Sino-Japanese Relations in the Edo Period
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Sino-Japanese Period Relations in the Edo (•ba Osamu University Kansai by Fogel Translated Joshua A. Nagasaki Part T•vo. The Trade Chinese Was the Trade Domestic foreign Chinese Nagasaki atmosphere Political The Conditions. of fact, in atmosphere. Chinese festivals, The annuals foods all and was, events, a were closely tied during the Chinese period. trade Edo properly, the The China trade--more to Sino-Japanese period trade--of Edo the changes through underwent the number of a more than of that 260 would and it just be difficult words. summarize in few For years to era, a Japan's ships since Japanese partake they trade, leave could of part, choice had not to no but for wait the arrival Chinese of vessels. circumstance, of it this Because to a was passive trade Japanese for they the perforce which in considered domestic economic planned strategies trends and accordingly. side, China's political For domestic circumstances and the international situation in changes Asia trading caused in East the sail, changes that vessels Japan made and if in set they the in which would be received policies adapt in Chinese the had their port, manner to accordingly. important The element politics in unity domestic Chinese concerned the most Qing dynasty. •;• of the [• ff• Zicheng when Li Beijing (1606-45) In captured 1644 and dynasty Ming the collapsed 7'• • Youjian • ,•,, • with suicide the (Yizong Zhu of 1611- Chongzhen • •(• 44, the •: Emperor), it ]E the first Japan the of in Sh6h6 under year was • :•. Shogun the of rule • • • Iemitsu however, Until Zheng Zhilong 1646, (1604- 61) 1•-• supported •:•,• :• the Prince of Yujian Tang ::F_, (1602-46), Zhu and resisted the Qing • in ::l:ffj Zheng ff• Fuzhou. Chenggong His (1624-62) Xiamen made son ,•, (Amoy) [•J Jinmen and (Quemoy) operations bases his brought of and later Taiwan control; under his times five between sought and he 1648 assistance from 1660 and Japan, [his in] death until fought anti-Qing he 1662 the head of force. at an During period, the J•,A, Edo Japanese called "people people Chinese T6jin of or • Tang" • ships Chinese and T6sen "Tang The for vessels." this to or appears reason be that those Zheng who in Regime the served Chenggong Zheng under others and thought of themselves Ming the of Qing; who they refused follow since the to as men served the they Prince Tang, of referred "people Tang." the of to were as Zheng Chenggong •[• • died in Zheng Jing 1662, but (1643-81), his taking son advantage the of Rebellion Three of the fight Feudatories continued in 1673, the his from *Unless otherwise noted, all the translator's. notes are g•,•4• r• • jidat Edo • • Nit-Ch• • • hiwa (Tokyo: shoten, T6h6 6r) 1980), 9-27. no pp. 50 Zheng Jing's After base Taiwan. Zheng death in 1681, Keshuang his on son own (1670?-1707) anti-Manchu continued the succeeded Zheng him and of the movement family gains he until trading surrendered activities, in including made The in 1683. trade proved Japan, with funding military of be Zhengs for the "Prince well the to a source as as • (Pingnan • Pacifies Who • [namely, g, the South" Shang zy • 1604-76]) Kexi wang • Tranquillity Brings the • "Prince and Who (Jingnan South" the [namely, ::• to wang j•,, • •1• Jingzhong Geng 1682]), of d. both whom in the Rebellion of Three the rose Feudatories. During Zhengs the of that the the and the Three Feudatories remained years power intermingled ships those Japan that Fujian from the Xiamen of strong, to among came area from the island and Taiwan of authority Qing vessels under the of the government were as belonged • Shang • {4 those that Kexi, well Shang (d. his Geng 1680), Zhixin to as son 1•,• )• (d. Jimao Jingzhong. 1671), Geng his and Japanese did The ask if the not son ships Qing official concerned, vessels Japanese far and the trade not, were or as as was struggle going between They equitable the sides China off limits. in received two on was Nagasaki. both and the sailed of treatment, port to Zhengs, Qing (Shunzhi effort crush the In the in in 1661 18 govemment to an China, •, •_ promulgated Japan) Kanbun frontier) in (move the 1 order. the All qianjie prohibited Chinese vessels travel, living people from and the five the in were overseas provinces Shandong, Jiangnan, Chinese Fujian, Zhejiang, coastal Guangdong of and were longer Zhengs. able Thus, in given trade with the aside from tacit vessels to engage no permission unofficially official buying leave the aim with Japanese of the port to copper, gradually produced example, results. order ships for 1681, In number of the Chinese that Nagasaki nine, of single ship entered the declined and them there port to not among was a that had city. mainland lett from coastal Chinese a Ships The Japan. Chinese Number of few the words about Let to say me now a numbers Chinese of vessels Japan arrived that in the in There seventeenth century. are no Japanese-language reliable documents first for the half of the seventeenth and century, we diary rely the British of merchants in Hirado and Dutch merchants in must accounts on Nagasaki. Hirado and following figures the know coming We ships for Chinese vessels Hirado: for 30 to ships just 1612; for ships ships 60-70 the first six months of 1614; for for 1631; 70-80 74 ships ships 1640; for 1641; 97 for and the six Of vessels for 54 1641, 1644. 97 were Zheng by Zhilong, owned belonging people Zheng and vessels the in to seven more were Regime. Eleven of the belonged Zhengs, vessels Japan that in 35 the and 1666 to to came eighteen of the Jing. ships by Zheng vessels in Nine of the of 36 owned 1670 29 were ships ships of 1675, the Zheng Jing's of 1676, the and of 24 of 26 1678 ten seven were as of the well. All nine of vessels in above, mentioned Southeast the 1681, from case came belonged Asia and Zhengs. have the to to appear Zheng Chenggong When peak warehouses-- of his had the five he at power, was '[-_ (//• • • (ren Righteousness ), Benevolence named Knowledge (vi (zhi ), ), ), Ritual {•)--in ,•,_ Fidelity (xin and (jm Xiamen (mu ), and five warehouses--known Wood Gold as •N), 7.k), ,)•), (shui 217_)--in (huo Hangzhou. Fire Water sphere (m Within their and Earth Fujian along influence of they the population, they collected resident from the coast, taxes hiring practice made of ships they mechants trade, in in and when port to a engage came 51 collected principal both interest. and It that major the of item merchandise seems transported Zheng ships for trade in the Nagasaki of en time masse on the port at raw was silk thread, the and qianjie order had hindering effect the of Zheng ships collecting from freight. items trade impact The of the order pronounced. as was From 1635 1647, have to records either the Chinese Japanese the we no on or side. the On basis of study of the Dutch records for the decade 1634-1644, a the average number of Chinese coming vessels Japan Thus, 57. the to of number 10 was average vessels for period the around 1661 marks considerable reduction, again indicating the a efficacy of the qianjie order. From Qianjie the Order Zhanhai the Order. to Zheng Keshuang In 1683 surrender, Qing's and the of China complete. conquest (Kangxi In China, 1684 in 23 was J6ky6 in Japan), the qianjie order rescinded fYj f•. zhanhai the and (expand the was to sea) order promulgated. The results astounding. The number of was Chinese were vessels that entered the Nagasaki of in port 1683 and in 24 it also 1684 24. In was was the 1685 number 85; in 102 1686, in 1687, 115 to in and 193 1688. The rose 1688 year high marked the point in Sino-Japanese the entire trade period the of Edo for the number of Chinese ships, the and number of Chinese members who Nagasaki to crew came reached total of 9,128. With the restriction place by in the a qianjie order put severe now Chinese along merchants the gone, off coast set en masse. rapid The increase in the number of Chinese vessels--from in example; 1684, for 24 when the zhanhai issued, order following the 85 to than was year--represents more a tripling, nearly quadrupling. Japan, thus, had with a of to up sort come some response. Japanese The side anticipated have changing these to circumstances seems in advance. In the 1684 issued Jdky6 the restricting government order trade activities. order In to the outflow gold of prevent silver, and the value trading of merchandise ships Chinese on limited ]• 6,000 [roughly kan kilograms] 22,500 to was and this known per year, was as • the •J f± waritsukeshih6 • (allotment law). Ships categorized by the sites from were they which sail and distinctions imposed set the of traded merchandise were amount on brought!n; each vessel the calculated ships the amounts when and were port, to as came the total reached kan, 6,000 subsequent amount Chinese coming vessels port to not were permitted in to and ordered engage with their commerce board. to return were cargo on As ships result, that Nagasaki from late in the a to eleventh of month lunar the came year through the twelfth otten month had leave Japan freight with intact. to However, despite fact the that vessels of this forced leave, the number sort to were ships of that Nagasaki by declined.