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Summary Statistics for Selected Common Ions, Including Dissolved

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Summary Statistics for Selected Common Ions, Including Dissolved Common Ions Precambrian Aquifers Summary statistics for selected common ions, Generally, water from the Precambrian aquifers including dissolved solids, calcium, magnesium, is fresh (less than 1,000 mg/L dissolved solids concen- sodium, percent sodium, sodium-adsorption ratio tration). Calcium and bicarbonate generally are dominant among the common ions. Water from the (SAR), potassium, bicarbonate, carbonate, sulfate, Precambrian aquifers has the highest median chloride chloride, fluoride, bromide, iodide, and silica, are concentration, lowest mean and median concentrations presented in table 4. The significance of the various of calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate, and the common ions is described in table 1. Boxplots are pre- lowest median sulfate (equal to the Deadwood aquifer) sented in figure 16 for each of the common ions, except of the major aquifers. for carbonate. The water type for the various aquifers The water type of the Precambrian aquifers also is discussed in this section. Trilinear diagrams generally is a calcium bicarbonate or a calcium magne- (fig. 17) are presented for each of the aquifers. sium bicarbonate type but also can be a mixed type Changes in water type as ground water flows down- (fig. 17). The original rock mineralogy, degree of gradient are discussed for the Madison, Minnelusa, and metamorphism, and degree of weathering all can Inyan Kara aquifers. contribute to the variations in water type. Two of 56 samples from Precambrian aquifers Specific conductance can be used to estimate the exceed the SMCL of 500 mg/L for dissolved solids. concentration of dissolved solids using the equations Two of 112 samples exceed the SMCL of 250 mg/L for presented in table 5. Linear regression was performed sulfate; both were collected from the same well. Three using specific conductance and concentrations of dis- of 55 samples exceed the SMCL of 2.0 mg/L for solved solids (sum of constituents or residue) for each fluoride; all three samples were collected from the aquifer having sufficient measurements of both to same well. None of the samples exceeded the MCL of indicate the strength of the relation between specific 4.0 mg/L for fluoride. conductance and dissolved solids concentration. The general suitability of water for irrigation Deadwood Aquifer from the aquifers in the study area can be determined Water from the Deadwood aquifer generally is by using the South Dakota irrigation-water diagram fresh. Generally, calcium and bicarbonate are domi- (fig. 18). The diagram is based on South Dakota nant among the common ions. Of samples collected irrigation-water standards (revised January 7, 1982) from the major aquifers, the Deadwood aquifer has the and shows the State’s water-quality and soil-texture lowest mean and median sulfate concentration (equal requirements for the issuance of an irrigation permit. to the Precambrian aquifers). Variability in sulfate concentrations in the Deadwood aquifer is low. For each aquifer, the adjusted SAR, which is used to The Deadwood aquifer generally has a calcium classify South Dakota irrigation waters, was calculated magnesium bicarbonate water type (fig. 17) in wells according to Koch (1983) from the mean concentra- located on or near the outcrop. This water type results tions of calcium, magnesium, sodium, and bicarbonate from the dissolution of calcite and dolomite. The (or alkalinity from table 3) presented in table 4 for each downgradient water type is not known because no aquifer. Based on mean concentrations, water from all samples were collected from wells located more than aquifers, with the exceptions of the Pierre and 5 miles from the outcrop of the Deadwood Formation. Sundance aquifers, generally is suitable for irrigation, Samples collected from three wells located about but may not be in specific instances if either the 3 miles from the outcrop have either a sodium bicar- specific conductance or the SAR is high. bonate or calcium sodium bicarbonate water type. A strong relation exists between specific con- Sodium may become the dominant cation in the Deadwood aquifer as the water flows downgradient. ductance and dissolved sulfate concentrations for Relations between various common ions and samples from the Madison, Minnelusa, and Inyan Kara well depth are shown in figure 20. Fluoride and aquifers (fig. 19). Linear regression was performed sodium concentrations, percent sodium, and SAR using specific conductance and sulfate concentrations generally increase with increasing well depth. Two of for each of these aquifers. Sulfate concentrations for 33 samples equal or exceed the MCL for fluoride; both these aquifers can be estimated using the equations of these samples were collected from a well with a presented in figure 19. depth of 1,105 feet. 42 Water-Quality Characteristics in the Black Hills Area, South Dakota Table 4. Summary of concentrations of common ions in ground water [Results based on data stored in U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information System water-quality database. Results in milligrams per liter except as indicated. One milligram per liter (mg/L) is approximately equal to one part per million; --, not analyzed or not determined; <, less than indicated detection limit] Number of Number of Dissolved constituent censored Mean Median Minimum Maximum samples samples Precambrian aquifers Solids, residue at 180°C 58 0 293 249 60 1,970 Solids, sum of constituents 56 0 230 221 54 642 Calcium 112044446.0108 Magnesium 112015141.752 Sodium 108 0 10 8.1 1.5 70 Sodium, percent 57 0 13 10 6.0 41 Sodium-adsorption ratio 108 0 0.3 0.3 0 2.0 Potassium 58 0 4.0 3.8 1.0 16 Bicarbonate 22 0 165 168 21 268 Carbonate 0 0-------- Sulfate 11293521<5.0345 Chloride 109 41 11 5.6 0.5 161 Fluoride 55 3 0.5 0.3 0.1 2.5 Bromide 0 0-------- Iodide 0 0 -- -- -- -- Silica 64 0 10 8.6 3.5 27 Deadwood aquifer Solids, residue at 180°C 31 0 254 248 65 528 Solids, sum of constituents 32 0 262 248 48 469 Calcium 37 0 46 50 8.6 70 Magnesium 37 0 23 20 2.5 78 Sodium 37 0 17 5.9 1.2 160 Sodium, percent 32 0 14 7.0 1.0 85 Sodium-adsorption ratio 37 0 0.7 0.2 0 9.0 Potassium 32 0 2.8 2.2 0.1 10 Bicarbonate 3 0 249 260 220 268 Carbonate 200000 Sulfate 37 2 27 21 3.4 88 Chloride 37 4 5.2 2.0 0.5 40 Fluoride 33 1 0.7 0.3 <0.1 5.4 Bromide 1 0 -- -- 0.3 0.3 Iodide 0 0 -- -- -- -- Silica 33 0 11 10 3.3 18 Madison aquifer Solids, residue at 180°C 80 0 490 260 162 2,300 Solids, sum of constituents 99 0 428 260 161 1,820 Calcium 127070545.6430 Magnesium 127026252.0120 Sodium 122 0 39 5.4 0.8 260 Sodium, percent 103 0 14 6.0 1.0 57 Sodium-adsorption ratio 122 0 1.0 0.2 0 18 Potassium 103 0 6.0 2.8 0.7 55 Bicarbonate 41 0 250 222 166 454 Carbonate 24 0 0.3 0 0 6.0 Water-Quality Characteristics of Selected Aquifers 43 Table 4. Summary of concentrations of common ions in ground water—Continued [Results based on data stored in U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information System water-quality database. Results in milligrams per liter except as indicated. One milligram per liter (mg/L) is approximately equal to one part per million; --, not analyzed or not determined; <, less than indicated detection limit] Number of Number of Dissolved constituent censored Mean Median Minimum Maximum samples samples Madison aquifer—Continued Sulfate 127 10 96 23 <1.0 453 Chloride 12415553.50.21,000 Fluoride 89 0 0.7 0.4 0.1 18 Bromide 4 0 0.18 0.10 0.1 0.4 Iodide 2 0 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.04 Silica 62 0 11 11 3.4 34 Minnelusa aquifer Solids, residue at 180°C 190 0 619 296 128 5,055 Solids, sum of constituents 176 0 512 271 120 2,700 Calcium 250 0 127 68 2.2 695 Magnesium 248032230.6194 Sodium 245 0 18 3.8 0.05 731 Sodium, percent 196 0 4.4 2.0 0 37 Sodium-adsorption ratio 243 0 0.3 0.1 0 21 Potassium 197 0 3.0 2.0 0.7 19 Bicarbonate 86 0 252 249 149 370 Carbonate 15 0 -- 0 0 10 Sulfate 249 15 257 32 <2.0 3,438 Chloride 23638122.0<0.1230 Fluoride 185 8 0.5 0.3 0.01 2.8 Bromide 5 0 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.8 Iodide 3 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 Silica 104 0 9.8 11 2.2 33 Minnekahta aquifer Solids, residue at 180°C 24 0 509 346 228 2,255 Solids, sum of constituents 24 0 410 330 233 1,920 Calcium 28 0 109 80 45 425 Magnesium 28 0 30 26 12 105 Sodium 26 0 7.9 4.0 1.1 100 Sodium, percent 25 0 3.2 2.0 1.0 15 Sodium-adsorption ratio 26 0 0.1 0.1 0 1.0 Potassium 25 0 2.4 1.9 1.1 12 Bicarbonate 21 0 321 316 230 412 Carbonate 200000 Sulfate 28 1 139 32 <1.0 1,385 Chloride 28 2 7.5 3.0 0.5 119 Fluoride 25 4 0.3 0.2 <0.1 1.0 Bromide 0 0-------- Iodide 0 0 -- -- -- -- Silica 7 0 12 12 4.8 24 Inyan Kara aquifer Solids, residue at 180°C 111 0 760 682 174 3,170 Solids, sum of constituents 102 0 742 673 170 3,300 Calcium 177095711.6505 44 Water-Quality Characteristics in the Black Hills Area, South Dakota Table 4.
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