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Masixole Makhaba Phytochemical studies of extracts from Aloe succotrina By Masixole Makhaba Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Masters of Science in the Faculty of Natural Sciences University of the Western Cape Department of Chemistry Faculty of Natural Sciences University of the Western Cape Supervisor: Prof W.T. Mabusela November 2017 i | P a g e ABSTRACT Global climate change and geographical differences are two major parameters known to have, either, direct or indirect influence on the production of secondary metabolites in plants, which in-turn may affect the quality and/or quantity of the overall metabolites. The primary purpose of this thesis was to evaluate the phytochemistry of the whole leaf of Aloe succotrina Lam. spp. – a South African native plant – through a chromatographic spectroscopic approach–against available data accumulated for the cultivated population. Preliminary screening of the crude extracts i.e. HEX, DCM and EtOAc on TLC aluminium plates pre- coated with silica gel 60 F254 followed by various chromatographic separation, led to the isolation of five known compounds: β-sitosterol (1) and two anthrone-C-glycosides (2 and 5), including two coumarin derivatives–the aglycone (3) and glycoside derivative (4). Notably, apart from 5 and 2, the accumulation of 1, 3 and 4 in A. succotrina Lam. spp. is reported for the first time. Structural elucidation of the individual compounds was achieved by extensive spectroscopic analysis i.e. MS, IR, 1H and 13C-NMR spectroscopy and in some cases comparison to the literature. A comparative HPLC chromatogram of the crude MeOH extract of the leaves of A. succotrina Lam. was developed for qualitative (and quantitative) identification of the active metabolites, which could be realized by VWD with detection at 290 nm. Brine shrimp lethality bioassay was used to evaluate in vivo cytotoxicity activity of the MeOH, HEX, DCM, and EtOAc crude extracts. The EtOAc extract exhibited the highest toxicity with LC50 values corresponding to 31.13 µg/mL. Key word: Phytochemistry, Aloe succotrina Lam. spp., HPLC. ii | P a g e http://etd.uwc.ac.za/ DECLARATION I, Masixole Makhaba hereby declare that this work is my original dissertation and to my knowledge, it has not been submitted anywhere else for the award of a degree at any other University. Where other written sources have been quoted, then their words have been re- written but the general information attributed to them has been referenced. I further declare that ethical guidelines were complied with in conducting this study. Date ……01/12/2017…..……… Signed …........................................................ iii | P a g e http://etd.uwc.ac.za/ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Prof W.T. Mabusela, whom has not just been a mentor but an anchor throughout this project. It has been an honor and a privilege to work with someone who is so dedicated, passionate and humble with his work. He has instilled my passion for research and I’ve learnt a lot. For that, I will forever be grateful. I would also like to extend my heart felt gratitude to Dr. E. Beukes and to Dr. Ahmed Mohammed whom have been extremely helpful with regards to my NMR data-analysis. My uttermost appreciation goes out to Mr. E. van Jaarsveld who assisted with the identification and collection of the plant studied in this thesis (Aloe succotrina Lam. leaves); who without this project would not have been possible. Special thanks go out to my colleagues–The Organic A Group–whom have been quite helpful and very welcoming; Mr. Ndikho Nako, Mr. Masande Yalo, Mrs. Zandile Mthembu, Mr. Mkhuseli Koki, Ms. Luvemi Sonka and Mr. Mthandazo Rondo. Many thanks to my dear friend, Mr. Lutho Attwell Klaas, you know the struggle. Thank you for being a true and a supportive friend. And to the rest of my family, thank you for your uttermost love and support. I also wish to express my appreciation to the National Research Foundation (NRF) for the financial support. Finally but not the last, my eternal gratitude goes to my Heavenly Father, the Lord Almighty! iv | P a g e http://etd.uwc.ac.za/ DEDICATION “Let perseverance finish its work so that you may be mature and complete, not lacking anything.” (Declares the Lord) – James 1:4. I would like to dedicate this dissertation to my beloved mother, Miss Thenjiswa Makhaba. Thank you for being my rock and source of strength. Your words of encouragement still linger on in my mind and I will forever cherish them: “education is priceless.” “Ah! Tolo, Zulu, Dlangamandla, Mchenge, Mabhanekazi.” v | P a g e http://etd.uwc.ac.za/ TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. DECLARATION.................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................... iv DEDICATION.......................................................................................................................... v TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES, ABBREVIATION SCHEMES AND PLATES ................................ ix LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................ ix LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................. xi LIST OF SCHEMES ............................................................................................................. xii LIST OF PLATES ................................................................................................................. xii LIST OF ABBREVIATION................................................................................................. xiv CHAPTER 1 ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 General Introduction ................................................................................................... 1 1.2 The Status of Traditional Medicine in the African Context – an Overview ............... 1 1.3 Natural Products .......................................................................................................... 3 1.4. Classification of Natural Products ............................................................................... 5 1.4.1 Glycosides ............................................................................................................ 5 1.4.2 Anthraquinoids (Anthraquinones and anthrones) ................................................ 6 1.4.3 Phenols and polyphenols (including flavonoids) ................................................. 6 1.4.4 Coumarins and their derivatives .......................................................................... 8 1.4.5 Terpenoids............................................................................................................ 9 1.5 Medicinal Plants and Their Role in Modern Medicine ............................................. 10 1.6 The Terrestrial Biomes of South Africa .................................................................... 12 1.7 The genus Aloe .......................................................................................................... 13 1.7.1 An over view on the phytochemistry of selected Aloe species: ........................ 16 1.7.1.1 Aloe vera (L.) Brum. f. ................................................................................... 16 vi | P a g e http://etd.uwc.ac.za/ 1.7.1.2 Aloe ferox Mill. .............................................................................................. 22 1.7.2 Plant Species Studied In This Thesis: Aloe succotrina Lam. spp. ..................... 30 1.7.3 Taxonomy .......................................................................................................... 31 1.7.4 Historical aspects – an Overview ....................................................................... 32 1.7.5 Geographical and Ecological Background ......................................................... 34 1.7.6 Phytochemical and biological studies on Aloe succotrina Lam. spp. ................ 36 1.7.6.1 Anti-inflammatory activity ............................................................................. 40 1.7.6.2 Antimalarial/antiplasmodial activity .............................................................. 41 1.7.6.3 Anti-hyperlipidemic activity .......................................................................... 41 1.8 Problem Statement .................................................................................................... 42 1.9 Research Aims and Objectives .................................................................................. 42 1.10 The Significance of the Study ................................................................................... 43 CHAPTER 2 ........................................................................................................................... 44 2.1 Reagents and Solvents ............................................................................................... 44 2. 2. General Experimental Conditions ............................................................................
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