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Media Reporting: Facts, Nothing but Facts? European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg 2018

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Media Reporting: Facts, Nothing but Facts? European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg 2018 Media reporting: facts, nothing but facts? IRIS Special IRIS Special 2018-1 Media reporting: facts, nothing but facts? European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg 2018 Director of publication – Susanne Nikoltchev, Executive Director Editorial supervision – Maja Cappello, Head of Department for legal information Editorial team – Francisco Javier Cabrera Blázquez, Sophie Valais, Legal Analysts European Audiovisual Observatory Authors (in alphabetical order): Anette Alén-Savikko, Ernesto Apa, Marco Bassini, Francisco Javier Cabrera Blázquez, Ingrid Cunningham, Christina Etteldorf, Agnès Granchet, Beata Klimkiewicz, Ronan Ó Fathaigh, Juraj Polák, Tony Prosser, Andrei Richter, and Nathalie Rodriguez Translation France Courrèges, Nathalie Sturlèse, Erwin Rohwer, Sonja Schmidt, Ulrike Welsch Proofreading Aurélie Courtinat, Udo Lücke, James Drake, Jackie McLelland Editorial assistant – Sabine Bouajaja Marketing – Nathalie Fundone, [email protected] Press and Public Relations – Alison Hindhaugh, [email protected] European Audiovisual Observatory Publisher Contributing Partner Institution European Audiovisual Observatory Institute for Information Law (IViR), University of 76, allée de la Robertsau Amsterdam F-67000 Strasbourg, France Nieuwe Achtergracht 166 Tél. : +33 (0)3 90 21 60 00 1018 WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands Fax : +33 (0)3 90 21 60 19 Tel: +31 (0) 20 525 3406 [email protected] Fax: +31 (0) 20 525 3033 www.obs.coe.int [email protected] www.ivir.nl Cover layout – ALTRAN, France Please quote this publication as: Cappello M. (ed.), Media reporting: facts, nothing but facts?, IRIS Special, European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, 2018 © European Audiovisual Observatory (Council of Europe), Strasbourg, 2018 Opinions expressed in this publication are personal and do not necessarily represent the views of the European Audiovisual Observatory, its members or the Council of Europe. Media reporting: facts, nothing but facts? Anette Alén-Savikko, Ernesto Apa, Marco Bassini, Francisco Javier Cabrera Blázquez, Ingrid Cunningham, Christina Etteldorf, Agnès Granchet, Beata Klimkiewicz, Ronan Ó Fathaigh, Juraj Polák, Tony Prosser, Andrei Richter and Nathalie Rodriguez Foreword “Archaeology is the search for facts, not truth. If it's truth you're looking for, Dr. Tyree's philosophy class is right down the hall.” This quote from Steven Spielberg’s film “Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade” could well summarise a philosophical controversy that remains unsolved today: the objectivity of truth. Indeed, truth is an abstract concept difficult to define and certainly tainted with subjectivity. On the other hand, facts are objective, concrete, and can be described accurately. My truth may not be your truth, but we cannot argue about which day is today. A free press is fundamental for the exercise of freedom of information. Writing almost a hundred years ago about the role of a newspaper, Manchester Guardian editor CP Scott stated that “[N]either in what it gives, nor in what it does not give, nor in the mode of presentation must the unclouded face of truth suffer wrong. Comment is free, but facts are sacred.” Certainly, the moment freedom of comment defiles the sacrosanctity of facts, it becomes simply misinformation, or “fake news”, if one chooses to use this catchy term. But simply presenting facts does not suffice. Paraphrasing a sentence that we often hear in police movies, information should be based not simply on facts, but on all relevant facts, and on nothing but facts. Just as a witness giving evidence in a court case must provide all relevant information to the case without introducing, let’s say, “alternative facts” that confuse the matter at hand, so too must we expect the mass media to show us the full, unaltered, unabridged picture in news and current affairs programmes. However, owners and editors of media outlets may, in a concrete case, feel the urge to choose and present a story in a way that promotes a certain political agenda or suits certain interests. Facts can be misrepresented, twisted or simply ignored for all sorts of reasons. But one thing is clear: the moment information does not provide the full, unaltered, unabridged picture, it becomes mere propaganda. Truth, fact, expression, information. Whatever we may call it, this basic human need for separating the wheat from the chaff remains a fascinating topic. That is why we have decided to produce this IRIS Special, which provides an overview of how the principles of accuracy, objectivity and fairness in news and current affairs reporting are regulated at European and national level, as well as how they are applied by European media organisations. Also building on a comprehensive paper produced by the European Platform of Regulatory Authorities (EPRA),1 it contains individual chapters dedicated to several European countries drafted by national experts. I would like to thank (in alphabetical order): Anette Alén-Savikko, Ernesto Apa, Marco Bassini, Francisco Javier Cabrera Blázquez, Ingrid Cunningham, Christina Etteldorf, Agnès Granchet, Beata Klimkiewicz, Juraj Polák, Tony Prosser, Andrei Richter, and Nathalie Rodriguez. 1 https://www.epra.org/attachments/vienna-plenary-1-news-in-digital-age-the-role-of-regulators-epra- background-document. Special recognition goes to Ronan Ó Fathaigh from our partner organisation IViR, who not only wrote the introduction, the chapters on European standards and policy, and the conclusion, but who also coordinated the research for the whole publication. Strasbourg, July 2018 Maja Cappello IRIS Coordinator Head of the Department for Legal Information European Audiovisual Observatory Table of contents Executive Summary ......................................................................................................... 1 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 3 1.1. Accuracy, objectivity and fairness in news and current affairs coverage ................................................................... 3 1.2. Broadcast media and news and current affairs coverage ................................................................................................ 5 1.3. Print media and news and current affairs coverage .......................................................................................................... 6 1.4. Online media and news and current affairs coverage ....................................................................................................... 7 1.5. Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 2. European law on accuracy and fairness in news and currents affairs reporting ................................................................................................................... 9 2.1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 9 2.2. Broadcast media coverage of news and current affairs ................................................................................................. 10 2.2.1. News programmes ................................................................................................................................................. 10 2.2.2. Current affairs programmes ............................................................................................................................... 12 2.3. Print media coverage of news and current affairs ........................................................................................................... 13 2.3.1. Fairness in news reporting ................................................................................................................................. 13 2.3.2. Rectifications and replies ................................................................................................................................... 14 2.3.3. Prior authorisation for publishing interviews ............................................................................................. 14 2.4. Online media coverage of news and current affairs ....................................................................................................... 15 2.4.1. Obligation to verify factual statements ......................................................................................................... 15 2.5. Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 16 3. European standards and policy ............................................................................. 17 3.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................... 17 3.2. Council of Europe......................................................................................................................................................................... 17 3.2.1. Media and journalistic ethics ............................................................................................................................ 18 3.2.2. Public service media ............................................................................................................................................
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