Simon & Garfunkel Created by Group 2 Kao-wei Chen, Rebecca Galarowicz, Briany Kelly, David Oberg, Nikolas Sell Kao-wei Chen Why Simon & Garfunkel?

They were one of the first folk performers make it big in the music industry and became future role models for the upcoming generaon of folk rock singers.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SimonandGarfunkel.jpg Background Informaon

• Real Names • Paul Simon • Art Garfunkel • Both were born 1941, sll alive today • First met each other in elementary school • Realized their potenal when singing together Doo-wop songs found on the radio at an early age

hp://www.last.fm/music/Simon+&+Garfunkel/ +images/138461 Beginning of Simon & Garfunkel

• At age 16, they recorded their first single composed by Simon tled ‘’Hey Schoolgirl’’ • Peaked at the top 50 on the Billboard under Tom & Jerry • Late 50s/early 60s- both worked together ocassionally but were solo acts during this me • 1964, release of their debut album ‘’Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M.’’ • release did poorly • 1964-1965, Tom Wilson, a folk-rock producer, revised Simon’s & Garfunkel’s track tled ‘’The Sound of Silence’’ and released it in the market • Track rose to #1 in 1965 • Song was edited by incorporang electric bass, guitar and drums The High & End Life of S&G v 1966, placed 3 albums and four singles in the top 30 of the Billboard v E.g. ‘’The Sound of Silence’’, ‘’I Am A Rock’’, and ‘’Parsely, Sage, Rosemary & Thyme’’ v 1966-1969, their career was at a turning point v Wring of songs and recording significantly took longer v Simon’s & Garfunkel’s relaonship started souring v 1970, release of their last original album tled ‘’Bridge Over Troubled Water’’ v Topped US album charts for over 10 weeks v Sold over 13 million copies World Wide v Took 2 Years to record v 1970 marked the official breakup of Simon & Garfunkel Post S&G Life

• Simon & Garfunkel both pursued solo careers at the dawn of the new decade (1970s) • Simon wrote and recorded wry and angst- filled songs sung in different ethnic accents • Garfunkel recorded songs tended towards adult-oriented pop • 1990, Simon & Garfunkel were inducted into Rock and Roll Hall of Fame • In the 21st Century the duo reunited to put on performances around globe • Most recent performance was in 2010 at the New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Fesval Importance of S&G

• First folk performers to reach new heights in the music industry with their album ‘’Bridge Over Troubled Water’’, which sold over 3 million copies • Lyrics & the group have been referenced in television series such as ‘’Friends’’, ‘’The Simpsons’’, and ‘’SNL’’

hp://www.last.fm/music/Simon+&+Garfunkel/+images/ 138461 Musical Style

• Simons and Garfunkel’s style combined elements of folk, rock, and Pop

• Despite their clean sound, they appealed to a wide range of listeners during the tumultuous 60s

• Ulized poec messages and internaonal musical styles to modernise folk-rock

hp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/ SimonandGarfunkel.jpg/250px-SimonandGarfunkel.jpg Musical Style (connued)

• The duo, were it not for Simon’s background in Pop music, may have been remembered as simply another folk act

• Similaries are apparent between Simon and Garfunkel’s music and other folk- rock of the me, including the story-telling feel and a much calmer sound than mainstream rock ‘n’ roll

• Important differences are what separates this duo: – ‘’Sound of Silence’’ is an example which clearly stands out from other folk-rock, with its use of electric guitars, bass, and drums – Their impressive use of poetry set them apart – Ability to fuse popular sound with sophiscated and clean song-wring gained them a wide audience Musical Style (connued)

• Other defining features of their music include: – Close harmonies reminiscent of the Everly Brothers – Lyrics which commonly featured social commentary (these encouraged peace and projected calm in a me of great polical, social, and military unrest) – In their later years, a wider range of influences from sounds around the world

hp://i2.listal.com/image/1672585/600full- simon-%26-garfunkel.jpg Musical Style (connued)

• Their innovave combinaon of folk and rock music furthered the popularity of this trend during their me

• However, while their musical style is memorable and unique, the greatest impact of their music was a social one – Song lyrics spoke to the counterculture of the 1960s – Messages of their songs discouraged hate and embraced love and peace – Even today, the feelings invoked through their music are sll relevant and tangible to listeners Musical Style (connued)

• The musical differences of Simon and Garfunkel became apparent once they broke up for good

• Paul Simon: – Clearly the driving force behind the duo’s songwring, this ability shone through in his solo career – Achieved comparable success as a solo arst as when he belonged to Simon and Garfunkel – Incorporated more challenging aspects, such as complex me signatures, into his solo music – His individual style was quite different as well, with influences anywhere from South Africa, to Andean mountain music, to gospel

• Art Garfunkel: – Went on to a far less successful solo career – Dabbled in acng and some singing

hp://greenobles.com/data_images/paul- hp://www.nndb.com/people/ simon/paul-simon-05.jpg 724/000022658/garfunkel- sm.jpg Other Arsts of the Period

Although Simon & Garfunkel had one of the most unique folk rock sounds, there are several arsts with similaries including the Beatles, The Lovin’ Spoonful, The Mama’s & The Papa’s, and Bob Dylan. Concurrent Music- The Beatles

•The Beatles’ Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band album set the precedent for concept albums like Simon & Garfunkel’s Bookends album. • “Old Friends” has a large orchestra accompaniment that builds a wall of sound, similar to http://www.pollsb.com/photos/o/320202- “A Day in the Life” by the Beatles sgt_pepper_s_lonely_hearts_club_band.jpg Concurrent Music- The Lovin’ Spoonful

•The Lovin’ Spoonful were a folk rock group with a similar sound to Simon & Garfunkel •Their song “Daydream”, has a similar sound and instrumentaon to Simon and Garfunkel’s “Mrs.

Robinson” http://image.lyricspond.com/image/t/artist-the-lovin-spoonful/album-the-lovin- spoonful-greatest-hits/cd-cover.jpg Concurrent Music- The Mamas & The Papas

• The Mamas and the Papas’ folk rock music was similar to Simon & Garfunkel’s in its sound and form. • Their song “California Dreamin’” has a similar form to Simon & Garfunkel’s “America”. http://www.jasondunn.com/albumart/images/ the_mamas_and_the_papas_california_dreamin__1994.jpg Concurrent Music- Bob Dylan

• Bob Dylan was one of the major influences of the folk music movement, and is even considered one of the creators of folk rock • His lyrics influenced many of the arsts of the me including Simon and Garfunkel, who did covers of Dylan’s songs in their early career.

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Zde-OxOYou4/TINiSHncTJI/ AAAAAAAAA78/nBCP-n3nurI/s1600/bob_dylan6.jpg Concurrent Music: Everly Brothers

• The Everly Brothers melded country with the emerging rock and roll of the fiies and greatly influenced Simon and Garfunkel through their style • Cover songs • Toured with Simon and Garfunkel (in support) on their Old Friends Tour • “Hey Schoolgirl”, “Bye, Bye Love”, “Wake Up Lile Susie”

http://progbeat-vvche.blogspot.com/2010/08/everly- brothers-two-yanks-in-england.html Concurrent Music: Peter, Paul and Mary

• A folk singer, a comedian, and a Broadway actress created one of the most popular folk group that created contemporary folk music • Helped launch many songwriter’s careers • Influenced Simon and Garfunkel’s folk roots and

http://greenobles.com/photos/peter,paul-and-mary/01/ musical style Popular Music of that Time Period

• Other popular arsts during the me period of Simon and Garfunkel include: – Rolling Stones – Bob Dylan – Beach Boys – Beatles – Jimi Hendrix http://emol.org/music/tina/ http://www.clashmusic.com/artists/ – Led Zeppelin peterpaulmary.html the-beach-boys – The Who – Jackson Five

http://whitgunn.freeservers.com/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Davemusic/L/led-zeppelin/led- The_Beatles zeppelin-iv.html Polical & Social Influences

• Simon and Garfunkel were known for their strong polical views in their music. In the me period when they became a group, there was a change in music. People started wring what they called ‘Protest Songs’. A Protest Song is a song that is associated with a movement of social change.

http://blog.interexchange.org/career-training-usa/ http://www.britannica.com/blogs/2009/01/2-the- 2012/05/10/u-s-involvement-in-the-vietnam-war/ vietnam-war-top-10-mistakes-by-us-presidents/ Polical & Social Influences (connued) • Some of Simon and Garfunkel’s “Protest Songs” would include: – Seven O Clock News/Silent Night • Was for the general condemnaon of the war – Sound of Silence • This song was not intended to be an an-war song but people of that me interpreted it that way – Last Night I Had the Strangest Dream • At the end of the song it says “I dreamed the world had all agreed to put an end to war” Polical & Social Influences (connued)

• Some polical and social events of that me period that had an affect on some of their music include: – The war in Vietnam – The Cold War – Civil Rights Act of 1964 – John F. Kennedy’s Presidency – Naonal Vong Rights Act of 1965 Musical Analysis: Sound of Silence revised rock-folk version

• Instrumentaon: acousc version “over- dubbed” with electric bass, electric guitar and drums to transform it into the revised rock- folk version • Meter and Beat Subdivision: Quadruple meter with duple subdivision – Strongest beats are on 2 and 4 (backbeat) – Two equal notes Musical Analysis: Sound of Silence revised rock-folk version

• Texture: homophony, with melody and accompaniment – Paul and Art harmonized, creang chords • Form – macrostructure: ABAAB – Microstructure: aabbcde and aabbccd

Musical Analysis: Sound of Silence revised rock-folk version

(a) Hello darkness, my old friend (a) I’ve come to talk to you again (a) “Fools,” said I, “You do not know (b) Because a vision soly creeping (a) Silence like a cancer grows (b) Le its seed while I was sleeping (b) Hear my words that I might teach you (c) And the vision that was planted in my brain (b) Take my arms that I might reach you” (d) Sll remains (c) But my words like silent raindrops fell (e) Within the sound of silence (d) And Echoed

(e) In the wells of silence (a) In restless dreams I walked alone

(a) Narrow streets of cobblestone (a) And the people bowed and prayed (b) “Neath the halo of a street lamp (a) To the neon god they made (b) I turned my collar to the cold and damp (be) and the sign flashed out its warning (c) When my eyes were stabbed by the flash of the neon light (b) In the words that it was forming (c) That split the night (c) And the sign said, “the words of the prophets are wrien on the (d) And touched the sound of silence subway walls

(d) And tenement halls” (a) And in the naked light I saw (e) And whispered in the sounds of silence. (a) Ten thousand people, maybe more (b) People talking without speaking (b) People hearing without listening (c) People wring songs that voices never share (d) And no one dared (e) Disturb the sound of silence Text Citaon

Biography (2012). The Official Simon & Garfunkel Site. Retrieved May 29, 2012 from hp:// www.simonandgarfunkel.com/us/content/biography. Birkline, R. (2003). Protest music. Retrieved from hp://www.shsu.edu/~lis_fwh/book/american_renaissance /Protest%20Music2.htm Cooke, D. (2000). Folk Music. In S. Pendergast & T. Pendergast (Eds.), St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture (Vol. 2, pp. 123-126). Detroit: St. James Press. Fontenot, R. (2012). Profile: Simon and Garfunkel. Retrieved from: hp://oldies.about.com/od/60srockers/p /simongarfunkel.htm. Hochadel. L., A. (n.d.) Simon and Garfunkel: arsts of all the ages. Wright State University. Retrieved from hp://www.wright.edu/cola/Dept/eng/blakelock/rockweb2/rockpgs/w97/hochade1b.html Holden, S. (2012). Paul Simon. In Encyclopedia Brianica. Retrieved from: hp://www.britannica.com/ EBchecked/topic/545201/Paul-Simon. Jayatunge, R. (2010). Simon and Garfunkel – Beyond Music and Rhythm. Lankaweb. Retrieved from hp:// www.lankaweb.com/news/items/2010/04/20/simon-and-garfunkel-beyond-music-and- rhythm/. Kingston, V. (1998). Simon and Garfunkel: The Biography. New York: From Internaonal McLeod, K. (2000). Simon and Garfunkel. In S. Pendergast & T. Pendergast (Eds.), St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture (Vol. 4, pp. 399-401). Detroit: St. James Press.

Text Citaon (connued)

Santoro, G. (2011). Paul Simon: A Life. American History, 46(1), 73. Scoppa, Bud (2010). Simon & Garfunkel Biography. Rock And Roll Hall of Fame + Museum. Retrieved May 29, 2012 fromhp://rockhall.com/inductees/simon-and-garfunkel/bio/. Simon and Garfunkel: Biography (n.d.). Guardian. Retreived from hp://www.guardian.co.uk/music/ simonandgarfunkel/. Simon & Garfunkel Career Timeline (2012). The Official Simon & Garfunkel Site. Retrieved May 29, 2012 from hp://www.simonandgarfunkel.com/us/meline. Streich, M. (2010). Vietnam war protest music. American History Suite 101. Retrieved from hp://suite101. com/arcle/vietnam-war-protest-music-a241943 Stuessy, J. Lipscomb, S. Rock and Roll: Its History and Stylisc Development. Pearson. The 1960s Arts and Entertainment: Topics in the News. (2003). In J. L. Carnagie, R. Nagel, S. Pendergast, & T. Pendergast (Eds.), UXL American Decades (Vol. 7, pp. 8-20). Detroit: UXL. Unterberger, R. (2012). Simon & Garfunkel. All Music. Retrieved from hp://www.allmusic.com/arst/simon- garfunkel-mn0000038936. Unterberger, R (n.d.). Simon & Garfunkel: Similar Arsts. Retrieved from hp://www.allmusic.com/arst/ simon-garfunkel-mn0000038936/related Warner, Jay (n.d.). Peter, Paul and Mary. Retrieved from hp://www.vocalgroup.org/inductees/ peter_paul_mary.html

Image Citaon

320202-sgt_pepper_s_lonely_hearts_club_band [JPEG file] (n.d.). Pollsb. Retrieved from hp:// www.pollsb.com/photos/o/320202-sgt_pepper_s_lonely_hearts_club_band.jpg Akingtoniex (May 10, 2012). Interexchange Blog. Retrieved from hp://blog.interexchange.org/career-training- usa/2012/05/10/u-s-involvement-in-the-vietnam-war/ Alvarez, Tina (1996). Three & A Half Decades of Peter, Paul & Mary. Peter, Paul and Mary. Retrieved from hp://emol.org/music/na/peterpaulmary.html Bob_dylan6 [JPEG file] (n.d.). BlogPost. Retrieved from hp://2.bp.blogspot.com/_ZdeOxOYou4/TINiSHnc TJI/AAAAAAAAA78/nBCPn3nurI/s1600/bob_dylan6.jpg Cd-cover [JPEG file] (n.d.). Lyrics Pond. Retrieved from hp://image.lyricspond.com/image/t/arst-the-lovin- spoonful/album-the-lovin-spoonful-greatest-hits/cd-cover.jpg Craughwell, Thomas (Janurary 22, 2009). #2: The Vietnam War (Top 10 Mistakes by U.S. Presidents). Britannica Blog. Retrieved from hp://www.britannica.com/blogs/2009/01/2-the-vietnam-war-top-10- mistakes-by-us-presidents/ Full-simon-garfunkel [JPEG File] (n.d.).Listal. Retrieved from hp://i2.listal.com/image/1672585/600full-simon- %26-garfunkel.jpg Garfunkel-sm [JPEG file] (n.d.). NNDB. Retrieved from hp://www.nndb.com/people/724/000022658/ garfunkel-sm.jpg Led Zeppelin IV (March 27, 2011). Led Zeppelin. Retrieved from hp://whitgunn.freeservers.com/Davemusic/ L/ led-zeppelin/led-zeppelin-iv.html

Image Citaon (connued)

Paul-Simon-05 [JPEG file] (n.d.). Greenobles. Retrieved from hp://greenobles.com/data_images/paul- simon/paul-simon-05.jpg Peter, Paul And Mary (n.d.). Greenobles. Retrieved from hp://greenobles.com/photos/peter,paul-and- mary/01/ SimondandGarfunkel [JPEG file] (n.d.). Wikimedia. Retrieved from hp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/thumb/e/e5/SimonandGarfunkel.jpg/250px-SimonandGarfunkel.jpg The Beach Boys Surfin’American Hit Makers (n.d.). The Beach Boys. Retrieved from hp://www.clashmusic. com/arsts/the-beach-boys The Beatles (n.d.). Wikipedia. Retrieved from hp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles The_mamas_and_the_papas_california_dreamin_1994 [JPEG file] (n.d.). Retrieved from hp://www.jason dunn.com/albumart/images/the_mamas_and_the_papas_california_dreamin__1994.jpg Xpreeststar (March 04, 2007). Simon & Garfunkel Pictures. Last F.M. Retrieved May 29, 2012 from hp:// www.last.fm/music/Simon+&+Garfunkel/+images/138461 Vvche (August 29, 2010). The Everly Brothers – Two Yanks in England in 1966 (USA, Beat, Rockabilly). Music 60- 70. Retrieved from hp://progbeat-vvche.blogspot.com/2010/08/everly-brothers-two-yanks-in- england.html

Long Live Simon & Garfunkel