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Solomon Islands SOPAC SOPAC /GA Tsunami Hazard Assessment Project Report 04 Inventory of Geospatial Data and Options for Tsunami Inundation & Risk Modelling SOLOMON ISLANDS Helen Pearce (helen@a sopac.org) January 2008 [2] Complied by Helen Pearce Ocean & Islands Programme SOPAC Secretariat This report may also be referred to as SOPAC Miscellaneous Report 654 Copies of this report may be obtained from: SOPAC Secretariat Private Mail Bag GPO, Suva Fiji Islands Phone: (679) 3381377 Fax: (679) 3370040 http: / /www.sopac.org E -mail: [email protected] [SOPAC Miscellaneous Report 654 - Pearce] [3] TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 4 ACRONYMS 4 1 INTRODUCTION 5 2 SOURCES OF TSUNAMI HAZARD 6 3 VULNERABILITY /EXPOSURE 8 4 OVERVIEW OF TSUNAMI HAZARD AFFECTING SW PACIFIC 10 (i) Summary Extracts. 10 (ii)Summary and Interpretation for Solomon Islands 14 (a) Composite of Deep -water Tsunami generated by 8.5 Mw Sources around Pacific 14 (b) Composite of Deep -water Tsunami generated by 9.0 Mw Sources around Pacific 15 5 Data Available at SOPAC for Inundation Modelling 16 (i) Bathymetry Datasets and Marine Charts 16 (ii) Satellite Imagery 26 NO Topography, Coastline and Reefs 26 (iv) Infrastructure data 27 (v) Post tsunami inundation /run -up data 27 (iv) Data Summary 30 6 SUMMARY 32 7 REFERENCES 33 APPENDIX 1: Datum and Definitions 35 1 Datum and Geodetic Levels at Honiara 35 2 Topographic Dataset Issues for PICs 36 3 Definitions and Acronyms 37 APPENDIX 2: Historical Tsunami Events Affecting Solomon Islands 44 1 Previous Tsunami that have been recorded in Solomon Islands 44 2 Recent PTWC Warnings 46 3 Tsunami Warning Related Background 59 (í) Summary of JMA /PTWC causal earthquake criteria 59 (ii) Tsunami hazard sources 60 (iii)Real -Time Sea level data available for Tsunami monitoring 61 Appendix 3: Additional Modelling 64 1 Modelling of major tsunami for sources around the Pacific 64 2 MOST scenarios for sources affecting Solomon Islands 70 [SOPAC Miscellaneous Report 654 - Pearce] [4] ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The assistance of Mary Power, Arthur Webb and Jens Kruger of SOPAC, Phil Cummins, Chris Thomas and Jane Sexton of Geoscience Australia, Ruth Broco of NGDC Tsunami Database and project funding from AusAid is gratefully acknowledged. ACRONYMS (Also see Appendix 1 -3) ABoM Australian Bureau of Meteorology ATAS Australian Tsunami Alert Service (superseded by JATWC) CD Chart Datum DART Deep -ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunami. DEM Digital Elevation Model DSM Digital Surface Model EEZ Economic Exclusion Zone GA Geoscience Australia GNS Geological and Nuclear Sciences, New Zealand GTS Global Telecommunications System HAT Highest Astronomical Tide IOC Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission ITIC International Tsunami Information Centre JMA Japan Meteorological Agency JATWC Joint Australian Tsunami Warning Centre LIDAR Light Detection and Ranging LAT Lowest Astronomical Tide MOST Method of Splitting Tsunami ( type of numerical model) MSL Mean Sea Level NGDC National Geophysical Data Centre (NOAA) PIC Pacific Islands Countries PDC Pacific Disaster Centre PTWC Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre SOPAC Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission SPSLMP South Pacific Sea Level and Climate Monitoring Project UNESCO United Nations Environmental, Scientific and Cultural Organisation UTC Universal Time Coordinate (also referred to by Z or GMT) UTM Universal Transverse Mercator WGS World Geodetic System WMO World Meteorological Organization [SOPAC Miscellaneous Report 654 - Pearce] [5] 1 INTRODUCTION SOPAC and Geoscience Australia, funded by AusAid have established the first component of a multi -stage project to look at tsunami hazard and risk assessment in the Southwest Pacific. As part of that project Geoscience have produced a tsunami hazard assessment for the Southwest Pacific based on a deterministic deep -water tsunami propagation model (A Preliminary Study into the Tsunami Hazard faced by Southwest Pacific, Thomas et al. 2007). That report is available at via the Pacific Disaster Net ( http: / /www.pacificdisaster.net /drm /).In parallel with that component of the project a review of data available for inundation modelling in SW Pacific is being conducted by SOPAC, as inundation modelling requires significantly higher -resolution bathymetry, inter -tidal and coastal topography than the deep -water propagation models. Deep -water models alone are not sufficient to develop a detailed understanding of tsunami inundation on coastlines and ultimately it is proposed that the deepwater model output will be used to define the boundary conditions to allow more detailed, site specific tsunami inundation modelling of key and priority PIC coastal areas. The combination of the deepwater propagation and inundation model out -put will then be used to provide information and tools for emergency management and infrastructure planning in the SW Pacific. However, detailed tsunami inundation modelling can only be undertaken if bathymetry (seafloor mapping) and topographic (land elevation or height) data of adequate quality and coverage exist. SOPAC, through EU funded projects, has been addressing the some of the needs in the Pacific Region for high -resolution bathymetry data. This data is underpinning a number of critical technical projects in the areas of marine boundaries, fisheries, coastal processes, and in hydrodynamic modelling for projects in support of reducing impacts of aggregate mining etc. However there is very little in the way of high resolution coastal and inter -tidal topography data available in the Pacific region that is suitable for inundation and sea -level change modelling and monitoring. There is a distinct possibility that the issue of inadequate topographic data in many Pacific Island Countries (PICs) and the limiting effect this may have on tsunami and other inundation modelling may require consideration of options to improve coastal topographic data collection by methods such as LIDAR. This report for Solomon Islands is the fourth of a series of reports and reviews the availability of high resolution inshore bathymetry and also inter -tidal and coastal topography of low lying coastal areas. The reports completed so far (Pearce, 2007a -c) are available through the Pacific Disaster Net and the SOPAC virtual library. Geographical information and location of Solomon Islands are at Table 1 and Figure 1. Table 1: Geographic Information for Solomon Islands ( http: / /www.sopac.orq /tiki /tiki- index.php ?page = Solomon +Islands). Capital: Honiara Population: 409, 042 (1999) Land Area: 28, 785 sq. kilometres Max Height (above Sea -level): 2, 447 m (Mt. Makarakombou) EEZ: 1, 340, 000 sq. kilometres Rainfall: Varies from 3,000 - 5,000 mm per annum Mean Temperature: 26 °C GDP per Capita: SB $584 (2002) Currency: Solomon Island Dollar (SB$) Languages: English (official), Pidgin and 87 other languages Government: Independent State and Member of the Commonwealth SOPAC Membership: Joined in 1972 as full members of SOPAC (then CCOP /SOPAC) [SOPAC Miscellaneous Report 654 - Pearce] [6] PAPUA NEW South \GUINEA Pacific Choiseut Ocean Santa fsabef Gizo Yandina `Malaita HON IARA ® GUOCISIrarr74ri ihOIL Santa Cruz Solomon San 'stands Cristobai Coral Sea VANUATU 0 150 300 km ß 1$O 300 rni Figure 1: Location of Solomon Islands. 2 SOURCES OF TSUNAMI HAZARD Major subduction zones are the predominant source of earthquakes large enough to generate regional or ocean -wide tsunami. They are the main focus of the preliminary hazard analysis report (Thomas et al. 2007) which models magnitude 8.5 and 9.0 earthquake source tsunami generation (as discussed in section 4). The location and names of these subduction zones are shown below in Figure 2. The Solomon Islands are located very close to a major source, the Solomons Trench. Tsunami can also be generated from other processes such as meteors, volcanic eruption, volcanic collapse and submarine landslide. The latter are often triggered by earthquakes and are commonly attributed to the earthquake. Steep sloped bathymetry on volcanic and other islands and submarine volcanoes may have the potential to slump or collapse and depending of the size of such collapses these events may cause local tsunami. The location of the 3 major volcanos, Kavachi, Savo and Tinakula are shown at Figure 3. Small tsunami were observed from Kavachi in 1955 and from Tinakula in 1966 and 1971. A table of the causal earthquake criteria for local, regional and ocean -wide tsunami (i.e. 100 km, 1000 km, >1000 km) and the range of expected destructive impact, similar to that used for warning purposes by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre (PTWC) and Australian Tsunami Alert Service (ATAS) is described in Appendix 2 Section (ii)Table A2 -3. The PTWC Bulletins are issued as advice to government agencies. Only national and local government agencies have the authority to make decisions regarding the official state of alert in their area and any actions to be taken in response. There is a sea level recording site in Honiara since 1992, operated by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology (ABoM). Recorded historical earthquake and volcanic generated tsunami events affecting the Solomon Islands are discussed at Appendix 2, along with examples of PTWC bulletins issued for the 2 April 2007 tsunami and the smaller Santa Cruz 2 September 2007 tsunami. The period of records available is short compared to the recurrence interval of large events on the Solomons Trench. More work could be done to collect paleo- seismic and paleo- tsunami [SOPAC
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