The Impact of Bob Dylan on the Beatles
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The Impact of Bob Dylan on the Beatles Diplomarbeit zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades einer Magistra der Philosophie an der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz vorgelegt von Julia LAMMER Am Institut für Anglistik Begutachter: Ao. Univ. Prof. Mag. Dr.phil. Hugo Keiper Graz, 2016 Eidesstattliche Erklärung Ich erkläre ehrenwörtlich, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit selbständig und ohne fremde Hilfe verfasst, andere als die angegebenen Quellen nicht benützt und die den benutzten Quellen wörtlich oder inhaltlich entnommenen Stellen als solche kenntlich gemacht habe. Ich habe diese Diplomarbeit bisher weder im In- noch im Ausland in irgendeiner Form als Prüfungsarbeit vorgelegt. Graz, Mai 2016 ……………………............ Julia Lammer I Diese Arbeit ist nur eine unter vielen – aber die Menschen, die dahinterstehen sind einzigartig! Ich möchte meiner Familie, ganz besonders meinen Eltern, für ihre finanzielle und moralische Unterstützung während meiner Studienzeit danken. Von Herzen danken will ich auch meinem Freund Franz für sein Verständnis und seine aufbauenden Worte während der letzten Monate, die ich größtenteils über Büchern und vor dem Computer verbracht habe. Des Weiteren möchte ich mich auch bei meinem Betreuer Ao. Univ. Prof. Mag. Dr.phil. Hugo Keiper für seine gewissenhafte Betreuung, seine Ratschläge und seine Zeit bedanken. Ein großer Dank gilt auch dem Team der Fachbibliothek für Anglistik und Amerikanistik, für ihre tatkräftige Unterstützung bei der Beschaffung meiner verwendeten Literatur. Zu guter Letzt möchte ich mich bei all meinen Freunden für die motivierenden und bereichernden Gespräche während der Diplomarbeitsphase bedanken. II TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1 2. Terminology ............................................................................................................ 3 2.1. Song Sections ................................................................................................... 3 2.1.1. Verse ................................................................................................................ 3 2.1.2. Refrain ............................................................................................................. 3 2.1.3. Pre-Chorus ....................................................................................................... 4 2.1.4. Chorus .............................................................................................................. 5 2.1.5. Bridge ............................................................................................................... 5 2.2. Song Forms ..................................................................................................... 5 2.3. Hook Line ........................................................................................................ 6 3. The Beatles .............................................................................................................. 6 3.1. Formation, Rise and Career ............................................................................. 6 3.2. The Beatles’ Musical Development ................................................................ 7 3.2.1. The Songwriters: John Lennon and Paul McCartney ...................................... 8 3.2.2. The Beatles’ Early Song Forms ....................................................................... 9 3.2.3. The Beatles’ Musical Formation over the Years ........................................... 10 4. Bob Dylan .............................................................................................................. 15 4.1. Early Years and Career ................................................................................. 15 4.2. Bob Dylan’s Musical Style ........................................................................... 15 4.2.1. The History of the American Folk Song ........................................................ 16 4.2.2. The Beginning of the Folk Music Trend in the 1960s ................................... 19 4.2.3. Dylan’s Musical Background ........................................................................ 21 4.2.4. Early Influences and Debut Album ............................................................... 22 4.2.5. Protest Music of the 1960s Folk Revival ....................................................... 25 4.2.5.1. Dylan’s Protest Folk Music ................................................................. 27 4.2.6. Bob Dylan’s Song Style: Characteristics ....................................................... 31 III 4.2.6.1. Song Form ........................................................................................... 31 4.2.6.2. Characteristics derived from the British Street Ballads and American Folk and Protest Songs ....................................................................... 32 4.2.6.3. Surreal Imagery .................................................................................. 38 4.2.6.4. Introspective Lyrics ............................................................................ 39 5. Similarities and Differences between Bob Dylan and The Beatles .................. 40 5.1. Music ................................................................................................................ 40 5.2. Lyrics ............................................................................................................... 42 6. The Impact of Bob Dylan on the Beatles ............................................................ 43 6.1. First Contact ..................................................................................................... 44 6.2. Dylan’s Impact on Individual Members of the Beatles ................................... 45 6.3. Dylan’s Influence on the Beatles’ Work .......................................................... 46 6.3.1. Dylan’s Influence on the Beatles’ Music ....................................................... 47 6.3.2. Dylan’s Influence on the Beatles’ Lyrics ...................................................... 49 6.3.2.1. Similarities in Language Use ............................................................. 49 6.3.2.2. Topics ................................................................................................. 51 6.3.2.3. Introspective Lyrics ............................................................................ 53 6.3.2.4. Surreal Imagery .................................................................................. 55 6.3.3. “I’m A Loser” ................................................................................................ 57 6.3.4. “You’ve Got To Hide Your Love Away” ...................................................... 59 7. Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 63 8. Bibliography ......................................................................................................... 66 9. Appendix: Lyrics .................................................................................................. 71 IV 1. Introduction 1 1. Introduction “Anyone who is one of the best in his field – as Dylan is – is bound to influence people.” – John Lennon1 No other band in the history of popular music has had such a lasting influence on pop and rock music as the Beatles. By opening up a wide scope of possibilities as true innovators in musical style, they paved the way for countless musicians and bands that followed. The Beatles musical and cultural influence extends into the 21st century and their iconic music fascinates people even today. However, when it comes to their music, the Beatles themselves drew inspiration from a number of sources, many of which can be ascribed to the influences of other musicians and bands. One of these influences was the exceptional artist, Bob Dylan. The main aim of this thesis is to evaluate Dylan’s impact on the Beatles’ music and development as musicians by investigating their work. Based on information gathered in secondary literature, and by analyzing the Beatles’ music and lyrics, the thesis will try to determine to what extent and in which manner Dylan affected them. In the first part of this thesis, a short list of important terms regarding song structure and song forms is given, in order to provide the reader with the necessary knowledge of song analysis. After that, the thesis continues by giving an overview of the Beatles formation and rise, followed by an outline of the band’s musical and lyrical development over the years. Aside from the Beatles, Bob Dylan is among the most talented musicians that have ever appeared on the Rock scene. Over the years, Dylan has covered various different genres, including folk, blues, pop and rock, never letting himself be defined by one particular genre. However, only Dylan’s early years as a musician are of interest with respect to his impact on the Beatles. At the beginning of his career, Dylan was greatly influenced by the protest music movement of the 1960s folk revival. Therefore, this thesis contains a detailed description of the backgrounds of the American folk revival, including the musical influences that most 1 Quoted in: Turner, Steve (1994). A Hard Day’s Write: The Stories Behind Every Beatles’ Song. 2nd ed. Zürich: Olms. p. 65. 1. Introduction 2 helped shape Dylan’s musical style at that time. Furthermore, this thesis attempts to characterize Dylan’s song style in order to