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Namibia República De Namibia OFICINA DE INFORMACIÓN DIPLOMÁTICA FICHA PAÍS Namibia República de Namibia La Oficina de Información Diplomática del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y de Cooperación pone a disposición de los profesionales de los medios de comuni- cación y del público en general la presente ficha país. La información contenida en esta ficha país es pública y se ha extraído de diversos medios no oficiales. La presente ficha país no defiende posición política alguna ni de este Ministerio ni del Gobierno de España respecto del país sobre el que versa. MAYO 2013 - Oshakati (36.541 hab.) Namibia - Katima Mulilo (28.362 hab.) Idioma: inglés (oficial), oshivambo, nama-damara, afrikaans, herero, rukavango, lozi, alemán, tswana, bosquimano Moneda: dólar namibio ANGOLA Religión: 90% de cristianos (luteranos, católicos y anglicanos) Forma de Estado: La Constitución de Namibia, aprobada en febrero de 1990, Rundu entró en vigor el 21 de marzo del mismo año. Consagra los grandes principios democráticos: elecciones cada 5 años, economía de mercado, respeto a los derechos humanos y separación de poderes. Establece un Ejecutivo fuerte al mando del Presidente de la República, un Poder Judicial independiente y un Parlamento bicameral, integrado por la Asamblea Nacional (cámara baja) y el Consejo Nacional (cámara alta y de representación regional). Existe igualmente la figura del Defensor del Pueblo u “Ombudsman”. El Presidente es elegido por sufragio universal directo y secreto cada cinco años, Windhoek coincidiendo con las elecciones a la Asamblea Nacional. El Presidente es, a la vez, BOTSUANA Jefe del Estado y del Gobierno. El Gobierno está formado por un Gabinete de Mi- nistros presidido por el Presidente y liderado por el Primer Ministro. Los Ministros y Viceministros son nombrados por el Presidente de entre los miembros de la Asam- blea Nacional. En 1997 se creó el Consejo de Líderes Tradicionales como órgano asesor del Presidente para cuestiones vinculadas con la aplicación del Derecho consuetudinario y la ejecución de políticas del Estado a nivel local. La Asamblea Nacional está formada por 72 diputados elegidos por sufragio univer- Lüderitz sal directo y secreto cada cinco años. A estos miembros se pueden añadir hasta Océano Atlántico 6 adicionales nombrados por el Presidente, quienes pueden ser nombrados miem- SUDÁFRICA bros del Gobierno, pese a carecer de voto y no afectar al cómputo de votaciones ni quórum. Los períodos de las dos sesiones anuales y demás reglas de procedi- miento interno las establece la propia Asamblea. El Consejo Nacional lo forman 26 © Ocina de Información Diplomática. 2012 miembros, dos por cada región elegidos por los Consejos Regionales de entre sus Aviso: Las fronteras trazadas no son necesariamente las reconocidas ocialmente. miembros. La reforma constitucional de 2009 redujo el mandato de 6 a 5 años para acompasar los ritmos políticos de las instituciones constitucionales. El poder judicial, de raíz anglosajona, se articula jerárquicamente con el Tribunal 1. DATOS BÁSICOS Supremo (Supreme Court) en la cabeza y un Tribunal Superior (High Court) como instancia de revisión de los tribunales ordinarios (Lower Courts). El poder judicial 1.1. Características generales en Namibia es considerado altamente profesional y sus decisiones, justas y rigu- rosas. Hay que destacar que en Namibia subsisten dos regímenes jurídicos: el Nombre oficial: República de Namibia positivo emanado del poder legislativo y publicado en el boletín oficial (Gazette), Superficie: 824.269 km2 y el tradicional o consuetudinario (aunque sólo para determinados ámbitos). El Límites: Limita al norte con Angola, al noreste con Zambia, al este con Botswa- nivel de rigor y dureza de las penas es comparable, pero el ámbito consuetudi- na, al sur y sureste con Sudáfrica y al oeste con el océano Atlántico (alrededor nario tiene un mayor componente socio-cultural. de 1.700 kilómetros de costa). Otros órganos constitucionales son el Banco Central, la Comisión del Servicio Población: 2.113.077 habitantes (censo oficial de 2011) Público, la Comisión de Seguridad y el Defensor del Pueblo. Capital: Windhoek (325.858 hab.) (censo oficial de 2011) División administrativa: Namibia está dividida en 13 regiones: Caprivi, Erongo, Otras ciudades : (censo oficial de 2011) Hardap, Karas, Kavango, Khomas, Kunene, Ohangwena, Omaheke, Omusati, Os- - Rundu (63.431 hab.) hana, Oshikoto y Otjozondjupa. El 18 de noviembre de 2010 el parlamento aprobó - Walvis Bay (único puerto de aguas profundas de Namibia, 67.096 hab.) la Ley de Nombramiento Gobernadores Regionales y Asesores Especiales, por la - Swakopmund (44.725 hab.) cual los Gobernadores dejan de ser cargos electos y son designados directamente 2 FICHA PAÍS NAMIBIA por el Presidente. No obstante, Namibia ha iniciado un proceso de descentraliza- seis primeros meses de 2013, se espera que el rand sudafricano (y por tanto, el ción económica y desconcentración administrativa. Los Consejeros regionales, dólar namibio) oscilen entre una tasa de cambio de 8.3 y 8.8 por dólar americano. por ejemplo, siguen siendo cargos electos. A nivel local hay un modelo dual de organización municipal: por un lado las Autoridades Locales (49 2011), cuyo esta- 1.6. Comercio Exterior tuto está regulado por el Estado, y, por otro, formas de autoorganización de base consuetudinaria. Como consecuencia de la crisis económica global se prevé un descenso en las Nº Residentes españoles: 341 (31/12/2011) exportaciones. Las importaciones, sin embargo, aumentarán considerablemen- te, lo que se traducirá en un aumento del déficit de la balanza comercial. En 1.2. Geografía 2011, el déficit de la balanza comercial fue de 293 millones dólares USA. Para 2012, se prevé un déficit de casi 485 millones dólares USA (cifras del Bank of La mayor parte del país es una árida altiplanicie central rodeada por dos desier- Namibia. El EIU cifra sus previsiones de déficit en 996 millones dólares USA). tos: el Namib y el Kalahari. Las fronteras norte y sur siguen en gran medida el curso de los ríos Cunene, Kavango y Zambeze en el Norte, y Orange en el Sur, Estructura de la balanza comercial (millones $) todos ellos de considerable caudal permanente. Las lluvias en sus zonas más secas sólo alcanzan unos 100 mm/año, aumentando a 200-400 mm hacia la 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 meseta central, que cubre el centro y norte del país. En el norte y el noreste las Importación FOB -4.519 -5.915 -5.348 -5.769 -6.345 precipitaciones son entre 400 y 600 mm/año. La época de lluvias transcurre de Exportación FOB 3.535 4.129 4.639 4.772 5.078 noviembre a marzo, pero con un régimen muy irregular. Saldo -984 -786 -709 -996 -1267 Fuente: EIU (febrero 2013) 1.3. Indicadores sociales 1.7. Distribución del comercio por países Densidad de población: 2,6 hab/km2 Renta per cápita: 7.448 US$ (previsiones 2013) Los datos preliminares de la Contabilidad Nacional namibia para 2012 muestran Coeficiente GINI: 0,58 (2012) que el primer socio comercial de Namibia son los países SADC (Southern African Esperanza de vida: 62,6 (2010) Development Community), a donde se destinaron el 32% de las exportaciones, Crecimiento de la población %: 1,4 seguidos muy de cerca por la UE (31% de las exportaciones, frente al 38% de IDH (PNUD): 0,608 / 128 (Valor numérico / nº orden mundial 2013) 2011). Los principales países proveedores de Namibia están todavía más con- Tasa de natalidad: 26 (2010) centrados en la zona SACU (Southern African Customs Union), y especialmente Tasa de fertilidad: 3,6 Sudáfrica (70.8%). China (7,5%) y la zona Euro (5%) son respectivamente, los Tasa de alfabetización (15+): 89 segundos y terceros mercados de importación. Fuentes: 2011 Population and Housing Census, Economist Intelligence Unit, PNUD, UNICEF, Banco Mundial 1.8. Distribución del comercio por productos. 2010 1.4. Estructura del PIB. 2011 Las exportaciones de Namibia, además de diamantes, consisten principalmente en otros minerales, productos pesqueros, carne y derivados, uvas y manufac- DISTRIBUCIÓN POR SECTORES % PIB TOTAL turas ligeras. Las importaciones incluyen casi todos los productos industriales, Agricultura, silvicultura, pesca y minería 16,7 combustibles, bienes de consumo e intermedios, productos alimenticios así Industria 18,5 como insumos necesarios para la producción local. Sector terciario 56,5 Impuestos menos subsidios a la producción y servicios de intermediación financiera 8,3 2. SITUACIÓN POLÍTICA Fuente: Bank of Namibia. Quarterly Bulletin. December 2012. 2.1 Política interior 1.5. Coyuntura económica Situación política reciente EVOLUCIÓN PIB E INFLACIÓN 2010 2011 2012 20131 PIB, real (% incremento) 6,6 3,8 3,8 4,7 El 27 y 28 de noviembre de 2009 se celebraron las cuartas elecciones genera- Inflación, IPC, (% incremento) 4,5 5 6,4 4,2 les: elecciones a la Asamblea Nacional y elecciones presidenciales. En las presi- 1 Previsión denciales, el candidato de SWAPO, Hifikepunye Pohamba, revalidó su victoria de Fuente: EIU (febrero 2013) 2004 con más del 75%; al igual que entonces, obtuvo mejores resultados que el partido en las parlamentarias, confirmando su peso político y liderazgo. En las El déficit presupuestario se ubica en torno al 4,6% (frente al 9,7% del ejercicio elecciones a la Asamblea Nacional, SWAPO confirmó su mayoría de 2/3 frente a anterior 2011/2012). Se estima que será del 5,5% en el ejercicio 2013/2014 las expectativas de la oposición de romper esa barrera simbólica. dado el carácter expansivo de los presupuestos 2013/2014, que supeditan el objetivo de la estabilidad presupuestaria al fomento del crecimiento económico En noviembre de 2010 se celebraron Elecciones Locales y a Consejos Regio- y la creación de empleo. nales sin incidentes. Los resultados dejaron un mapa electoral muy similar a las anteriores elecciones de 2004. SWAPO consiguió reafirmar su predominio La deuda pública ha alcanzado el 28,6% del PIB en 2012. Se prevé que llegue político en el país cosechando buenos resultados.
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