Enemies of Mankind the Erik Castrén Institute Monographs on International Law and Human Rights
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Enemies of Mankind The Erik Castrén Institute Monographs on International Law and Human Rights General Editor Martti Koskenniemi VOLUME 18 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/ilmc Enemies of Mankind Vattel’s Theory of Collective Security By Walter Rech LEIDEN • BOSTON 2013 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rech, Walter. Enemies of mankind : Vattel’s theory of collective security / by Walter Rech. pages cm. -- (The Erik Castren Institute monographs on international law and human rights ; volume 18) Revised version of thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Melbourne, Melbourne Law School, 2012. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-25434-3 (hardback : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-90-04-25435-0 (e-book) 1. Vattel, Emer de, 1714-1767. Droit des gens. 2. International law--History. 3. War (International law)-- History. I. Title. KZ2414.R43 2013 341--dc23 2013018787 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 1568-2765 ISBN 978-90-04-25434-3 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-25435-0 (e-book) Copyright 2013 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. <UN> <UN> For Amandine, Annamaria and Luciano <UN> <UN> <UN> <UN> CONTENTS Abstract .......................................................................................................................xi Foreword .................................................................................................................. xiii Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................xv Introduction ................................................................................................................1 Vattel’s Life ............................................................................................................... 19 PART ONE ENEMIES OF MANKIND OUTSIDE EUROPE 1. Pirates and Robber Nations ........................................................................... 27 Vattel on Heinous Crimes and the Preservation of Human Society ......................................................................................................... 27 Cicero’s Invention of a Common Enemy of All .................................... 29 From Common Enemies of All to Enemies of Mankind .................... 35 The Dichotomy of Piracy and Privateering and Its Problematic Implementation ....................................................................................... 38 Vattel on the Law of Piracy ........................................................................ 40 Barbary Corsairs ............................................................................................ 43 2. The Barbary Issue in Early-Modern Legal Doctrine ................................ 49 Bodin and the Sovereignty Argument ..................................................... 50 Manipulating Universal Enmity: Gentili ................................................ 54 Grotius and the Recovery of the ‘Ancient Law of Nations’ ............... 64 Belligerent Equality and Its Collateral Effects: Pufendorf ................. 70 Revisiting the Grotian Paradigm: Heinrich and Samuel von Cocceji ................................................................................................ 85 The Pragmatic Legalisation of Barbary Warfare: Bynkershoek........ 95 The International Legal Pluralism of the Laws of War ....................... 98 3. Universalising the European Law of Nations: Vattel’s Rejection of the International Legal Pluralism of the Laws of War .....................105 <UN> <UN> viii contents Vattel’s Four Requirements for Lawful Warfare.................................106 Repressing International Deviance to Perpetuate Moderate Eighteenth Century Warfare ..............................................................110 Vattel’s Criminalisation of Barbary Warfare in Opposition to the Pluralists .......................................................................................112 Custom versus Reason: Vattel on the Legal Effects of Barbary Warfare .....................................................................................................119 Harsh Punishment for ‘Uncivilised’ International Offenders .........125 PART TWO ENEMIES OF MANKIND WITHIN EUROPE 4. Guilty Sovereigns: Warmongers and Violators of the Laws of War .................................................................................................................131 From Barbary to Europe ...........................................................................132 The Collective Security System of the Holy Roman Empire ...........133 The Issue of Security in Pufendorf’s Critique of the Holy Roman Empire ......................................................................................................134 Frederick II of Prussia as a Notorious Warmonger ............................138 The Reichsexekution against Frederick II .............................................140 Vattel’s Letter of Protest against the Invasion of Saxony .................144 Vattel’s Conception of Individual Responsibility for International Crimes, and Its Limitations .................................................................149 Warmongers and Collective Security according to Wolff and Vattel .........................................................................................................153 The Laws of War in the Droit des gens ..................................................158 Compliance with the Laws of War in the Eighteenth Century ......160 The Status of the Laws of War in the Pre-Vattelian Doctrine .........162 Novelty of Vattel’s Approach to the Laws of War ..............................166 Civilised Warfare and Its Enemies .........................................................168 5. Disturbers of the Balance of Power ............................................................171 Law and Politics in Vattel’s Conception of the Balance of Power ....................................................................................................171 Leibniz’s Attack on Louis XIV as the Disturber of the European Equilibrium .............................................................................................174 The Critique of the Balance of Power Theory in Wolff’s Jus gentium...............................................................................................176 Wolff’s Doctrine of Just War and Collective Security .......................181 <UN> <UN> contents ix Vattel on the Balance of Power and Collective Security ..................182 Treaties and Treaty Breakers ...................................................................189 6. Tyrants ...............................................................................................................193 Tyranny as a Legal Issue: The Bartolian Paradigm and Its Re-elaboration in the Vindiciae contra tyrannos ...........................193 Vattel on Tyranny .......................................................................................200 The Tyrant as an Enemy of Mankind and the Right of Resistance ...........................................................................................204 Vattel’s Assimilation of Civil War with International Armed Conflict .....................................................................................................209 Hobbes on Tyrants and Rebels as Equal Warring Parties ................214 Vattel’s View of Civil War as a Matter of Effectiveness ....................216 Humanity, Security, and the Right of Intervention ...........................218 Conclusion ..............................................................................................................221 Col lective Security and the Necessity of International Law Enforcement ......................................................................................221 Pluralism, Universality, and Natural Law .................................................223 Bibliography ...........................................................................................................231 Name Index ............................................................................................................245 Subject Index .........................................................................................................249 <UN> <UN> <UN> <UN> ABSTRACT Swiss international lawyer Emer de Vattel (1714–1767) has been regarded by authoritative legal historians as the advocate of a classical conception of international law grounded on sovereignty and the ius in bello. In the mid-eighteenth century,