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The Rural Context , SH 207 TR4 #39 cJ I The Rural Context of Giant Clam Mariculture in Solomon Islands: An Anthropological Study Tt@ural Context of G~antClam Mariculture in Solomon Islands: An Anthropological Study Edvard IJiJiing 1993 University of Bergen Centre for Development Studies Bergen, Norway International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management Manila, Philippines The Rural Context of Giant Clam Mariculture JAh 1 M in Solomon Islands: An Anthropological Study Published by the International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, MCPO Box 2631,0718 Makati, Metro Manila, Philippines, and Centre for Development Studies, University of Bergen, Str9mgaten 54, N-5007 Bergen, Noway. Citation: Hviding, E. 1993. The rural context of giant clam mariculture in Solomon Islands: an anfiropological study. ICLARM Tech. Rep. 39,93p. Cover: A typical coastal village in Solomon Islands: Chubikopi, Marovo Lagoon, Western Province. Several "clam gardens" are located on the fringing reef close to the house sites. Photo by E. Hviding. ISSN 01 15-5547 ISBN 971-8709-39-8 ICLARM Contribution No. 953 CONTENTS List of Tables ........................................................................................... vii List of Case Examples ........................................................................................... vii Preface ........................................................................................... viii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ xi Abstract ........................................................................................................ xii Aspects of the Rural Context of Giant Clam Mariculture in Solomon Islands .......................................................................................... xiii Chapter 1. Prologue and Overview Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1 Approach and Overview of the Study ........................................................................................... 3 Giant Clams in the Contemporary Pacific .................................................................................... 4 Giant Clam Mariculture in Solomon Islands .................................................................................. 5 Chapter 2. The Rural Background for Giant Clam Mariculture Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 9 A Sketch of Coastal Village Life in Solomon Islands .................................................................. 10 The Background for Rural Mariculture ....................................................................................... 14 Chapter 3. The Traditional Importance of Giant Clams Traditional Harvesting Patterns ................................................................................................... 16 Giant Clams as Food: Rural Preferences .................................................................................... 19 Traditional Postharvest Methods ........................ .. ................................................................... 23 Giant Clam Shell in Material Culture ............................................................................................ 25 Religious and Spiritual Attitudes to Giant Clams .......................................................................... 27 Chapter 4. Indigenous Knowledge of Giant Clams and Traditional Mariculture Recognizing Multiple Realities ..................................................................................................... 29 Vernacular Taxonomies ............................................................................................................ 29 Ethnobiology of Giant Clams in Solomon Islands ......................................................................... 31 Benevolent Animals in Healthy Habitats ...................................................................................... 36 Ideas about Growth and Depletion, and Traditional Management of Giant Clams .................................................................................................... 37 Clam Gardens and Traditional Mariculture ...................................................................................40 Dialogues about Clam Gardens and Mariculture ..........................................................................44 Building on What is There: Reflections on "Farming Systems" and "Husbandry" ...................................................................................46 Chapter 5 . The Village Trials: Rural Participation and Information Flows in Mariculture Research Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 49 Village Trials: Brief History and Profile .....................................................................................49 Experiences Gained from the Village Trial Pro~ram.................................................................. 51 Social and Demographic Characteristics of Village Trial Participants ....................................................................................................... 53 Motivations and Expectations .................................................................................................. 56 Participants' Contributions: Labor. Information. Reefs .and Cash? ............................................................................................................. 57 Research and Development: On Definitions and Contexts ........................................................................................................................... 61 Village Trials: An Indispensable Focus in Farming Systems Research ..................................................................................................... 63 Chapter 6 . Customary MarineTenure: A Framework for Village-Based Mariculture Customary Marine Tenure in a Changing World ....................................................................... 64 Customary Marine Tenure in Solomon Islands ..........................................................................65 The Legal Context ....................................................................................................................... Rl Customary Marine Tenure and Giant Clam Mariculture ............................................................... 70 Chapter 7. Mariculture. Household-Based Economy and Market Scenarios Giant Clams as a Cash Crop ....................................................................................................... 76 The Dynamics of Household-basedEconomies ......................................................................... 77 Adopting Giant Clam Mariculture .............................................................................................. 81 APPENDICES 1: Molluscs of key importance in rural Solomon Islands for subsistence food and cash income ........................................................................84 2: Traditional postharvest preparation of giant clams in Solomon Islands (by Karen Leivestad) .................................................................... 86 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................89 LlST OF TABLES A simplified description of stages in the mariculture of Tridacna gigas at the ICLARM CAC ........................................................................................................ 7 Vernacular names for tridacnids in Solomon Islands languages ................................... 30 A profile of ICLARM CAC village trials in Solomon Islands, early 1992 ......................... 50 LlST OF CASE EXAMPLES Annual rhythms in the gathering of food molluscs ........................................................ 17 The social life of Tridacna gigas among staghorn coral .................................................. 33 Are giant clams beneficial to saltwater quality? ...............................................................34 Using giant clam mariculture to reverse reef degradation ............................................... 36 Women's management of Tridacna crocea ....................................................................-39 Mangrove oyster culture .................................................................................................. 40 "Planting" coconut crabs .................................................................................................. 41 The domestication of Tridacna crocea ............................................................................41 Reproduction among Hippopus hippopus in clam gardens ............................................. 45 Clam gardens limit the dumping of rubbish into the sea .................................................74 PREFACE BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT OF STUDY The research on which this study is directly based was carried out in Solomon Islands during the period November 1991 - March 1992. My previous long-term research in Solomon Islandsi (based on 22 months of anthropological fieldwork in the Western Province; 1986- 1987, 1989-1990)' together with institutional links, provided the background for a joint proposal in 1990 by me (in my capacity as Research Fellow, Centre
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