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Ormewood Avenue Bridge LBS Designation Report

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Ormewood Avenue Bridge LBS Designation Report ATTACHMENT “A” TO THE NOMINATION RESOLUTION KEISHA LANCE 55 TRINITY AVENUE, S.W. SUITE 3350 - ATLANTA, GEORGIA 30303-0308 TIM KEANE BOTTOMS 404-330-6145 - FAX: 404-658-7491 Commissioner MAYOR www.atlantaga.gov KEVIN BACON, AIA, AICP Director, Office of Design Designation Report for Ormewood Avenue Bridge Landmark Building / Site (LBS) In Accordance with Section 16-20.005(d) of the City of Atlanta Code of Ordinances Street Address: 832 & 841 Ormewood Ave SE, & the Atlanta Beltline Corridor SE. Application Number: N-21-311 / D-21-311 Proposed Category of Designation: Landmark Building/Site (LBS) Zoning Categories at Time of Designation: R-4 / Beltline District: 22 Land Lot: 14 County: Fulton Designation Report Sections: 1. Eligibility Criteria 2. Minimum Findings 3. Physical Description of the Property 4. Developmental History 5. Period of Significance 6. Bibliography 7. Contributing / Non-Contributing Structures 8. Potential for Transfer of Development Rights and Economic Incentives 9. General Boundary Description 10. Boundary Justification 11. General Plat Map 12. Current Photographs 13. Exhibits Except as noted below, Sections #1 - #7 and #12 - 13 of this Designation Report are based on, incorporate the research completed by, contain documents compiled by, and include text prepared by the Atlanta Preservation Center and shall be considered part of the Director’s “research” as required in Section 16- 20.005(d) for the preparation of a Designation Report for a proposed nomination. Designation Report: Ormewood Avenue Bridge Landmark Building / Site (LBS) – Page 1 of 28 ATTACHMENT “A” TO THE NOMINATION RESOLUTION 1. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA As more fully described in this Designation Report, the Ormewood Avenue Landmark Building / Site (LBS) meets the following criteria for a Landmark Building / Site (LBS), as defined in Section 16-20.004(b)(2)(a): Group I - Historic Significance: Three (3) total criteria - if qualifying under this group alone, at least one (1) criterion must be met. The Ormewood Avenue Bridge Landmark Building / Site (LBS) meets (1) criteria: (2) The Ormewood Avenue Bridge Landmark Building / Site is associated with the railroad transportation history / trend that directly contributed to and shaped the development of the City of Atlanta in particular, and the Southeastern United States in general. The city began as a railroad junction in the 1830s, officially incorporated as a city in 1843, and expanded to the largest city in Georgia by 1900. Built from 1899-1900, the Ormewood Avenue Bridge is on a southeast portion of what is now the Atlanta Beltline, which was the last portion of the railroad line to be built. This portion of the Atlanta Beltline was constructed by the Atlanta Belt Railroad Company (a subsidiary of the Atlanta and West Point Railroad) in order to bypass the already crowded city center railroad hub and was used to transport the raw materials and building materials that built Atlanta into the city it is today. Group II: Architectural Significance: Eleven (11) total criteria - if qualifying under this group alone, at least five (5) criterion must be met. The Ormewood Avenue Bridge Landmark Building / Site meets (6) criteria: (1) The Ormewood Avenue Bridge Landmark Building / Site (LBS) clearly dominates and is strongly identified in the street scene as the gateway, boundary, but also a connector between the historic residential neighborhoods of Ormewood Park to the east and Grant Park to the west. Ormewood Avenue is one of four east-west streets that crosses the railroad corridor connecting Grant Park and Ormewood Park and in particular connects Boulevard, SE to Moreland Avenue, SE to Flat Shoals Avenue, SE in East Atlanta. It is one of the few streets in southeast Atlanta to connect these three significant transportation corridors. The neighborhood of Ormewood Park was developed starting in 1892. A construction boom following World War I resulted in prefabricated and catalog houses springing up in the area, such that development progressed with multiple architectural styles being represented in the neighborhood near the Ormewood Avenue Bridge. The neighborhood contains mostly 1920s to 1940s one and two story houses. The neighborhood of Grant Park was developed in 1883 by one of Atlanta’s earliest settlers, Colonel Lemuel P. Grant. Colonel Grant set aside 100 acres of his estate to create the first public Designation Report: Ormewood Avenue Bridge Landmark Building / Site (LBS) – Page 2 of 28 ATTACHMENT “A” TO THE NOMINATION RESOLUTION city park – Grant Park. Atlanta’s city limits expanded to include the park’s acreage, plus an additional 44 acres purchased in 1890 and in 1909, the Olmsted Brothers planned numerous developments for the park. Today, Grant Park is the oldest city park in Atlanta. The neighborhood of Grant Park is known for its Victorian architecture, however the area to the west of the Ormewood Avenue Bridge (which is the eastern portion of the neighborhood of Grant Park) contains mostly one and two story, 1920s to 1940s residences, indicating a later period of development. Grant Park is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and designated by the City of Atlanta as a Historic District under the City’s Historic Preservation Ordinance. As such, the Ormewood Avenue Bridge was present during the development of both of these historic neighborhoods. The Bridge was not present before the cultivation of these neighborhoods. The Ormewood Avenue Bridge maintains a visually prominent position along the Ormewood Avenue SE corridor due to its height, scale, and the grade of slope amongst the surrounding building fabric. (4) The Ormewood Avenue Bridge Landmark Building / Site (LBS) invokes the stylistic attributes of Romanesque Revival that is extremely rare in the City of Atlanta. The wide rounded arch supported by massive engaged pilasters and a concrete “cap” imply elements of this high architectural style. (5) The Ormewood Avenue Bridge Landmark Building / Site (LBS) has an exceptionally unique style as a closed spandrel deck arch bridge, and unique structure type as an early example of a cast in place concrete railroad bridge. (The remaining railroad bridges in the surrounding area are constructed of brick masonry or steel.) A closed spandrel deck arch bridge consists of solid, or closed, arch supported vertical sidewalls, or spandrels, and the traffic ran on a deck atop the arch. “The most famous and prolific of the engineers who promoted such arches was Daniel B. Luten. He was one of the nation’s most influential bridge engineers of the early 20th century, a tireless promoter of reinforced concrete, and a shrewd entrepreneur who established a nationwide business of affiliated contracting companies specializing in his patented reinforced concrete bridges.” Luten Bridge Company did have an office in Atlanta, Georgia, however research has shown that he was still living in Indiana at the time of this Bridge’s construction. Unfortunately, no concrete evidence has been found to support who designed the Ormewood Avenue Bridge, and no plaque has been located on the bridge, although the design of this bridge is similar to those of Luten’s patented designs. (8) The Ormewood Avenue Bridge Landmark Building / Site (LBS) is associated with significant advances in technology and methods of construction, specifically the use of cast in place concrete with internal steel reinforcement as a building methodology in a significant, load bearing structural manner. Considering cast in place, and reinforced, concrete dates back to the 1850s and started being used for bridges in the 1880s - 1890s, the significant strides made in technology in order to use the material in a structural manner and hold significant weight is noteworthy. Ormewood Bridge is an early example of cast in place concrete bridge not only in the City, but also the State of Georgia. The Ormewood Avenue Bridge is a tangible piece and visual cue to the iconic example of the railroad history that made the City of Atlanta. Not only including Designation Report: Ormewood Avenue Bridge Landmark Building / Site (LBS) – Page 3 of 28 ATTACHMENT “A” TO THE NOMINATION RESOLUTION railroad and bridge construction technology, but also the advancement of the city’s, region’s and even nation’s, reliance on railroad transportation for goods distribution. The United Avenue Bridge, constructed in 1914 on Confederate Avenue and renamed after the Civil War, was located south of the Ormewood Avenue Bridge as the only other remaining bridge that also utilized steel in its construction along the southeastern portion of the Beltline. The United Avenue Bridge was demolished under emergency order due to structural damage in July 2020. The structural damage included a crack in one of its steel support beams and the bending of several others, likely due to tractor trailer trucks coming into contact with the underside of the bridge due to height limitations. The demolition order was conducted by Atlanta Beltline Inc. with the Georgia Department of Transportation. Due to the demolition of the United Avenue Bridge, the Ormewood Avenue Bridge is now the last remaining historic bridge on the southeastern portion of the Atlanta BeltLine. (10) The Ormewood Avenue Bridge Landmark Building / Site (LBS) has virtually all character- defining elements intact. The cast in place concrete with reinforced steel structure, the wide rounded arch, and the pilasters are all intact. There are remnants of a single railroad bed, including sections of rail, spikes and ties that can be found under the vegetation. Although the side railings are now missing, the iron posts are still intact. (11) The Ormewood Avenue Bridge Landmark Building / Site’s (LBS) original site orientation is maintained. The Ormewood Avenue Bridge has not been moved or been altered from its historic location crossing Ormewood Avenue SE. The adjacent neighborhoods’ streetscape close to the bridge, including road widths and setbacks appear to be consistent with the original and subsequent periods of development of each neighborhood reinforcing the integral visual relationship between the bridge and its surroundings.
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