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(12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 7,591,108 B2 Tuczek (45) Date of Patent: Sep

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(12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 7,591,108 B2 Tuczek (45) Date of Patent: Sep US007591.108B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 7,591,108 B2 Tuczek (45) Date of Patent: Sep. 22, 2009 (54) DOUBLE-CURVED SHELL OTHER PUBLICATIONS (75) Inventor: Florian Tuczek, Sebastian-Bach-Strasse Huybers, P. et al., “Polyhedral Sphere Subdivisions,” in Spatial Struc 36, Leipzig (DE) 04109 tures: Heritage, Present and Future, G.C. Giuliani, International (73) Assignee: Florian Tuczek, Leipzig (DE) Association for Shell and Spatial Structures International Sympo (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this sium, Mailand, 1955, p. 196, Fig. 13. patent is extended or adjusted under 35 U.S.C. 154(b) by 26 days. (Continued) (21) Appl. No.: 11/766,219 Primary Examiner Richard E. Chilcot, Jr. Assistant Examiner Matthew J. Smith (22) Filed: Jun. 21, 2007 (74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm Darby & Darby (65) Prior Publication Data US 2007/O251161 A1 Nov. 1, 2007 (57) ABSTRACT Related U.S. Application Data Triangulated shells can be free-formed but are uneconomical (63) Continuation of application No. PCT/EP2005/ compared to translational shells that can only be flat. Scale O12450, filed on Nov. 21, 2005. trans shells are limited in terms of number and arrangement of (30) Foreign Application Priority Data the openings. The present invention provides a free-formed, Dec. 21, 2004 (DE) ....................... 10 2004 O61485 custom-tailored shell Surface and a regularly shaped, mass produced shell surface that can be assembled fairly evenly (51) Int. Cl. from advantageously quadrangular mesh elements having E04B 700 (2006.01) coplanar node points. The flexibility of a triangle net of shell (52) U.S. Cl. .......................... 52/80.1; 52/80.2:52/81.4: pieces in a large scale is combined with the evenness of a quad 52/815 net for meshes in a small scale, whereby triangular meshes at (58) Field of Classification Search ......... 52/80.1-81.6, the shared side of adjoining Square nets are combined in pairs 52/2.11-2.26,745.07 to give irregular quadrangular meshes having coplanar Verti See application file for complete search history. ces. The inventive shell is especially suitable for use as an energy-saving building such as a weekend home, emergency (56) References Cited shelter, cupola of an observatory, roofofa building oran inner courtyard, as the shell of a large multi-story building or as a U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS sports hall or factory building. It is also Suitable as a part of a 2,682,235 A 6, 1954 Fuller vault, and as a complex shell consisting of a single continuous (Continued) surface for exhibition or station buildings. Parts of a Bohe mian dome, cushion-roof, Isler shell or blob can be combined FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS within any individual shell. DE 37 15 228 11, 1988 (Continued) 29 Claims, 21 Drawing Sheets US 7,591,108 B2 Page 2 U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS York, 1977 Published by Heresh Lalvani, Library of Congress Card No. 77–81420, p. 67, Fig. 8 of “plate 27; p. 19 and p. 60. 2,891,491 A * 6/1959 Richter ....................... 52.80.1 Bach, Klaus, and Burkhardt, Berthold, and Otto, Frei, “Mitteilungen 3,206,895 A * 9/1965 De Ridder et al. 52.80.2 des Instituts firleichte Flächentragwerke”. N. 18. (IL 18) Forming 3,751,862 A * 8, 1973 Linecker ........ 52.80.1 Bubbles, Stuttgart, Germany, 1987, p. 234, 235, Figs. 22 and 25. 3,798,849 A * 3/1974 Biggs et al. 52.80.2 BÖgle, Annette, floating roofs—Grid Shells; Light Structures Jörg 3,958,375 A * 5/1976 Tully .......... 52.80.2 Schlaich, Rudolf Bergermann; Ed. Bögle, Annette, and Cachola 4,115.486 A * 9/1978 Cowman, Jr. et al. 52.80.2 Schmal, Peter, and. Flagge, Ingeborg, (exhibition of DAM 4,685,257 A * 8/1987 Richter ....................... 52.80.2 Frankfurt / M., 2004), Munich, 2003, pp. 113-130. 4,858,397 A 8, 1989 Lantz Lehman, Raimund, Glass—Structure and Technology in Architec 5,524.396 A 6, 1996 Lalvani ...................... 52.81.1 ture, Ed. Behling, Sophia and Stefan, Munich, 1999, pp. 74-77, Figs. 6,912,488 B1* 6/2005 Saebi ...................... 52.745.O7 on p. 75 and 77, each top left). Schober, Hans, Glass Roofs and Glass Facades; Glass–Structure FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS and Technology in Architecture, Ed. Behling, Sophia and Stefan, FR 814 505 6, 1937 Munich, Germany, 1999, pp. 68-73. Heinle, Erwin, and Schlaich, Jörg, Kuppeln, Stuttgart, Germany, OTHER PUBLICATIONS 1996, p. 187. Fig. bottom, I. a. r. p. 222, picture.94. Partial Translation of Heinle document (No. 7). Lalvani, H., “Transpolyhedra: Dual Transformations by Explosion—Implosion.” Papers in Theoretical Morphology 1, New * cited by examiner U.S. Patent Sep. 22, 2009 Sheet 1 of 21 US 7,591,108 B2 Stote of the Ort NV other problem U.S. Patent Sep. 22, 2009 Sheet 2 of 21 US 7,591,108 B2 U.S. Patent Sep. 22, 2009 Sheet 3 of 21 US 7,591,108 B2 Syatawa M SSNS2 7s S. ssaSSSses SS e aea,272SSal t22 asSNNS S&SXSsaySXN S$SKS NSNS SSSSNS U.S. Patent Sep. 22, 2009 Sheet 4 of 21 US 7,591,108 B2 S U.S. Patent Sep. 22, 2009 Sheet 5 of 21 US 7,591,108 B2 U.S. Patent Sep. 22, 2009 Sheet 6 of 21 US 7,591,108 B2 U.S. Patent Sep. 22, 2009 Sheet 7 of 21 US 7,591,108 B2 U.S. Patent Sep. 22, 2009 Sheet 8 of 21 US 7,591,108 B2 U.S. Patent Sep. 22, 2009 Sheet 9 of 21 US 7,591,108 B2 U.S. Patent Sep. 22, 2009 Sheet 10 of 21 US 7,591,108 B2 U.S. Patent Sep. 22, 2009 Sheet 11 of 21 US 7,591,108 B2 177 Fig.96 U.S. Patent Sep. 22, 2009 Sheet 12 of 21 US 7,591,108 B2 U.S. Patent Sep. 22, 2009 Sheet 13 of 21 US 7,591,108 B2 Fig. 108 U.S. Patent Sep. 22, 2009 Sheet 14 of 21 US 7,591,108 B2 3% U.S. Patent Sep. 22, 2009 Sheet 15 of 21 US 7,591,108 B2 U.S. Patent Sep. 22, 2009 Sheet 16 of 21 US 7,591,108 B2 T l EtE. U.S. Patent Sep. 22, 2009 Sheet 18 of 21 US 7,591,108 B2 U.S. Patent Sep. 22, 2009 Sheet 19 of 21 US 7,591,108 B2 U.S. Patent Sep. 22, 2009 Sheet 20 of 21 US 7,591,108 B2 Fig. 150 AYXXXYS& SfSXYX-2S &Six^ AS n U.S. Patent Sep. 22, 2009 Sheet 21 of 21 US 7,591,108 B2 Fig. 152 155 13 58 156 1 4 5 14 156 Fig. 154 Sest aezz-SS Z.7. AS S. R sS S S 5. 2.2. (7 2% %%2. W (SA N Eaz-A Zeast, 2 US 7,591,108 B2 1. 2 DOUBLE-CURVED SHELL off ashlars. Hitherto, meshes having a quadrangular form are unknown as an alternative for this. During modeling of com FIELD OF THE INVENTION puter programs by means of splines or nurbs or by two arrays of curves crossing at right angles to each other within the The present invention relates to a double-curved shell, in 5 Surface, the rounding-off of ashlars including cambering the particular in the field of building construction. Such a shell is remained plane faces results into not-plane meshes and prefabricated of structural elements, it is custom-tailored or causes a large amount of data. mass-produced. It can be purely synclastic, purely anticlastic, Because of the acuteness of the meshes, a geodesic icosa or mixed-curved (synclastic-curved toward the same side in hedral dome of Small plane quad rhombus or kite shaped all directions in a Gaussian sense positively curved; 10 meshes, each consisting of two combined adjoining coplanar anticlastic having opposite curvatures in a Gaussian sense component faces of two neighbored approximately equilat negatively curved). eral triangular meshes having been stellated to result into very When commonly accepted and uniformly defined terms flat pyramids, has the same disadvantages like those consist denominating well-known and especially recent shapes of ing of the initial triangular meshes. shells and their parts hitherto were missing, imaginary or 15 Beside the geodesically subdivided spheres, there are con corporeal expressions are used within the text. They are high vex sphere-like polyhedra, consisting of a plurality of faces, lighted by quotation marks, when they occur for the first time of which faceted shells can be formed, which, by their mani for their definition. fold symmetries, recall geodesic domes but consist of more Each shell's piece consists of individual “meshes', that is, compact quad faces: so-called “Duals of Transpolyhedra” (H. of Small triangular, quadrangular or hexagonal units being Lalvani: Transpolyhedral Dual Transformations by Explo arrayed without gaps. These units are bounded by linear load sion—Implosion, Papers in Theoretical Morphology 1. Pub bearing structural elements such as rods, or they themselves lished by Heresh Lalvani, New York, 1977, Library of Con represent load-bearing structural elements being areal. These gress Card Number: 77-81.420, FIG. 8 of “plate 27 on p. 67, structural elements are straight-lined or curved, respectively. p. 19 and p. 60). By this, the outside as well as the inside surface of a shell 25 However, the plane quad-meshes of the “Dual of FIG. 8 in according to the present invention is either Smooth or faceted “Plate 27 on p. 67 never would be able to be curved in a everywhere.
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