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UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO El Mar UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO El Mar de Extremadura: Irrigation, Colonization and Francoism in Southwestern Spain, 1898-1978 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History by David Kenneth Henderson Committee in charge: Professor Pamela Radcliff, Chair Professor Frank Biess Professor Ivan Evans Professor Thomas Gallant Professor Matthew Vitz 2017 Copyright David Kenneth Henderson, 2017 All rights reserved. The Dissertation of David Kenneth Henderson is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2017 iii DEDICATION To my family and to Kate iv TABLE OF CONTENTS SIGNATURE PAGE ...................................................................................................... iii DEDICATION ................................................................................................................ iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................. v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SPANISH WORDS ............................................. vii LIST OF IMAGES .......................................................................................................... ix LIST OF MAPS ............................................................................................................... x ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................ xi VITAE........................................................................................................................... xiii ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION ..................................................................... xiv Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1 – Landscape and Irrigation: Eduardo Hernández-Pacheco and Territoriality 30 1.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 30 1.2. Irrigation as the Redemption of Empire ................................................................ 35 1.3. The Wandering Life of Eduardo Hernández-Pacheco ........................................... 42 1.3.1. The Canary Islands .......................................................................................... 45 1.3.2. Landscape and the Nation ............................................................................... 52 1.3.3. Spain’s Landscape and the Cíjara Reservoir ................................................... 64 1.3.4. Ifni ................................................................................................................... 73 1.4. Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 76 Chapter 2 – Tenancy and Local Colonization in Post-Civil War Badajoz .................... 79 2.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 79 2.2. The Social Question in Badajoz Province ............................................................. 85 2.2.1. Rural Society in Badajoz ................................................................................. 85 2.2.2. The Social Question in Badajoz ...................................................................... 89 2.2.3. Tenancy Laws of the Second Republic ........................................................... 92 2.3. Early Francoist Responses to the Social Question ................................................ 97 2.3.1. Francoist Tenancy Laws.................................................................................. 97 2.3.2. The Founding of the INC .............................................................................. 102 2.3.3. Land As Political Reward ............................................................................. 109 2.4 Case Study - Santos de Maimona .......................................................................... 113 2.5. Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 119 Chapter 3 – Unemployment, Yunteros and the Nature of Badajoz’s Social Problem . 123 3.1. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 123 3.2. Increased Scope for Action .................................................................................. 125 3.2.1. Two Laws ...................................................................................................... 125 3.2.2. Junta de Ordenación Económico-Social ....................................................... 131 3.2.3. The Correspondence of the Junta .................................................................. 136 3.3. Two Social Studies: Campanario and Cabeza del Buey ...................................... 141 3.4. Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 151 v Chapter 4 – The Meaning of “Technical” in the Irrigation of Large Zones ................. 154 4.1. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 154 4.2. The INC’s Intellectuals ........................................................................................ 157 4.2.1 The Early Management of Colonists ............................................................... 157 4.2.2. Keynesian Colonization ................................................................................ 164 4.3. A Plan Made of Plans: The Ambitions of the Plan Badajoz ............................... 172 4.3.1. Colonization Towns ...................................................................................... 174 4.3.2. Selecting Colonists ........................................................................................ 177 4.3.3. Colonist Applications and Complaints .......................................................... 182 4.3.4. The Response to Franco’s Promises.............................................................. 186 4.3.5. Colonias Penitenciarias Militarizadas ........................................................... 191 4.4. Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 195 Chapter 5 – Tensions, Property and Independence: Miguel Siguán’s Study of the Plan Badajoz ........................................................................................................................ 197 5.1. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 197 5.2. Miguel Siguán’s Study of Emigration ................................................................. 201 5.3. The Social Study of the Plan Badajoz ................................................................. 209 5.3.1. Shared Hopes for Rural Modernization ........................................................ 212 5.3.2. A Liberal View of Modernization ................................................................. 214 5.3.3. Colonist Rebellion ......................................................................................... 219 5.4. The Reaction to the Study ................................................................................... 226 5.5. Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 230 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 234 WORKS CITED .......................................................................................................... 244 vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SPANISH WORDS AHCEA – Archivo Histórico del Centro de Estudios Agrarios, Fondo Instituto Nacional de Colonización ACHG – Archivo de la Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana ACMAPAMA – Archivo Central del Ministerio de Agricultura y Pesca, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente, Archivo Técnico Instituto Nacional de Colonización AGM – Archivo General Militar de Ávila ADPBA – Archivo de la Diputación Provincial de Badajoz AMNCN – Archivo del Museo Ciencias Naturales Aparcería – Sharecropping Arrendamiento – Leasing land through payment in cash BOE – Boletín Oficial del Estado Braceros – Day laborers Cacique – A local clientelist leader Colonización – Rural settlement, especially of newly irrigated land Hermandad – A local office of the state-led union for rural Spain Instancia – A formal request Jornaleros – See braceros Labor Forzoso- Forced field cultivation to boost production Latifundio – A large farm or collection of farms Memoria – A justifying report Regenerationism – Turn-of-the-century political movement obsessed with transcending Spain’s backward economy and political system. Secano – Dry lands, not irrigated vii Yunteros – Ploughmen who were particularly revolutionary during the 1930s viii LIST OF IMAGES Image 1.1
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