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Περίληψη : Χρονολόγηση Γεωγραφικός Εντοπισμός Ionic Colonization
IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ Συγγραφή : Deger-Jalkotzy Segred (19/2/2004) Για παραπομπή : Deger-Jalkotzy Segred , "Ionic Colonization", 2004, Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=4675> Ionic Colonization Περίληψη : According to the ancient sources, Ionia consisted of twelve cities founded by a Greek population who left mainland Greece. Several issues concerning the reasons, the chronology as well as the ethnic identity of the immigrants or colonists have arisen and they still remain the focal point of a persistent debate among scholars. Χρονολόγηση 11th century B.C. (?) Γεωγραφικός εντοπισμός Asia Minor 1. Ionic Colonization: the written testimony During historical times Greek Ionia consisted of the twelve cities of the Panionic league: Miletus, Myus, Priene, Ephesos, Colophon, Lebedos, Teos, Clazomenae, Erythrae, Phocaea, and the island-states of Samos and Chios. According to the ancient sources, these cities were founded in the course of a migration movement which had set off from Athens, and which was led by the sons of the Athenian king Codrus. The reason of the exodus was ascribed by the ancient authors to a fight between the sons of Codrus for the succession to the throne, in which Medon prevailed.1 1.1 Herodotus Three ancient authors have dealt with the Ionic Migration in detail. According to Herodotus2 the Ionians had originally inhabited twelve cities in the Peloponnesian region of Achaea.3 As soon as they were expelled by the Achaeans, they sought refuge in Athens. Their descendants emigrated to Asia Minor, where they founded twelve cities in remembrance of their earlier settlement in Achaea. -
1 Bible Journey
Bible Journey: 1 Samuel February 21/22, 2021 The Big Picture Deuteronomistic History 1 Samuel continues the Deuteronomistic History that started back in Joshua and Judges. We saw that Judges was episodic rather than a comprehensive history of that time. 1 Samuel picks up in that same time period of the judges. In his farewell address in 1 Samuel 12, Samuel even summarizes the main part of the book of Judges. For more information about the author and date of composition, refer back to what we discussed the first week with the Deuteronomistic History. As with Joshua and Judges, some of the material here may be earlier sources that were pulled together into this final form of the narrative. So, some people attribute authorship to Samuel for some of this material, but clearly he didn’t write the portions that came after his death. Also, keep in mind that this is a collection of sources, brought together into this final form, rather than a single narrative composed from beginning to end by one person. This may help to explain some of the repetitions in the text, or the fact that some materials are placed together in a more thematic way rather than in a strictly linear narrative. The fact that these books went through at least a final edit during the time of the exile continues to color the themes of which accounts are preserved here and how they are told and interpreted. Transition from judges to the monarchy The final chapters of Judges repeatedly commented on the fact that there was no monarchy in Israel, during the time when things were spiraling out of control. -
SEA PEOPLES” and CANAAN in TRANSITION C
“SEA PEOPLES” AND CANAAN IN TRANSITION c. 1200-950 B.C. The Levant underwent significant changes and transformations between 1200 and 950 B.C., a period which corresponds to the end of the Late Bronze Age and to Iron Age I. The Bronze Age Canaanite and North-Syrian city-state system was then replaced by an ethno-political structure in which the various regions of the Levant were inhabited by different peoples. This change was accompanied by the collapse of the Hittite empire, by a considerable shrinking of the Assyrian power basis, and by the evanescence of the Egyptian control in Syro-Phoenicia and in Canaan, with concomitant and widespread destructions of the urban cen- tres. The consequence was the abrupt and of historical records provided by the cuneiform archives of Hattusha, Emar, and Ugarit, which were not replaced by a sufficient amount of reliable indigenous sources. Only a few inscriptions, especially from Byblos, and some passages hypo- thetically distinguishable in the biblical accounts can be considered as historical sources related to this period. This lack of indigenous docu- ments is by no means filled by the rare external references in Egypt and in Assyria, although one cannot neglect the “Israel Stela” of Merneptah, the Medinet Habu inscriptions and reliefs, which describe the wars of Ramses III against the “Sea Peoples” in his 8th year, the statement in Papyrus Harris I, that Ramses III settled his defeated foes in his strong- holds, the Tale of Wen Amon and the Onomasticon of Amenope, two literary works from the 11th century B.C., as well as the annals of Tiglath-pileser I (1114-1076 B.C.). -
POMEGRANATE (PUNICA GRANATUM L.) from MOTYA and ITS DEEPEST ORIENTAL ROOTS Lorenzo Nigro
[Vicino Oriente XXII (2018), pp. 49-90] POMEGRANATE (PUNICA GRANATUM L.) FROM MOTYA AND ITS DEEPEST ORIENTAL ROOTS Lorenzo Nigro - Federica Spagnoli Sapienza University of Rome The pomegranate bush raises its voice - tiny, insistent, and shrill: My seeds shine like the teeth of my mistress, the shape of my fruit is round like her breasts. I’m her favorite, I know, sweetest tree in the orchard, looking my best through every season.1 ὣς φάτο: γήθησεν δὲ περίφρων Περσεφόνεια, καρπαλίμως δ᾽ ἀνόρουσ᾽ ὑπὸ χάρματος: αὐτὰρ ὅ γ᾽ αὐτὸς ῥοιῆς κόκκον ἔδωκε φαγεῖν μελιηδέα λάθρῃ, ἀμφὶ ἓ νωμήσας, ἵνα μὴ μένοι ἤματα πάντα αὖθι παρ᾽ αἰδοίῃ Δημήτερι κυανοπέπλῳ.2 Pomegranate remains and representations found in the Phoenician site of Motya in Western Sicily give the cue for a summary study of this plant and its fortune in the Near East and the Mediterranean. Fruits offered in wells, a terracotta relief depicting a pomegranate held by a goddess found in the Sacred Area of the Kothon at Motya, and, especially, a pottery vase in the shape of a pomegranate retrieved inside the Temple of Astarte in the same compound, witness the symbolic transcultural role of this fruit and of the pomegranate tree in ancient Mediterranean, from its farthest oriental origins to modern art and religion. Keywords: pomegranate; Punica granatum L.; Motya; Astarte; Demetra 1. POMEGRANATE: THE DIVINE POME [LN] Pomegranate is a divine gift in the imagery of antiquity. It has so many evocative features: its blossom and flower, the squatted fat spherical shape of the pome, with a pointed or crowned tip (fig. -
127567796.23.Pdf
■ $)r JU'CniUcI)1* (Eburatianal IDorks, PUBLISHED BT '» ; OriVER & BOYD, EDINBURGH; i SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, A CO., LONDON; AND SOLD BY*“) ALL BOOKSELLERS. ' A valuable Series of Works has been prepared by Dn ; S! M'Culloch,Edinburgh, andformerly now MinisterHead-master of the of Westthe Circus-Place Church, Greenock, School, :■ |; businessfor the useto instructof Seminaries his pupils where in the the meaning preceptor of whatmakes is itread, his ; j1 as well as in the art of reading. This series will be found to ! j l .gradationsserve the double to the pronunciationpurpose of introducing of the English the scholar language, by easyand ; ! jr ancle»erciseof providing hishim opening with a faculties. kind of reading adapted to interest : ; In trie introductory Books, the lessons are arranged on the j j ;; soundsprinciple before of familiarizing embarrassing the him pupil with varietieswith the andmore anomalies common ; «| jjj: ! gradualso that heorder may of bo development taught the suitedlaws ofto hisEnglish tender Orthoepy capacity. in a ■! !|c: lint Rcatiittg-pook, ; 18mo, 24 pages, price lid. in stiff wrapper. 13th Edition. i |: lessonsThis onlittle the manual long and contains short sounds the Alphabet, of the vowels and progressive ; no moro J; |i thesebeing sounds,attempted and in with it than the merelyprimitive to familiarizesounds of the the consonants. pupil with ; Scronii Rcatiing-|0oh, J l8mo, 48 pages, price 3d. in stiff wrapper. 13th Edition. J \; of Thisdouble book consonants contains progressiveand diphthongs, lessons and on on the the pronunciation middle and J! I! considerablebroad sounds number of the vowels. of new sounds,The pupil and is hereto those introduced consonants to a ;; ;; havinghis entering two different on the Thiud sounds, Reading-Book. -
Oil As a Lubricant in the Ancient Middle East
Tribology Online, 2, 2 (2007) 44-49. ISSN 1881-2198 DOI 10.2474/trol.2.44 Oil as a Lubricant in the Ancient Middle East Michael Nosonovsky National Institute of Standards and Technology 100 Bureau Dr., Stop 8520, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA [email protected] ( Manuscript received 12 January 2007; accepted 8 March 2007; published 15 April 2007 ) There is a significant interest toward the history of tribology in both engineering and historical communities. However, there is a gap between engineers and historians in their approach to the topic, and existing literature sometimes overlooks various cultural influences, in particular, oriental ones, which affected the tribological science and technology. We consider the early history of lubrication and show that while the evidences of usage of lubricants (water, gypsum, and animal fats) in Ancient Egypt in 2nd-3rd millennia BC are hypothetic, rather than established facts, the Hebrew Bible contains earliest records of using oil as a lubricant. In particular, the account of rubbing the shield of King Saul (11th century BC) is discussed as well as other similar cases. These findings allow us to better understand the universal nature of history of science and technology as a multicultural phenomenon. Keywords: history of lubrication, olive oil, gypsum, ancient Middle East artefact, including coatings, sledge surfaces etc. and 1. Introduction investigation of ancient technology used to create them7,8). Although the words “tribophisics/tribology” were Because of this interest toward the history of the coined only some 60 years ago by D. Tabor and H.P. tribology both in the engineering and historical Jost from the Greek word tribos, meaning “rubbing”, scientific communities, a number of publications have tribological knowledge and technology existed from the 1) appeared in the past years, reporting and reviewing earliest time . -
Philistine State Or Neo-Hittite Kingdom?
Emanuel, Jeffrey P. King Taita and his “Palistin”: philistine state or neo-hittite kingdom? Antiguo Oriente: Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Historia del Antiguo Oriente Vol. 13, 2015 Este documento está disponible en la Biblioteca Digital de la Universidad Católica Argentina, repositorio institucional desarrollado por la Biblioteca Central “San Benito Abad”. Su objetivo es difundir y preservar la producción intelectual de la Institución. La Biblioteca posee la autorización del autor para su divulgación en línea. Cómo citar el documento: Emanuel, Jeffrey P. “King Taita and his “Palistin” : philistine state or neo-hittite kingdom?” [en línea], Antiguo Oriente : Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Historia del Antiguo Oriente 13 (2015). Disponible en: http://bibliotecadigital.uca.edu.ar/repositorio/revistas/king-taita-palistin-emanuel.pdf [Fecha de consulta:..........] . 01 Emanuel King Taita_Antiguo Oriente 27/06/2016 12:40 p.m. Página 11 KING TAITA AND HIS “PALISTIN”: PHILISTINE STATE OR NEO-HITTITE KINGDOM?* JEFFREY P. EMANUEL [email protected] Center for Hellenic Studies Harvard University Cambridge, USA Summary: King Taita and His “Palistin”: Philistine State or Neo-Hittite Kingdom? The end of the Hittite Empire and the destruction and abandonment of Alalakh repre- sents a cultural break between the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages in the ‘Amuq Valley. In the Iron I, a population with clear ties to the greater Aegean world, perhaps related to the Philistines of southern Canaan, established an agro-pastoral settlement at Tell Ta‘yinat and the surrounding area. This occupation, marked by Field Phases 6–3 at Ta‘yinat, was both materially and chronologically ephemeral, and should be viewed as a cultural outlier sandwiched between the Hittite-controlled LBA and later Iron I. -
The Chinese Calendar
Here is the ninth legend. This is about the Chinese Calendar. Can you find out more about it? Can you find different versions of this legend? The Chinese Calendar The traditional Chinese calendar has been used for centuries by farmers to tell them when to plant and when to harvest. It also continues to define the dates of festivals and is used for horoscopes in China. This calendar has a very long history going back to the Xia (21st century BC - 16th century BC) and Shang Dynasty (16th century BC - 11th century BC). It is based on a unique combination of astronomy and geography through observation and exploration. It is also referred to as the Lunar Calendar, Yin calendar, Xia calendar or the old Chinese calendar. A lunar month is the time between one full moon and the next, approximately twenty-eight days during which the moon orbits the earth. The lunar year consists of thirteen months of twenty-eight days each. This means that the Chinese New Year falls on varying dates between the latter part of January and early February. According to the Lunar Calendar, a new month begins when the moon moves into line with the earth and the sun. This is called 'Chu Yi' or 'Shuo Ri' (the first day of a lunar month). The year was divided into in 24 equal parts, each forming the 24 solar terms. The month with its first day nearest the Beginning of Spring (the first solar term) is the first lunar month. This varies between January 20th and February 20th. -
Louis Dautais 2020. “Review Of: Peter M. Fischer and Teresa Bürge (Eds) 2017. Sea Peoples Up-To-Date. New Research on Transfo
Louis Dautais 2020. “Review of: Peter M. Fischer and Teresa Bürge (eds) 2017. Sea Peoples Up-to-Date. New Research on Transformations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the 13th-11th Centuries BCE (Proceedings of the ESFWorkshop held at the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, 3-4 Nov. 2014)”, published in Journal of Greek Archaeology Vol. 5, pp. 585-591. Peter M. Fischer and Teresa Bürge (eds.). Sea Peoples Up-to-Date. New Research on Transformations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the 13th-11th Centuries BCE (Proceedings of the ESF-Workshop held at the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, 3-4 November 2014). Denkschriften der Gesamtakademie 81; Contributions to the Chronology of the Eastern Mediterranean 35. pp. 412, figs. 92. 2017. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. ISBN 978-3-7001-7963-4 paperback €149; e-publication €109. This volume is the outcome of an international workshop held at the Austrian Academy of Sciences in Vienna in November 2014. Since the first use of the term “Sea Peoples” (« Peuples de la Mer ») in 1867 by French Egyptologist Emmanuel de Rougé,1 the topic has not lost its popularity, with plenty of attention in recent years, including now published workshops at Louvain-la-Neuve (in 2014)2 and Warsaw (in 2016).3 The present volume wanted to go beyond the information provided by the texts and aimed at presenting new archaeological data and their analysis, covering a wider geographical region and implying a more holistic approach than ever before. As the subtitle indicates, the specific aim of the volume is to study the various political, economic, social and cultural transformations in the Eastern Mediterranean from the 13th to 11th centuries BC4 that can be connected to the Sea Peoples phenomenon. -
Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11Th Edition, by Various 1
Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, by Various 1 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, by Various The Project Gutenberg EBook of Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 6, by Various This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 6 "English Language" to "Epsom Salts" Author: Various Release Date: February 17, 2011 [EBook #35306] Language: English Character set encoding: ASCII *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA *** Produced by Marius Masi, Don Kretz and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net Transcriber's notes: (1) Numbers following letters (without space) like C2 were originally printed in subscript. Letter subscripts are preceded by an underscore, like Cn. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, by Various 2 (2) Characters following a carat (^) were printed in superscript. (3) Side-notes were relocated to function as titles of their respective paragraphs. (4) Macrons and breves above letters and dots below letters were not inserted. (5) Small and capital EZH letters are subtituted with [gh] and [Gh] respectively. Thorn is subtituted with th or Th, and eth is subtituted with dh. (6) [root] stands for the root symbol; [alpha], [beta], etc. for greek letters. (7) The following typographical errors have been corrected: ARTICLE ENGLISH LANGUAGE: "The writers of each district wrote in the dialect familiar to them; and between extreme forms the difference was so great as to amount to unintelligibility ..." 'familiar' amended from 'familar'. -
Telling Stories: the Mycenaean Origins of the Philistines
GUY D. MIDDLETON TELLING STORIES: THE MYCENAEAN ORIGINS OF THE PHILISTINES Summary. The story of the Philistines as Mycenaean or Aegean migrants, refugees who fled the Aegean after the collapse of the palace societies c.1200 BC, bringing an Aegean culture and practices to the Eastern Mediterranean, is well known. Accepted as essentially true by some, yet rejected as little more than a modern myth by others, the migration narrative retains a central place in the archaeology and historiography of the Eastern Mediterranean in the Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age (LBA/EIA). In recent years, and despite an increasingly shaky theoretical basis, the migration hypothesis has nevertheless seemed to drown out other interpretations and characterizations of the period, claiming a normative position that is undeserved. In this paper I explore the continuing power of this nineteenth century narrative and seek to show why it is less convincing than its prominent status would suggest. INTRODUCTION Dalglish (2005, 148–9) has defined historical myths as ‘narratives which have a basis in history, but which have been embellished and over-emphasised to the extent that they reduce history to a limited series of caricatures and stereotypes’. One such enduring myth is that of an ‘Aegean’, usually meaning ‘Mycenaean’, migration to Canaan at the end of the Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age c.1200 BC, which serves for many as an explanation of the origin of the Philistines (Dothan 1982; Dothan and Dothan 1992; Stager 1995). This is part of the larger story of a supposed migration of the ‘Sea Peoples’. As Stone wrote, ‘the origins of the Sea Peoples’ culture lie in Mycenaean Greece’ (Stone 1995, 13). -
Exhibition Checklist (PDF File, About 328KB
201 213 226-2 240 255 262 269 276 Lid with a Knob (fragmented) Lebes with Snake Busts Fibula Necklace with Pendants of an Ring Pair of Earrings Necklace Finger Ring 2nd half of 14th–early 13th century B.C. 1st quarter of 7th century B.C. 2nd quarter of 7th century B.C. Acorn and a Ram’s Head 2nd half of 4th century B.C. ca.mid-4th century B.C. 1st–3rd century A.D. 3rd century A.D. Sofia, National Institute of Archaeology Roma, Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giulia Firenze, Museo Archeologico Nazionale 4th century B.C. Firenze, Museo Archeologico Nazionale Roma, Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giulia Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden with Museum at the Bulgarian Academy of Musei Vaticani, Museo Gregoriano Etrusco, Collezione Castellani Sciences 214 227 Città del Vaticano 256 270 277 THE 263 202 Patera Dragon-Type Fibula 241 Pair of Amulets Necklace Bulla (pendant) 1st quarter of 7th century B.C. 1st half of 7th century B.C. late 6th century B.C. Necklace 1st–3rd century A.D. 1st century A.D. OLDEN Three-Part Vessel with Roma, Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giulia Firenze, Museo Archeologico Nazionale Ivy Leaf Diadem Firenze, Museo Archeologico Nazionale 1st–2nd century A.D. Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden Decoration of Canelures ca.4th–3rd century B.C. Roma, Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giulia G 2nd half of 14th–early 13th century B.C. Musei Vaticani, Museo Gregoriano Etrusco, Collezione Castellani Treasured Gold from Sofia, National Institute of Archaeology 215 228 Città del Vaticano 257 271 278 with Museum at the Bulgarian Academy of Necklace with Anthropomorphic Dragon-Type Fibula Amulet with a Representation of 264 Earring Medallion the Ancient Mediterranean World Sciences Pendants mid-7th century B.C.