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Stamped Lead Ingots from the Coast of Israel The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology (1994) 23.2: 119-128 Stamped lead ingots from the coast of Israel Sean A. Kingsley Dor Maritime Archaeology Project, Grove Garth House, Fellbeck, Harrogate HG3 5EN, North Yorkshire, UK Kurt Raveh Dor Maritime Archaeology Project, POB 350, Zichron Ya’acov 30900, Israel Introduction group is the Greek inscription stamped on two Towards the end of November or the beginning of the bases, a distinction so far unrecorded in of December 1988, a group of part-time fisher- either the western or the eastern Mediterranean men stumbled upon the vestiges of a wrecked on this type of ingot. A third member of the vessel along the coast of Israel. Metallic items group bears a Latin stamp of comparable size encountered on the seabed were apparently and shape to the other two. deemed sufficiently interesting to warrant the To augment the negligible information avail- abandonment of the fishing trip in order to able about the assemblage, a meeting was concentrate on the more lucrative task of sal- arranged in November 1992 between the fisher- vage. Fortunately, four lead ingots and two men responsible for the original catch and the sounding-leads removed from the site were present authors, from which the following scant brought to the attention of the Center of details emerged. All six artefacts were extracted Nautical and Regional Archaeology Dor from a single wreck at a depth of less than 5 m. (CONRAD) before the melting-down process Scattered pottery vessels, miscellaneous lead was instigated, and the artefacts were immedi- and bronze objects, and a large length of lead ately purchased at scrap value“]. No informa- with a cross-bar extending along its width were tion concerning the character of the wreck was observed on the seabed, strongly indicating a available at this point, nor could the extent of wreck formation as opposed to an assemblage site disturbance be ascertained. The only details of jettisoned material. The lead bar has been obtainable indicated that the six artefacts origi- identified, through cross-reference with arte- nated from a single context, allegedly located at facts stored at the Center of Nautical and either Akko or Ma’agan Michael[*]. Regional Archaeology, Dor, as a detachable Despite the detrimental circumstances under lead stock which was apparently not decorated which the ingots surfaced, they are intrinsically with any marine motifs. The fishermen’s reluc- significant as unparalleled sub-types of the clas- tance to comment about the general location of sic Roman lead ingot. This was semi-cylindrical the site probably underlines the potential of in shape during the Republican era and became future illicit salvage and may be an indication more like a truncated pyramid during the that it lies close to Dor where the present Imperial period, at least in the case of examples writers have been directing underwater surveys. originating from Spanish and British mines Whether the wreck is at present extensively or (Whittick, 1931; Domergue, 1966: 63). negligibly disturbed remains unclear. Amongst a relatively extensive collection of lead, copper and tin ingots gathered from vari- Catalogue ous points along the Israeli coast, the Roman Ingots form so clearly defined archaeologically in Although the ingots are not exactly alike, a the western Mediterranean is almost entirely number of features are comparable. The sides absentf3].A further rare feature of the present are all near-vertical while the ends of each rise 1057-2414/94/020119+ 10 $08.00/0 0 1994 The Nautical Archaeology Society NAUTICAL ARCHAEOLOGY, 23.2 A- Is Figure 1. Drawings of a side, the backs, and bases of the four lead ingots. Scale 1: 10. (All accompanying drawings and photographs: Sean A. Kingsley.) inward diagonally from a flat base to a gently Ingot A (Figs 1 (A) and 2) inclined back. Base and back are in no case The top of the mould in which the lead was cast exactly parallel and the ingots are therefore all was uneven and has resulted in a rounded, asymmetrical, a result of casting in an irregu- elongated protrusion running lengthways along larly designed mould. The surfaces are rough, the middle of the ingot’s back. The base is and, in the cases of ingots A, B and D, uneven stamped twice, each composed of different protrusions and steps exist on the backs and Greek letters (Figs 3 and 4). Each stamp is sides, of which the ridge on the back of ingot A rectangular: one stamp (31 x 20mm) contains is the most pronounced. Dual stamps occur at gamma, beta, beta, and the second stamp random points on the bases of three of the (31 x 18 mm) contains a gamma, beta, kappa. group. Absence of lamination and striations Dimensions: length 447 mm, width 113 mm, suggests casting at a rather high temperature, height 82 mm, weight 29.4 kg. considerably in excess of the melting point of lead, by a single tapping operation. The pres- Ingot B (Figs 1 (B) and 2) ence of ‘flats’ within the lead (cf. Whittick, One edge of the ingot is sliced, probably by the 1961: 106) is concealed by a light accretion fishermen in an attempt to ascertain the metal layer. type. The two stamps on the base (Figs 3(B) The similarity of the dimensions, shape, and and 4) are composed of the same Greek letters stamps bearing Greek letters suggests that as those on ingot A. Each is rectangular: one ingots A, B and D comprise a homogeneous stamp (23 x 20mm) contains a beta and a group from a single origin, if not even a single kappa, and the second (31 x 20 mm) con- workshop. An alternative source is likely for tains gamma, beta, beta. The former stamp the shorter, narrower ingot C, which is the only appears open-ended on one side, a consequence piece within the group stamped in Latin. of unevenly pressing the die onto the lead. 120 S. A. KINGSLEY & K. RAVEH: LEAD INGOTS FROM ISRAEL Figure 2. View of a side and the back of ingot A (top) and ingot B (bottom). Dimensions: length 438 mm, width 112 mm, (23 x 16 mm) contains CO. Dimensions: length height 60 mm, weight 25.05 kg. 389 mm, width 84 mm, height 89 mm, weight 18.5 kg (provisional). 3. Ingot C (Figs I (C) and 5). The principal difference between ingot C and 4. Ingot D (Figs I (D) and 5). the other members of the group is a shorter One side of the ingot has a slight protrusion. length and narrower width. The flat base The base is flat and entirely unstamped. Dimen- bears two Latin stamps (Fig. 3(C): one sions: Length 425 mm, width 113 mm, height (33 x 16mm) contains COL, the second 58 mm, weight 23.25 kg. 121 NAUTICAL ARCHAEOLOGY, 23.2 Figure 3. Greek stamps from ingot A (Left) and ingot B (middle). Latin stamps from ingot C (right). Scale 1: 1. Figure 4. Close-up view of one stamp on the base of ingot A (right) and ingot B (left). Sounding-leads lower curve of the tethering hole is slightly I. Sounding lead A (Figs 6 and 7). recessed. The sides flare gently outward from An unusually heavy, large weight whose sides this shoulder. Five nail holes with square aper- descend almost vertically. The suspension lug is tures (6 x 6 mm) are evenly spaced around the flat on top and patterned with angular incisions base of the sounding lead. The lowest occurs stemming from a long linear incision. The lug is 32mm above the edge of the base which is separated from the main body of the weight by simple, concave with no traces of nail penetra- a horizontal platform shoulder into which the tion. Height 223 mm, base diameter 131 mm, 122 S. A. KINGSLEY & K. RAVEH: LEAD INGOTS FROM ISRAEL Figure 5. View of a side and the back of ingot C (top) and ingot D (bottom). piercing diameter 35 mm, base depth 22 mm, diameter 123 mm, piercing diameter 27 mm, weight 18.72 kg. base depth 23 mm, weight 10.0 kg. 2. Sounding lead B (Figs 6 and 7). Discussion A bell-shaped sounding lead with a square lug. Before a lead isotope analysis is performed and The body curves gently outward from a further information coaxed from the wary fish- rounded shoulder. Five nail holes with square ermen, any statement concerning the chronol- sections pierce through the outer edge of the ogy and original production location of the weight into the simple, concave base. The ingot group must be considered tentative. For lowest of the nail holes is placed 7 mm above the moment, a number of general comments the edge of the base. Height 166mm, base may be postulated. 123 NAUTICAL ARCHAEOLOGY, 23.2 Figure 6. Sounding lead A (left) and sounding lead B (right). If the fishermen’s assertion that no lead be seen amongst the wreckage is reliable, then ingots other than the four reported here could transportation as reserve lead for on-board domestic repairs, as suggested for the three ingots from the Madrague de Giens wreck of 70-50 BC (Laubenheimer in Tchernia, Pomey & Hesnard, 1978), is the most probable inter- pretation of the group’s function. This scenario contrasts with the bulk movement of lead ingots as part of a composite cargo typified by wrecks at Ses Salines, Comaccio, Cabrera, and Cadiz, amongst others (Parker, 1974; Berti, 1986; Colls, Domergue & Guerrero Ayuso, 1986; Vallespin Gbrnez, 1986). The association of a detachable lead stock with the wreck confirms a general Hellenistic or Roman date for the ingots in question.
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