NONVIOLENCE IN AMERICA

A Documentary History

Revised edition

Edited by Staughton Lynd and Alice Lynd

DRBI S^g^B QDKS Maryknoll, New York 10545 CONTENTS

Introduction xi

PARTI

QUAKERS

1. William Penn, First Letter to the Delaware Indians 1 2. John Woolman 3 A. Journal 4 B. "A Plea for the Poor" 10

PART II

ABOLITIONISTS

3. William Lloyd Garrison, "Declaration of Sentiments, 1838" 13 4. Adin Ballou, Christian Non-Resistance 17 5. Henry David Thoreau, "Civil Disobedience" 21 6. Elihu Burritt, "Passive Resistance" 38

PART III

ANARCHISTS r 7. Michael Schwab and August Spies, Speeches in Court, 1886 43 8. Emma Goldman, "Anarchism: What It Really Stands For" 45 9. William Haywood, Testimony Before The Industrial Relations Commission, 1915 48

PART IV

PROGRESSIVES

10. William James, "The Moral Equivalent of War" 65 vi CONTENTS

11. Clarence Darrow, Crime and Punishment 75 12. Suffragettes, Letters from Prison, 1917 . 82

PART V

CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTORS, WORLD WAR I

13. Jane Addams, "Personal Reactions During War" 91 14. Roger Baldwin and Others, Statements of Conscientious Objection, 1917-1918 100 15. Prisoners for Peace 103 A. Ammon Hennacy, "Atlanta Prison—1917" 104 B. J. George Ewert, "Christ or Country?" 119 C. Stephen M. Kohn, The Fort Leavenworth General Strike 123

PART VI

TRADE UNIONISM BETWEEN THE WARS

16. A. J. Muste, "The Lawrence Strike of 1919" 129 17. Joel Seidman, Sit-Down 141 18. John Sargent, A Union without a Contract 156

Part VII

CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTORS, WORLD WAR II

19. Donald Benedict and Others, Why We Refused to Register 161 20. William Stafford, "The Battle of Anapamu Creek" 164 21. Mulford Sibley and Asa Wardlaw, Conscientious Objectors in Prison 169

PART VIII

DIRECT ACTION FOR PEACE, POST-WORLD WAR II

22. Maurice McCrackin, "Pilgrimage of a Conscience" 175 23. Albert Bigelow, "Why I Am Sailing into the Pacific Bomb-Test Area" ' 178 24. Wilmer Young, Visible Witness 183 25. Barbara Deming, "Southern Peace Walk: Two Issues or One?" 192 CONTENTS ' vii

26. Quebec-Washington-Guantanamo Walk for Peace, 1963-1964 202 A. Discipline of 203 B. Bradford Lyttle, "The Peacewalkers' Struggle in Albany, Georgia" 203

PART IX

DIRECT ACTION FOR CIVIL RIGHTS, POST-WORLD WAR II

27. Martin Luther King, Jr., "Pilgrimage to Nonviolence" 209 28. CORE and SNCC, Statements of Principle 220 A. "CORE Rules for Action" 221 B. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, Statement of Purpose 222 29. Thomas Gaither, Jailed-In 223 30. William Mahoney, "In Pursuit of Freedom" 234 31. Voter Registration, Mississippi and Georgia 243 A. Mississippi Violence vs Human Rights 244 B. A Statement from the Burgland High School Students 246 C. Robert Moses, Message from Jail 246 D. Statement by a High School Student 247 E. [Jack] Chatfield, Lee County Report 248 32. Birmingham, Alabama 252 A. Birmingham Manifesto, 1963 252 B. Martin Luther King, Jr., Letter from Birmingham City Jail 254

PARTX

THE VIETNAM WAR

33. We Won't Go 269 A. Declaration of Conscience Against the War in Vietnam 270 B. Leaflet, McComb, Mississippi 271 C. Marjorie Swann, "Noncooperation" 272 34. The Pentagon, October 1967 274 A. Mans Cakars and Others, "The Siege of the Pentagon" 275 B. Gregory Nevala Calvert, Democracy from the Heart 281 35. Ultra Resistance 286 A. , Philip Berrigan, and Others, Statement of the Catonsville Nine 287 B. "The Burning of Paper Instead of Lives" 290 yiii CONTENTS

36. Soldiers Against War 294 A. The Presidio 295 B. Brian Willson, Vietnam 301 C. Operation Dewey Canyon III 305

PART XI

A NEW CATHOLICISM

37. Dorothy Day 309 A. Peter Maurin 310 B. "Letter to the Unemployed" 315 C. Protesting Civil Defense 317 38. Letter from Father Thomas Merton to James Forest 324 39. James W. Douglass, The White Train 326 40. Shelley Douglass, "A World Where Abortion Is Unthinkable" 337 41. Helen Prejean, Dead Man Walking 344

PART XII

NONVIOLENT TRADE UNIONISM

42. Cesar Chavez 363 A. Cesar Chavez Recalls 364 B. "Letter from Delano" 368 C. Talk on Nonviolence 370 43. Jim Sessions and Fran Ansley, "Singing Across Dark Spaces: The Union/Community Takeover of the Pittston Coal Company's Moss 3 Coal Preparation Plant" 374

PART XIII

ANTI-IMPERIALISM

44. David Dellinger, "The Future of Nonviolence" 397 45. Barbara Deming, "On Revolution and Equilibrium" 405 46. The Trial of the Winooski 44 427 47. Sanctuary 449 A. "A History of East Bay Sanctuary Covenant" 450 B. "Jewish Covenant of Sanctuary" 458 48. Brian Willson, "The Tracks" 459 49. Sharon Hostetler, Witness for Peace 473 CONTENTS ix

PART XIV

THE GULF WAR

50. Statements Refusing Military Service 477 A. Lynda Reiser, An Inexcusable Reason to Sacrifice a Life 478 B. Jeff Paterson, Public Statement 481 C. Erik Glen Larsen, Statement of Refusal to Participate in Interventionist Wars 482 51. Ramsey Clark, "Letter to Secretary-General Javier Perez de Cuellar" 484 52. Howard Zinn, "Just and Unjust Wars" 492

PART XV HEALING GLOBAL WOUNDS

53. Seabrook 505 A. "Declaration of Nuclear Resistance" 506 B. Murray Rosenblith, "Surrounded by Acres of Clams" 508 C. Cathy Wolff, Reflection on the Seabrook Occupation 515 54. Judi Bari, "The Feminization of Earth First!" 516 55. Western Shoshone Nation and the Global Anti-Nuclear Alliance 521 A. Purpose Statement 522 B. Participation Guidelines 523 56. Simon J. Ortiz, "This America Has Been a Burden" 524

Index 527