14:00 John Sheffield, Consultant Instructor, Leo Karistios, Global Gas Technology Market Manager, Conn Fagan, Vice President, Business Development, PetroSkills | John M. Campbell & Co. Lloyd’s Register DNV GL Offshore Gas Projects Session 5 Process Technology for Rich Natural Gas, NGL LNG Bunkering Procedures—Process and the Panel Discussion: Choosing a FLNG Pre-Treatment 14:00–14:25 and Condensate Applications Human Element Technology Zaheer Malik, Manager of Process Technology, Global Douglas Raitt, Regional Consultancy Manager, Laurent Normand, Business Development Manager, Midstream & Gas Processing, Wood Group Mustang Lloyd’s Register Asia Prosernat; Fedrik Vancraeynest, Lead Process Engineer, Session 6 Commercializing SE Asia Sour Gas Resources A Scalable, Prismatic Pressure Vessel with Applications Honeywell, UOP LLC; Ralf Notz, Senior Technology 14:30–14:55 Robert Denton, Senior Process Consultant, for the LNG Infrastructure Manager—OASE Gas Treating Excellence, BASF SE ExxonMobil Upstream Research Co. Daejun Chang, CEO, LATTICE Technology Session 7 Pre-Engineered Modular Natural Gas Pretreatment Innovative Fuel Handling Technology for Medium Compact Equipment Technology Applications 15:00–15:25 William Shimer, Strategic Marketing Director— Size LNG-Fuelled Merchant Vessels for Floating LNG Gas Processing and Hydrogen, Honeywell, UOP LLC Mathias Jansson, General Manager, Innovation Jason Manning, Principal Process Engineer, Black & & Product Support, Wärtsilä Marine Solutions Veatch Session 8 1100 MMSCFD Single Train AGRU & TGTU for the Integrated LNG Propulsion Systems for Efficiency: How to Select the Optimum Liquefaction Technology 15:30–15:55 Giant QatarGas LNG Plant: Optimized Design and Case Studies Analysis for FLNG Projects Successful Operation Oscar Kallerdahl, Sales Manager—LNG Systems, Francesco Criminisi, FLNG & FPSO Proposal Manager, Laurent Normand, Business Development Manager, Rolls-Royce SBM Offshore Prosernat Closing Remarks Moderator Closing Remarks Moderator Closing Remarks Moderator Closing Remarks 15:55–16:00 John Sheffield, Consultant Instructor, Leo Karistios, Global Gas Technology Market Manager, Conn Fagan, Vice President, Business Development, PetroSkills | John M. Campbell & Co. Lloyd’s Register DNV GL Offshore Gas Projects 16:00–18:00 Prosernat Special Workshop

Gastech Conference Newspaper ■ DAY ONE Tuesday, 27 October 2015 5 Triple offset valves in molecular sieve processes SERGIO CASAROLI and MARCO FERRARA, Pentair Valves & Controls The oil and gas industry often uses of the trapped molecules while restoring • High frequency open/close cycles— 1. The shaft is placed behind the plane molecular sieves to dehydrate or separate the sieve adsorption capacity. Adsorption typically one every four hours, with a of the sealing surface to ensure a contaminants from natural gas. Such a pro- dryers are typically equipped with two maximum of eight each day continuous seat path. cess involves several operational challenges to four molecular sieve beds, each dedi- • Frequent thermal cycles—during 2. The shaft is placed to one side of that put valves under severe strain, poten- cated to the adsorption of a single molecu- regeneration mode, the molecular the pipe/valve centerline to allow tially causing damage and service disrup- lar type (water, CO2, mercury, lead, etc.). sieve is flushed with hot gas, the displacement of the seal from tions. Triple offset valves (TOVs) represent Water adsorption is a common application typically at 350°C. During the seat during the 90° opening. an innovative solution for molecular siev- in natural gas treatment plants, refineries purification mode, it is brought down 3. The seat and seal cone centerlines ing due to their design and ability to handle and petrochemical complexes. It utilizes to ambient temperature. are inclined with respect to the pipe/ extreme conditions. Using TOVs minimizes hard, granular adsorbents manufactured Gas purification residuals (crushed valve centerline. This third offset the need for, and cost of, maintenance, in several types of materials, including adsorbents) are often present in outlet gases completely eliminates rubbing. while offering significant footprint reduc- aluminosilicates, such as Zeolite, ceramic and can pass through screens and flow Pentair Valves & Controls’ Vanessa tion compared to conventional ball valves. materials, activated carbon and silica gels. through the valves towards downstream TOV design with a flexible metal seal ring They usually have a spherical or cylindri- lines, causing abrasion of sealing com- represents an innovative solution to with- Natural gas molecular sieving cal shape and their internal pores allow ponents and jeopardizing valve integrity. stand high-frequency open/close cycles. processes. A large number of dehydra- access to free volumes within their micro- Conversely, whenever membranes are used Due to the non-rubbing design, wear tion and purification processes in the oil crystalline structure (FIG. 1). for CO2 removal without pre-treatment, between sealing components is completely and gas industry rely on the adsorption Conversely, carbon dioxide (CO2) corrosive gases (sour/acid) are present, eliminated. The whole trim, including principles of solid bed molecular sieves. removal from natural gas (typically not especially in offshore installations. bearings and thrust bearing, is designed for Made from a micro-porous material, their pre-treated) is a process often handled Historically, non-rubbing rising stem heavy-duty services. To protect equipment ability to selectively adsorb gases and liq- by using thin membranes to perform a (tilting) ball valves have been the standard from frequent thermal and pressure cycles, uids makes them widely used across vari- solution-diffusion separation (absorp- used in natural gas molecular sieves. The Vanessa TOVs’ metal-to-metal sealing, a ous applications. Smaller diameter fluid tion principle). These membranes, typi- basic design of a ball valve—a ball rotat- resilient seal ring and torque seating com- molecules separate from the main feedstock cally made with polymers in spiral shapes, ing on soft sealing surfaces with systematic pensate different thermal expansion rates via electrostatic attraction or micro-porosity allow fluids to dissolve over their surface rubbing—is enhanced by introducing an between trim and body, while ensuring adsorption and remain trapped inside the and diffuse through their structure, leaving additional mechanical device that allows outstanding tightness and removing the adsorbent structure. molecules with specific permeation rates for a tilt/turn operation and a mechanical risk of valve jamming. Vanessa Series After use, molecular sieves are regener- trapped inside. With natural gas, the feed camming action of seating surfaces nearing 30,000 TOVs feature Stellite 21 seat over- ated with temperature swings and regen- gas is separated into a methane (CH4)-rich closure. So far, this been the most effective lays, which offer high resistance to wear erating gases, which allow full recovery stream on the exterior of the membrane response from the industry to tackle the generated by the fluid (which may include

and a CO2-rich stream on its interior. Pres- issue related to cycle-intensive applica- particulates released from the sieve vessel). sure is the force driving the membrane tions, such as frequent switching, which The valves also include an easily replace- diffusion, while regeneration processes would otherwise require recurrent valve able one-piece metal solid seal ring, proven are undertaken via temperature swings maintenance or replacement. across several molecular sieve processes. achieved by gas flushed in the opposite However, rising stem ball valves of The material selection of each compo- direction, seen in FIG. 2. larger sizes and pressure classes are nent offers the best compromise among Solid bed and membrane molecular sieve extremely heavy and have a large footprint, necessary mechanical properties, corro- processes are extremely challenging for generating a number of direct (material sion resistance and equivalent expansion valve equipment. Both processes use valves use) and indirect (installation) costs that coefficient, making Vanessa TOVs suitable to perform frequent ON-OFF functions to engineers must account for during front- across a wide range of corrosive gases. The switch one or more vessels from gas puri- end engineering design (FEED) project cost-effective solution enables the use of a fication to regeneration modes. Operating phases. The tilting mechanism itself, a vari- carbon steel body in a corrosive environ- FIG. 1. Internal pores allow access to free failure can lead to significant plant down- ant on a standard quarter-turn ball valve, ment by protecting all surfaces in contact volumes within their microcrystalline time, product loss, potential environmental is subject to wear and can degenerate over with the fluid with corrosion resistant alloy structure. pollution and other safety issues. time. Although the valve sealing elements (CRA)-quality weld overlay. may not involve rubbing capabilities, fric- Critical issues with existing valve tion is transferred to both the shaft cam An ongoing trend: replacing solutions. Gas purification valves cur- (towards core pins) and the S-shaped pin rising stem ball valves with TOVs. rently face a number of challenges during slot. This valve design requires specialized Rising stem ball valves can be safely sub- both molecular sieve processes (FIG. 3): maintenance, including the use of costly stituted by TOVs. Footprint and weight sav- spare parts, significant time and effort. ings can be achieved, especially on larger diameters (> 6 in.) and pressure classes Long-term reliability of non- (ASME class 300 and 600), due to lower rubbing, metal-to-metal TOVs. material use and a more compact body. Process designers and plant operators look- Vanessa Series 30,000 TOVs require min- ing for a reliable and cost-effective option imum maintenance, which can be easily FIG. 2. Membrane molecular sieve. should consider using a different type of performed onsite, and their non-rubbing Regeneration processes are undertaken valve in molecular sieve applications, such rotation and full metal construction signifi- via temperature swings achieved by gas as TOVs. They share the same cone-to- cantly extend the valve life. flushed in the opposite direction. cone principle as globe valves (FIG. 4), Pentair’s first experience in molecular with one key difference: sealing is per- sieve applications dates back to 1999, when Regeneration gas cooler Raw gas formed by applying a quarter-turn rotation. the company provided its Vanessa Series Open on/ Three offsets against the symmetrical 30,000 TOVs to a major end user of off- o valve axes of the pipe/valve eliminate any pos- shore operations in Malaysia. Some of the Closed on/ sibility of rubbing: valves replaced rising stem ball valves for o valve a CO membrane system that featured a two Adsorbing 2 Regenerating to four-hour open/close cycle; those valves (absorbing) column column are still in operation. Hundreds of rising stem ball valves have also been replaced in gas plants in Mexico in solid bed molecular Dried gas sieve applications, and there are many more Heater cases of TOV valve evaluation and adop- tion in response to the recommendations by FIG. 3. Molecular sieve process major molecular sieve process licensors. ■ schematics. High-frequency open/close Visit booth #D450 to experience Pentair cycles and frequent thermal cycles are Valves & Controls’ capabilities, products two challenges faced during molecular FIG. 4. Triple offset valve vs. glove valve FIG. 5. A MOSS-type LNG tanker and latest innovations for the natural gas sieve processes. seating mechanism comparison. at berth. and LNG industries.

6 Tuesday, 27 October 2015 DAY ONE ■ Gastech Conference Newspaper Dresser-Rand eliminates high vibration levels in gas compressor A charge gas compressor train at an ethylene plant was Data analysis during the machine trip showed high vibra- “Meeting the project’s extraordinary time constraints exhibiting high vibration levels in the low-pressure cas- tion (6.85 mils peak-to-peak) at the 5,220 rpm level, so the was a result of many different functions working together ing before crossing first critical speed. These vibration machine could not operate at speeds above 5,150 rpm. Such within Dresser-Rand, including our services team in levels prevented the train from reaching its design operat- interruptions affected plant operation and resulted in lost Mexico (sales, proposals, field services, reliability and ing speed of 5,800 rpm. With only a 45-day window to production and revenue. predictive maintenance teams); the Houston service cen- identify the cause of the vibration and fix it, Petroquimica Internal friction in the low-pressure casing, lack of rigid- ter; Dresser-Rand turbine technology services in Olean, Mexicana de Vinilo (PMV) asked Dresser-Rand engineers ity in the system, train misalignment and process piping New York; the operations upgrades and parts team; and to have a look. were found to be the main causes for vibration. Dresser- our technical support team in Venezuela,” Moncayo said, PMV, a flagship joint venture (JV) between Pemex Rand engineers also found corrosion in the compressor cas- adding that the vibrations on the compressor train are now and Mexican petrochemical firm, Mexichem, represents ing and in the suction and discharge flanges, a 0.5-in crack well below 1 mil. ■ the first JV between Pemex and a private company. The on one of the shaft journals, impeller pitting, and coupling merger joined Mexichem’s salt, chlorine and caustic soda gear teeth and spacer flange pitting. Several of the compo- operations with Pemex’s ethylene and vinyl chloride nents (installed over the years by third-party parts manufac- monomer (VCM) operations. turers) were found unsuitable and not within Dresser-Rand PMV revamped an old Pemex plant in the Pajaritos original equipment manufacturer (OEM) dimensions. petrochemical complex to produce an expected 120 tons PMV accepted Dresser-Rand’s proposed solutions to of VCM, the key material used to manufacture polyvinyl repair the train that included shutting down the train to chloride (PVC), commonly used for electrical insulation, inspect and repair internal compressor components; mea- films and pipes. suring bearing clearances and compressor shaft run-out; “Initially, PMV representatives asked us to perform a inspecting labyrinth seals; aligning the compressor and vibration analysis on the compressor train—consisting turbine, and aligning the suction and discharge piping to of a 3 MX compressor, a 3M compressor and a 4M com- the compressor flanges; and stiffening the compressor pressor—to determine possible causes,” said Francisco supports and discharge lines. Upon inspecting the prox- Moncayo, Dresser-Rand Services director for Mexico. imity vibrations system and bearing clearances on the 3M “The fact that there was no historical data on maintenance compressor, Dresser-Rand recommended replacing it and or vibration levels compounded the problem because, in supplied its OEM parts for the overhaul, capital spare parts the past, Pemex had sourced third-party, non-Dresser-Rand and 3MX shafts. parts and service.” When completed, Dresser-Rand finished the agreed- Vibrations affected operations, production and revenue. upon scope, aligned the train, commissioned it and started At the outset, the compressor (FIG. 1) was operating at it within the 45-day deadline. The Houston, Texas service 5,150 rpm. However, increasing the speed to 5,220 rpm center was able to accommodate other major repairs to the FIG. 1. The failure to operate at speeds above 5,150 rpm significantly increased vibration levels, causing the protec- 3M and 3MX rotors in a short time period to avoid longer affected plant operation and resulted in lost production tion systems to trip the compressor train and shut it down. delays to the shutdown. and revenue.

Gastech Conference Newspaper ■ DAY ONE Tuesday, 27 October 2015 7 Pipeline operator upgrades control for critical compressor operations

Electricity and natural-gas delivery Upgrading control systems across the energy company loses revenue. With con- pipeline system levels. Accurate reporting company CenterPoint Energy—Missis- sizeable Midwest compressor fleet rep- tracts based on high standards for delivery of real-time engine events, along with anal- sippi River Transmission LLC (CNP- resents an enormous capital undertaking, reliability, including fines for not moving ysis tools and management dashboards, MRT) owns and operates 8,200 mi of US particularly under a traditional outsourcing gas as promised, a lack of data-driven vis- deliver contextual, localized, role-based transmission pipeline that carries an aver- model that contracts control design and ibility prevents being proactive on mainte- information for better decision making. age of 1.6 Tcfy of gas throughout a nine- implementation to multiple engineering nance, reacting quickly with adjustments, state, mid-continent region. firms and system integrators. Over time, and efficiently expanding or scaling up. Categorizing the results. CNP- Competing for utility customers against that approach created a mix of control MRT has summarized the upgrade returns other transmission companies and alter- products and solutions at CNP-MRT, often Designing a standard upgrade in four key areas. nate forms of energy requires CNP-MRT based on black-box proprietary logic. solution. CNP-MRT used the Horse- 1. Cost of ownership—Design to leverage technology that minimizes The CNP-MRT control and automa- shoe Lake station to create and prove through installation and delivery operating, maintenance and downtime tion group saw the company’s Horseshoe a potential model to cost-efficiently of the new system at Horseshoe costs. Transmission profitability is fur- Lake compressor station as a test case for develop, manage and implement a major Lake came in well below previous ther complicated because the throughput- designing and deploying an internally control upgrade (FIG. 2). Partnering with systems. Based on experience with dependent segment must also accommo- executed station upgrade. The company oil and gas specialists from the global previous systems, Mr. Starkey date variables such as demand-reducing inherited Horseshoe Lake from another solutions team at Rockwell Automation, estimates the capital investment mild weather, fluctuating gas prices and entity that specified and built the facil- CNP-MRT set out to design a solution at approximately 20% of the total regulatory-compliance overhead. ity before turning it over to CNP-MRT to that was specific to Horseshoe Lake, but for control projects equal in scale. Efficiently, reliably and intelligently operate. The seven-year-old station was that could also serve as the standard for 2. Simplified HMI configuration— controlling, automating and monitoring relatively new, but at the time of construc- upgrading the rest of its Midwest region’s Eliminating the need to learn every the performance of reciprocating engine tion the original, economically minded compressor fleet. HMI application from scratch compressors represents one of the most systems integrator opted for proprietary CNP-MRT selected Rockwell Auto- cuts training time considerably. significant challenges in moving the high- architecture and PLCs already nearing the mation’s PlantPAx process automation With a baseline to work from, est quantity of natural gas at the lowest end of their lifespan. system to integrate control and informa- even if a station is different, the cost. The school bus-sized engines (FIG. 1) “Relative to the potential of today’s tion. The system provides vastly improved in-house control group can make maintain a pressurized flow (up to 1,500 open architecture, the result was an anti- asset visibility and production information modifications to fit nearly every psi) to reduce gas volume up to 600 times quated control system,” says Steve Star- that gives station operators the data nec- type of engine, significantly and propel it through a pipeline. key, the CNP-MRT instrumentation and essary to respond faster on maintenance, reducing integration time. Control and automation opportunities to electronics specialist overseeing the com- operation and flow-control issues. 3. Reduced downtime—The reduce infrastructure maintenance costs, pany’s Northern pipelines. “In addition, “The trend in compressor operations is PlantPAx system has reduced minimize downtime and leverage real-time CNP-MRT uses Rockwell Automation collecting, integrating and using higher station downtime and the capital diagnostics are significant. The potential exclusively and does not support the plat- amounts of data,” Starkey says. “We outlay for repairs. Previously, capital investment and resource allocation form that was in use at that facility. So, are trying to optimize every operational there were no alarms other than attached to deploying upgraded control we could not work on the control system aspect, in real-time, that contributes to shutdown. With alarms now technology across almost 70 transmission- ourselves without investing a significant improved uptime, efficiency and profit- programmed to catch engine line compressor units are also vital. amount of time and money in training.” ability, including monitoring for unit per- issues before failure, operators Simply adding another step in an formance, emissions and even the safety initiate repairs ahead of engine Upgrading pipeline compression engine startup sequence, for example, of engines that pump gas and run on gas.” failure. By watching the data station control systems. Each com- required a control vendor to reprogram The Horseshoe Lake upgrade enables remotely, staff can make an pression station, located at 40 mi to 100- it at an additional cost for each improve- station operators to more easily manage engine the least available until mi intervals along a pipeline route, utilizes ment. Troubleshooting a problem or speed and load control. The control system they resolve an issue. two to 10 compressors in the 2,000-hp obstacle, particularly in the middle of the also determines which compressor units 4. Improved operability—The (1.5-MW) range. The aging systems typi- night or on a weekend, opens compres- should start based on engine hours and the Horseshoe Lake experience cally found in the energy-delivery space sor operations to downtime risk. Finally, number of engines the system controls. indicates that operators who are were built to last: even equipment that CNP-MRT needed significant improve- The visualization capabilities within responsible for their respective went online in the 1960s can have another ment in the information solution, from the PlantPAx system provide a window on stations can be confident in most 20 years of life. However, the decades-old data access, collection and sharing, to compression by incorporating performance anything they will be asked to do. machines are not as efficient as current real-time remote monitoring and alarm- metrics and the situational display of pro- “Previously, there were too many technologies. ing. An engine that fails means that the duction information at engine, station and instances where operators did not have control or the necessary insight,” Mr. Starkey says. “The approach is different now. It is the operator’s control system.” The PlantPAx solution is the consen- sus control and automation model for the entire compressor fleet. From the face- plates to the look and feel of how the control system operates, the design and implementation is the CNP-MRT standard for upgrading other compressor stations in the future. “The PlantPAx system has out- performed on every metric, from reliability to scalability and integration of most anything we can think of,” Mr. Starkey says. The results mentioned here are specific to CenterPoint Energy-Mississippi River Transmission LLC’s use of Rock- well Automation products and services in conjunction with other products. Specific results may vary. ■ FIG. 2. The PlantPAx system provides a For more information on the company’s latest window on compression by incorporating extraction, production, processing, regasification, performance metrics and the situational transmission, distribution, power generation and FIG. 1. Each compression station, located at 40-mi to 100-mi intervals along the pipeline display of production information at information technologies, visit D210 to meet the route, utilizes two to 10 compressors in the 2,000-hp (1.5-MW) range. engine, station and pipeline system levels. Rockwell Automation Southeast Asia team.

8 Tuesday, 27 October 2015 DAY ONE ■ Gastech Conference Newspaper Production underway at Air Products’ new manufacturing facility

The production of LNG entails the cooling of natural port services, which will facilitate global shipping of the cess—fabrication, winding, assembly and finishing. The gas from ambient temperatures to –160°C. This is accom- extremely large equipment. When production of one of the qualified workforce consists of craftsmen, including a plished in specially designed heat exchange equipment, units is complete, it will head straight out of the finishing team of skilled welders and fitters, and manufacturing which is the heart of the LNG facility. Much of the world- building and travel approximately 1 km along surface roads support personnel. wide LNG production incorporates proprietary natural gas to the deepwater Port of Manatee, where it will be loaded Air Products has been involved in the LNG market liquefaction process technology and large coil-wound heat onto a ship for delivery. There are currently multiple large since its beginning, providing highly efficient, cost-effec- exchangers manufactured by Air Products. coil-wound heat exchangers in various stages of manufac- tive process cycles and main cryogenic heat exchange To meet customer demand for LNG technology, Air ture at the Port Manatee facility, with the first expected to equipment. It provides technology solutions to meet a Products recently began production of its LNG heat be completed and ready to ship by autumn of 2016. wide range of requirements, whether for an onshore or exchangers (FIG. 1) at a second manufacturing facility FIG. 2 shows the 30,000-m2 facility, which is built on 13 offshore plant, a small plant or mega train, and for all in Port Manatee, Florida, in the US. The new facility hectares (32 acres) of land and will employ a workforce locations and environments. ■ supplements existing production at Air Products’ facility of approximately 250 when at full production. The Port Air Products LNG experts will be available for discussions in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, where the company has Manatee facility consists of five buildings, including one at booth D40 throughout the conference. designed, manufactured and exported more than 100 coil- administration and four manufacturing, each designed wound heat exchangers for LNG projects in 15 countries for a specific step in the heat exchanger production pro- over the past 45 years. At Port Manatee, the company will be able to supply the additional capacity required to meet market demand, as well as manufacture the even larger LNG heat exchangers that are being demanded by the market. A typical Air Products LNG heat exchanger can be as large as 5 m in diameter, 55 m long, and weigh as much as 500 tons. Air Products’ heat exchangers fabricated at the Wilkes-Barre facility are typically transported by rail to the company’s manufacturing annex at the Port of Bucks County in Pennsylvania, where final fitting and assembly work are performed. The heat exchangers are then loaded aboard ships and transported.

Expanded seaport access and streamlined FIG. 2. The 32-acre Port Manatee, Florida facility will allow delivery. One key advantage to the new LNG equip- FIG. 1. A large coil-wound heat exchanger in production expanded production and easier access to a deepwater ment production facility in Port Manatee is ready access to at Air Products’ new manufacturing facility. seaport for transportation to global customers.

Gulf Publishing Company and Gas Processing Events Our events provide unique opportunities for speakers, delegates, exhibitors and sponsors to meet face-to-face to discuss the latest industry trends and technological advances. For information about sponsoring or exhibiting, contact: [email protected].

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August 2–3, 2016 | Houston, TX | GTLTechForum.com The fourth annual GTL Technology Forum will cover the technological and operational advancements in GTL processes that are reducing costs, driving market growth and increasing global activity.

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Gastech Conference Newspaper ■ DAY ONE Tuesday, 27 October 2015 9 Updated practice for LNG bunkering facilities metering MARTIN LAYFIELD, DNV GL

As the international market for small- and non-corrosive. Its atmospheric boiling market for LNG. These various compo- Gas quality and quantity scale LNG and bunkering expands glob- point is –163°C, hence its cryogenic prop- sitions of LNG need to be addressed in metering. Through this update of the ally, the need for safety and enhanced erties. Management of the risks associated terms of equipment requirements and RP, DNV GL is the first regulatory body commercial practices are increasingly with LNG continues to be developed, espe- operating procedures to accommodate to provide guidance on how to perform important and are being addressed by DNV cially as the fuel supply is not yet widely appropriate billing (trading) and fuel qual- quality and quantity metering of LNG GL through an updated recommended carried out on a routine basis. Key differ- ity demands—based on the energy that the fuel from bunkering. practice (RP). ences to traditional marine fuels include the gas quality actually provides, not just the The most elementary billing methods LNG has proven to be a viable option low flashpoint and cryogenic temperature. quantity by volume and mass—to ensure that can be applied are based on the vol- as a bunkering fuel for ships, and its use As energy demand grows and the indus- fair and robust commercial value. ume or mass of bunkered LNG. Given is set to soar over the next decade. LNG try looks to monetize the use of gas glob- Composition is also of great importance the large spread in the density and in the bunkering is currently available as a bunker ally, another aspect that requires attention from a safety perspective. The maximum calorific value among the available LNG fuel for maritime and inland shipping at is the fact that LNG is produced at dif- filling limits in fuel tanks need to reflect sources, these methods could result in a a number of ports across Europe, the US ferent locations around the world. This the LNG properties for potential expansion substantial variation in energy content of and especially in Southeast Asia, and infra- results in LNG compositions that may vary to avoid liquid-full tanks and to determine the bunkered LNG. If the energy content structure development is being planned in substantially with the geographical origin the performance of engines and turbines. is not determined, this variation leads to several ports globally. due to differences in natural gas sources, an uncertainty in the bunkered energy, LNG is odorless, colorless, non-toxic production technologies and the target Updated RP with guidance on illustrated in FIG. 2. This uncertainty not metering. To tackle the challenges only affects billing and taxation, but also that varying LNG compositions present, impacts the expected voyage distance. DNV GL is now launching an update of In addition to transparency regarding the RP on “Development and operation of the amount of bunkered energy, it is essen- liquefied natural gas bunkering facilities tial to ensure that the engines to be used (DNVGL-RP-0006)” to help the industry in LNG-fueled ships are matched with maximize the commercial value for fuel the expected variations in fuel composi- suppliers by de-risking fuel use for the cus- tion (fitness for purpose). Consequently, tomer. There is no international standard variations in composition can cause varia- that determines classification and speci- tions in engine performance. Specifically, fication for LNG as a marine fuel, nor is the engine knock resistance of the fuel there any required metering methodology. must be determined unambiguously. An The RP has been established with the engine failure at sea will have significant aim of supporting the industry in the financial ramifications. The occurrence development and operation of safe LNG of engine knock leads to significant loss bunkering facilities, achieving compliance of performance (power reduction), engine with regulatory targets, and ensuring the damage and shutdown. Loss of propulsion safety of personnel and protection of the and maneuverability can also cause cata- environment. It focuses on four main ele- strophic consequences, such as collision, ments: safe design and operation; safety grounding and foundering. Furthermore, management systems; risk assessment; the “boil-off” of the volatile components FIG. 1. Small-scale LNG value chain. and, for the first time, coverage on gas in the stored LNG leads to a change in quality and metering. The RP bridges the composition, which decreases the knock gap between the ISO/TS 18683—which, resistance of the stored LNG over time. Volume Pressure and by its very nature, is generic—and site- Mass ﬂow measurement temperature Composition measurement (static or dynamic) measurement measurement specific regulations like port regulations, Risk management. As LNG is a haz- terminal procedures and operating proce- ardous substance—by its nature it has dures (OP) for LNG bunkering. different risk properties than traditional The scope of the guideline covers all fuel—the RP also provides in-depth guid- Volume Density activities and stakeholders involved in ance on risk management during devel- the development and operation of such opment and operation of LNG bunker- facilities (FIG. 1). It also addresses the risk ing facilities, such as safety management evaluations that may be used for strategic systems and the use of risk assessment Mass Caloriﬁc value considerations in the planning phase of an techniques. The updated RP elaborates LNG bunkering facility project. The RP is further on how to establish proper safety applicable to truck-to-ship, terminal-to- zones, including RPs on techniques and Energy content Methane number ship and ship-to-ship bunkering scenarios, risk methodologies as well as vessels covered by the Interna- More broadly, there is also a need to FIG. 2. Parameters and characteristics for determining energy content (DNVGL-RP-0006). tional Maritime Organization (IMO) regu- enhance the understanding of the risks lations, including inland shipping. and hazards in small-scale LNG. As such, DNV GL has also launched a joint industry project (JIP) to assess the capabilities PETRONAS TO EXPORT CANADIAN GAS VIA PACIFIC NORTHWEST LNG of hazard tools and to demonstrate the consequences of credible failure scenarios Malaysian energy company Petroliam Nasional Bhd. (Petronas) has renewed its pledge to proceed with its $28-B Canadian at small-scale LNG bunkering stations. natural gas export project. The company is developing the LNG shipping terminal on the nation’s Pacific Coast—pending approval The aim of the JIP is to fill the gaps in from Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency regulators—despite the current market volatility for oil and gas. As of early knowledge by providing experimen- October, this is the only Canadian proposal to issue an investment decision. Other owners of the venture are Indian Oil Corp., tal data to validate and improve physi- Japan Petroleum Exploration Co., China Petroleum & Chemical Corp., and Brunei National Petroleum Co. cal models, and to answer the still-open Analysts have expressed doubts about Canada’s ability to deliver LNG export projects. With new ventures beginning in Australia safety related questions. This will result in and the US, the global market is entering a period of oversupply. Demand in Asia is slowing just as the oil slump has taken down rigorous standards for safe design, siting, prices for LNG. There are 20 projects now under consideration for export from the Pacific Coast in British Columbia, and none construction and operation of small-scale have begun construction. LNG bunkering stations. ■ Canada and East Africa are lagging behind the rest of the world’s LNG producing regions. The dramatic drop in oil prices means For more information on this updated that only approximately 170 MMcmd (6 Bcfd) of LNG exports will be developed in North America by 2022, according to CIBC recommended practice, and to speak World Markets—about half the amount forecast last year. ■ with the members of the DNV GL team, visit us at #B510b.

10 Tuesday, 27 October 2015 DAY ONE ■ Gastech Conference Newspaper Modeling logistics operations before committing significant capital JAVIER VAZQUEZ-ESPARRAGOZA and CHRIS CASWELL, KBR

Logistics simulation provides users with ine the logistics plan against the project nance, currents and weather into account. tions like weather delays, tidal conditions the opportunity to quantify and visualize schedule. More specific scope includes: FIG. 3 shows a screen capture for an LNG and waves, marine traffic, loading and how their logistics intensive projects will • Matching freight delivery plans storage and shipping study; the animated unloading capacity, unplanned shutdown be executed prior to actual project capital with the construction schedule, model includes the liquefaction terminal, time and maintenance. commitment. A discrete simulation-based considering constraints of ports, multiple receiving terminals, tanks and approach tackles storage, loading, trans- vessel, barge, rail and trucks vessels. By optimizing the shipping and Solids handling: If you move it, portation and critical delivery operations • Ensuring the civil infrastructure storage logistics of LNG facilities, KBR you should model it. Discrete mod- to balance the capacity for material move- in place can handle the labor and can reduce capital costs by not overinvest- els can accurately simulate product con- ments against risk, unforeseen events and freight traffic loads ing in marine and logistics infrastructure. veyance and storage; and the loading of the overall project schedule. • Predicting laydown space pelletized materials and other solids prod- Generally, discrete simulation models requirements Oil movement and tankage: ucts, including sulfur/coke handling facil- are powerful tools, supporting decision • Identifying risks and contingency Study the transportation of any ities from sulfur pastillators/coke drums to making in both strategic and operational plans during the planning process. product. Simulation models test the truck or conveyor systems. These models levels during logistics planning and exe- Four examples of applications for size of tank farms and the shipping sched- detail and analyze operations to ensure cution. For example, FIGS. 1 and 2 show KBR’s logistics simulation experience ule under various uncertain constraints. these facilities are adequately sized and a screen capture of a simulation model are listed here. The study also evaluates production will not interrupt day-to-day operations. animation to determine the construction performance of the blends and verifies sequence for a modular designed proj- Construction logistics: Timing is the material movements through tanks KBR's Logistics Simulation allows ect, detailing the delivery and execution everything. A freight profile and model against the schedule of different ship- clients to visualize detailed elements of sequence for the construction modules are developed to examine the supply chain ment modes and the utilization of critical their projects using a discrete simula- and large equipment installation. The capacity of civil infrastructure, ensuring facilities. A refinery model developed to tion-based approach that analyzes criti- installation sequence needs to be as flex- that the planned freight arrivals can be estimate the number of receiving crude cal delivery operations such as storage, ible as possible to allow the release of accommodated in different construction tanks; the number of product tanks; the loading and transportation. These models productive work at the jobsite, while phases. A simulation-based module and storage capacity needed for solids and allow clients to review EPC risk, conse- maintaining the highest safety standards heavy-lift sequencer are also built to test other products from the refinery; and quences from unforeseen events, and test (i.e. incident and injury free). Logistics the module delivery feasibility. The fea- the size and number of vessels needed the overall project schedule in the areas models can be used to: sibility of the freight delivery profile and to run the refinery import and export of supply chain management and traffic • Obtain a realistic understanding schedule are analyzed and verified. A under normal operations is illustrated in management. ■ of the operating characteristics logistics simulation of the project’s supply FIG. 4. The number of berths and berth For more information, please visit the KBR of a system chain accompanies each major EPC effort. utilization is also estimated. These stud- Gastech exhibition at #C160 to discuss your • Evaluate performance of supply FIG. 2 shows a picture of a 3D model used ies include modeling of constraint situa- engineering needs with our team. chain under a series of plans to demonstrate the results of a module (material delivery, construction sequence construction study. and inventory policy) by considering various complex LNG shipping and storage: Don’t and uncertain factors overinvest in marine infrastruc- • Supplement schedule risk ture. Simulation models are built to management of EPC projects determine the number of tanks, optimal • Proactively identify potential tank size and marine berth occupancies to Introducing the bottlenecks and opportunities ensure these facilities do not restrict the • Effectively suggest optimal continuous liquefaction process. The LNG US GAS PROCESSING solutions for achieving best vessel fleet size is also optimized, tak- business interests. ing trip times, destinations, ship mainte- Logistics operations can be simulated PLANT DIRECTORY from the project level down to the detail of material handling activities at a single hub. 500+ Plants with Information about Name, “What-if analysis” is performed to exam- Capacity, Plant Scope and Detail, and Owner/ Operator Information. Gain the market knowledge to grow your business and inform your decisions in the booming United States gas market. $1,195 per edition. Searchable, digital format. Group rates and site licenses are available. FIG. 3. Sizing tanks and loading vessels fleet, including the liquefaction terminal, FIG. 1. A KBR construction module multiple receiving terminals, tanks sequence simulation. and vessels. Order online at GulfPub.com/GPPD or call + 1 (713) 525-4626.

US GAS PROCESSING PLANT FIG. 4. A refinery model can estimate the number of receiving crude tanks DIRECTORY and product tanks, and the storage FIG. 2. A screen capture of a simulation capacity needed for solids and other model animation. products from the refinery.

Gastech Conference Newspaper ■ DAY ONE Tuesday, 27 October 2015 11 Höegh LNG perspectives on the market for floating LNG solutions Höegh LNG has been involved in the LNG industry of units has increased rapidly since the first FSRU com- Støhle: At Höegh LNG, we are very confident about the for more than 40 years, and since the mid-2000s has pos- menced operations in 2009, and today there are a total of future of the FSRU market. We have identified approxi- sessed a strategic focus on floating LNG infrastructure. 21 FSRUs operated by four suppliers. An additional eight mately 35 potential new projects—against four uncom- The company has a fleet of twelve LNG vessels: eight units are on order and expected to be delivered within the mitted FSRUs in the current order book—and, although floating storage and regasification units (FSRUs), three next three years; four of these orders have already been some of the discovered projects might not materialize, we of which are under construction, and four LNG carriers. awarded long-term contracts. anticipate that the demand for FSRUs will remain very Sveinung J.S. Støhle is the president and chief execu- The majority of the FSRUs are employed in emerg- strong for the foreseeable future, with a rising number of tive officer (CEO) of Höegh LNG, and has been with ing markets in South America, Southeast Asia and the contract awards in the coming years. Höegh LNG since 2005. Mr. Støhle, who also holds the Middle East to cover an increased demand for natural position as chairman of Höegh LNG Partners LP, has gas to fuel electricity production, replace depleting gas GP: Floating LNG liquefaction (FLNG) is more than 25 years of experience in the LNG industry reserves or to cover seasonal gas demand. Traditional a new and emerging segment in LNG that with both shipping and oil and gas companies. Prior to onshore LNG receiving terminals require large areas of has recently been attracting an increasing Höegh LNG, he held positions as president of Total LNG land, large investments and frequently a time period of 6 amount of attention. What are your USA Inc.; executive vice president and chief operating to 10 years to design and build. thoughts on this developing market? officer (COO) of Golar LNG Ltd.; general manager, com- Comparatively, FSRUs take half the time and half the Støhle: Planned land-based LNG liquefaction projects mercial, of Nigeria LNG Ltd.; and various positions with cost to construct. Additionally, during periods where the that have not yet reached a final investment decision will Elf Aquitaine. He earned a BS degree in finance from regasification service may not be required, the FSRU can have to compete in the market based on much lower gas California State University and an MBA from the Uni- be re-used elsewhere, either by relocating it to a new ter- prices than was previously the case. This will likely lead versity of San Francisco. minal location or utilizing it as a traditional LNG carrier. to a number of planned LNG liquefaction projects being Gas Processing caught up with Mr. Støhle to discuss Recently, two factors in particular have had a positive either delayed, scaled down or put permanently on hold, his perspectives on the market for floating LNG solutions influence on the FSRU market. First, as natural gas prices unless their costs can be reduced to meet the new lower in the years to come. have decreased and become more affordable, we have price of natural gas. This should create opportunities for experienced a spike in interest for FSRUs. Secondly, an FLNG, which represents a more flexible and significantly GP: Höegh LNG was among the first to enter increase in new LNG liquefaction capacity makes LNG less capital intensive solution than large land-based lique- the market for FSRU solutions. What are available to new importers, which creates demand for faction projects, which require double digit billion-dollar some of the major developments you have additional FSRUs since new markets generally do not have investments. FLNG projects also have a significantly experienced in the past years, and how available LNG import capacity. shorter construction schedule. are they reflected in the market today? Although FLNG projects have been discussed for years, Støhle: Over the last five to six years, FSRUs (FIG. GP: How do these recent trends affect the development of a commercially viable solution has 1) have increasingly become accepted as the preferred your perspective on the FSRU market not been available until recently. As a result, the market is alternative to onshore LNG import terminals. The number in the years to come? increasing both in terms of investments and activity, with eight units currently under construction: three are large offshore units with full onboard processing plants; three A HISTORY OF GASTECH are conversions of old Moss-type LNG carriers; and two are barge FLNGs designed to liquefy pipeline specifica- The very first Gastech was known as the S&SR tion gas. Beyond these projects, more than 20 proposals LNG & LPG Meeting, and, like all the events for FLNGs have been announced. Although the market for until 1994, was organised by its creator, Brian FLNG is less mature compared to FSRUs, it is developing quickly. However, it is important for me to underline Singleton. In 1974, the first event to bear the that Höegh LNG will only be involved in the low-cost, Gastech title was held under the umbrella of the technically less complex segment of the market, with our Europort show in the Netherlands. The rest, as barge-based FLNG, and not the high-cost, high complexity they say, is history! segment, such as Shell’s Prelude FLNG. ■

1972—London, UK Visit the Höegh LNG booth at #B520 to meet the company’s 1973—London, UK senior management and experience the latest promotional features within FSRU and FLNG. Höegh LNG is also showcasing 1974—Amsterdam, the Netherlands SVEINUNG J.S. STØHLE, president and CEO of a special feature of the green recycling process of the 1975—Paris, France Höegh LNG LNG carrier, the Norman Lady. 1976—New York, USA 1978—Monaco, Principality of Monaco 1979—Houston, USA 1981—Hamburg, Germany 1982—Paris, France 1984—Amsterdam, the Netherlands 1985—Nice, France 1986—Hamburg, Germany 1988—Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 1990—Amsterdam, the Netherlands 1993—Paris, France 1994—Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 1996—Vienna, Austria 1998—Dubai, UAE 2000—Houston, USA 2002—Doha, Qatar 2005—Bilbao, Spain 2006—Abu Dhabi, UAE 2008—Bangkok, Thailand 2009—Abu Dhabi, UAE 2011—Amsterdam, the Netherlands 2012—London, UK 2014—Seoul, South Korea 2015—Singapore FIG. 1. Höegh LNG conducts a ship-to-ship (STS) operation.

12 Tuesday, 27 October 2015 DAY ONE ■ Gastech Conference Newspaper Expanding the envelope of liquefaction technology BILL HOWE, Gasconsult Ltd.

The fall in the oil price and the result- pressor packages and nine major pieces of schedules and over the total project cost. • Integrated pressure liquefaction— ing impact on LNG prices, together with equipment. Specifically, ZR-LNG requires Gasconsult offers the technology on a an adaptation to reduce power the upcoming availability of new LNG no external gaseous or liquid refrigerants, licensed basis through the provision of a demand when processing supplies from projects under construction, as it uses natural gas feed as the refrigerant front-end design package of flexible scope low-pressure feed gas have cast doubts over the viability of many medium. This eliminates refrigerant extrac- to suit the client’s requirements. Licenses • Integrated heavies removal— + planned LNG facilities. Current levels of tion/production equipment and refrigerant are available to LNG producers directly, an adaptation improving C5 LNG plant complexity, the high production storage/blending facilities, saving costs which may then arrange for plant design and aromatics removal efficiency capacities and the associated high capital and, importantly for FLNG schemes, mini- and installation by an engineering com- when processing higher-pressure costs may not be sustainable in an era of mizing deck area. The absence of liquid pany of their choice. Licenses are also feed gas. lower energy prices. hydrocarbon refrigerants improves safety, available to E&Cs that may wish to offer Both these adaptations involve innova- Floating liquefied natural gas (FLNG) also particularly relevant to FLNG where the technology on a case-by-case project tive but simple modifications to the basic schemes, as a means of maximizing high- exit opportunities are limited in the event basis or secure a specific geography for ZR flow scheme and achieve their objec- quality low-cost shop fabrication, avoiding of fire or explosion. the exclusive marketing of the technology. tives without additional equipment. ■ pipeline costs to a land-based facility and The process requires no ongoing refrig- Bill Howe, CEO of Gasconsult, will be eluding delays from regulatory authori- erant makeup other than the natural gas presenting a paper titled, “Capital cost and Gasconsult Ltd CEO Bill Howe will be presenting ties, are under more active review. How- feed—a significant annual cost saving— efficiency data for the ZR-LNG dual meth- in the morning session of the Technical Stream on Wednesday from 12:15–12:40 p.m. The company ever, even with these benefits, investment and also avoids the logistical problems ane expander zero refrigerant liquefaction is exhibiting at #D438, where Mr. Howe and returns on FLNG at current oil prices are of importing refrigerant components to technology,” at the Application of Innova- Geoff Skinner, Gasconsult’s technical director, reported as single-digit as measured by remote locations. This is particularly rel- tive Technology Session 1 at 12:15 pm on will be available for discussion. internal rate of return (IRR), which is not evant to lean feed gases. ZR-LNG is also Wednesday, October 28th. The session will especially enticing given the high costs and simple to operate. Unlike mixed refriger- cover industry feedback on the ZR-LNG commercial risks of these ventures. Cer- ant schemes, adjustments to the refrigerant technology and provide a wide range of tainly, new projects will require innovative composition to maintain liquefaction cycle power demand data from 20–80 bar at two thinking if they are to proceed in the cur- efficiency are not required. selected temperature points. The paper will rent pricing environment. Energy efficiency is high, very close also provide details of a range of single train to dual-mixed refrigerant processes and plant capacities in the 0.9 MMtpy to 2.2 The development of the ZR-LNG a 30% lower power demand than dual- MMtpy range with matched gas turbine/ process. Gasconsult commenced its nitrogen (N2) expander schemes. This high compressor/expander configurations. development of new liquefaction technol- energy efficiency is achieved without feed- In keeping with the “Innovative” slant of ogy in the early 2000s, when oil prices gas pre-cooling, reinforcing ZR-LNG’s the session, the paper will also provide details FIG. 1. The ZR-LNG process schematic. ranged from $30/bbl to $50/bbl. During intrinsic simplicity. of two new variants of the ZR process: development, Gasconsult was seeking a simple, low-cost, safe and high-efficiency Validating the technology. BP and design. This culminated in late 2012 with two large engineering and construction the award of a patent for its ZR-LNG pro- (E&C) companies under non-disclosure cess, a dual methane expander technology agreements have undertaken due diligence (FIG. 1). Studies conducted jointly with GE and design verification work on the tech- Oil & Gas indicate single train capacities nology, all with positive outcomes. The exceeding 2 MMtpy are feasible with all process steps are all conventional and can equipment sized and configured within be seen in numerous cryogenic gas pro- windows of proven operating experience. cessing plants. All equipment is proven in Potentially, ZR-LNG is well suited to equivalent service and can be purchased www.ConstructionBoxscore.com today’s energy price environment, and the from multiple vendors. There is no equip- objective of simplicity has been achieved. ment purchase tied to the technology, pro- A 2 MMtpy-train requires only two com- viding competitive bidding leverage on

ANZAI AWARD PRESENTED TO BG GROUP THE FUTURE OF DOWNSTREAM PROJECT INTELLIGENCE BG Group has been presented with the Gastech Anzai Award in recognition of the Queensland Curtis LNG (QCLNG) project and the company’s Market Intelligence for the Global Reﬁ ning, long-term championing of the LNG business. BG Group CEO Helge Lund accepted the award dur- Petrochemical and Gas Processing/LNG industries ing Monday night’s VIP dinner. The Anzai Award is a rarely-given trophy, first Project details on thousands of active projects and construction contracts in presented to Dr. Hiroshi Anzai, former Chairman the global reﬁ ning, petrochemical, gas processing, LNG and solids industries of Tokyo Gas during the 1960s in the pioneering days of LNG. Dr. Anzai committed Advanced search, including by project type, scope, region, investment his company to the first major LNG import project in the Pacific region, which was and more considered a great risk at the time. Before this Kenai-Japan project, the global LNG Daily updates for new and updated projects business was in a fairly static state; many planned LNG import projects to Europe Welcome to the NEW Construction Boxscore Database became uneconomic once natural gas was found in the North Sea. Dr. Anzai’s deci- The Weekly Boxscore Update e-newsletters sion provided significant momentum to the international LNG trade, and he was Relied upon and trusted by HPI professionals for consequently honored with an award in his name at the first Asian edition of Gastech, more than 60 years held in Kuala Lumpur in 1988. Previous Anzai Award recipients include Woodside Petroleum, Shell Australia, Pertamina, Qatargas and Exmar. QCLNG is the world’s first project to turn gas from coal seams into LNG, and is For more information, contact J’Nette Davis-Nichols, one of Australia’s largest capital infrastructure projects ever conceived, involving Specialized Products Manager, at +1 (713) 520-4426 more than $20 B in investment since 2010. or [email protected] The project was completed ahead of schedule and is now delivering LNG cargoes to customers in North Asia. At plateau production, expected mid-2016, both trains at QCLNG will be producing enough LNG to load ten vessels per month combined, exporting around 8 MMtpy. ■ Logon to ConstructionBoxscore.com today!

Gastech Conference Newspaper ■ DAY ONE Tuesday, 27 October 2015 13 Successful startup of Qatar JBOG project

By successfully launching its new ership of Qatargas Chief Executive Offi- six berths (FIG. 1) would be too great. The be transported from the ships to the CCA,

Jetty Boil-Off Gas (JBOG) Recovery cer Sheikh Khalid bin Khalifa Al Thani. N2 gas vented into the atmosphere could approximately 5 km away. Project, the State of Qatar has reaffirmed The project was led by Qatargas’ opera- prove harmful to the environment, and The JBOG project team worked with its commitment to the safest, most sus- tions development department, while the the power consumption required to liq- the Fluor FEED team to combat these chal- tainable and technologically innovative care, custody and control were transferred uefy air to produce liquid nitrogen was lenges, and in the process they introduced LNG in the world. to the onshore operations department, too prohibitive. several technical design innovations, which with the ready for startup (RFSU) certifi- In June 2007, RasGas handed over the included: the implementation of ultra-low A brief history of the JBOG proj- cate signed on September 17th, 2014. JBOG Project to Qatargas, which initiated differential pressure check valves; the ect. Producing 77 MMtpy, Qatar is the Because of Qatargas’ vision to be the a detailed review of the design. The results design and use of the largest BOG com- largest provider of LNG in the world. premier LNG company, and its incident indicated that the location of the compres- pressor in the world, which was designed During the loading of LNG, a portion of and injury-free culture, the project’s con- sors at the berths might lead to safety, con- by GE Nuovo Pignone; and the use of ultra- the –160°C liquid boils off as it comes in struction was completed with an excel- structability, cost and scheduling issues. low temperature buckling pins that were contact with the warmer ship tank. Previ- lent safety record of 22 MM worker-hours The subsequent awarding of the FEED designed with special seals and mecha- ously, this boiled-off gas would be flared without any loss-time incidents (LTI). contract to the US-based Fluor included nisms to ensure reliability during operation. at the berth because there was no other That record continued during red-blinds a location study, leading to an eventual Another challenge was the JBOG proj- outlet for the low-pressure gas. removal, the critical gas-in phase and the change of plant design and a relocation of ect’s location in brownfield areas, mak- Consequently, in line with Qatar’s most important milestone, the first ship all compressors to a central location. ing construction itself difficult. During National Vision to produce and supply recovery, with central compression area Located in Qatar’s Ras Laffan port 2009, the Qatargas JBOG project team clean energy to the world, Qatar Petro- (CCA) compressor trains in operation area, the JBOG project is now part of worked with Fluor to commission a laser leum (QP) and the Ministry of Envi- and the distribution of compressed gas the Common LNG Storage and Load- scan survey of all the brownfield areas ronment introduced the JBOG project, to vendors. ing (CLNG S&L) Asset, and consists of through which the JBOG facilities would which was inaugurated earlier this year, The JBOG project officially began with a CCA that is connected to all six LNG be installed. This scan produced high-res- to recover the flared gas at the country’s the recovery of jetty boil-off gases on berths in the area through a 60-in. collec- olution digital images, which were later LNG berths. October 6th, 2014 from the Q-Max ship tion header. incorporated into the 3D computer design Initiated by QP in 2004 under the aus- Zarga at Berth-6. Boil-off gas generated at low pres- model, effectively saving millions of dol- pices of HH, the Emir, Sheikh Tamim sure during the process of LNG loading lars by eliminating possible clashes and bin Hamad Al Thani, as well as HE, Dr. Design and construction. RasGas’ is collected via the collection header and reducing the project’s scheduled develop- Mohamed bin Saleh Al Sada, Minister of initial design for the JBOG project in routed to the CCA, where it is compressed ment time. Energy and Industry, the JBOG project’s 2004 was based on using liquefied nitro- to 47.5 barg. The compressed gas from front-end engineering design (FEED) was gen gas as a cooling medium to liquefy the CCA is then sent through distribution Safety and sustainability. Maintain- awarded to the US-based company Fluor the boil-off gas into LNG at the berths. headers fitted with custody transfer meters ing the safety of personnel and property in October 2007. The LNG would then be sent to the stor- to each LNG producer’s viz, where it is was another great challenge, and the high- Thereafter, Qatargas was permitted age tanks and eventually exported with consumed as fuel gas. est priority of the Qatargas JBOG project. to lead the undertaking on behalf of the the bulk LNG. The CCA is comprised of two trains To date, the project has kept all of its 3,000 project’s stakeholders—QP, the Minis- The conceptual design undertaken by of low-pressure (LP), medium-pressure workers safe from serious injury. An inci- try of Environment, RasGas and Qatargas RasGas at the FEED stage showed that (MP) and high-pressure (HP) compressors dent and injury-free safety behavioral pro- itself—playing a pivotal role in its safe the volume of nitrogen (N2) required to with a design capacity of 163 tonnes per gram was fully implemented on the JBOG and successful delivery, thanks to the lead- liquefy the boil-off gas generated from hour, equivalent to the maximum amount project, with many initiatives in place to of boil-off gases generated by three ship enhance safe working practices (FIG. 3). loadings simultaneously, illustrated in As one of the largest environment proj- FIG. 2. With this installed capacity, the ects in the world, JBOG’s largest environ- CCA can recover 90% of the total flared mental boon is the reduction of 1.6 MMtpy

gases at LNG berths. of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, which is in line with Qatar’s National Vision and Technical innovations: From chal- National Development Strategy. lenge to opportunity. Conceptually, In accordance with strict international the overall design of the JBOG project had standards, the JBOG project also recovers one overarching challenge: space. The Ras the loss of approximately 0.6 MMtpd of Laffan City LNG terminal had not been flared gas, producing 750 MW and gen- designed with sufficient space to install a erating enough energy to power roughly compressor, driver and associated equip- 300,000 homes. That savings translates ment. This eventually led to a decision by to a cumulative windfall of 1 Tcf of gas the JBOG project management team to over 30 years. FIG. 1. Qatar’s Ras Laffan port area features a CCA that is connected to all six LNG berths change the design of the plant and relocate The landmark JBOG project also in the area through a 60-in. collection header. all the compressors to a central location. achieves the stipulated flaring standard of This new concept relied heavily on 0.3 wt% in the total annual production of the ships’ high-duty boil-off gas (BOG) sweet gas, effectively decreasing the car- compressors to deliver the gas at a pres- bon footprint of Qatar’s 77 MMtpy LNG sure high enough to allow for the gas to industry to a minimum. ■

FIG. 2. With a design capacity of 163 tonnes per hour, equivalent to the maximum amount of boil-off gases generated by three ship loadings simultaneously, the CCA can recover FIG. 3. Maintaining the safety of personnel and property was the highest priority of the 90% of the total flared gases. Qatargas JBOG project.

14 Tuesday, 27 October 2015 DAY ONE ■ Gastech Conference Newspaper Gastech showcases VIP Programme

The Gastech VIP Programme is an exclusive part of the Gastech Conference & Exhi- Tuesday 27 October 2015—Singapore Expo (MAX ATRIA) bition and specifically designed for the global gas industry’s leadership, collectively representing over $4.2 T in annual revenue, with 25 governments and over 40 countries Registration and Coffee Registration and Coffee 08:00–09:00 Hosted by Mozambique LNG represented. This short but valuable forum provides busy gas executives and government 09:00–09:10 Introduction and Welcome Address officials an opportunity to: Christopher Hudson, President—Energy, dmg::events • Meet with fellow C-level leaders (over 250 top-leaders) representing the largest Helge Lund, Chief Executive Officer, BG Group players across the global gas value chain 09:10–09:30 Keynote Address—Towards More Efficient, Competitive and • Tackle the most pressing industry challenges in a closed-door setting Secure Gas Markets • Engage in private discussions during bilateral meetings through the Gastech Fatih Birol, Executive Director, International Energy Agency Global Meetings Programme. 09:30–09:40 Address—Growing LNG Demand and the Challenges of its Potential Robert S. Franklin, President, ExxonMobil Natural Gas and Power Confirmed VIP Delegates include: Marketing • President & Chief Executive Officer, Angola LNG Marketing (Angola) VIP Session 1 Strategic Executive Debate—How Will the Gas and LNG Industry 09:40–10:40 Realign Itself to Capitalise on Future Opportunity? • Chief Executive Officer, BG Group (UK) Nobuo Tanaka, Former Executive Director, International Energy Agency • President, Chevron Gas and Midstream (USA) Klaus Schäfer, Member of the Board of Management, E.ON SE • Chairman, CPC Corporation (Taiwan) BC Tripathi, Chairman and Managing Director, GAIL India • Chief Executive Officer, Delfin LNG (USA) Maarten Wetselaar, Executive Vice President, Integrated Gas, Shell • President, ENGIE (France) Laurent Vivier, President—Gas, Total Robert S. Franklin, President, ExxonMobil Natural Gas and Power • Chief Executive Officer, E.ON Global Commodities (Germany) Marketing • President, ExxonMobil Gas & Power Marketing Company (USA) Networking Break Hosted by Mozambique LNG • Chairman & Managing Director, GAIL (India) 10:40–11:10 • Director General, Gazprom Export (Russia) VIP Session 2 Industry Outlook—Global Gas and LNG Market Outlook— • Chairman & Chief Executive Officer, GTT (France) 11:10–11:30 From a Black Swan’s Eyes • Executive Chairman, GSPC LNG (India) Stephen Thompson, Manager, LNG and Gas, Asia Pacific, Poten & • Chief Executive Officer, Hanas LNG Investment (China) Partners • Chief Executive Officer, Höegh LNG (Norway) VIP Session 3 Executive Leadership Panel - What Impact Will Lower Prices Have 11:30–12:30 on Investment in Global Gas & LNG Infrastructure Projects? • Executive Director (elect), International Energy Agency (France) Steven Miles, Partner, Baker Botts • President & Chief Executive Officer, Jordan Cove LNG (USA) Frederick Jones, Founder and CEO, Delfin LNG • President, MI LNG (Japan) Elena Burmistrova, Director General, Gazprom Export • Chairman, Parallax Energy (USA) Hon. Rich Coleman, Deputy Premier and the Minister of Natural • Chief Executive Officer, Rasgas (Qatar) Gas Development and Minister Responsible for Housing, Government of British Columbia • Executive Vice President, Integrated Gas, Shell (Netherlands) Tush Doshi, President, Projects, Oil and Gas, SNC-Lavalin/ Kentz • Chief Executive Officer, Singapore LNG (Singapore) Hiroshi Matano, Executive Officer and General Manager, The Bank of • President, Oil and Gas, SNC-Lavalin (Canada) Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd. (BTMU) • Vice Chairman, Tokyo Gas Co. Ltd. (Japan) VIP Private Luncheon • President–Gas, Total (France) ■ 12:30–13:45 News in brief

India considers gas price deregulation fields has fallen 36% over five years to 33.7 Bscm, from project. Bechtel is performing the commissioning work data provided by the oil ministry’s Petroleum Planning & alongside Cheniere. to lure foreign investment Analysis Cell. Production is predicted to increase to 140 Cheniere is planning six liquefaction plants at the termi- Natural gas producers in India have petitioned that the MMscmd in the next 10 years, while demand is forecast to nal in Louisiana, and the company says that five have been current tariff is too low to support exploration and produc- reach 330 MMscmd, according to New Delhi-based rating contracted and are under construction. The export terminal tion costs, prompting the government to study the possibil- company ICRA. is being built as gas supplies surge out of shale formations. ity of allowing producers to set the price in consultation Drillers are using hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drill- with customers. Market rates can be set for gas extracted Putin touts Nord Stream-2 ing in the fields to reach long-trapped deposits of the heat- from 69 small fields due for auction by the end of the year. expansion to Germany ing and power-plant fuel, and US domestic gas stockpiles Explorers in India, including Reliance Industries and Russia’s plan to expand a natural gas pipeline directly may reach record levels by the end of October, according its international partner BP, state-run Oil and Natural Gas to Germany, bypassing Ukraine, is not intended to reduce to the Energy Information Administration (EIA). Corp. (ONGC) and Gujarat State Petroleum Corp., have the importance of existing supply routes, according to The liquefaction process is consistent across the plants been seeking independent pricing, arguing that current President Vladimir Putin. where Bechtel is working. The San Francisco, Califor- prices make new investments unviable. Raising local gas The new Baltic Sea link, known as Nord Stream-2, “is nia-based contractor is also building Cheniere’s Corpus output is key to reviving industries, such as fertilizer and not designed to strip anybody of transit opportunities,” and Christi LNG facility in Texas and three projects in Aus- power, which have cut capacity use for lack of the fuel. will help Europe offset declining domestic gas production, tralia, the third of which will begin liquefying gas by the On 30 September, the government cut the price of Putin said at a recent forum in Moscow. The project has end of the year. natural gas by 18% to $3.82/MMbtu. The price, based faced some criticism since Gazprom signed an agreement on the gross heat value, is effective from 01 October for in September to build the link with five European energy Queensland’s QIC to acquire six months. (The country sets prices every six months, companies, including Royal Dutch Shell and EON. Iona gas storage plant based on a combination of global prices.) The reduction The pipeline risks concentrating 80% of the bloc’s Rus- QIC, the fund manager owned by the government of will squeeze profit margins at major producers, including sian gas imports on one route, and eastern European leaders Australia’s Queensland state, has agreed to buy the Iona ONGC, while benefiting consumers. warn that it could isolate Ukraine, which currently carries gas storage plant in Australia for $1.28 B in cash from State control on fuel pricing has been a key factor in about a third of Russia’s gas exports through its pipelines. Hong Kong’s CLP Holdings. The Iona plant, located in keeping oil majors such as ExxonMobil, Chevron and Royal Russia, which supplies a third of Europe’s gas, has plans Victoria State, has storage capacity to supply as much as Dutch Shell away from India’s exploration-block auctions. for at least two new routes to the region, one via Turkey in 500 terajoules/day of gas, according to EnergyAustra- BP is the only overseas company with any significant pres- the south and one through Germany in the north. Russia lia. The facility is used by energy companies to store gas ence in India’s exploration sector. Now, Prime Minister has said it may cut supplies through Ukraine when the cur- during periods of low usage, which can then be distrib- Narendra Modi has made energy security his priority, and rent transit deal expires in 2019, which could cost Ukraine uted by pipeline to supply markets around Melbourne and he is lifting restrictions to attract foreign investments. an estimated $2 B/yr in lost fees. Adelaide when demand is high. In 2007, Reliance was allowed to set the price of gas it QIC says that Iona is a strategic infrastructure asset in produced from the fields in the Bay of Bengal on India’s Cheniere commissioning the Australian east-coast gas market, plays an essential eastern coast. In 2013, the government decided to set a Sabine Pass gas terminal role in energy supply and has long-term contracts with formula-based pricing for natural gas, subtly ending the Cheniere Energy’s Sabine Pass terminal, the first com- its customers, all of which present a platform for further freedom given to the producers. plex designed to liquefy and export natural gas from the growth and expansion opportunities. The government’s decision to cut natural gas prices has continental US, is being commissioned and is on track to AGL Energy, Australia’s biggest power producer, has prevented energy explorers and producers from undertak- start producing by the end of the year, said Bechtel, the obtained long-term gas storage rights, subject to condi- ing new capital expenditure. India’s gas output from local engineering and construction (E&C) company behind the tions, to utilize the Iona facility. ■

Gastech Conference Newspaper ■ DAY ONE Tuesday, 27 October 2015 15 Optimizing the propane refrigeration system in an NGL extraction plant MAHDI NOURI and EBERHARD LUCKE, CH2M Oil, Gas and Chemicals

Natural gas liquids (NGL) are liquid and operating costs. These can include the then routed to a water separator, where driven by a fixed-speed electric motor. The hydrocarbons generally recovered from influence of the number of trains; the levels a significant portion of the water is con- propane from the compressor discharge natural gas in gas processing plants. NGLs of refrigeration; the impact of the propane densed and separated. The gas is further enters the propane condenser, where it include ethane, propane, butane, pentanes system configuration, the operating pres- cooled, with a combination of prechiller/ is condensed via the air cooler. The con- and heavier hydrocarbon components. sures at the propane collector, the propane chiller using the propane refrigerant, to densed liquid propane is collected in the Increased demand for natural gas in the sub-cooling on compression power and the the desired temperature of –24°F (–31°C) propane collector at approximately 315 1960s, and the requirement to correct operating pressures on compression power; due to maximum NGL recovery. Glycol Psia (21.7 Bara) as slightly sub-cooled the hydrocarbon dew point for natural plant layout; and construction materials. (MEG) is injected at proper locations to liquid propane. The warm refrigerant liq- gas transportation, have encouraged the The major goals of propane refrigeration prevent any hydrate formation through uid is routed from the propane collector development of the mechanical refrigera- system optimization are to provide the nec- the hot gas/gas exchanger, prechiller and to propane coolers, where warm liquid tion process using propane as refrigerant. essary amount of propane to the prechiller/ chiller. The NGL, glycol and lean gas propane exchanges heat with low-temper- Refrigeration system optimization is a key chiller, and minimize the total propane cir- are separated, and then the NGL is sta- ature streams from the top of the stabi- in the natural gas processing industries for culation in the closed system and the total bilized in the demethanizer to achieve a lizer, stabilizer reboiler and product NGL. NGL recovery and hydrocarbon dew point compression power. specified vapor pressure. The lean gas is The sub-cooled propane then enters the control purposes. compressed and delivered to the pipeline, suction drums by pressure letdown. The Many factors, all of which can be ana- A case study. The rich gas is cooled and the stabilized NGL is pumped to the self-refrigerated propane from the suction lyzed and optimized, affect investment through a hot gas/gas exchanger and pipeline (FIG. 1). drums is routed to the prechiller/chiller. The cooling duties required for chilling The chilling load required by the process Feed Overhead gas the inlet gas are provided by the propane is provided by the latent heat of propane compressor refrigeration system, shown in FIG. 2. The vaporization in the exchangers. The vapors Sales gas C cooler Overhead gas Hot gas/gas 3 suction drum propane refrigeration system consists of generated in the pressure letdown are com- exchanger exchanger Low temperature a closed loop in which the propane is bined with other propane vapors generated separator expanded, vaporized, recompressed and in the prechiller/chiller, due to the latent 1 NGL stabilizer condensed. The plant operating costs are heat impact that can be optimized due to 2 significantly increased by further com- the compressor power reduction. C3 prechiller C3 cooler 3 chiller 4 pression power, so various alternative Condensate/water 5 separator 6 schemes are analyzed to minimize that Results. By sub-cooling the warm pro- 7 Reboiler compression power. pane from the propane collector, the third- 8 The propane vapors are compressed by stage propane compression power and con- Stabilized NGL a three-stage propane compressor that is denser duty are reduced (FIGS. 3 and 4); however, there is a limitation for the level NGL heater 10,000 110 exchanger 9,500 100 of sub-cooling. FIG. 3 illustrates the typi- 9,000 90 cal thermodynamic path of a three-stage FIG. 1. A typical process flow diagram for an NGL extraction plant. 8,500 80 8,000 70 propane refrigeration cycle, indicated in 60 7,500 50 the PH diagram. 7,000 Propane condenser 40 The following major process streams 6,500 30 6,000 3rd stage compressor power 20 can be utilized to sub-cool saturated liquid Propane condenser duty 3rd stage compressor power, GHP power, compressor stage 3rd 5,500 10 MMbtu/hr duty, condenser Propane Propane 5,000 0 propane: outlet treated gas from the stabi- collector 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 lizer column (–42°F or –41°C); stabilized C3 subcooling temperature, °F C3 compressor I C3 compressor II C3 compressor III NGL (81°F or 27.2°C); the stabilizer col- FIG. 4. Impact of subcooling on 1st stage 2nd stage 3rd stage Propane cooler umn reboiler (22°F or –5.5°C); and outlet suction drum suction drum suction drum compression power and condenser duty. gas from the NGL/glycol separator (–24°F or –31°C). 30,000 Increasing refrigeration stages will diminish the compressor power, and addi- 25,000 Propane tional costs can potentially be required Propane prechiller NGL/propane without gain from three to four compres- chiller exchanger 20,000 sion stages (FIG. 5). FIG. 6 illustrates the FIG. 2. A typical process flow diagram for a propane refrigeration system. impact of an inter-stage economizer on the total required compression power. One- 10,000

Propane compression power, GHP power, compression Propane level refrigeration will obviously result in the highest compression power. 10,000 One-level chilling is defined as when 0 1 2 3 4 Compression stage all required chilling duty is provided by one exchanger with the proper approach A Propane collector FIG. 5. Impact of compression stages A1 on compression power for two temperature. The purpose of increasing refrigeration levels. the level of refrigeration is to reduce the See NGL, page 18 20,000 L3 3rd stage suction drum V3 20,000 B1 B 19,000

Pressure 19,000 18,000 18,000 2nd stage suction drum V2 L2 17,000 17,000

Propane compression power, GHP power, compression Propane 16,000

Propane compression power, GHP power, compression Propane 16,000 L1 1st stage suction drum V1 15,000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 15,000 Compression suction pressure, psia 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 Prechiller duty/total required duty FIG. 6. Impact of 2nd-stage suction Enthalpy drums pressure on propane compression FIG. 7. Impact of chilling load distribution power for two levels of refrigeration and on propane compression power for FIG. 3. A PH diagram of a propane refrigeration system. two-stage compression. two-stage compression.

16 Tuesday, 27 October 2015 DAY ONE ■ Gastech Conference Newspaper Egypt’s natural gas: Ancient treasure for the modern world L. NICHOLS, Hydrocarbon Processing

On the west bank of the Nile River, just on the outskirts 800 780 Production of Cairo, sit the Great Pyramids of Giza. Built during the 760 Consumption fourth dynasty, the pyramids mark the tombs of the Pha- 740 Net imports raohs Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure. Their construction 720 700 marked the height of Egyptian power, economic prosper- 680 ity and stability. Construction took over 100 years, tens 660 of thousands of laborers and millions of blocks of stone. 640 620 Today, the pyramids at Giza are still some of the most Mbpd in Egypt, and consumption

Petroleum and other liquids production and other Petroleum 600 magnificent human-made structures ever to be built. The 580 Pyramid of Khufu, the oldest and largest of the three pyra- 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 FIG. 1. The populous, energy-hungry city of Cairo, Egypt 2.5 Source: US EIA mids, is the only wonder of the ancient world still intact. rises up behind the ancient pyramids 6 km away in Giza. Production More than 4,000 years from the time these structures Photo by A. Blume. 2.0 Consumption were built, Egypt is embarking on a new, massive con- Exports struction project—energy infrastructure. Metal and steel half, the economy began to stabilize, the Gulf Arab coun- 1.5 have replaced giant stones, and natural gas has become a tries of Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and the UAE pledged $12 B 1.0 treasured commodity. This build-out is imperative to feed in aid, new oil and gas exploration contracts were signed, a growing demand for power generation, alleviate rolling plans were announced to cut fuel subsidies and Egypt Tcf in Egypt, consumption 0.5 Dry natural gas production and gas production Dry natural blackouts and mitigate an escalating energy crisis (FIG. 1). began paying off its debt. At the time of this publication, 0.0 Egypt has reduced its debt from $8 B to $3 B, with the 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Supply and demand. At 77 Tcf, Egypt holds the possibility of eliminating its debt by the end of next year. Source: US EIA FIG. 2. Egypt’s oil and natural gas production and fourth-largest natural gas reserves in Africa, after Nigeria, Also, six new contracts were signed with major oil consumption. Source: US EIA. Algeria and Mozambique. Domestic natural gas fields are companies in January. These contracts went to BP, Eni, located primarily in the deepwater Mediterranean Sea, the General Petroleum Co., Shell, Tharwa and Trans Globe. Nile Delta and the Western Desert. Nearly all of Egypt’s Eni is investing $5 B for oil and gas exploration in the natural gas production has been diverted to the domestic region, which includes the development of 200 MMbbl of market to satisfy surging demand. oil and 1.3 Tcf of gas over the next four years. Egypt is the largest consumer of oil and natural gas on Eni is also partnering with BP on the $12-B Denise- the continent. The country of over 86 MM people relies Karawan (DEKA) project. The DEKA project, located in on natural gas to generate nearly 70% of power for house- the East Nile Delta, consists of five subsea wells and the holds and the industrial sector. Increasing consumption installation of subsea production systems, together with and decreasing production has reversed Egypt’s role as an subsea pipelines and onshore gas processing facilities at energy exporter to that of an importer. the El Gamil gas plant. BP expects peak production to Due to surging natural gas demand, the country has reach 230 MMcfd. emerged as a prime destination for both LNG and natural With all capital-intensive exploration efforts, production gas pipeline imports. However, the high consumption takes time. Activity is starting in certain fields, but increas- level has also renewed the country’s outlook on upstream ing consumption has outpaced petroleum and liquid fuels exploration and production (E&P) activities. Imports are production and is quickly gaining on natural gas (FIG. 2). FIG. 3. The Höegh Gallant FSRU vessel. Photo courtesy vital to Egypt’s power industry in the short term, but new Egypt has become a new market for natural gas imports of Höegh LNG. E&P contracts could satisfy consumption and decrease (or over the short term, as demand for the fuel is at an all-time even halt) natural gas imports by the end of the decade. high. Whether it is through LNG or pipelines, imports are to Adabiya due to security concerns. Adabiya will also a new dynamic in Egypt’s growing energy sector. utilize an FSRU vessel with the same regasification capac- E&P efforts. The start of 2015 marked a new shift in ity as the Höegh Gallant. Infrastructure preparations are Egypt’s upstream activities. Egypt’s government awarded LNG, pipelines and FSRUs. Egypt has only two underway at the Adabiya port to begin additional gas flow six of 20 new contracts for oil and gas exploration in the LNG terminals, both designed for export. Total domes- operations by the end of 2015. Gulf of Suez and the Western Desert. This new round of tic LNG export capacity is 12.7 MMtpy, but actual lique- Egypt has already secured more than $3.5 B of LNG exploration awards followed 36 petroleum agreements the faction activity is nearly nonexistent. With the decrease cargoes through its 2015–2016 fiscal years. These LNG Egyptian government has signed with foreign firms since in domestic production, the LNG terminals at Dami- shipments will help satisfy demand until the country can November 2013. These contracts represent an infusion of etta and Idku have been starved of gas feedstock. Sup- restore its natural gas production. billions of dollars in new upstream investment, as well as plies are so low that the 5.5-MMtpy Damietta LNG ter- Additional natural gas supplies could be imported from the resurgence of an industry that has seen minimal activ- minal has ceased operations. The two-train, 7.2-MMtpy Israel. Discussions are taking place to pump Israeli natu- ity in recent years. Idku terminal is still operational, but exporting cargoes have ral gas, discovered at major offshore fields in the Eastern After the 2011 uprising that toppled the Hosni Mubarak dwindled from 50 in 2013 to only five cargoes in 2014. Mediterranean, to Egypt via an undersea pipeline. The regime, natural gas exploration activities nearly ceased due LNG exports have decreased substantially over the natural gas supplies would travel to the Damietta LNG ter- to lack of funds. Foreign firms argued that the Egyptian past six years as the government has diverted gas from the minal. From there, the gas would be liquefied and exported government was not paying enough for new gas supplies export market to satisfy increasing domestic demand. The to European markets. to justify capital-intensive E&P activities. country needs more natural gas and is taking the necessary Additionally, some of the gas would make its way Coupled with the claims of insufficient reimbursement, steps to secure additional supplies. However, without a to Egypt’s gas grid to help supply the domestic market. new fuel subsidies took a toll on Egypt’s pocketbook. functioning import pipeline or a regasification terminal If approved, a full ramp-up of supplies may not begin Money destined for oil and gas producers was diverted to to import LNG, the country is forced to lease a vessel to until late 2016. Until that time, Egypt will need to rely on pay for fuel subsidies. This led not only to oil companies receive LNG imports. imported LNG and domestic production to satisfy natural suspending operations, but it also resulted in the country In 2Q 2015, Egypt installed the country’s first LNG gas demand and help mitigate rolling blackouts. accumulating $8 B in debt to foreign firms. receiving terminal. The Höegh Gallant floating storage and Whether it is through additional upstream production With an increasing population accustomed to low- regasification unit (FSRU) (FIG. 3) arrived at Ain Sokhna or natural gas imports via pipeline, more gas supplies are priced gasoline, diesel and electricity, in a country in in April 2015. The FSRU, built by South Korea’s Hyun- imperative to restart the idled Idku and Damietta LNG political turmoil, decreasing fuel subsidies was a politi- dai Heavy Industries, has a regasification capacity of 550 terminals. This would bring much-needed revenue to the cal non-starter. Oil and gas developers slowed produc- MMcfd, as well as a cargo capacity of approximately 170 country and enable it to pay off its debt. tion and ceased investment in new developments. From Mcm. The Höegh Gallant will receive and gasify LNG, 2011–2013, no new exploration contracts were signed. and then pump the supplies to Egypt’s national natural gas Return to the Old Kingdom. Egypt’s third and Egypt, the largest non-OPEC oil producer in Africa and network. Egyptian Natural Gas Holding Co. (EGAS) has fourth dynasties marked a time of great stability and the second-largest natural gas producer on the continent, chartered the vessel from Höegh LNG for five years. economic prosperity. In the present age, new oil and gas was witnessing a sharp demise of its oil and gas sector. Just as the Höegh Gallant vessel docked in Ain Sokhna, production, increased trade and the construction of more Fortunes can change quickly, however. In mid-2013, EGAS announced plans to invest in a second LNG import energy infrastructure could mark a return to economic Egyptian Defense Minister Abdel Fattah el-Sisi assumed terminal in Adabiya. The Adabiya LNG receiving terminal prosperity and stability, as well as the ability to supply power through a military coup. Within the next year and a was originally planned for Ain Sokhna, but it was moved energy needs for future generations. ■

Gastech Conference Newspaper ■ DAY ONE Tuesday, 27 October 2015 17 News in brief

L.A. Turbine AMB turboexpander- in aftermarket repair, redesign, maintenance and pro- Ltd. to ensure the operational reliability of GasLog’s duction of spare parts for all brands and configurations seven LNG carriers, which have a cargo capacity of compressor headed to Africa of turboexpanders worldwide. A global field service 155 Mcbm each. L.A. Turbine has completed another active magnetic team provides diagnostics, maintenance and emergency The demand for predictive analytics and advisory bearing (AMB) turboexpander-compressor unit (LAT response 24/7/365. The company’s global headquarters services is increasing. By analyzing the data collected 562EC) that was designed and built in the company’s is located in Valencia, California, with sales and service from GasLog’s vessels (FIG. 3), Wärtsilä is able to pro- California-based headquarters and manufacturing facil- support in California, Texas and Belgium. US opera- vide valuable information regarding the condition of the ity. The skid-mounted L3000 AMB turboexpander-com- tions address the needs of Canada, South America, Asia, equipment, enabling GasLog to optimize maintenance pressor (FIG. 1) is designed to handle a flow range of 200 Australia and the US, while its European headquarters and asset performance. MMscfd and includes a seal gas system, a PLC-based in Belgium serves Europe, the Middle East and Africa. Utilization of the data collected via satellite allows remote control panel and a magnetic bearing remote GasLog to maximize intervals between maintenance control cabinet. periods, streamline logistics for spare part deliveries Shipment of the LAT 562EC unit to a gas processing LUKOIL gas flowing to and ensure that main generating engines are operating plant in North Africa is scheduled for the first quarter Gazprom-owned Sosnogorsk GPP optimally, which lowers operating costs, minimizes fuel of 2016. L.A. Turbine will also be responsible for the Associated petroleum gas (APG) produced from the consumption, ensures minimal emissions and lowers the installation supervision and commissioning of the unit northern group of fields owned by LUKOIL-Komi, a environmental impact. during the first quarter of 2017. wholly-owned subsidiary of LUKOIL, has begun flow- The broad range of services offered to GasLog under L.A. Turbine designs and manufactures application- ing to the Gazprom-owned Sosnogorsk gas processing this agreement includes proactive condition-based main- specific, highly engineered turboexpanders used in plant (GPP). tenance, maintenance management services, perfor- hydrocarbon processing, geothermal power generation APG supplies will enable the loading of available mance monitoring and remote online support, enhancing and other industrial power recovery or refrigeration capacities of the Sosnogorsk GPP (FIG. 2), making it the safe and reliable operation of GasLog’s vessels. applications. The company is also a recognized leader possible to efficiently utilize the growing APG produc- Workshop services for all 28 Wärtsilä 50DF dual-fuel tion from the LUKOIL fields in the Republic of Komi. engines are covered by the agreement as well. Total gas supplies will make up 3.9 Bcm between 2015 and 2021. APG supplies were preceded by the implementation of Gazprom and LUKOIL’s joint project on Sinopec approved for $20-B rearranging the gas supply circuit for consumers within coal-to-gas pipeline the Pechora industrial cluster. An 8,400-km (5,200-mi) pipeline to transport syn- The 2014–2024 General Agreement on Strategic Part- ethic gas from coal-to-gas (CTG) projects in the Xin- nership is effective between Gazprom and LUKOIL, jiang region to the manufacturing hub of Guangdong which signed an agreement to supply natural gas from province on the southern coast of China has been the LUKOIL fields in the Northern Caspian Sea; the approved. cooperation initiatives provide, inter alia, that Gazprom The pipeline, which will carry up to 30 Bcmy of gas purchases natural gas from the LUKOIL fields in the and cost an estimated $20.5 B, could eventually also Bolshekhetskaya Depression. With their Kazakh part- transport conventional gas, shale gas and coal-bed meth- ners, both companies are engaged in geological explo- ane, Sinopec said. ration and development of the Tsentralnoye oil, gas and China, the world’s largest energy consumer, has made condensate field in the Caspian Sea. largely untested CTG technology a key part of its strategy to boost the use of cleaner fuels as it battles increasing pollution in its large cities. FIG. 1. L.A. Turbine’s newest L3000 AMB turboexpander- Wärtsilä to optimise the performance compressor is scheduled for a 2017 delivery to an African Environmental groups have warned that CTG and gas processing plant. of GasLog’s LNG carriers coal-to-liquid (CTL) projects will do little to cut carbon Wärtsilä, has signed a three to five-year extensive emissions or reduce pollution. CTG technology uses maintenance agreement with GasLog LNG Services vast volumes of water and produces a large amount of

carbon dioxide (CO2), but proponents argue that any carbon emissions would typically be concentrated in sparsely populated regions. In a bid to allay concerns about the environmental risks of the process, projects will only be permitted in regions with sufficient water resources, China’s National Energy Administration (NEA) said in July. A year ago, energy giant Sinopec said it would proceed with plans to build an 8-Bcmy capacity CTG plant—the country’s largest—in Xinjiang, ignoring worries that the $10-B undertaking could potentially face prohibitive costs that have plagued similar projects. The NEA has again warned operators that are developing projects that turn coal into synthetic fuel of the underlying requirements needed for regulatory approval, FIG. 2. The Gazprom Sosnogorsk GPP. FIG. 3. GasLog’s Santiago vessel in operation. as companies rush into investments that are costly and might harm the environment. ■

NGL, continued from page 16 refrigerant circulation by proper division Operating costs are optimized by the reduc- The chiller outlet temperature of –24°F (12.3 MW). Due to the limitations of elec- of the required cooling load between pre- tion in annual electricity consumption. (–31°C) is determined after economic trical overhead lines and the consequent chiller and chiller. The impact of com- The following parameters are optimized analysis, as is its impact on demethanizer surges in the electrical power supply dur- pression power for a two-level operation to achieve the lowest power consumption: material selection changes from killed car- ing the startup of the compressor, the size is shown in FIG. 7. • Pre-chiller duty to total required bon steel (KCS) to low-temperature alloy of the electrical motors has been limited The case study shows that three-stage chilling duty ratio (R)—0.45 steel. The required gas power of the pro- to approximately 5,400 hp (4.03 MW). refrigeration compression with two levels • 1st stage suction drum— pane compressor is approximately 14,600 Therefore, three 5,500 hp (4.1 MW) elec- of refrigeration (prechiller/chiller arrange- 18 Psia (1.24 Bara) hp (10.9 MW) in the case of an electrical tric motor-driven centrifugal compressors ment) significantly decreases the required • 2nd stage suction drum— motor driver. Considering the safety mar- are employed in this propane refrigeration compression power by about 2010 hp (1.5 48 Psia (3.31 Bara) gins in the API standard and over design system instead of the originally proposed MW) when compared to two-stage com- • 3rd stage suction drum— factors, the required power from the elec- two operating and one spare configuration, pression with same levels of refrigeration. 117 Psia (8.07 Bara). trical drive is approximately 16,500 hp without consideration for any spare. ■

18 Tuesday, 27 October 2015 DAY ONE ■ Gastech Conference Newspaper The “Lion City” welcomes visitors with open arms MIKE RHODES, Hydrocarbon Processing

Modern Singapore (FIG. 1) was founded from HarbourFront, a vibrant neighbour- peanuts, eggs, cucumber slices and “sam- theatrical performances, art installations in the 19th century as the British sought hood across the water, and enjoy spectacu- bal” (spicy chili paste). Kaya toast is the and a market with homegrown music and an ideal base for its merchant fleet and to lar views of Sentosa and the city. ultimate comfort food for those of us with a crafts. Under the big top next to the Marina forestall any Dutch advances along the If you are interested to know more about sweet tooth, with the perfect mix of crunch Bay Sands, Cirque Du Soleil—Totem per- Malacca Strait. A treaty with the local rul- the country’s history and art, the Civic Dis- and sugar rush. Roti prata is a south- forms a show that explores human evolu- ers established the city as a trading station, trict Art Trail dives into the heart of the Indian flat bread made by frying stretched tion, from 28 October–22 November. quickly attracting immigrants from China, city’s past, from prominent historical fig- dough and flavouring it with ghee (Indian Up-and-coming fashion designers from India, the Malay Archipelago and beyond. ures such as Sir Stamford Raffles, the man clarified butter). This delicious dish is nor- Singapore and the world parade their lat- Development continued with the establish- who founded Singapore, to up-and-coming mally served with fish or mutton curry. est creations at the annual Digital Fashion ment of key banks, commercial associa- architectural icons of the 21st century. You Try some rojak (which means “eclectic Week Singapore, held in the Capitol The- tions and chambers of commerce. In 1924, can admire the works of some of Singa- mix” in colloquial Malay), a local salad of atre from 29 October–01 November. a causeway opened linking the northern pore’s pioneering sculptors, tour restored mixed vegetables, fruits and dough fritters part of Singapore to Johor Bahru. homes, see the Arts House (formerly the covered in a dark and sticky sauce and gar- Shop ‘till you drop. Whether you are The Japanese invasion in December Parliament House, built in 1827) (FIG. 2), nished with chopped peanuts and finely-cut looking to indulge, scout for uncommon 1941, and the ensuing Allied surrender, and follow the sounds of music to the Vic- fragrant ginger flowers for a piquant taste. threads, or simply add that stylish piece dealt a major blow to Singapore’s pros- toria Theatre and Concert Hall. If you are Head to the Maxwell Food Centre in the to your wardrobe, you can find it all in perity. After the war, Singapore became asked to visit “The Chopsticks”, you will heart of Chinatown for authentic local fare, fashion-forward Singapore. From luxury a British Crown Colony until the growth not find food, but instead will experience the such as Hainanese chicken rice. Don’t boutiques to streetside flea markets, the of nationalism led to self-government and Civilian War Memorial, honouring civil- forget, you won’t have to go far to get a city is a shopping paradise. the country’s first general election in 1959. ians killed during the Japanese Occupation. taste of Singapore’s famous street food. The shoppes at Marina Bay Sands, Singapore became part of Malaysia when it A short walk takes you to Esplanade with its nautical-inspired glass and crystal was formed in 1963, but moved away two Park, with historical landmarks such Festivals and events happening pavilion, include the Louis Vuitton Island years later to become an independent and as the Lim Bo Seng Memorial and the now. There is always a party going on Maison store, the first Maison concept sovereign democratic nation. Cenotaph. Just across the road is the somewhere on the island, whether it is a store in Southeast Asia, and a broad selec- Esplanade—Theatres on the Bay, known celebration of the Chinese New Year, the tion of current collections, curated books Oh, the places you’ll see! With for top-notch arts performances. Locals call excitement of Formula 1 races, or the thrill and artworks. New York-based Proenza thrilling attractions, golden beaches, luxe it “the durian” for its unique architecture of watching world-class athletes at the BNP Schouler has set up shop here, its first inter- retreats and the country’s first integrated that seems to resemble the prickly fruit. Paribas WTA Finals Singapore, happen- national outpost outside the US, to entice resort, Sentosa Island is Singapore’s Speaking of architecture, Singapore boasts ing now from 23 October—01 November us with a full collection of highly covetable favourite leisure destination. some of the most interesting and forward- at the Singapore Indoor Stadium. On select clothes and bags. Sentosa used to be called Pulau thinking designs in the world. These are just nights from 02–31 October, check out Uni- The prime shopping district (FIG. 4) is the Belakang Mati, or “island of death from a few of the many attractions the city offers. versal Studios Singapore, which has one 2.2-km (1.4-mi) Orchard Road, yet another behind” in Malay, because of the tales of of the most intense and immersive Hal- area that supplies innumerable spending piracy and bloodshed surrounding it. Due Local flavours that you should not loween events anywhere, with four horrify- opportunities and home to famous flagships to its strategic location, it served as a Brit- miss. Singapore’s multi-ethnic culture ing haunted houses, three terrifying scare such as H&M, Forever 21 and Abercrom- ish military fortress until World War 2, and heritage have served up a multitude zones and thrilling rides. The Singapore bie & Fitch. Front Row at Raffles Hotel is when it became a prisoner-of-war camp of colourful cuisines, each with its own Wine Fiesta 2015 in Clifford Square from the place to go for hard-to-find cult brands during the Japanese Occupation. unique flavour and aroma. The delicious 22–25 October features acclaimed wine- from across the region, including fashions In the 1970s, a dramatic makeover and mixture of cultures that is Singaporean cui- makers from around the world for four from Singapore, Thailand, Japan and Korea. a new name transformed the island. There sine will delight you. Chili crab, shown in days of tastings, complimentary master- These areas represent only a small portion of is something for everyone: renowned golf FIG. 3, is one of the most popular dishes, classes and live performances. the shopping opportunities. courses, a yachting marina, luxurious with a tangy gravy that seeps into the flesh The Singapore River Festival, 23–25 We welcome you to our city and hope residences, nature trails, spas and 3.2 km of the stir-fried crab. When translated from October, is a three-day celebration of the you enjoy every moment of your stay. ■ of pristine, sandy beaches: Siloso, Pala- Malay to English, nasi lemak means “rich diverse offerings, history and heritage of wan and Tanjong. Foodies can indulge rice,” which refers not to wealth but to the the Singapore River area, featuring aerial Information courtesy of www.yoursingapore.com in hawker fare or world-class dining at coconut cream that makes this dish irresist- Resorts World Sentosa, Saint Pierre, Blue ible. This flavourful dish mixes aromatic Lotus and Sabio By The Sea. rice infused with coconut milk and pan- A 15-min. drive or a short ride on the dan leaves, and it is eaten with deep-fried Sentosa Express from VivoCity make get- fish or chicken wings, “otah” (grilled fish ting there a breeze; or just take the cable car paste), fried “ikan bilis” (local anchovies),

FIG. 2. The city’s history is reflected in some of its architecture. The former Parliament House was built in 1827.

FIG. 4. The bright lights will welcome FIG. 3. Chili crab is a local favourite, and you to the 2.2-km shopping paradise FIG. 1. A bird’s eye view of Singapore’s fantastic skyline (Source: Beboy Photographies). a must have during your stay. of Orchard Road.

Gastech Conference Newspaper ■ DAY ONE Tuesday, 27 October 2015 19 CONNECTING THE GLOBAL ENERGY INDUSTRY

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