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Notes and References Notes and References Introduction 1. On the French empire in this period, see Gilbert Comte, L'Empire triomphant (1871-1936). I. Afrique occidentale et equatoriale (Paris, 1988) and Jean Martin, L 'Empire triomphant (1871-1936). II. Maghreb, Indochine, Madagascar, lies et Comptoirs (Paris, 1990), and for a more interpretative approach, Jean Bouvier, Rene Girault and Jacques Thobie, Impenalisme Ii la franr;aise (Paris, 1986). For a new general history of French coloni­ alism, see Jean Meyer,Jean Tarrade, Annie Rey-Goldzeiguer and Jacques Thobie, Histoire de la France coloniale. Des Origines Ii 1914 (Paris, 1991) and Jacques Thobie, Gilbert Meynier, Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch and Charles-Robert Ageron, Histoire de la France colonia Ie. 1914-1990 (Paris, 1990). On the renewed importance of empire in the 1930s, Charles-Robert Ageron, 'La Perception de la puissance francaise en 1938-1939: Ie mythe imperial', Revue franr;aise d'histoire d'outre-mer 69 (1982), pp. 7-22, and on the apogee of colonialism in this period, Jacques Marseille, L'Age d'or de la France coloniale (Paris, 1986), and, more generally, Thomas August, 'Locating the Age of Imperialism', Itinerario 10 (1986), pp. 85-97. 2. The following paragraphs sum up some of the main points of my The French Presence in the South Pacific, 1842-1940 (London, 1990). 3. See my 'European Expansion in the Island Pacific: An Historiographical Review', Itinerario 13 (1989), pp. 87-102, which also gives references to Japanese expansionism. 1 The Second World War in the French Pacific 1. Henri Sautot, Grandeur et decadence du Gaullisme dans Ie Pacifique (Mel­ bourne, 1949). The best overall (but brief) account of the war period is Richard Thompson and Virginia Adloff, The French Pacific Islands (Berkeley, 1971), chs. 3 and 21. 2. On the ralliement of New Caledonia, John Lawrey, The Cross of Lorraine in the South Pacific (Canberra, 1982) and Georges Pisier, 'Le Ralliemen t de la Caledonie et l'intervention britannique (juin-octobre 1940)', BSEHNC, No. 62 (1985), pp. 35-47. 3. Sautot to de Gaulle, 1 October 1940, ATNC, 44 W 463. 4. Emile de Curton, Tahiti 40 (Paris, 1973). 5. Alexandre Poncet, Histoire de l'IIe Wallis (Paris, 1972), ch. 20, and Robert Charbonnier, 'Aventures et Mesaventures Ii Wallis et Futuna', MNS 90 (manuscript), Academie des Sciences d'Outre-Mer. See also the letters of Sautot to the Free French headquarters of 12 November 1940 (on the failure of the ralliement), 17 February 1941 (on the possi­ bility of the dismissal of Vrignaud), 28 March 1941 (on the use of a British or Australian ship) and 4 July 1941 (on Wallis's relations with Hanoi), ATNC, 44 W 463. 360 Notes and References 361 6. Quoted in Sautot to de Gaulle, 1 October 1940, ATNC, 44 W 463. 7. Margot Simington, 'Australia and New Caledonia, October 1940 - January 1941', Royal Military College Historical Journal 3 (1974), pp. 35- 46, and 'Australia and the New Caledonia Coup d'Etat of 1940', Austral­ ian Outlook 30 (1976), pp. 73-92. 8. De Curton, op. cit. 9. Sautot to de Gaulle, 29 January and 28 February 1941, ATNC, 44 W 463. 10. Sautot to de Gaulle, 21 June 1941, ATNC, 44 W 463. 11. Kim Munholland, 'The Trials of the Free French in New Caledonia, 1940-1942', French Historical Studies 14 (1986), pp. 547-579, has been my major source for this period, supplemented by Lawrey, ch. 7, and Philippe Godard, Le Memorial Caledonien, Vol. 5 (1940-1953) (Noumea, 1975), pp. 18-33, an anti-d'Argenlieu account. 12. Sautot to de Gaulle, 25 August 1981, ATNC, 44 W 463. 13. Munholland, p. 560. 14. Quoted in Glen Barclay, A History of the Pacific from the Stone Age to the Present Day (London, 1978), p. 182. 15. The events of 1940-1941 in Tahiti are narrated in Philippe Mazellier (ed.), Le Memorial Polynesien, Vol. V (1940-1961) (Papeete, 1977), pp. 46--83. See also Pierre-\\res Toullelan (ed.), Encyclopedie de fa Polynesie, Vol. 7 (Papeete, 1989). 16. See Paul-Marie de la Gorce, L 'Empire ecartele (1936--1945) (Paris, 1988). 17. The contention that the standard of living improved in the EFO is from Toullelan, Encyclopedie, p. 36 but seems equally valid for the other French territories, despite the early problems in New Caledonia. 18. Correspondance interieure et exterieure du Gouverneur, 1943, ATPF. 19. Ibid. 20. Letters of31 March 1941, 15 February 1941,10 February 1941, 4 August 1943, ATNC, 44 W 463,464,466,467. 21. Report by Bourgeaud, 11 August 1943, ATNC, 44 W 467. 22. Ibid. 23. Letter of 1 August 1941, ATNC, 44 W 463. 24. Simington, op. cit. 25. Barclay, p. 190. 26. Japan was already a Pacific islands power, having been entrusted with a mandate over the former German holdings in Micronesia by the League of Nations in 1919. See Mark Peattie, Nan 'yo (Honolulu, 1987). 27. On the American troops in New Caledonia, Lawrey, ch. 6, and Henry Daly, 'La Guerre du Pacifique: "Americal" 1941-1946: Les Americains en Nouvelle-Caledonie', BSEHNC, No. 17 (1973), pp. 1-30; Robert G. Bowman, 'Army Farms and Agricultural Development in the Southwest Pacific', The Geographical Review (1946), pp. 420-46; G.F.R. [sic], 'New Caledonia and the War', Pacific Affairs 19 (1946), pp. 373-83; and Francis D. Cronin, Under the Southern Cross: The Saga of the Americal Division (Washington, 1951). 28. \\res Geslin, 'Les Americains aux Nouvelles-Hebrides au cours de la Seconde guerre mondiale',JSO 12 (1956), pp. 245-85. 29. Munholland, pp. 571-572. 30. Quoted in Munholland, p. 572. 362 Notes and References 31. However it would appear that the French fears were not entirely unjus­ tified. President Roosevelt, the US navy and various members of Con­ gress had at different times expressed interest in bringing New Caledonia under some form of American control; see CJ. Weeks Jr., 'An Hour of Temptation: American Interests in New Caledonia, 1935-1945', Aus­ tralian Journal of Politics and History 35 (1989), pp. 185-200. 32. Interim Governor Laigret to Commissioner for the Colonies, 25 Febru­ ary 1943, AOM Nouvelle-Caledonie 163. 33. Ex-interim Governor Laigret to Commissioner for the Colonies, 1 May 1944, AOM Nouvelle-Caledonie 163. 34. According to Douglas Oliver, The American troops dominated the island's [New Caledonia's] life like an army of occupation. French officials held office, but American admirals and generals decided policy in critical spheres of public order, production and trade.' (The Pacific Islands, p. 378, quoted in Thompson and Adloff, p. 272.) 35. Le Memorial Caledonien. 36. Ibid. 37. From the works by Lawrey, Daly and Bowman. 38. Geslin, 'Les Americains', and Jeremy MacClancy, To Kill a Bird with Two Stones (Port-Vila, 1980). 39. L. Picard, 'C'etait comme un reve', in Mazellier, p. 108. 40. Francis Sanford, in Mazellier, p. 116. 41. Charbonnier, 'Aventures et mesaventures'. 42. Geslin, pp. 274-75. 43. Pacific Islands Monthly, August 1943. 44. Ibid. 45. Pacific Islands Monthly, October 1952. 46. Siole Pilioko, personal communication, Wallis, 27 September 1990. 47. Sanford in Mazellier, p. 113. 48. Poncet, p. 170 ff. 49. Geslin on the New Hebrides; Mazellier on Bora-Bora. 50. Laigret to Commissioner for the Colonies, 25 February 1943, AOM Nouvelle-Caledonie 163. For further clashes between the Americans and French in New Caledonia, see Munholland, 'The Trials of the Free French in New Caledonia, 1940-1942'. 51. See Chapter 3, below. 52. Laigret to Commissioner for the Colonies, 1 May 1944, AOM Nouvelle­ Caledonie 163. 53. For example, the pro-American sentiments voiced (and American flags prominently displayed) by some New Caledonians during the troubles of the 1980s. 54. Laigret to Commissioner for the Colonies, 1 May 1944, AOM Nouvelle­ Caledonie 163. He also charged that some Americans, claiming to be soldiers, were prospecting for minerals. 55. Captain Bardet, Commander of the Third Infantry Company, report of 12July 1943, AOM Oceanie 153. 56. Pacific Islands Monthly, February 1946. 57. Poncet, ch. 22, and Charbonnier's manuscript, 'Aventures et mesaventures', are the basis of my account of the 1946 rebellion in Notes and References 363 Wallis; the two differ on some minor details but largely confirm each other. On the soldiers from Noumea in Wallis, see Bernard Brou, 'Le Corps expeditionnaire caledonien des Forces Fran\;aises Libres aWallis 1942-1946', BSEHNC, No. 55 (1983), pp. 47-59. 58. Pacific Islands Monthly, January, 1944. 59. Thompson and Adloff, p. 276. 60. G.F.R., 'New Caledonia and the War'; see also John Wesley Coulter, 'Impact of the War on South Sea Islands', The Geographical Review, July 1946, pp. 409-19. 61. Pacific Islands Monthly, September 1945 and October 1946. 62. Laigret to the Commissioner of Colonies, 1 May 1944, AOM Nouvelle­ Caledonie 163. 63. Houssin, commandant-superieur des troupes par interim, report, 17 July 1943, AOM Oceanie 153. 64. G.F.R., p. 381. 65. See Mazellier and Godard for accounts. 66. Jean Guiart, Destin d'une eglise et d'un peuple (Paris, 1959), pp. 46-48. Other sources suggest the Americans indeed paid high wages to islander labourers and also provided other compensation (food, clothing, gifts) for their work. 67. Thompson and Adloff, pp. 275-6. 68. For one example, see Stephen Henningham, 'How the Men of Mare Went to War', Pacific Islands Monthly, January 1989, pp. 36-37. More generally, see Geoffrey White and Lamont Lindstrom, (eds) , The Pacific Theater: Island Representations of World War II (Honolulu, 1989) and the companion volume, Lamont Lindstrom and Geoffrey White, Island Encounters: Black and White Memories of the Pacific War (Washington, 1990). Although they make no reference to the French colonies, they argue that elsewhere in the South Pacific the war and the American presence had a greater effect than any foreign intervention since the arrival of the missionaries.
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