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Ocean Color Lesson I: Energy and Color

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Ocean Color Lesson I: Energy and Color Ocean Color Ocean Color Lesson I: Energy and Color Keywords: algorithm, photosynthetic organisms, chlorophyll, particulate matter, ocean color data, MODIS, global carbon cycle, backscatter, electromagnetic spectrum, water-leaving radiance Why is Ocean Color Important? The major reason scientists plants in the ocean also tells us measure ocean color is to study where nutrient levels are high, and phytoplankton, the microscopic shows where pollutants poison the ocean plants which form the base ocean and prevent plant growth. of the oceanic food web. Other conditions can also affect Phytoplankton use sunlight and phytoplankton growth, such as carbon dioxide to produce organic subtle changes in the climate due carbon. This process, called to seasons and variations in photosynthesis, is possible salinity in coastal areas. Since because plants contain phytoplankton depend upon chlorophyll, a green-colored specific conditions for growth, they compound which traps the energy frequently become the first from sunlight. Chlorophyll is also indicator of a change in their responsible for giving most marine environment. Comparing images and land plants a green color. taken at different periods tells us about changes that occur over Because different types of time. Because phytoplankton drift phytoplankton have different with the water, patterns in ocean concentrations of chlorophyll, color can also be used to study measuring the color of an area of ocean currents. the ocean allows us to estimate the amount and general type of Why are phytoplankton so phytoplankton in that area. important? These small plants are the beginning of the food chain for Looking at ocean color also tells most of the planet. As us about the health and chemistry phytoplankton grow and multiply, of the ocean. In addition to light small fish and other animals eat and carbon dioxide, phytoplankton them as food. Larger animals then also require nutrients such as eat these smaller ones. The ocean nitrogen and phosphorus. The fishing industry finds good fishing distribution of spots by looking at ocean color images to locate areas rich in ã Project Oceanography 1999 5 Spring Series Ocean Color Ocean Color phytoplankton. Ocean color is for the study of ocean biology, therefore a valuable research tool chemistry, and physics. ã Project Oceanography 6 Spring Series 1999 - Ocean Color Ocean Color What is Ocean Color? The "color" of the ocean is inorganic particles, dissolved determined by the interactions of organic chemicals, and the water incident light with substances itself. Phytoplankton contain present in the water. We see chlorophyll, which absorbs light at color when light is reflected by blue and red wavelengths and objects around us. White light is reflects green wavelengths. made up of a spectrum or Particles can reflect and absorb combination of colors, as in a light, which reduces the clarity rainbow. When light hits the (light transmission) of the water. surface of an object, these Dissolved organic matter strongly different colors can be absorbed, absorbs blue light, and its transmitted through the presence can interfere with substance, scattered, or reflected measurements of chlorophyll. in differing intensities. The color we see depends on which colors When we look at the ocean or are reflected. For example, a observe it from space, we see that book that appears red to us the ocean is blue because water absorbs more of the green and absorbs red and reflects blue light. blue parts of the white light Using instruments that are more shining on it, and reflects the red sensitive than the human eye, we parts of the white light. The light can measure a wide array of blue which is scattered or transmitted shades, which reveal the presence by most objects is usually not of varying amounts of apparent to our eyes. phytoplankton, sediments, and dissolved organic chemicals. The substances in seawater Excerpted from: http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/CAMPAIGN_DOCS/OCDST/se which most affect the color awifs_raq.html#Q1 reflected are the phytoplankton, Ocean Color and Global Warming Besides acting as the first link in The carbon dioxide in the the food chain, phytoplankton are atmosphere is in balance with a critical part of ocean chemistry. carbon dioxide in the ocean. ã Project Oceanography 7 Spring Series 1999 - Ocean Color Ocean Color During photosynthesis atmosphere, and therefore may phytoplankton remove carbon contribute to global warming. dioxide from sea water, and Sources of carbon dioxide in the release oxygen as a by-product. Earth's atmosphere include This allows the oceans to absorb decomposition of organic matter additional carbon dioxide from the (such as trees), the carbon dioxide atmosphere. If fewer that animals and people exhale, phytoplankton existed, volcanic activity, and human atmospheric carbon dioxide would activities such as the burning of increase. fossil fuels and wood. Phytoplankton also affect carbon No one yet knows how much dioxide levels when they die and carbon the oceans and land can sink to the ocean floor. The carbon absorb. Nor do we know how the in the phytoplankton is soon Earth's environment will adjust to covered by other material sinking increasing amounts of carbon to the ocean bottom. In this way, dioxide in the atmosphere. the oceans may store excess Studying the distribution and global carbon, which otherwise changes in global phytoplankton would accumulate in the using ocean color and other tools atmosphere as carbon dioxide. will help scientists find answers to these questions. Excerpted from: Carbon dioxide acts as a http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/CAMPAIGN_DOCS/OCDST/se awifs_raq.html#Q1 "greenhouse" gas in the How is Ocean Color Measured? The color of ocean water and its from a ship or moored in place on constituents (phytoplankton, a buoy and left to collect data for particles, and dissolved organic long periods of time. Absorption matter) can be measured in a and scatter measurements can variety of ways, and many also be made on discrete water sensitive instruments have been samples, by either placing the designed for this purpose. sample in the sample chamber of Instruments which measure the the spectophotometer or by having light absorbed, transmitted, and the seawater flow continuously scattered can be placed in the through the instrument while the water, either lowered on a cable ship is underway. Still other ã Project Oceanography 8 Spring Series 1999 - Ocean Color Ocean Color instruments which measure property known as water-leaving reflectance, called radiometers, radiance – the amount and color are used above the sea surface, (spectral distribution) of light re- either from the deck of the ship, entering the atmosphere from the or from an airplane or satellite. ocean surface. This last type measures a Water-Leaving Radiance The radiance received at Some of it is eventually scattered spacecraft altitudes is actually back up through the surface. This controlled more strongly by the light is called the water-leaving atmosphere than by the ocean. radiance, and it can be detected Solar irradiance (the full from space. Generally, much less spectrum of light emitted by the than 10% of the total light detected sun) is scattered and absorbed by a satellite sensor will be water- by the gases in the atmosphere, leaving radiance. Because such a including water vapor (molecular large part of the radiance signal [Rayleigh] scattering), from the satellite detects comes from particles suspended in the air the atmosphere, the atmospheric (aerosol scattering), and ozone correction factors are extremely (selective absorption). It is this important for generating accurate scattered light which is ocean color data. In fact, the responsible for the blue color of atmospheric effect is so large that the sky. Sea surface reflections if we were able to look at the (sun and sky glitter) also ocean from the height of the decrease the amount of sunlight satellite, it would appear to us to which enters the ocean. The be blue even if the actual color of mathematical equations used to the ocean were black. Scientists correct the water-leaving are continuing to research how radiances for these interactions best to design the atmospheric in the atmosphere are called correction algorithms. "atmospheric correction algorithms." Because there is a strong relationship between the color of After light enters the ocean, it most of the open ocean and the interacts with the phytoplankton, phytoplankton chlorophyll dissolved organic matter, concentration, it is possible to particles, and water molecules. develop a water-leaving radiance ã Project Oceanography 9 Spring Series 1999 - Ocean Color Ocean Color equation (algorithm) for satellite data. Excerpted from: calculating phytoplankton http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/CAMPAIGN_DOCS/OCDST/se awifs_raq.html#Q1 biomass in the ocean from ã Project Oceanography 10 Spring Series 1999 - Ocean Color Ocean Color Activities Activity I. Internet Ocean Productivity Ocean color sensors measure the amount of plant biomass by measuring the color due to the presence of chlorophyll. The concentration of phytoplankton chlorophyll and other pigments is related to phytoplankton growth rate, also called productivity. Thus, ocean color gives us an indirect measure of ocean productivity. In this activity, you can use images and data available on the internet to draw some conclusions about where and why productivity is high or low. 1.Print out a blank map from internet (http://seawifs.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEAWIFS/LIVING_OCEAN/LIVING_OCEAN.html) and outline the ocean regions with higher productivity. 2. Consider the colors in the legend from green to red to be areas high in productivity. Color these areas red on your map using a colored pencil, pen or crayon. 3. Color the less productive areas on your map in blue. 4. Compare/contrast productivity near the coastal areas with that in the mid-ocean regions. 5. Compare the productivity of ocean water near the equator with that in the northern and southern latitudes in these areas: · the mid-Atlantic · the mid-Pacific · eastern coastline of North and South America · western coastline of North and South America · western coastline of Asia Discussion Questions: 1.
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