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Emmanuel MORIN Aloe Vera

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Emmanuel MORIN Aloe Vera UNIVERSITE DE NANTES FACULTE DE PHARMACIE ANNEE 2008 N°57 THESE pour le DIPLOME D’ETAT DE DOCTEUR EN PHARMACIE par Emmanuel MORIN Né le 17 juin 1979 Présentée et soutenue publiquement le 27 octobre 2008 Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f . : Aspects pharmacologiques et cliniques Jury Président : Mr Yves-François POUCHUS, Professeur de Botanique et de Cryptogamie Directeur de thèse : Mr Olivier GROVEL, Maître de Conférences de Pharmacognosie Membre du jury : Mr Thomas GAMBART, Docteur en Pharmacie SOMMAIRE Introduction……………………………………- 11 - PARTIE I : L’aloès à travers les siècles… 1) LES PREMIERES TRACES DE L’ALOES… ................................ - 15 - 1.1) La civilisation sumérienne ....................................................................................... - 15 - 1.2) La civilisation chinoise .............................................................................................. - 15 - 1.3) Les Egyptiens ................................................................................................................ - 16 - 1.4) La civilisation mésopotamienne ............................................................................ - 16 - 1.5) Le monde hindou .......................................................................................................... - 17 - 1.6) Les Assyro-babyloniens ............................................................................................ - 17 - 1.7) Le monde arabe ............................................................................................................ - 17 - 1.8) Les traditions africaines et amérindiennes ....................................................... - 18 - 1.8.1) Les tribus africaines ............................................................................................... - 18 - 1.8.2) Les tribus d’Amérique du Sud ............................................................................. - 18 - 2) LE MONDE GRECO-ROMAIN ..................................................... - 19 - 2.1) L’aloès à travers les Ecrits Saints ......................................................................... - 19 - 2.2) La Grèce ........................................................................................................................... - 19 - 2.2.1) Ile de Socotra ........................................................................................................... - 20 - 2.2.2) Dioscoride ................................................................................................................. - 20 - 2-3) Le monde romain ......................................................................................................... - 20 - 2.3.1) Pline l’Ancien ............................................................................................................ - 20 - 2.3.2) Aulus Cornelius Celse ........................................................................................... - 20 - 2.3.3) Galien ......................................................................................................................... - 21 - 3) L’ALOES AU MOYEN AGE.......................................................... - 22 - 3.1) En Europe ........................................................................................................................ - 22 - 3.2) L’école de Médecine de Salerne ............................................................................ - 22 - 3.2.1) L’Alphita ..................................................................................................................... - 22 - 3.2.2) Reginen sanitatis salernitatum ............................................................................ - 23 - 3.2.3) De medicinis simplicibus ...................................................................................... - 23 - 4) LA RENAISSANCE ...................................................................... - 24 - 4.1) L’aloès et les grandes épidémies .......................................................................... - 24 - 4.1.1) La Peste ..................................................................................................................... - 24 - 4.1.2) Michel de Notre-Dame .......................................................................................... - 24 - 4.1.3) Jean De Queyrats ................................................................................................... - 25 - 4.2) Les Grandes Conquêtes ............................................................................................ - 25 - 4.3) La Théorie des Signatures ....................................................................................... - 25 - 5) DU XVIème A NOS JOURS ............................................................ - 26 - ème ème 5.1) Du XVI au XIX ...................................................................................................... - 26 - 5.2) La science moderne au service de l’aloès......................................................... - 27 - 5.3) L’époque contemporaine .......................................................................................... - 28 - 5.3.1) La révolution Bill Coats ......................................................................................... - 28 - 5.3.2) Les expériences modernes .................................................................................. - 28 - PARTIE II: Etude botanique 1) CLASSIFICATION ........................................................................ - 29 - 1.1) Introduction .................................................................................................................... - 30 - 1.2) Classifications évolutives ......................................................................................... - 30 - 1.3) Classification phylogénétique ................................................................................ - 31 - 2) ASPECTS DES ALOES ............................................................... - 35 - 2.1) Caractéristiques des monocotylédones ............................................................. - 35 - 2.2) Caractéristiques des Asparagales ........................................................................ - 35 - 2.3) Caractéristiques des Asphodélacées .................................................................. - 36 - 2.4) Caractéristiques des aloès ....................................................................................... - 37 - 2.4.1) Caractéristiques générales du genre Aloe ...................................................... - 37 - 2.4.2) Chimiotaxonomie des aloès ................................................................................ - 37 - 2.4.3) Distribution géographique .................................................................................... - 38 - 2.4.4) Les principaux aloès .............................................................................................. - 38 - 2.4.4.1) L’Aloès des Barbades ............................................................................................. - 38 - 2.4.4.2) Aloès du Cap ou Aloe ferox Miller ........................................................................... - 40 - 2.4.4.3) Aloe arborescens Miller ........................................................................................... - 41 - 2.4.4.4) Aloe africana Miller .................................................................................................. - 42 - 2.4.4.5) Aloe saponaria Ait. .................................................................................................. - 43 - 2.4.4.6) Aloe succotrina Lam ................................................................................................ - 43 - 3) LES PARTIES UTILISEES ........................................................... - 44 - 3.1) La feuille d’aloès ........................................................................................................... - 44 - 3.1.1) Aspect général ......................................................................................................... - 44 - 3.1.2) Coupe histologique ................................................................................................. - 45 - 3.1.2.1) Cuticule épaisse ...................................................................................................... - 45 - 3.1.2.2) Parenchyme chlorophyllien ..................................................................................... - 45 - 3.1.2.3) Parenchyme aquifère .............................................................................................. - 46 - 3.1.2.4) Région péricyclique ................................................................................................. - 46 - 3.2) Extraction et préparation des produits à base d’aloès ................................ - 47 - 3.2.1) La drogue ou suc .................................................................................................... - 47 - 3.2.1.1) Méthodes utilisées................................................................................................... - 47 - 3.2.1.2) Aspects des extraits obtenus suivant les espèces .................................................. - 48 - - 2 - 3.2.1.2.1) A partir de l’Aloe ferox...................................................................................... - 58 - 3.2.1.2.2) A partir de l’Aloe vera....................................................................................... - 58 - 3.2.2) Pulpe ou gel .............................................................................................................
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