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Defusing Conflict in Tsalka District of Georgia: Migration, International Intervention and the Role of the State
Defusing Conflict in Tsalka District of Georgia: Migration, International Intervention and the Role of the State Jonathan Wheatley ECMI Working Paper #36 October 2006 EUROPEAN CENTRE FOR MINORITY ISSUES (ECMI) Schiffbruecke 12 (Kompagnietor) D-24939 Flensburg Germany +49-(0)461-14 14 9-0 fax +49-(0)461-14 14 9-19 internet: http://www.ecmi.de ECMI Working Paper #36 European Centre for Minority Issues (ECMI) Director: Dr. Marc Weller Copyright 2006 European Centre for Minority Issues (ECMI) Published in October 2006 by the European Centre for Minority Issues (ECMI) ISSN: 1435-9812 2 Table of Contents I. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................................................... 4 II. TSALKA DISTRICT: AN OVERVIEW................................................................................................................... 5 ECONOMY AND INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................................................................. 5 DEMOGRAPHY AND MIGRATION ..................................................................................................................................... 8 POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS AND THE ROLE OF THE STATE........................................................................................... 11 III. MAIN ARENAS OF CONFLICT IN TSALKA DISTRICT................................................................................ 14 INTER-COMMUNAL CONFLICT AT LOCAL LEVEL -
Distribution: EG: Bank of Jandara Lake, Bolnisi, Burs
Subgenus Lasius Fabricius, 1804 53. L. (Lasius) alienus (Foerster, 1850) Distribution: E.G.: Bank of Jandara Lake, Bolnisi, Bursachili, Gardabani, Grakali, Gudauri, Gveleti, Igoeti, Iraga, Kasristskali, Kavtiskhevi, Kazbegi, Kazreti, Khrami gorge, Kianeti, Kitsnisi, Kojori, Kvishkheti, Lagodekhi Reserve, Larsi, Lekistskali gorge, Luri, Manglisi, Mleta, Mtskheta, Nichbisi, Pantishara, Pasanauri, Poladauri, Saguramo, Sakavre, Samshvilde, Satskhenhesi, Shavimta, Shulaveri, Sighnaghi, Taribana, Tbilisi (Mushtaidi Garden, Tbilisi Botanical Garden), Tetritskaro, Tkemlovani, Tkviavi, Udabno, Zedazeni (Ruzsky, 1905; Jijilashvili, 1964a, b, 1966, 1967b, 1968, 1974a); W.G.: Abasha, Ajishesi, Akhali Atoni, Anaklia, Anaria, Baghdati, Batumi Botanical Garden, Bichvinta Reserve, Bjineti, Chakvi, Chaladidi, Chakvistskali, Eshera, Grigoreti, Ingiri, Inkiti Lake, Kakhaberi, Khobi, Kobuleti, Kutaisi, Lidzava, Menji, Nakalakebi, Natanebi, Ochamchire, Oni, Poti, Senaki, Sokhumi, Sviri, Tsaishi, Tsalenjikha, Tsesi, Zestaponi, Zugdidi Botanical Garden (Ruzsky, 1905; Karavaiev, 1926; Jijilashvili, 1974b); S.G.: Abastumani, Akhalkalaki, Akhaltsikhe, Aspindza, Avralo, Bakuriani, Bogdanovka, Borjomi, Dmanisi, Goderdzi Pass, Gogasheni, Kariani, Khanchali Lake, Ota, Paravani Lake, Sapara, Tabatskuri, Trialeti, Tsalka, Zekari Pass (Ruzsky, 1905; Jijilashvili, 1967a, 1974a). 54. L. (Lasius) brunneus (Latreille, 1798) Distribution: E.G.: Bolnisi, Gardabani, Kianeti, Kiketi, Manglisi, Pasanauri (Ruzsky, 1905; Jijilashvili, 1968, 1974a); W.G.: Akhali Atoni, Baghdati, -
Economic Prosperity Initiative
USAID/GEORGIA DO2: Inclusive and Sustainable Economic Growth October 1, 2011 – September 31, 2012 Gagra Municipal (regional) Infrastructure Development (MID) ABKHAZIA # Municipality Region Project Title Gudauta Rehabilitation of Roads 1 Mtskheta 3.852 km; 11 streets : Mtskheta- : Mtanee Rehabilitation of Roads SOKHUMI : : 1$Mestia : 2 Dushet 2.240 km; 7 streets :: : ::: Rehabilitation of Pushkin Gulripshi : 3 Gori street 0.92 km : Chazhashi B l a c k S e a :%, Rehabilitaion of Gorijvari : 4 Gori Shida Kartli road 1.45 km : Lentekhi Rehabilitation of Nationwide Projects: Ochamchire SAMEGRELO- 5 Kareli Sagholasheni-Dvani 12 km : Highway - DCA Basisbank ZEMO SVANETI RACHA-LECHKHUMI rehabilitaiosn Roads in Oni Etseri - DCA Bank Republic Lia*#*# 6 Oni 2.452 km, 5 streets *#Sachino : KVEMO SVANETI Stepantsminda - DCA Alliance Group 1$ Gali *#Mukhuri Tsageri Shatili %, Racha- *#1$ Tsalenjikha Abari Rehabilitation of Headwork Khvanchkara #0#0 Lechkhumi - DCA Crystal Obuji*#*# *#Khabume # 7 Oni of Drinking Water on Oni for Nakipu 0 Likheti 3 400 individuals - Black Sea Regional Transmission ZUGDIDI1$ *# Chkhorotsku1$*# ]^!( Oni Planning Project (Phase 2) Chitatskaro 1$!( Letsurtsume Bareuli #0 - Georgia Education Management Project (EMP) Akhalkhibula AMBROLAURI %,Tsaishi ]^!( *#Lesichine Martvili - Georgia Primary Education Project (G-Pried) MTSKHETA- Khamiskuri%, Kheta Shua*#Zana 1$ - GNEWRC Partnership Program %, Khorshi Perevi SOUTH MTIANETI Khobi *# *#Eki Khoni Tskaltubo Khresili Tkibuli#0 #0 - HICD Plus #0 ]^1$ OSSETIA 1$ 1$!( Menji *#Dzveli -
In Hospitality & Real Estate in Georgia
HOSPITALITY & INVESTMENT CLIMATE & 1 OPPORERTUANLITIES ES IN GETAORGITEA 2019 GEORGIA COUNTRY OVERVIEW Area: 69,700 sq. km Population: 3.7 mln GDP 2018: USD 16.2 billions Life expectancy at birth 2017: 73.5 years GDP real growth rate 2018: 4.7 % Georgian GDP CAGR 2013-2018 (GEL): 4 % Literacy: 99.8 % GDP per capita 2018: USD 4346 Capital: Tbilisi Inflation rate (December) 2018 (Y-o-Y): 1.5% Currency (code): Lari (GEL) Total Public Debt to Nominal GDP (%) 2018: 42.2% INVESTMENT CLIMATE & 2 OPPORTUNITIES IN GEORGIA ADVANTAGES OF INVESTMENT CLIMATE IN GEORGIA A politically stable investment destination EHƒEKGPVRro-business and corruption-free government Free trade agreement with 2.3 billion markets Competitive cost of labor and energy Entry gate between Europe and Asia Stable Macroeconomic situation and solid sovereign balance sheet 5KORNGNQYCPFGHƒEKGPVVCZCVKQP 6th easiest country to do business in (World Bank’s Ease of Doing Business Report 2019) th 6 safest country in the world (Numbeo’U%TKOG+PFGZ BB BB- Stable Ba2 Stable INVESTMENT CLIMATE & 3 OPPORTUNITIES IN GEORGIA WHY INVEST IN HOSPITALITY & REAL ESTATE IN GEORGIA Continuous Increase of International No Real Estate Ownership Restrictions Visitors – 21% average annual growth of Governmental Incentives Available Visa Free Regime with 98 Countries Unique Nature and Culture Various Types of Resorts and Investment Opportunities INVESTMENT CLIMATE & 4 OPPORTUNITIES IN GEORGIA NUMBER OF INTERNATIONAL TRAVELERS HAS BEEN GROWING RAPIDLY 10 9 8.7 8 7.9 7 6.3 6.7 6 5.7 5.9 5 4.7 +10% 4 3 2 1 -
Upper Svaneti Adaptation Strategy to the Climate Change
Upper Svaneti Adaptation Strategy to the Climate Change Tbilisi 2014 1 The present report is drafted in the process of preparation of Georgia’s Third National Communication to the UNFCCC. The preparation process involved a large group of specialists, representing: the Ministry of Environment and National Resources Protection of Georgia; the Ministry of Agriculture of Georgia; the Ministry of Energy of Georgia; the Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development of Georgia; the Ministry of Labor, Health and Social Affairs of Georgia; the Ministry of Regional Development and Infrastructure of Georgia; the Ministry of Education and Science of Georgia; Georgian National Agency of Cultural Heritage Protection; National Environmental Agency; Institute of Geography; individual academic institutes; representatives of local government of Mestia municipality and local consultants engaged in tourism, health and agriculture, independent experts and NGOs. Published with the support of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Georgia "The views expressed in this publication belong to the authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the United Nations or the United Nations Development Programme“ © UNDP Georgia 2014 Copyright Published in Georgia 2 Abbreviations ADA - Austrian Development Agency CDM - Clean Development Mechanism CTCN – Climate Technology Centre and Network CVD- Cardiovascular Diseases ENVSEC -Environmental Security Initiative EU –European Union EWS – Early Warning Systems GCF - Green Climate Fund GDP –Gross Domestic -
GEORGIAN HOLIDAYS 15 DAYS Private Special Tour, Escorted Long Joutney for Individuals and Families
GEORGIAN HOLIDAYS 15 DAYS Private special tour, escorted long joutney for individuals and families BEST TIME JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC The aim of 15-day itinerary “Georgian Holidays” is to introduce travelers to all parts of Georgia and let them experience the diversity of nature and society of the country. Tour takes off in the capital Tbilisi, and travels through every corner of Georgia. Visitors are going to sightsee major cities and towns, provinces in the highlands of the Greater and Lesser Caucasus mountains, the shores of the Black Sea, natural wonders of the West Georgia, traditional wine-making areas in the east, and all major historico-cultural monuments of the country. Tour will be accompanied by professional and experienced guide and driver that will make your journey smooth, informational and unforgettable. MAIN HIGHLIGHTS & SITES: TBILISI CITY MTSKHETA CITY SAMEGRELO REGION • the Holy Trinity Cathedral of Tbilisi • Jvari Monastery • Zugdidi Town • Metekhi church • Svetitskhoveli Cathedral • Dadiani Palace • Narikala Fortress • Legvtakhevi KHEVI REGION SVANETI REGION • Sulfur bathhouses • Gudauri ski resort • Ushguli community • Shardeni street • Ananuri Architectural Complex • Villages Ipari and Kala • Maidan square • Kazbegi • Mestia • Margiani Museum • Caravanserai – Tbilisi History Museum • Gergeti Trinity Church • Dariali gorge • Svaneti Museum • Bridge of Peace • Gveleti waterfalls • National Museum of Georgia ADJARA PROVINCE • Rustaveli Avenue KARTLI REGION • Batumi city • Gori town • Batumi Boulevard & Piazza square KAKHETI REGION • Stalin’s house-museum • Gonio Fortress • David Gareja Monastery • Uplistsikhe Cave Complex • Batumi Botanical Garden • Signagi • Bodbe monastery IMERETI REGION SAMTSKHE-JAVAKHETI REGION • Velistskhe family winery “Numisi” • Kutaisi city • Borjomi spa-resort • House Museum of Al. -
Investment Project Catalogue September 2020
INVESTINGEORGIA.ORG INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES 2020 A PLEASURE DOING BUSINESS Located in the Caucasus region, on the coast of The country's ambitious objectives to be one of the Black Sea, Georgia is geographically well the best investment locations on the world map positioned as a gateway between Europe and are reflected in number of different Asia. The country is perfectly situated for easy well-recognized international rankings, where access to most major European, Central Asian Georgia maintains strong positions. For and Middle Eastern markets and has free trade example, Georgia holds 7th position in World agreements (FTAs) with most of them. In this Bank’s 2020 “Ease of Doing Business Index”. way, Georgia already boasts majority of the Foreign-owned businesses make significant preconditions required to become a regional contribution to the Georgian economy and its financial and business centre. great position for deepening links between Europe and Asia will further raise country’s Today, Georgia has a strong investment offer - productivity - via the transfer of technology, by it has liberal and free market oriented economic increased export-oriented investments and policy, access to 2.3 billion consumer market stronger regional competition positions. through its solid FTA network including both EU and China, educated, skilled and competitively Georgia is a great destination for companies priced workforce, 6 types of low and flat taxes, from all around the world, whether it’s to enter significantly decreased number of licenses and the regional market itself, the European market, permissions, well developed, integrated and or the broader Asian markets. It is a country full multimodal transport infrastructure. -
Urban Development in Georgia
Key facts and figures relating to housing and urban development in Georgia Nino Gventsadze Head of spatial planning department Ministry of regional development and infrastructure of Georgia Housing in Georgia Current conditions Housing in Georgia is characterized with long and deep systematic crisis which are caused by the following reasons: non- existent policy, non-sufficient legislative base and non-adequate institutional set-up. Georgian government still doesn’t have a well-defined, clear policy in the field of Housing, also not a single office directly governs and works on Housing issues neither on legislation or enforcement level. Estimated future plan in Housing • To define short, medium and long term priorities Short term priority – should focus on how to fix homelessness, clearly define the terminology, exact identification of beneficiary groups and setting criteria for people who will receive the support, launching an institution, drafting legislation etc. Medium and long term - should focus on large number of people who will be able to afford the Housing (affordable Housing), provide an adequate Housing, improve policy making in regard of construction and urban development, solving demographic issues in the country etc. Improvements In 2018, Government of Georgia has taken a duty in implementing a “Housing policy documentation and strategic plan”, for that reason in 2019, April a special committee was established who will define a strategic plan. So far consultations are taking place. It is planned to make an amendments in legislation (In Georgian legislation there is the only law, which is dedicated to housing and needs a great deal of revise and improvement) The Ministry of Internally Displaced Persons from the Occupied Territories and Refugees of Georgia has realized several projects: • Ministry purchased 300 accommodations from the Chinese company “Hualing” • Throughout the country, ministry purchased several accommodations from developers, reconstructed, built new constructions etc. -
Ten-Year Development Plan for Georgian Gas Transmission Network 2018-2027
Ten-Year Development Plan for Georgian Gas Transmission Network 2018-2027 October 2017 1 The document represents a 10-year Georgian gas transmission and related infrastructure development plan. It was prepared on the basis of 2016 and 2017 year editions of “10-Year Development Plan for Georgian Gas Transmission Infrastructure)’’, considering the actual situation of current period. The 10-year Gas Network Development Plan was discussed with the Georgian Gas Transportation Company, presented to the Ministry of Energy of Georgia, the Georgian National Energy Regulatory Commission and other stakeholders. Consultations regarding the information used in and information on the project implementation of the 10-year Gas Network Development Plan can be obtained from GOGC Strategic Planning and Projects Department. Head of the Department: Teimuraz Gochitashvili, Dr. Sci, professor, Tel: +(995 32) 2244040 (414); E-mail: [email protected] 2 Contents Abbreviations ...........................................................................................................................4 Executive summary ..................................................................................................................5 1. Introduction .....................................................................................................................7 1.1. General provisions............................................................................................................ 7 1.2. Formal and methodological basis for preparing the plan .............................................. -
World Bank Document
ROAD DEPARTMENT OF GEORGIAN MINISTRY OFREGIONAL Public Disclosure Authorized DEVELOPMENT AND INFRASTRUCTURE Public Disclosure Authorized Environmental and Social Management Plan REHABILITATION OF (S–20) Borjomi–Bakuriani–Akhalkalaki Secondary Road (Ghadolari–Kotelia) section KM62–KM68 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Tbilisi, Georgia 2018 1 PART I: GENERAL PROJECT AND SITE INFORMATION INSTITUTIONAL &ADMINISTRATIVE Country Georgia Project title Rehabilitation of Secondary(S–20) Borjomi–Bakuriani–Akhalkalaki (Ghadolari–Kotelia) Road Section Km 62-Km 68 Scope of project and Initially there was one-layer asphalt layer (5cm) on the section proposed for rehabilitation, which activity no longer exists. The entire road is made of gravel. Crushed stone layer is arranged on the road. There are some sections where crushed stone pavement will be arranged soon. At this moment, pavement is severely deformed on this section. Road section proposed for rehabilitation passes both inhabited and uninhabited areas. There are cultivated lands on the both sides of some sections of the road. The road crosses small and medium sized ravines and irrigation channels. Existing pipes are designed for passing of water that flows from the ravine, for avoiding of precipitation water and passing of irrigation channel water from one side of a road to the other. Some pipes will be repaired during the rehabilitation works of the road section. Generally, diameter of pipes is small and cannot meet operation requirements. During rehabilitation works new pipes will be installed. Small stone bridge on pk 3+400 is built over a small water ravine. It is a one span arch bridge. Bridge foot drilling length is 4.0m. -
Urban Services Improvement Investment Program – Tranche 2 and 3 (Improvement of Ureki and Bakuriani Water Supply Systems Sub-Project)
Updated Draft Initial Environmental Examination July 2016 GEO: Urban Services Improvement Investment Program – Tranche 2 and 3 (Improvement of Ureki and Bakuriani Water Supply Systems Sub-project) Prepared by United Water Supply Company of Georgia LLC of the Ministry of Regional Development and Infrastructure for the Asian Development Bank. This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section of this website. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. ABBREVIATIONS ADB - Asian Development Bank CA - Cross section area CC - Civil Contractor DC - Design Consultant EA - Executing Agency EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment EIP - Environmental Impact Permit EMP - Environmental Management Plan GoG - Government of Georgia GRC - Grievance Redress Mechanism IA - Implementing Agency IEE - Initial Environmental Examination IP - Investment Program IPMO - Investment Program Management Office kg - Kilogram km - Kilometre lpcd - Litres per Capita per Day M - Metre MFF-IP - Multitranche Financing Facility Investment Program mg/l - milligram per litre mm - Millimetre MoRDI - Ministry of Regional Development & Infrastructure PS - Pumping Station RCC - Reinforced Cement Concrete uPVC - Un-plasticized Poly vinyl Chloride UWSCG - United Water Supply Company of Georgia WS Water Supply WWTP - Waste Water treatment Plant i Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4 I. -
GEORGIA Second Edition March 2010
WHO DOES WHAT WHERE IN DISASTER RISK REDUCTION IN GEORGIA Second edition March 2010 Georgian National Committee of Disaster Risk Reduction & Environment Sustainable Development FOREWORD Georgia is a highly disaster-prone country, which frequently experiences natural hazards (e.g. earthquakes, floods, landslides, mudflows, avalanches, and drought) as well as man-made emergencies (e.g. industrial accidents and traffic accidents). Compounding factors such as demographic change, unplanned urbanization, poorly maintained infrastructure, lax enforcement of safety standards, socio-economic inequities, epidemics, environmental degradation and climate variability amplify the frequency and intensity of disasters and call for a proactive and multi-hazard approach. Disaster risk reduction is a cross-cutting and complex development issue. It requires political and legal commitment, public understanding, scientific knowledge, careful development planning, responsible enforcement of policies and legislation, people-centred early warning systems, and effective disaster preparedness and response mechanisms. Close collaboration of policy-makers, scientists, urban planners, engineers, architects, development workers and civil society representatives is a precondition for adopting a comprehensive approach and inventing adequate solutions. Multi-stakeholder and inter-agency platforms can help provide and mobilize knowledge, skills and resources required for mainstreaming disaster risk reduction into development policies, for coordination of planning and programmes,