Development in Crisis: Livelihoods and Social Complexities in Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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Development in Crisis: Livelihoods and Social Complexities in Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Philosophiae Doctor PhD Thesis Noor Elahi Department of International Environment and Development Studies (Noragric) Faulty of Social Sciences Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NMBU, Norway Ås, 2105 Thesis number 2015:95 ISSN: 1894-6402 ISBN: 978-82-575-1330-6 i ii Table of Contents Table of contents --------------------------------------------------------------------------- iii List of Figures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ v Abbreviations ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ vi Acknowledgement ------------------------------------------------------------------------- viii Abstract ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x Sammendrag 1. Introduction --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 1.1 Choices of research and study area ------------------------------------------------- 4 1.2 Objectives of the research ------------------------------------------------------------ 6 1.3 Structure of the thesis ------------------------------------------------------------------ 6 2. Theoretical Framework ------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 2.1 Development in the postmodern world --------------------------------------------- 7 2.2 Gender and development ------------------------------------------------------------- 9 2.3 Livelihoods and gender relations ---------------------------------------------------- 11 2.4 The Context of crisis and post crises ------------------------------------------------ 13 2.5 Social and cultural perspective of pukhtoonwali ---------------------------------- 15 2.6 Participatory development and gender empowerment --------------------------- 17 3. Context of the Study area----------------------------------------------------------------- 19 3.1 The geography, economy and culture of Swat ---------------------------------- 19 3.1.1 Topography and climate ----------------------------------------------- 22 3.1.2 Area and land use ------------------------------------------------------- 23 3.2 Historical Context -------------------------------------------------------------------- 23 3.2.1 Early History --------------------------------------------------------- 23 3.2.2 History of the current militancy conflict and flood crises ----- 26 3.3 Development policies of Government of Pakistan in KPK and Swat --------- 27 4. Research perspectives, approach and methodology ------------------------------ 31 4.1 Methodology and selection of methods -------------------------------------------- 35 4.2 Sampling and selection of villages ------------------------------------------------- 36 4.2.1 Description of villages -------------------------------------------------- 37 4.3 Methods applied for data collection ------------------------------------------------ 39 4.3.1 Household survey -------------------------------------------------------- 40 4.3.2 Participant observation -------------------------------------------------- 41 4.3.3 Focus group discussion ------------------------------------------------- 42 4.3.4 Semi structure interviews ----------------------------------------------- 43 4.3.5 Key informants interviews ---------------------------------------------- 44 4.3.6 Informal interviews ------------------------------------------------------ 45 4.4 Secondary literature and sources ---------------------------------------------------- 46 4.5 Data analysis --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 47 iii 4.5.1 Trustworthiness and authenticity---------------------------------------- 47 4.6 Challenges in data collection ------------------------------------------------------ 49 4.7 Ethical Consideration --------------------------------------------------------------- 51 5. Synthesis of Research Papers -------------------------------------------------------- 51 6. Major findings of the research ---------------------------------------------------------- 56 6.1 Conflict and development perspectives ------------------------------------------ 57 6.1.1 Social and cultural transformation of Pukhtoonwali ------------- 59 6.1.2 Change in informal institutions ------------------------------------- 62 6.2 Gender inequality in accessing livelihood resources -------------------------- 64 6.3 Gender Empowerment and Change in gender relations ----------------------- 66 6.4 Humanitarian aid and its effects on participatory development -------------- 70 6.5 Constraints in development ------------------------------------------------------- 71 7. Conclusion ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 73 References ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 77 Part II Research Papers ------------------------------------------ 85 List of Papers Paper I. Elahi, N. Nyborg L.P. and Nawab, B. (2015). Participatory Development Practices: A Critical Analysis of Gender Empowerment and Development in pre- and post-crisis Swat, Pakistan Forum for Development Studies, 42(2), 333 – 356, Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08039410.2015.1025828 Paper II. Elahi, N. Nyborg, L.P. Ingrid and Nawab, B. (2015). Social and Cultural Perspectives of Gender Inequality in Accessing Livelihoods Resources in Northwestern Pakistan (Submitted to the Journal of South Asian Development, Reviewers comments received and incorporated and resubmitted for publication) (Article ID: JSAD-14-0180) Paper III. Elahi. N. Militancy conflicts and Displacement in Swat Valley of Pakistan: Analysis of Transformation of Social and Cultural Network (Manuscript) Paper IV. Elahi N. (2015). Constraints in Applying Participatory Development Strategies: An Analysis of Development Projects and Humanitarian Aid in northwest Pakistan (Submitted to ‘Progress in Development Studies’ and under review) iv Appendix Annex-A Semi structured interviews guides--------------------------------- 190 Annex-B Household survey ---------------------------------------------------- 196 List of Figures Figure 1: Map of Pakistan administrative divisions, the study area district Swat highlighted in green color ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20 Figure 2. Map of District Swat, highlighting sub divisional settlement and study area selected for this research (circled as red) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21 Figure 3: Methodological approach ------------------------------------------------------------------- 34 Table 1: Sample Size of the households and respondents ------------------------------------------- 37 v Abbreviations ADB Asia Development Bank CCBs Citizen Community Boards CERINA Conflict Early Recovery Initial Need Assessment CIP Community Infrastructure Project (1 & II) CPPR Center for Public Policy Research DFID Department for International Development EPS Environmental Protection Society ERRA Earthquake Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Authority FATA Federally Administrative Tribal Areas FGD Focused Group Discussion GAD Gender and Development GAF Gender Analysis framework GoP Government of Pakistan IDEA Initiative for Development and Empowerment Axis IDPs Internally Displaced Persons IRDP Integrated Rural Development Program KPK Khyber Pukhtoon Khawa LAF Livelihoods Analysis Framework LGO Local Government Ordinance MDGs Millennium Development Goals MRD Malakand Rural Development Program NGO Non-Governmental Organization NWFP North West Frontier Province PaRRSA Provincial, Reconstruction, Rehabilitation and Settlement Authority PATA Provincially Administrative Tribal Areas PDMA Provincial Disaster Management Authority PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal vi PRSP Pakistan Poverty Reduction Strategy RSPs Rural Support Programs SAP Social Action Program SDPI Sustainable Development Policy Institute TNSM Tehreek Nifaz-e- Shariait-e- Mohammadi (TNSM- Movement for the enforcement of Islamic Law) UCs Union Councils UNDP United Nations Development Program WB World Bank vii Acknowledgement Thanks to Almighty Allah for His kindness blessings in accomplishment of this thesis. First of all I would like to acknowledge the Noragric department of Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway and COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Abbottabad, Pakistan for providing financial support and opportunity to me under the project ‘Gender, Human Security and Development in post conflict Pakistan’, funded by Norwegian Research Council of Norway. This research would not have been possible without their financial support. I offer my most sincere feeling and thanks to my main supervisor, Associate Professor, Ingrid L. P. Nyborg (Noragric, NMBU) and Co-supervisor, Associate Professor, Bahadar Nawab (COMSATS, Pakistan) for their support, encouragement, guidance, comments and feedback provided to me throughout the study. Indeed, it is a great honour to accomplish this PhD thesis under their kind support. My heartiest thanks to all Noragric Academic, administrative, IT and account staff for providing me excellent response, whenever I came in contact with: Paul Wisborg, Randi Kaarhus, Gry Svnnevåg, Tor A. Benjaminsen, Josie Teurlings (PhD Coordinator), Ingunn Anderson, Nicole Ryzende, Anna Holm, Susan Brosstad, Joanna Boddens-Hosang, Anders Dysvik, Liv T. Ellingsen, , Darley Kjosavik and Ian Bryceson. I express my gratitude