DOCSLIB.ORG

I. Al Li Eii Swiss Legal Culture

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
I. Al Li Eii Swiss Legal Culture Marc Thommen Introduction to Swiss Law Edited by Daniel Hürlimann und Marc Thommen Volume 2 Marc Thommen Introduction to Swiss Law Editor: Prof. Dr. iur. Marc Thommen Zurich, Switzerland This work has been published as a graduate textbook in the book series sui generis, edited by Daniel Hürlimann and Marc Thommen (ISSN 2569-6629 Print, ISSN 2625-2910 Online). The German National Library (Deutsche Nationalbibliothek) lists this work in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the internet via http://dnb.d-nb.de. © 2018 Prof. Dr. Marc Thommen, Zurich (Switzerland) and the authors of the respective chapters. This work has been published under a Creative Commons license as Open Access which requires only the attribution of the authors when being reused. License type: CC-BY 4.0 – more information: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ DOI:10.24921/2018.94115924 Cover image credits: "5014 Gretzenbach" from the book Heimatland © 2018 Julian Salinas and Ursula Sprecher (http://www.juliansalinas.ch). Cover design: © 2018 Egbert Clement The font used for typesetting has been licensed under a SIL Open Font License, v 1.1. Printed in Germany and the Netherlands on acid-free paper with FSC certificate. The present work has been carefully prepared. Nevertheless, the authors and the publisher assume no liability for the accuracy of information and instructions as well as for any misprints. Lectorate: Chrissie Symington, Martina Jaussi Print and digital edition produced and published by: Carl Grossmann Publishers, Berlin, Bern www.carlgrossmann.com ISBN: 978-3-941159-23-5 (printed edition, paperback) ISBN: 978-3-941159-26-6 (printed edition, hardbound with jacket) ISBN: 978-3-941159-24-2 (e-Book, Open Access) v Preface A man picks an apple from a tree behind a bee house in Gretzenbach, a small village between Olten and Aarau. At first glance, one might perceive this as the most typically Swiss scene imaginable. A closer look, however, l ii il. O l i hèdii, Switzerland’s biggest Buddhist temple, while at the back right the cooling tower of the nuclear power plant of Gösgen-Däniken is visible. This picture is ‘Hil’ l Bl Jlièdli. In this series of pictures he tries to avoid the well-known clichés and capture Switzerland in all its layers and complexities. This introduction, too, tries to capture the Swiss legal landscape in all its layers. My colleagues of the University of Zurich Law Faculty have all con- tributed chapters from their area of expertise. From the foundations of law (history, philosophy, and sociology) to the classical general subjects of public, private, and criminal law, we have tried to cover the most important substan- tive and procedural aspects of the Swiss legal order. The legislative and execu- tive institutions as well as the judiciary are explained. The chapters all reflect on the underlying principles and give an account of some landmark cases in the specific fields of law. First of all, I have to thank my colleagues who agreed to participate in this project. Without their expert contributions it would not have been possible to publish this overview of Swiss Law. Further, I would like to thank Julian Salinas for agreeing to the use of his photography. I also owe thanks to Egbert Clement for designing the cover and to Alexander Grossmann for supporting this project as a publisher. My greatest thanks go to Chrissie Symington and Martina Jaussi for their very thorough proof-reading and diligent editing of the manuscripts. Without their tireless and very competent support, this book would not have been published in time. Zurich, 18 May 2018 Marc Thommen vii How to Use This Book The aim of this book was to create an easy-to-read introduction to Swiss Law. The footnotes have therefore been reduced to an absolute minimum. Wherever possible we have referenced literature in English. At the end of every chapter there is a selection of the available English literature for the respective field of law. The first reference always mentions the full name of the authors and title of their work; then all the following citations refer to the first footnote. The same referencing scheme is applied to the Federal Acts. ix Index of Authors Martina Becker, M.A. HSG in Law, Assistant Manager Indirect Tax at KPMG AG Tax Law Elisabetta Fiocchi Malaspina, Prof. Dr. iur., Assistant Professor at the University of Zurich History of International Law Christoph Beat Graber, Prof. Dr. iur. (PhD), Professor at the University of Zurich Legal Sociology Tina Huber-Purtschert, Dr. iur., lic. et mag. rer. pol., Lecturer and Senior Research Fellow at the University of Zurich Law of Obligations Matthias Mahlmann, Prof. Dr. iur., Professor at the University of Zurich Legal Philosophy and Legal Theory Sophie-Katharina Matjaz, Mag. iur., Research Assistant, Lecturer, and PhD Candidate at the University of Zurich Civil Procedure Matthias Oesch, Prof. Dr. iur., LL.M., Professor at the University of Zurich Constitutional Law International Relations Peter Georg Picht, Prof. Dr. iur., LL.M., Professor at the University of Zurich Civil Law Madeleine Simonek, Prof. Dr. iur., Professor at the University of Zurich Tax Law x Index of Authors G d, D. i., LLM., L fii ki é at Law at Pestalozzi Attorneys at Law Ltd Civil Law Andreas Thier, Prof. Dr. iur., M.A., Professor at the University of Zurich Legal History Marc Thommen, Prof. Dr. iur., LL.M., Professor at the University of Zurich Swiss Legal System Criminal Law Criminal Procedure Felix Uhlmann, Prof. Dr. iur., LL.M., Professor at the University of Zurich Administrative Law Administrative Procedure xi Table of Contents Preface .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .v How to Use This Book . vii Index of Authors . ix Table of Contents .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. xi Table of Contents (Detailed) . xiii Abbreviations . xxiii Introduction Swiss Legal System - Marc Thommen. .1 Foundations Legal History – Andreas Thier . 41 History of International Law – Elisabetta Fiocchi Malaspina. 61 Legal Philosophy and Legal Theory – Matthias Mahlmann. 81 Legal Sociology – Christoph Beat Graber . 109 Public Law Constitutional Law – Matthias Oesch . 135 International Relations – Matthias Oesch . 163 Administrative Law – Felix Uhlmann . 187 Administrative Procedure – Felix Uhlmann . 219 Tax Law – Madeleine Simonek / Martina Becker . 245 Private Law Civil Law – Peter Georg Picht / Goran Studen. 271 Law of Obligations – Tina Huber-Purtschert . 305 Civil Procedure – Sophie-Katharina Matjaz . 333 Criminal Law Criminal Law – Marc Thommen . 369 Criminal Procedure – Marc Thommen. 395 xiii Table of Contents (Detailed) Preface .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .v How to Use This Book . vii Index of Authors . ix Table of Contents .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. xi Table of Contents (Detailed) . xiii Abbreviations . xxiii Swiss Legal System . 1 I. Facts and Figures . 3 II. History . 6 III. Confederation . 8 1. Federal Assembly . .9 2. Federal Council . 10 3. Federal Supreme Court . 12 IV. Cantons . 18 V. Communes .. 21 VI. Direct Democracy . 22 1. Federal Level. .22 2. Cantonal Level . 25 3. Communal Level . 26 VII. Legislative Process .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 27 VIII. Publication of Federal Laws. 31 IX. Case Citation . 33 1. Official Compilation (BGE) . 33 2. Publication Online . .35 3. Public Pronouncement . 38 4. Press Releases . 38 Selected Bibliography . 39 xiv Table of Contents Legal History . 41 I. Plurality and the Traditions of Swiss Legal Culture . 43 II. The Old Confederacy (13th/14th C – . 45 1. Coniuratio, Covenants, and Charters . 45 2. Customary Law, Records of Law, and Sumptuary Mandates . 47 III. The Rise of Modern Swiss Statehood since 1798.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..50 1. Constitutional Developments in Europe . .50 2. Constitutional Developments in Switzerland since 1798 . 51 a) Focusing on Individual Rights: The “Bürgerliche Rechtsstaat” . 52 b) The (Slow) Rise of the Interventionist State . 55 c) Towards the Prevention State. .56 3. The Rise of Codifications in Swiss Legal Culture . 57 Selected Bibliography . 60 History of International Law. 61 I. Introduction . 63 II. Theories of Natural Law and Law of Nations . 64 1. The Spread of Theories of Natural Law and the Law of Nations . 64 2. Emer de Vattel and his Law of Nations (1758) . .66 III. The Era of International Humanitarian Law .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..69 1. Henry Dunant and the International Committee of the Red Cross . 70 . Fi Iil L Ii . .73 a) Gustave Moynier (1826–1910) . .74 b) Johann Caspar Bluntschli (1808–1881) . 76 IV. Conclusion . 79 Selected Bibliography . 80 Legal Philosophy and Legal Theory.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 81 I.The Problems of the Philosophy of Law and Legal Theory.. .. .. .. 83 II. A Map of Philosophy of Law and Legal Theory . 85 1. Descriptive and Analytical Theory . 85 2. Explanatory Theories . 87 3. Normative Theory . 88 4. The Relationship of Law and Morality . .90 5. Epistemology . 93 6. Ontology . 93 7. Grotius and Methodological Secularism . .94 8. The Question of Universalism. .95 Table of Contents xv III. The Point of Philosophy of Law and Legal Theory .. 97 IV. Theory of Justice.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..98 V. A Concept of Justice. ..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Indice 1 Breve Retrospettiva ...2 1.1 Piano Corografico
    7 gennaio 2013 (RM 344/2013) MM 2/2013 concernente l’accertamento del confine giurisdizionale col Comune di Avegno-Gordevio Indice 1 Breve retrospettiva ................................................................ 2 1.1 Piano corografico .......................................................................3 2 Conclusioni ............................................................................ 4 2.1 Aspetti procedurali e formali.........................................................4 2.2 Attribuzione MM.........................................................................4 2.3 Proposta di decisione ..................................................................4 3 Abbreviazioni......................................................................... 5 1/5 Signori Consiglieri comunali Vi sottoponiamo per esame e giudizio l’accertamento del confine giurisdizionale col Comune di Avegno-Gordevio. 1 Breve retrospettiva Nell’ambito dei lavori di misurazione ufficiale lotto 1 del Comune di Avegno-Gordevio è necessario stabilire l’andamento dei confini giurisdizionali tra la Sezione di Gordevio e i Comuni di Brione-Verzasca, Corippo, Mergoscia e Lavertezzo. Secondo gli accertamenti effettuati dal geometra assuntore, ing. Giudicetti della Giudicetti 3 Baumann SA, vi sottoponiamo la situazione planimetrica. Il confine giurisdizionale va dal punto trigonometrico numero 12920739 sul "Pizzo Orgnana" a quota 2218 m.s.m. e segue l'andamento naturale della cresta passando per la "Bacchetta di Orgnana" finendo sul punto trigonometrico
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to the Canton of Lucerne
    Languages: Albanian, Arabic, Bosnian / Serbian / Croatian, English, French, German, Italian, Polish, Portuguese, Spanish, Tamil, Tigrinya Sprache: Englisch Acknowledgements Edition: 2019 Publisher: Kanton Luzern Dienststelle Soziales und Gesellschaft Design: Rosenstar GmbH Copies printed: 1,800 Available from Guide to the Canton of Lucerne. Health – Social Services – Workplace: Dienststelle Soziales und Gesellschaft (DISG) Rösslimattstrasse 37 Postfach 3439 6002 Luzern 041 228 68 78 [email protected] www.disg.lu.ch › Publikationen Health Guide to Switzerland: www.migesplus.ch › Health information BBL, Vertrieb Bundes- publikationen 3003 Bern www.bundespublikationen. admin.ch Gesundheits- und Sozialdepartement Guide to the Canton of Lucerne Health Social Services Workplace Dienststelle Soziales und Gesellschaft disg.lu.ch Welcome to the Canton Advisory services of Lucerne An advisory service provides counsel- The «Guide to the Canton of Lucerne. ling from an expert; using such a Health – Social Services – Workplace» service is completely voluntary. These gives you information about cantonal services provide information and and regional services, health and support if you have questions that need social services, as well as information answers, problems to solve or obliga- on topics related to work and social tions to fulfil. security. For detailed information, please consult the relevant websites. If you require assistance or advice, please contact the appropriate agency directly. Some of the services described in this guide may have changed since publication. The guide does not claim to be complete. Further information about health services provided throughout Switzerland can be found in the «Health Guide to Switzerland». The «Guide to the Canton of Lucerne. Health – Social Services – Work- place» is closely linked to the «Health Guide to Switzerland» and you may find it helpful to cross-reference both guides.
    [Show full text]
  • Selected Information
    Selected information SNB 120 Selected information 2002 1 Supervisory and executive bodies (as of 1 January 2003) Hansueli Raggenbass, Kesswil, National Councillor, Attorney-at-law, President Bank Council Philippe Pidoux, Lausanne, Attorney-at-law, Vice President (Term of office 1999–2003) Kurt Amsler, Neuhausen am Rheinfall, President of the Verband Schweizerischer Kantonalbanken (association of Swiss cantonal banks) The members elected by Käthi Bangerter, Aarberg, National Councillor, Chairwoman of the Board of Bangerter- the Annual General Meeting of Shareholders are marked Microtechnik AG with an asterisk (*). * Fritz Blaser, Reinach, Chairman of Schweizerischer Arbeitgeberverband (Swiss employers’ association) Pierre Darier, Cologny, partner of Lombard Odier Darier Hentsch & Cie, Banquiers Privés * Hugo Fasel, St Ursen, National Councillor, Chairman of Travail.Suisse Laurent Favarger, Develier, Director of Four électrique Delémont SA Ueli Forster, St Gallen, Chairman of the Swiss Business Federation (economiesuisse), Chairman of the Board of Forster Rohner Ltd * Hansjörg Frei, Mönchaltorf, Chairman of the Swiss Insurance Association (SIA), member of the extended Executive Board of Credit Suisse Financial Services * Brigitta M. Gadient, Chur, National Councillor, partner in a consulting firm for legal, organisational and strategy issues Serge Gaillard, Bolligen, Executive Secretary of the Swiss federation of trade unions Peter Galliker, Altishofen, entrepreneur, President of the Luzerner Kantonalbank Marion Gétaz, Cully, Member of the
    [Show full text]
  • Advisory Committee on the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
    Strasbourg, 2 September 2008 GVT/COM/II(2008)003 ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON THE FRAMEWORK CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF NATIONAL MINORITIES COMMENTS OF THE GOVERNMENT OF SWITZERLAND ON THE SECOND OPINION OF THE ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE FRAMEWORK CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF NATIONAL MINORITIES BY SWITZERLAND (received on 28 August 2008) GVT/COM/II(2008)003 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS The Advisory Committee on the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities adopted its second opinion on Switzerland at its 31st meeting on 29 February 2008. The opinion was transmitted to the Permanent Representative of Switzerland to the Council of Europe on 25 April 2008. Switzerland was then invited to submit its comments up to 25 August 2008. Switzerland is pleased that the Advisory Committee’s delegation, on its official visit to the country from 19 to 21 November 2007, was able to meet numerous representatives of the Federal administration, the cantonal authorities, the minorities themselves and NGOs. It welcomes the fact that during the visit the Advisory Committee was able to obtain, to its satisfaction, all the information needed to assess the situation of the national minorities in the country. In that regard, Switzerland wishes to stress the importance it attaches to the constructive dialogue which has grown up between the Advisory Committee and the Swiss authorities. Switzerland received with great interest the Advisory Committee’s second opinion on Switzerland. The detailed and perceptive findings of the Advisory Committee bear witness to its conscientious scrutiny of the situation of the minorities in Switzerland and its attention to the important issues and difficulties.
    [Show full text]
  • Swiss Economy Cantonal Competitiveness Indicator 2019: Update Following the Swiss Tax Reform (STAF)
    Swiss economy Cantonal Competitiveness Indicator 2019: Update following the Swiss tax reform (STAF) Chief Investment Office GWM | 23 May 2019 3:12 pm BST | Translation: 23 May 2019 Katharina Hofer, Economist, [email protected]; Matthias Holzhey, Economist, [email protected]; Maciej Skoczek, CFA, CAIA, Economist, [email protected] Cantonal Competitiveness Indicator 2019 Following the adoption of the tax reform (STAF) on 19 • 1 ZG 0 = rank change versus previous year 100.0 May 2019, the canton of Zug remains the most competitive 2 BS +1 90.6 canton, as in 2018. Basel-Stadt has overtaken the canton of 3 ZH - 1 90.1 Zurich. 4 VD +3 75.2 5 AG - 1 74.3 • The cantons of Appenzell Innerrhoden and Glarus boast the 6 NW +2 72.4 most attractive cost environments. The canton of Bern has 7 SZ - 2 71.3 lost some of its tax appeal. 8 LU - 2 71.2 9 BL 0 71.1 • The tax reform burdens cantons' finances to different 10 GE +1 69.8 extents. In the near term, the cantons of Geneva and Basel- 11 TG - 1 66.7 Stadt are likely to lose revenue from profit tax. 12 SH 0 66.1 13 FR +1 62.9 14 SG - 1 62.8 Following the approval of tax reforms (STAF) in a recent referendum, 15 OW +3 58.6 cantons now need to make changes to their profits taxes. Although 16 AR +1 57.3 some cantons announced considerable cuts to profit taxes prior to 17 SO - 1 55.8 18 GL +4 55.5 the voting, others were more reluctant.
    [Show full text]
  • Home of the World Trade Organization Geneva Foreword
    Home of the World Trade Organization Geneva Foreword THIS BOOK ON THE HISTORY AND WORKS OF ART of the Centre William Rappard of the works, donated by countries and labour would not have been possible ten years ago. The reason for this is simple: despite unions during the ILO era, had been either the building’s rich past, illustrious occupants and proud appearance, it was a little concealed or removed. In restoring these works, antiquated and not particularly well known or even well liked. Located in a magnificent the WTO took on an identity that was not strictly park on the shore of Lake Geneva, with a spectacular view of the Alps, it has a speaking its own, but of which its staff and somewhat turbulent past. Members have become proud. AS THE FIRST BUILDING IN GENEVA built to house an international organization, THE WORKS OF ART PRESENTED IN THIS BOOK , many of which have been the Centre William Rappard, named after a leading Swiss diplomat, was originally given a new lease of life by the WTO, display a wide variety of styles and techniques. the headquarters of the International Labour Office (ILO). The ILO left the building Many of them represent labour in its various forms – an allusion, of course, to the in 1940 during the Second World War, but later moved back in 1948, only to leave activities of the ILO, the building’s original occupant. Other works, such as Eduardo for good in 1975 when the Centre William Rappard was handed over to its new Chicharro’s “Pygmalion”, are more unusual.
    [Show full text]
  • Swiss Single Market Law and Its Enforcement
    Swiss Single Market Law and its Enforcement PRESENTATION @ EU DELEGATION FOR SWITZERLAND NICOLAS DIEBOLD PROFESSOR OF ECONOMIC LAW 28 FEBRUARY 2017 overview 4 enforcement by ComCo 3 single market act . administrative federalism . principle of origin . monopolies 2 swiss federalism 1 historical background 28 February 2017 Swiss Single Market Law and its Enforcement Prof. Nicolas Diebold 2 historical background EEA «No» in December 1992 strengthening the securing market competitiveness of access the swiss economy 28 February 2017 Swiss Single Market Law and its Enforcement Prof. Nicolas Diebold 3 historical background market access competitiveness «renewal of swiss market economy» § Bilateral Agreements I+II § Act on Cartels § Autonomous Adaptation § Swiss Single Market Act § Act on TBT § Public Procurement Acts 28 February 2017 Swiss Single Market Law and its Enforcement Prof. Nicolas Diebold 4 swiss federalism 26 cantons 2’294 communities By Tschubby - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12421401 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Schweizer_Gemeinden.gif 28 February 2017 Swiss Single Market Law and its Enforcement Prof. Nicolas Diebold 5 swiss federalism – regulatory levels products insurance banking medical services energy mountaineering legal services https://pixabay.com/de/schweiz-alpen-karte-flagge-kontur-1500642/ chimney sweeping nursing notary construction security childcare funeral gastronomy handcraft taxi sanitation 28 February 2017 Swiss Single Market Law and its Enforcement Prof. Nicolas Diebold 6 swiss federalism – trade obstacles cantonal monopolies cantonal regulations procedures & fees economic use of public domain «administrative federalism» public public services procurement subsidies 28 February 2017 Swiss Single Market Law and its Enforcement Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Website / Email Additional Information Bern – Biel – Freiburg – Solothurn
    List of Funeral Homes in Switzerland and Liechtenstein Prepared by U.S. Embassy Bern, American Citizen Services Unit https://ch.usembassy.gov/u-s-citizen-services/ Updated: September 22, 2020 Page 1 SENSITIVE BUT UNCLASSIFIED The following list of funeral homes has been prepared by the American Citizen Services Unit at U.S. Embassy Bern for the convenience of U.S. Nationals who may require this service and assistance in Switzerland or Liechtenstein. The Department of State assumes no responsibility or liability for the professional ability or reputation of, or the quality of services provided by, the entities or individuals whose names appear on the following list. Inclusion on this list is in no way an endorsement by the Department or the U.S. Government. The order in which the Names appear has no significance. The information on the list is provided directly by the local service providers; the Department is not in a position to vouch for such information. Content by Region: Contents BERN – BIEL – FREIBURG – SOLOTHURN ......................................................................................................3 ZURICH ................................................................................................................................................3 BASEL .................................................................................................................................................4 GENEVA – VAUD – VALAIS/WALLIS ............................................................................................................4
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity and Change in Suicide Seasonality Over 125 Years
    967 J Epidemiol Community Health: first published as 10.1136/jech.2004.030981 on 18 October 2005. Downloaded from RESEARCH REPORT Diversity and change in suicide seasonality over 125 years Vladeta Ajdacic-Gross, Matthias Bopp, Roberto Sansossio, Christoph Lauber, Michal Gostynski, Dominique Eich, Felix Gutzwiller, Wulf Ro¨ssler ............................................................................................................................... J Epidemiol Community Health 2005;59:967–972. doi: 10.1136/jech.2004.030981 Background: Recent research has corroborated the notion that seasonality in suicide is more heterogeneous and less consistent than postulated by former scholars. This work investigates the smoothing out of suicide seasonality in Switzerland between the late 19th and the end of the 20th century. It includes analyses by region and by suicide method. Methods: Monthly suicide frequencies in Switzerland are available for the period 1876–2000. Data on canton/region are available for the periods 1901–1920 and 1969–2000, and data on suicide method for the periods 1881–1920 and 1969–2000. Analyses focusing on the overall change rely on data See end of article for authors’ affiliations aggregated by quinquennia. The Edwards’ test and the peak-low ratio were used in univariate analyses of ....................... seasonality. Putative determinants of the peak-low ratio were examined using regression analysis with cantonal data. Correspondence to: Dr V Ajdacic-Gross, Results: The decrease of seasonal effects in suicide applies to a period of more than 100 years in University Psychiatric Switzerland. Big differences of seasonal effects have existed all the time with regard to specific methods Hospital Zurich, Research and to specific regions. No seasonality was apparent in poisoning, and in Geneva and Basle City, Unit for Clinical and Social respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • New Edition : Avenir Suisse's 2017 Freedom Index
    Press release December 12, 2017 page 1 New edition : Avenir Suisse’s 2017 freedom index Aargau is the most liberal canton in Switzerland. However, it is in the canton of Jura that civil liberties have been mostly elaborated, while Schwyz offers a greater economic freedom. It is satisfying to see how the degree of freedom in the cantons has increased overall, thanks to the improvement of cantonal finances. However, there have also been some setbacks; such as a gradual centralization process that can be observed in approximately a third of the cantons. These are some of the conclusions that can be found in Avenir Suisse’s latest edition on the subject of the freedom index, which highlights the evolution of freedom in the cantons since 2009. Aargau, Schwyz and Appenzell Outer Rhodes come first, followed by Glarus Avenir Suisse’s freedom index measures the economic and civil liberties in the cantons. Since 2009,the canton of Aargau takes the lead and continues to defend its first place. In total, it earned two more points than the previous year (73 points instead of 71). The canton stands out again with a compelling combination of economic and civil liberties: it ranks second for the two sub-indices. Schwyz also manages to maintain its second place, even though the gap with the Aargau has narrowed. With regard to civil liberties, the canton of Jura is once again the undisputed winner. Appenzell Outer Rhodes also retains its place on the podium, going from 63 to 61 points. With 60 points, Glaris just missed qualifying among the first three cantons offering the most liberties.
    [Show full text]
  • Geneva from the Cantonal to the Federal Post
    Geneva From the Cantonal To the Federal Post Jean Voruz FRPSL, Switzerland The Royal Philatelic Society London 28 September 2017 Front cover illustration On 1 st October 1849, the cantonal posts are reorganized and the federal post is created. The Geneva cantonal stamps are still valid, but the rate for local letters is increased from 5 to 7 cents. As the "Large Eagle" with a face value of 5c is sold at the promotional price of 4c, additional 3c is required, materialized here by the old newspapers stamp. One of the two covers being known dated on the First Day of the establishment of the Federal Service. 2 Contents Frames 1 - 2 Cantonal Post Local Mail Frame 2 Cantonal Post Distant Mail Frame 3 Cantonal Post Sardinian & French Mail Frame 4 Transition Period Nearest Cent Frames 4 - 6 Transition Period Other Phases Frame 7 Federal Post Local Mail Frame 8 Federal Post Distant Mail Frames 9 - 10 Federal Post Sardinian & French Mail Background Although I started collecting stamps in 1967 like most of my classmates, I really entered the structured philately in 2005. That year I decided to display a few sheets of Genevan covers at the local philatelic society I joined one year before. Supported by my new friends - especially Henri Grand FRPSL who was one of the very best specialists of Geneva - I went further and got my first FIP Large Gold medal at London 2010 for the postal history collection "Geneva Postal Services". Since then the collection received the FIP Grand Prix International at Philakorea 2014 and the FEPA Grand Prix Finlandia 2017.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Contributors, Indicies
    This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research Volume Title: Issues in US-EC Trade Relations Volume Author/Editor: Robert E. Baldwin, Carl B. Hamilton and Andre Sapir, editors Volume Publisher: University of Chicago Press Volume ISBN: 0-226-03608-1 Volume URL: http://www.nber.org/books/bald88-1 Publication Date: 1988 Chapter Title: List of contributors, Indicies Chapter Author: Robert E. Baldwin, Carl B. Hamilton, Andre Sapir Chapter URL: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c5968 Chapter pages in book: (p. 391 - 400) Contributors Robert E. Baldwin Carl Hamilton Department of Economics Institute for International Economic University of Wisconsin Studies Madison, Wisconsin 53706 Stockholm University S-106 91 Stockholm Giorgio Basevi Sweden Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche Dermot Hayes Universita di Bologna Department of Economics Strada Maggiore 45 Iowa State University 40125 Bologna Ames, Iowa 50010 Italy J. P. Hayes Juergen B. Donges Trade Policy Research Centre The Kiel Institute of World 1, Gough Square Economics Fleet Street D-2300 Kiel-1 London EC4A 3DE Federal Republic of Germany England Henry Ergas Robert E. Hudec Organization for Economic Law School Cooperation and Development University of Minnesota 2, rue Andre Pascal 285 Law Center 75016 Paris 229 19th Avenue South France Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 Harry Flam Henryk Kierzkowski Institute for International Economic Graduate Institute of International Studies Studies Stockholm University 132, rue de Lausanne S-106 91 Stockholm CH-1221 Geneva 21 Sweden Switzerland 389 390 Contributors Paolo Kind Andre Sapir Department of Economics Universitt Libre de Bruxelles University of Chicago CP 140 1126 East 59th Street 50 Avenue Roosevelt Chicago, Illinois 60637 1050 Brussels Belgium Dieter Kirschke Institute for Agricultural Alexander H.
    [Show full text]