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Cleonis Pigra (Scopoli, 1763) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Lixinae): Morphological Re-Description of the Immature Stages, Keys, Tribal Comparisons and Biology

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Cleonis Pigra (Scopoli, 1763) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Lixinae): Morphological Re-Description of the Immature Stages, Keys, Tribal Comparisons and Biology insects Article Cleonis pigra (Scopoli, 1763) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Lixinae): Morphological Re-Description of the Immature Stages, Keys, Tribal Comparisons and Biology Jiˇrí Skuhrovec 1,* , Semyon Volovnik 2, Rafał Gosik 3, Robert Stejskal 4 and Filip Trnka 5 1 Group Function of Invertebrate and Plant Biodiversity in Agro-Ecosystems, Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507, CZ-161 06 Praha 6 Ruzynˇe,Czech Republic 2 Independent Researcher, 72311 Melitopol, Ukraine; [email protected] 3 Department of Zoology and Plant Protection, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; [email protected] 4 Administration of Podyji National Park, Na Vyhlídce 5, CZ-669 02 Znojmo, Czech Republic; [email protected] 5 Department of Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitel ˚u27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; fi[email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +420-702087694 Received: 19 August 2019; Accepted: 24 September 2019; Published: 30 September 2019 Abstract: Mature larvae and pupae of Cleonis pigra (Scopoli, 1763) (Curculionidae: Lixinae: Cleonini) are morphologically described in detail for the first time and compared with known larvae and pupae of other Cleonini species. The results of measurements and characteristics most typical for larvae and pupae of Cleonini are newly extracted and critically discussed, along with some records given previously. Keys for the determination of selected Cleonini species based on their larval and pupal characteristics are attached. Dyar’s law was used for the estimation of a number of larval instars of C. pigra. Descriptions of habitats, adult behavior, host plants, life cycle, and biotic interactions are reported here. Adults and larvae feed on plants from the Asteraceae family only (genera Carduus, Cirsium, Centaurea, and Onopordum). Oviposition occurs on the base of the plant stem or the root neck. In the process of larval development, a fusiform gall forms. C. pigra and Cyphocleonus achates can coexist in the same locality. In open habitats, the weevils become the prey of carnivorous animals. Keywords: Coleoptera; Curculionidae; Lixinae; Cleonis; morphology; larva; pupa; biology; host plant; life history 1. Introduction The tribe Cleonini belongs to the subfamily Lixinae [1], together with two other tribes: Lixini (approximately 40 genera, see [2]) and Rhinocyllini (two genera; sometimes part of Lixini, see [3]). Currently, Cleonini weevils include approximately 97 valid genus-group taxa [2,4] and 546 valid species [5–7]. The distribution is known to be mainly in the Northern Hemisphere; from south of the equator, they are known only in continental Africa and Madagascar [2]. Representatives of this tribe prefer xeric habitats and sandy soil. Their larvae are mono, oligo or polyphagous on herbs and shrubs, and they develop mainly in the lower parts of the host plant, especially the roots or, rarely, lower stems [2]. Endophagous larvae develop inside the plant tissue of the root neck or the collar of the host plants or create a characteristically swollen gall on the root of the host plants [8,9]. The morphology of immature Cleonini is still poorly known, but the first detailed, illustrated larval descriptions were recently made [9–11]. Insects 2019, 10, 325; doi:10.3390/insects10100325 www.mdpi.com/journal/insects Insects 2019, 10, 325 2 of 25 The members of the tribe Cleonini are known as a potentially significant pest of cultivated plants (beets, spinach, mayweeds, etc.), and they have the potential to be used as biocontrol agents against invasive Palaearctic plants [2]. For example, Cyphocleonus achates (Fåhraeus, 1842) has been used to control invasive spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe L., Asteraceae) in North America [12,13]. Another situation is known from Australia, where Pachycerus segnis (Germar, 1824) was tested for use against the invasive plant Heliotropium europaeum L. (Boraginaceae; as P. cordiger,[14]). Among the members of the tribe Cleonini, there are some other potential biological control agents, such as the weevil Adosomus roridus (Pallas, 1781), used against Tanacetum vulgare L., but this would be less effective and potentially dangerous due to its oligophagy [9]. Introducing and using such species as biological control agents might be risky for native fauna/flora, similar to the introduction of the weevil Rhinocyllus conicus (Froelich, 1792) [15]. The weevil Cleonis pigra (Scopoli, 1763) is a trans-Palaearctic species distributed from the Iberian Peninsula to the Far East [16]. It is also known from Central India [17]. The most northern areas of its range in Europe are southern Finland [18] and southern Norway (Ringerike, 60◦1201900 N; the Natural History Museum, University of Oslo). The most northern records of its appearance in Asia are approximately 60–63◦ N in Sakha (Yakutiya), Russia [19]. The beetle is common all over Ukraine [20] and in central and southern Europe, but is rather rare in the northern parts of the European distribution. However, this species was also registered in the Red List of Norway as vulnerable [21] and in the Red List of Finland [22]. In 1919, C. pigra was recorded in North America for the first time [23]. Recently, it has been recorded in a relatively small area in the northeastern USA and southeastern Canada, in the Atlantic region and nearby [23]. Accordingly, there is believed to be an adventive species in North America [23–26]. The immature stages of C. pigra were described by Cawthra [25] and Scherf [27], but setal nomenclature and morphological terms are not well understood, and some details in chaetotaxy and drawings are still missing. Adult C. pigra were released in a testing pasture in Ontario, Canada, to decrease the population of Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. [28], but further work has not been ongoing. The wide host range of C. pigra also includes the globe artichoke (Cynara cardunculus scolymus (L.) Hegi) [29,30], which is cultivated in many areas, including North America. Therefore, the beetle has not been considered a suitable biocontrol agent [31]. On the other hand, C. pigra is known as a pest of milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.), the seeds of which are important raw materials for pharmaceutics [32]. Incidentally, adults also feed on the sprouts of sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L. [33]) and non-Asteraceae plants; namely, Siberian pea shrub (Caragana arborescens Lam., Fabaceae; [34]), and beets (Beta vulgaris L., Amaranthaceae; see review [35]). Usually, all these damages occur only in spring and are insubstantial. Obviously, all data on the economic damage caused by C. pigra in beet plantations are based on misidentifications [35]. The main aims of this study are the following: (1) to re-describe larvae and pupae of Cleonis pigra in detail for the first time; (2) to compare this species with other known immature stages of this tribe; (3) to determine the number of larval instars via morphometric measurements; and (4) to provide details on their life history based on observations in central Europe. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Insect Collection and Laboratory Breeding The material used to describe the larvae and the pupae was collected, and field observations were conducted in Ukraine in the following localities: (1) Sheep pasture on the alluvial floodplain, near the Kamyana Mohyla Reserve (46◦5700100 N, 35◦2801200 E). Altitude: up to 11 m.a.s.l. Bedrock: sandy chernozem. Dominant plant species: Cirsium ukranicum Besser ex DC., and Carduus hamulosus Ehrh. (syn. C. pseudocollinus (Schmalh.) Klokov.), with occasional trees of Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb. growing among the grass Insects 2019, 10, 325 3 of 25 (i.e., Echinops ritro subsp. ruthenicus L. (M. Bieb.) Nyman (syn. E. ruthenicus), and Centaurea adpressa Ledeb. ex Steud., Melilotus albus Medik.) in the clearings. (2) Pishchanska Balka near Melitopol (46◦49050” N, 35◦20018” E). Altitude: up to 22 m.a.s.l. Bedrock: sandy chernozem with herbaceous covering. Dominant plant species: Calamagrostis epigeios (L.) Roth, Linaria genistifolia (L.) Mill., Artemisia absinthium L., Echium vulgare L., Sisymbrium loeselii L., Achillea millefolium L., Hieracium umbellatum L., Melilotus albus Medik., Centaurea diffusa Lam., Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. (syn. C. setosum (Willd.) Besser), and Chenopodium urbicum L. In the abovementioned localities, the life cycle, including feeding of adults and oviposition, was observed directly during the vegetation growing seasons of Carduus hamulosus, Cirsium ukranicum, and Centaurea diffusa from 2015 to 2017. The author S.V. collected all larvae and pupae of C. pigra within roots of Cirsium ukranicum. Some stems and roots (n = 37) were dissected to investigate preimaginal development, and a further 150 plants were dissected to determine the quantity of preimaginal specimens of C. pigra. All photographs in the field were taken with a Canon PowerShot SX500 IS digital camera (Canon Inc., Ota,¯ Tokyo, Japan). Laboratory observations were conducted in Melitopol, Ukraine (46◦500 N, 35◦220 E). The measurements of stems and roots were performed with a slide caliper and ocular micrometer. The size of root galls was determined at the greatest diameter. Adults were weighed on the Jadever electronic scale JKD-250 (Jadever Scale Co., Ltd, Taipei, Taiwan). Geographical distribution and phenology were studied from several entomological collections, specifically, the Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Kyiv),
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