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Titles from the SPECIAL ARCHIVES PUBLICATION series were digitized by the University of Florida in recognition of those serving in Florida's National Guard, many of whom have given their lives in defense of the State and the Nation. Florida Department of Military Affairs

Special ArGhives PublIiation Numnber

MISCELLANEOUS HISTORICAL ARTICLES; MIXED MEDIA FLORIDA NATIONAL GUARD (REPRINTS)

State Arsenal St. Francis Barrachs St. Augustin'e, Florida STATE OFFLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY AFFAIRS

OFFICE OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAL

POST OFFICE BOX 1008 STATE ARSENAL, ST. AUGUSTINE 32085-1008

The special Archives Publication Series of the Historical Services Division are produced as a service to Florida communities, historians, and to any other individuals, historical or geneological societies, and national or regional governmental agencies which find the information contained herein of use or value.

At present, only a very Iimited number of copies of these publications are produced and are provided to certain state and national historical record repositories at no charge. Any remaining copies are provided to interested parties on a first come, first served basis. It is hoped these publications will soon be reproduced and made available to a wider public through the efforts of the Florida National Guard Historical Foundation Inc.

Information about the series is available from the Historical Services Division, Department of Military Affairs, State Arsenal, St. Augustine, Florida.

Robert Hawk Director FLORIDA STATE DEPOSITORIES

State uo-uments are distributed to the following depository libraries and are available to Florida citizens for use either in the libraries or on interlibrary loan, subject to each library's regulations. An asterisk (*) indicates libraries that are obligated to ci," 4 P.-.rlibrary loan service. Requests should be directed to the nearest depository.

Bay County Public Library (1968) St. Petersburg Public Library (1968) 25 -les-t Government Street 3745 Ninth Avenue, North Pai.:;Z City, Florida 32402 St. Petersburg, Florida 33713

Bay Vista Campus Library (1982) *State Library of Florida (1968) Documents Department Documents Section Florida International University R. A. Gray Building No- :.":iami, Florida 33181 Tallahassee, Florida 32399-0250

Brow:ard County Division of Libraries (1968) Stetson University (1968) 100 South Andrews Avenue Dupont-Ball Library Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33301 Deland, Florida 32720-3769

Cocoa Public Library (1968) Jacksonville University (1968) 430 Delannoy Avenue Carl S. Swisher Library Cocoa, Florida 32922 University Blvd., North Jacksonville, Florida 32211 *Florida Atlantic University (1968) Library *Tampa-Hillsborough County Public Lib. Sys P. 0. Box 3092 900 North Ashley Street (1968) Boca Raton, Florida 33431 Tampa, Florida 33602

*Florida International University (1971) *University of Central Florida (1968) Documents Section Library Tamiami Campus Library - Tamiami Trail Post Office Box 25000 Miami, Florida 33199 Orlando, Florida 32816

"*Florida State University Library (1968) *University of Florida Library (1968) Documents - Maps Division Documents Department Tallahassee, Florida 32306 Gainesville, Florida 32611

*Jacksonville Public Library (1968) *University of Miami Library (1968) 122 North Ocean Street Gov't Publications Jacksonville, Florida 32202 P. 0. Box 248214 Coral Gables, Florida 33124 Miami Beach Public Library (1968) 2100 Collins Avenue *University of North Florida Library (1971 Miami Beach, Florida 33139 Documents Division Post Office Box 17605 *Miami-Dade Public Library (1968) Jacksonville, Florida 32216 101 West Flagler Street Miami, Florida 33130-1504 *University of South Florida (1968) Library - Special Collections *Ocala Public Library (1972) 4204 Fowler Avenue '. Su.uthr.st Osceola Avenue - Tampa-;-Florida-33620 .. Ocala, Florida 32671 University of West Florida (1968) *Orange County Library District (1968) Documents - John Pace Library 101 East Central Pensacola, Florida 32514-0101 Orlando, Florida 32801 , - - Orlando,32801 Florida West Palm Beach Public Library (1968)o 1.00 Clematis West Palm Beach, Florida 33401 r~ "

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•$ ',. -i"; ... ..• . , ,; , ; .• *•••;; --~÷•., •., ..-• Page 16 THE FLORIDA GUARDSMAN Fall 1987 by Robert Hawk A lthough the Florida National Guard has . three year hitch in the Regular Army, Ballard the oldest militia heritage and most di- . stayed with his home town unit, and with them verse list of unofficial battle honors of any Na- ; ' was taken into federal service in November of tional Guard organization in the continental 1940. While many Florida artillery Guardsmen United States dating from the earliest days of : elected to leave their original units to accept permanent Spanish settlement in North Ameri- . commissions, transfer to the regular or airborne ca, the first officially and federally recognized ;. . artillery, even the air corps between 1940 and shot fired by a Florida National Guard unit .-A 1944, Ballard chose to remain with his home against an armed enemy of the United States . :'. , 'town battery. (And, after the war, Ballard rc- didn't occur until the 13th of April 1944, near- .: . . joined the Plant City battery and served with Iv 400 years after the establishment of Flori- , it until his retirement in 1964. da's first militia unit. . . The Driniumor River Campaign at Aitape. For a variety of reasons the Defense Depart- - New Guinea commenced in the early morning ment does not acknowledge any lineage for hours of 13 July 1944. The 149th Field Artillery Florida-originated National Guard units prior had established its batteries to support of the to the First World War. infantry of the 124th. The RCT moved out at During the First World War, Florida's Na- 0700. To the infantry, the "Queen of Battle," : tional Guard formations, an integral part of the . . , ' perhaps the honor of the first shot would have 31st or "Dixie" Division. received no battle . . gone, but not this time. At exactly 0800 sol- honors: officially, they fired no shots against " diers of the 124th Infantry became engaged in the enemies of the United States. While in the a sharp action against Japanese troops manning United States, the 31st Division functioned as a small defensive position on the road to the a depot division, training and transferring troops Sergeant David Ballard-1941 .Driniumor River. to other divisions. When it was finally sent to They were eight minutes too late. A little France, again it served as a replacement pool ting their lines of supply and re-enforcement. earlier, the. 149th had received orders to fire for other divisions. Actually, most individual The resulting Driniumor River Campaign was registration and harassing shots on known and Florida Guardsmen did see combat in that war. to earn the 124th the first of three Distinguished suspected Japanese positions. Thus, at 0752 on Obviously, none did so while serving with a Unit Citations but not the honor of firing Flori- the morning of 13 July 1944, Sergeant David Florida-originated unit. da's first shot against an armed enemy. That Ballard, the longest serving enlisted Florida A similar situation developed during the Sec- honor would go to Sergeant David Howard Bal- Guardsman still in the battalion, was given the ond World War, at least in the beginning. Fed- lard of the 2nd Section, Battery B, 149th Field honor of pulling the lanyard for the first offi- cralized in November of 1940, (with the 265th Artillery Battalion. cial shot fired in anger by a Florida National Coast Artillery being called up the following David Ballard had been born and raised in Guard unit against an armed enemy of the Unit- January. Florida's National Guard began more Plant City, Florida. When Ballard first joined ed States. Although a much belated recognition than three years of training, once again as part the Florida National Guard in 1926, Plant City of Florida's 400 years of active militia service, ot the 31st Division. During that period, many, was home to Battery E, 116th Field Artillery. it is appropriate the first shot was fired by a indeed most of Florida's Guardsmen volun- (Plant City is still home to a battery of the Florida Guardsman. Sergeant Ballard, and the teered or were assigned to other formations of 116th). Except for brief periods of time when others in the battalion, were to fire many more the Army and the Army Air Corps. work responsibilities interfered with his Nation- rounds in anger before the war against Japan In late 1943. the 124th Infantry, school troops al Guard service and while he was serving a ended. at Fort Benning, Georgia for two years, were officially dis-established and its men scattered I m e m throughout the Army. Political pressure led to I mmm the re-establishment of the 124th a month later World War II Casualties; 2nd Battalion 116th ing with the 508th Parachute Infantry, 101st in New Guinea where it was able to re-join the Field Artillery Regiment, Florida National Airborne Division, on the 12th of June 1944 other units of Florida's National Guard in the Guard. during the bitter contest in the hedgerows of 31st Division. Those other Florida units still had Of the Florida Guardsmen mobilized with the Normandy Peninsula France, several days af- a substantial number of pre-war Florida Guards- battalion in November of 1940, eight died, of ter the "D-Day" assault. men serving in them, while only a small hand- wounds or were killed in action during the Sec- MULLANY, Harrell Lee Battery F. Mulla- ful of Florida Guardsmen managed to rejoin the ond World War. Only one died while serving ny was killed in action while serving with the 124th in the Southwest Pacific. with the battalion in the Southwest Pacific. The 376th Parachute Artillery, 82nd Airborne Di- The 31st was part of the land, sea and air remainder died of unknown causes or in battle vision, on the 15th of February 1944, during forces of General Douglas MacArthur's South- with other units of the Army and Army Air the savage contest with the Germans to expand west Pacific Command. In June of 1944 and Corps the Allied bridgehead at Anzio. after a lengthy, and valuable, period of jungle OUIMETTE, Edward Battery E. Ouimette warfare training, units of the division were BLACK, Clifford R. Battery D. Black was died of wounds while serving with the 149th alerted for action against the Japanese. A killed in action with the 466th Parachute Field Field Artillery Battalion, 31st Division, on the Regimental Combat Team, composed of the Artillery, 17th Airborne Division, on the 24th 10th of August 1944 at Aitape, New Guinea. 124th Infantry, medical and other divisional of March 1945 during the Allied assault across SHARPE, Robert Battery F. Sharpe died support units, were dispatched to become part the Rhine River. non-battle; date, place and cause unknown. of the American Forces at Aitapc, New Guin- FORRESTER, Copeland A. Battery D. For- WILLIAMS, Oscar Battery D. Was killed in ea. The 149th Field Artillery Battalion, former- rester died non-battle; date, place and cause action while a crewman aboard a B-24 of the ly the 2nd Battalion of the 116th Field Artillery unknown. 403rd Bomb Squadron, 43rd Bomb Group on Regiment, was attached to supply the artillery HARRIS, Gillis R. Battery F. Harris was the 25th of October 1943 during an Allied raid support for the RCT. killed in action while serving with the 456th on the Japanese base at Rabaul in the Bismark The RCT was shifted in position and had its Parachute Field Artillery. 82nd Airborne Di- Archipelago. objectives changed several times at Aitape bc- vision, on the 15th of October 1944 during the (Another battalion member, Charles Nixon fore actually entering combat. It was finally de- defensive battles at Nimegen, Holland in the lat- of Battery E, was decorated for service with termined to use the RCT offensively to the east ter stages of Operation Market Garden. the 149th at Aitape. He received an officer's of the American defensive perimeter, flanking MATHEWS, Arthur F. Headquarters Bat- commission in the army after the war and was the Japanese out of their defensive lines and cut- tery. Mathews was killed in action while serv- killed in action in Korea, 29 April 1951). Winter 1988 THE FLORIDA GUARDSMAN Page 11 Our history: Korea brought Air Guard up in arms

by Robert Hawk 159th crew with 1950s armament

rockets, 50 one thou- he United Nations' decision to resist Communist aggression in ly four missions per pilot. They expended 141 T South Korea in the summer of 1950 resulted in the call-up of most sand pound and 161 five hundred pound bombs, and 40,115 rounds of Florida's Air National Guard. Florida's 159th Fighter-Bomber of .50 caliber ammunition against enemy-controlled ground targets in Squadron remained in active federal service from October 1950 to early North Korea. Four of the 159th's aircraft received battle damage. 1952. The 159th trained and received orders for service in one coun- Returned to Japan immediately following the combat missions, the try and went to another. The squadron received factory-fresh aircraft 159th resumed their air defense role. Then, on the 23rd of January, only to see them shipped to where it wasn't going. It defended one 1952, they were recalled to Korea to participate in a multi-unit air strike country and attacked another. It was a busy 20 months for the 159th. on Community positions in support of a major U.N. offensive. Ordered to active duty 10 October 1950, the 159th became part of One pilot of the squadron almost didn't make the mission. His air- the 116th Fighter-Bomber Wing and began nine months of intensive craft flamed-out over Japan and after a routine bail-out (if there is such training at George Air Force Base in California. It exchanged its F-80 a thing), and a brief stay in a Japanese village, he rejoined the squad- fighter plans for newer, more modern F-84s. . ron in time to fly the mission. In the late spring of 1951, the 159th was ordered to France.. After Back one more in Japan, the 159th were principal participants in accepting factory delivery of brand new F-84E aircraft and after see- an Air Force exercise, Operation Hi-Tide. This involved in-flight ing most of them "pickled" for overseas shipment and loaded aboard refueling of fighter aircraft during actual operational air defense sor- a navy carrier in Newark, New Jersey, the 159th receive new orders: ties. The squadron was also busy training new men who replaced those Japan. transferred home or to other fighter squadrons. By April of 1952 most The men of the 159th reversed direction, were issued older and much of the squadron's original complement of Florida Airguardsmen were used F-84 aircraft and loaded aboard the U.S.S. CVE Sitkoh Bay bound gone. Also in April occurred the strangest of events associated with for Yokahama, Japan. By early August, the 159th was again in train- the squadron's Far Eastern deployment. Late one night a young Air- ing, time at Misawa Air Force Base. Housing conditions, equipment, man 1st Class convinced a Japanese guard he was a pilot, boarded an and work schedules were extremely grim and a serious morale prob- F-84, fired it up, took off, crashed at sea and was killed moments later. lem was solved only when these conditions were corrected-and after In Late June, the 159th was ordered home for release from active a gigantic squadron beer party. duty. It was officially returned to civilian and National Guard status The 159th was assigned to duty as part of Japan's Air Defense Comn- on 9 July 1952. Paradoxically, after 20 months in jet fighters, the squa- mand, but continued its training as a ground attack force, and, at the dron's pilots were issued P-51 piston-engined aircraft. Only after the end of November, 1951, was ordered to Korea. Between the 2nd and Korean War ended would the 159th become a jet squadron again, and 6th of December, the squadron flew 92 combat sorties, approximate- so remain to this day. Spring 1988 THE FLORIDA GUARDSMAN Page 9 SHISTORY 124th Int. Regiment helped change history by Robert Hawk FLANG Historian 124TH IIIFflRTRV REGIlmEIT It was not quite a time of peace nor was it yet a time of war. President Roosevelt had declared a National State of Emergency. The entire National Guard of the United States was being called to federal active duty. On the 25th of November 1940, the men of the 124th Infantry Regiment were ordered to their respective armories to take the oath as soldiers in the Army of the United States. The 124th, then as now, was the official infantry regiment of the Florida National Guard. Established during the First World War, many of its component units could trace their lineage to the Civil and Indian Wars of the 19th century. A few companies could trace their origins to the even earlier Spanish and British periods of Florida history. All were proud to be part of "Florida's Own." Following mobilization, companies of the 124th were brought to war strength with "selec- tees," most of whom were also from Florida. As in the First World War, the 124th was organized as part of the 31st "Dixie" Division. The division established itself at Camp Blanding in north Florida, a brand new training site. The 124th, and the 31st Division, was involved in the Louisiana and Carolina maneuvers of 1941 where the "Florida Boys" learned and perfected their dangerous trade. During this extended period of non-war mobilization, a few individuals accepted appointments to Officer Candidate School, left to attend army specialist schools, or were attracted to the divisions, including the 3rd and 30th Infan- Army Air Corps. But most of the "Boys of 1940" remained with their original units. Most try and 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions were still there to have their photographs taken for the 1941 Camp Blanding Yearbook. were former men of the 124th. They had an And then there was Pearl Harbor! I impact far beyond what their limited num- The massive mobilization and expansion of the Army which followed America's entry bers might suggest. Florida has reason to feel into the war resulted in the wholesale dismemberment of many National Guard divisions, pride in the sacrifice and achievements of the including the 31st. The 124th Infantry Regiment, which had distinguished itself during peace- "Florida Boys of 1940." time maneuvers, was selected to become the training and demonstration unit at the Officers (The Office of the Adjutant General is cur- Candidate School, Fort Benning, Georgia, and detached from the division. There it was rently involved putting the Army's Regimen- to remain until 1943. While there, many of the "Boys of 1940" left the regiment for duty tal System into operation in Florida. One in other divisions, especially airborne, or the Army Air Corps. consequence of establishing a 124th Worse was to come. At Camp Jackson, South Carolina, in late 1943, the regiment was Regimental Association for the 124th has formally disbanded and its soldiers scattered throughout the army. Due to political pres- been the development of plans for a World sure, the regiment was re-established one month later, in New Guinea, and attached once War II Regimental Reunion for the 124th in more to the 31st Division. Subsequently, the 124th Infantry Regiment and its Medical Detach- St. Augustine during May of 1988. For fur- ment, would earn three Distinguished Unit Citations fighting the Japanese in New Guinea ther information, contact Robert Hawk at the and the Philippine islands. But only a relative handful of Florida Guardsmen from 1940 State Arsenal, St. Augustine). were still serving with the regiment. They were fighting, and some were dying, with other units in other places in many different parts of the world. But where, and with what formations, did the Guardsmen of the 124th serve? They have never had a 124th Regimental Reunion. Records at the State Arsenal are largely silent on the federal service of former Guards- men. An examination of casualty records and interviews with those "Florida Boys of 1940" who have kept in touch with each other and occasionally meet, reveal an astonishing variety of wartime and combat assignments. There were no major battles, on the ground or in the air during the Second World War, in which former Florida Guardsmen of the 124th were not present. They served in North Africa, Sicily and Italy with the 3rd, 34th, 45th, and 82nd Airborne divisions; in the Pacific with the 7th, 24th, 27th, 31st, 32nd, 37th, 96th, 98th and Ilth Airborne Divisions; in Northwest Europe with the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 8th, 9th, 26th, 30th, 35th, 42nd, 77th, 78th, 85th, 94th, 100th, 104th, and the 13th, 17th 82nd, and 101st Airborne and 10th Mountain divisions. A large number' of Florida Guardsmen served in the Army Air Corps as pilots, naviga- ' tors and gunners in every theater of that world-wide conflict. The enormous influence of Florida's Guardsmen from the 124th on the course of the Second World War is little known or appreciated. More than half of all junior officers in the army were trained by the officers and men of the 124th. The core NCO cadre of more than a dozen elite

The 124th saw service with soldiers wearing many patches Spring 1990 THE FLORIDA GUARDSMAN Page 7 HISTORY

ByMaj. Doug Wiles Hall examines memorial in early stage of construction Museum and park opening a major event By Maj. Doug Wiles C amp Blanding, - The opening A number of artifacts have been acquired He is a World War II veteran, serving as a and dedicationNov. 24-26,on ceremonies 1990examines of the HaBlandingas a result ofmem a nationwide in eary searchstage by Hall and navalMemorial aviator inPark the Pacific."of the Second Worldnstruc Camp Blanding Museum and other volunteers. Veterans associations The search is still on for items from the Memorial Park of the Second World War has representing most units that trained here have war era. Hall is particularly interested in been selected by the Department of Defense made memorabilia available to the museum posters, postcards, medals,inedals, coins and paper as Thethe premiermuseum event parkinitiating and are locatedAmerica's just for- in-event for displays. money from foreign countries, personal mal recognition of the 50th anniversary of Plans for the dedication ceremony include items, clothing and equipment. Persons in- World War II. a flyby of World War II aircraft, a tour of terested in donating artifacts are asked to amp Blanding, - The opening A number of artifacts have been acquired He is a World War veteran, serving as a Blanding on Nov. 24-26, 1990, to com- Camp Blanding and a military ball. coand MemorialPal at theCamP eBlandingoMUseUmld memoratehiesand theaircraft federalization from the of eraAmerica's and other"We've volunteers invited theVeterans president associations to attend," War,The Route search 1, is Box still 465, on frStarke, items FL from 32091 the memorialNational Guardark of in thdendedicate 1940.Second tothe unitrldWar has representingHall said, "however, most units he's that nottrained accepted here haveyet. war- 9703. era. TelephoneHall is prticularly (904) 533-3196. interested in sideas the the premoldi whomainers gate trained of atCamp BlandingBlandingerica's onfor- a for displays money from foreign countries, personal 13-acre1940-45.malrecognitionuring site. A World War II era barracks the Depression years of the Japanese invaded the islands. Sometime af- WorldThepark will feature the Florida Regimen- 1930's, it was not unusual for men ter the retreat into the Baatan Peninsula, Ar- tal Memoniesof World will War be II,heal depicting the to come to Floridrcraft,a research library and archive collection. Ex- - * _ seeking employ- chie was assigned dutis on Correegidor creststenrior displayand war areas seraizatice will includeofeach weapons,Florida Na- ve mentas a resultand toof joinviteda nationwide the Florident searchGuard toaby Hal while and Islandnaval aviatorand was in surrendered the 465,Pacific," Starke, with theFL 32091garBox Ntional Guardunit feder1940. here. One such individual was n otyet. accepted- Telephone9703. (904) 533-3196. The memorial is park aresentlyunder conjust- from Lansing, Mich. While living with his The Japanese prisoner of war policy ofin-cal- tion.soldiers Barracks whomain trained gaterenovthe of at Camp BleginBlanding within from grandmother in Haines City and working as culated brutality which resulted in the infa- this month, accordingllhouse the M Rodneyaj an apprentice baker, Archie enlisted in Co- mous Baatan death march" was continued reseP.Hall, museum curator pany F, 106th Engineers in the primitive prisoner of war compounds "Fundsteriordisplay areas will includhave beenreceived Less than two years later, Archie was north of Manila. At 5 on Sept. 9, 1942, Pri- hiclfrom several sourcraftes, fromincluding the era$100,000 released from service as he had decided to vate st Class Archie Doane died ofdysen- tionalappropria Guard unit federalized. here. One such individual was Archie Doane son on May 6, 1942. fromtion the 1989 Florida Legis- seek work elsewhere tery and was buried in one of the many mass 1940-45.lature,"Hall said. "An additional $40,000 gravese invaded the ianCamp. After thewar, thisin contributions month, according have come to Sgt. from Maj. the RodneyNation- anApparenty1930's, apprentice baker,work wasArchie enlistedstillhard to infor Com- men mousthe "Baatanretreatter intodeath the march" Baatinteams was werecontinued able P.tal MemoGuardHall, museumOfficers curator. Association of ctingFlorida, the inpany F, 106thto come Engineers toFlorida in seekingthe fall ofemploy- 1933. chiein the wasprimitive assigned prisoner duties of from war compoundshis dental Sucrpter"Fundsand forwar construction serIvlynLowry Foundation,have been received Camp Corps.Less andthan Postet twoto join yearsthe Floridalater, GuardArchie whilppinewithwasIslands northrecords of and Manila. was Atsubsequndered 5 on Sept. with 9, 1942,thegarred Pri- from several sources, including a $100,000 released from service as he had decided to vate 1st Class Archie Doane died of dysen- Blanding and Historical AssociatesMuseum the 2nd Observation Squadron, he servedingwith his The Japanese appropriation from the 1989 Florida Legis- seek work elsewhere. tery and was buriedprisoner in one of ofwar the policy many of mass cal-ansing, andother intacksrested novation will begin within grndmother in Haines andCity preseorkingwas as culated lature," Hall said. "An additional $40,000 graves atbrutality Cabanatuan which Camp. resulted After in the war,inMich. in contributions have come from the Nation- Apparently, work was still hard to find and Army Graves Registration teams were able al Guard Officers Association of Florida, in 1939, Archie enlisted in the Army Air to identify his remains from his dental Sumpter and Ivlyn Lowry Foundation, Camp Corps. Posted to the Philippine Islands with records and he was subsequently re-interred Blanding Museum and Historical Associates the 2nd Observation Squadron, he served in in the Mount Hope Cemetery, Lansing, and other interested individuals." the ground crew and was present when the Mich. Summer 1989 THE FLORIDA GUARDSMAN Page 11 . HISTORY Early Guardsman Became a Pasha By Bob Hawk Florida Guard Historian I n the square behind Government House in Virginia. returned to the United States. in downtown St. Augustine stands a monu- For the next several years following the Civil For the next few years, Loring wandered ment and obelisk in memory of a most War, Loring found himself making his living around the country, visiting friends andrelatives unusual Floridian, William Wing Loring. Boy as an advisor on Southern investments for a arnd the country, visiting friendspasha,a orgeneral,atives soldier in the Florida Militia during the Second group of New York bankers. He made a com- in the Egyptian Army. H teaand publish- Seminole War, Brevet Lt. Col. in the war with fortable living but the work must not have pleas- eda book, A Confederate Soldier in Egypt, Mexico, regimental commander in the Far ed him because when he was offered profes- about his experiences. He began preparing his West, Maj. Gen. of the Confederacy, and Pasha sional military employment with the Egyptian notes for a projected autobiography. It was not of Egypt: Loring was all of these. Army in 1869, he accepted immediately. to be wr . W m W g L g dd Loring was born in Wilmington, North Hiring professional soldiers from other coun- denly, Dec. 30, 1886, in New York Citye Carolina. His family moved to St. Augustine, tries was not unusual in the 19th century. When Florida, when he was three years old. His Sherman was on a visit to Egypt, he was asked Loring's reinterment and public funeral in St. phenomenal military career began as a volunteer by the Khedive for a list of American officers, Augustine during March of 1887 was one of in the Florida Militia in 1832, when he was Union and Confederate, with Civil War ex- the grandest events in the city's history for that barely 14 years old. He saw considerable perience, who might be willing to accept ser- decade. It was used as an occasion for a com- fighting in the early stages of the Second vice with the Egyptian Army. Loring's was one bined encampment, and week-long meeting, of Seminole War where he earned the sobriquet of the first names on the list and the very first the Union and Confederate veterans organiza- "Boy Soldier" from the local press. Promoted to accept a position. tions of northeast Florida. Both groups, in con- Sgt., later 2nd Lt. of the militia, he ended his Loring served for 10 years in Egypt. Initial- junction with other local civic organizations, participation in the war to do what young men ly concerned with training and coastal defenses, sponsored the erection of a memorial obelisk are supposed to do at his age, go to school, he took part in one active, ill-considered cam- and monument, in Government House Square, After attending school in Virginia, he returned paign against Abyssinia, today's Ethiopia. inscribed with the details of Loring's life and to Florida and served in the new state legislature Complications of the Egyptian command ar- military service and emblazoned with the flags following Florida's admission to the Union as rangements, realities that made his advice, in- of the United States, the Confederate States, and a state. fluence, and experience useless, ultimately led the Ottoman province of Egypt. It is a fine Loring wasn't entirely happy as a politician, to defeat for the Egyptian Army. Disgusted, memorial to the local militiaman who became and when it was announced that the national Loring soon resigned his commission and a pasha of Egypt. government was raising a regiment of mounted volunteers for serving in Oregon he volunteered and was appointed captain of the new regiment. .,., The outbreak of the war caused the regiment ,, to be diverted to Mexico where it, and Loring, served with distinction with General Scott's expedition into the Valley of Mexico. Loring was breveted three times for bravery: at Cerro Gor- do, Churubusco, and at the Belen Gate of Mex- *. ico City where he lost his left arm. He finished the war as colonel in command of the regiment. In 1849, the Regiment of Mounted Rifles,, . ' with Loring in command, resumed its journey to Oregon. For the next 12 years Loring, and the regiment, saw duty in the American Far West: along the Oregon Trail, against the Mor- mons, and in many conflicts with the Indians of Texas and New Mexico. In command of the military district which included New Mexico when the Confederacy was formed, Loring ., ' resigned his commission and journeyed to Rich- . mond where he was immediately commission- - ed a brigadier general, C.S.A., and sent to com- , ' mand troops in western Virginia. .'ý, . During the following four years of bitter war- '' fare, Loring served as a divisional and corps : , commander in the many major battles and cam- i . - - ''l paigns, east and west. He and his division were ' ", * 4 at Vicksburg, in the Tennessee and North ' Georgia campaigns of 1863, and 1864, and with Hood in his disastrous winter campaign against * '' Nashville. Transferred to the east early in 1865, . . Loring and the remnants of his divison surrendered to Gen, William T. Sherman in North _- Carolina, shortly after Lee's surrender to Grant W. W. Loring in full regalia Page 6 THE FLORIDA GUARDSMAN Fall 1988 F HISTORY Guard needs own holiday by Bob Hawk Director of Historical Services Florida Department of Military Affairs

he Florida National Guard has the ol- Battle Honors Day: June 26 piratical raids, foreign invasion and world

dest and most diverse history of any war. state guard in the continental United On this day in 1740, the Regulars and Mi- In the past, when Florida's citizen-soldiers States. It is an enviable record, rich in color- litia of Spanish Florida attacked and defeat- were called for duty, their families gave them ful personalities, exemplary in service to ed a force of English Regulars and Militia a send-off dinner. Perhaps that's the ap- "Florida and country," and noteworthy by at Fort Mose, just north of St. Augustine. propriate way to celebrate this each year: a participation in many battles, both famous This victory led to the defeat of the English family night where everyone, the children in- and not so famous, spanning more than four invaders in the Great Siege of St. Augustine. cluded, take note of that special price as- hundred years of history. There are other dates, other battles to com- sociated with National Guard service which Yet, unlike all active U.S. and British regi- memorate: Alligator Creek in 1778; the demands a sacrifice from all members of a ments, the French Foreign Legion, or even Withlacoochie in 1836; 25 battle honors for Guardsman's family. the U.S. Marine Corps, the Florida Guard the Civil War, including the Great Charge celebrates no special events associated with of the Florida Brigade at Cold Harbor; and its remarkable past, promotes no traditions many, many more including all the major Memorial and Veteran's Day of its own, and has no developed.system for battles in the various wars of the 20th cen- honoring those events, units and personali- tury in which units and individual soldiers It is presumed all Guard units participate ties that have contributed to the special and airmen of the Florida Guard have par- in the Memorial and Veteran's Day celebra- character of the Florida Militia/National ticipated. tions in their local communities. Guard. It takes more than pay and benefits to create individual and unit pride and to attract quality personnel to the ranks of the Florida Guard. You also need an appreciation for, and knowledge of, the history, traditions and special heritage of "Florida's Army." It would help if the Guard celebrated one e or more days of honor and remembrance; days when all Florida'Guardsmen would be one or more of the following would help achieve this goal: .

Foundation Day: Sept. 16 N 0 This should be the most important day in the Florida National Guard annual calendar. On this date in 1565, the (Spanish) Florida On this day, flags should be displayed, his- They might also add a special responsibil- Militia held its first official muster and served tory studied or discussed, perhaps military ity; that of involving all Guard vets in their its first day of active duty in the newly es- skills tested as in weapons competitions. Or, area in memorial activities, of taking a lead tablished presidio settlement of St. Au- maybe just a picnic and sports on a nice sum- in establishing and/or caring for veteran's gustine. mer day. memorials in their communities? Every armory should host an open house, perhaps sponsor a banquet honoring local Each unit should maintain a list of vete- citizens as well as present any former Mobilization Day: Nov. 25 rans and memorial rolls of all from its com- Guardsmen, everyone in dress uniform, with munity who have given their lives in service medals. It could be a day for entering or retir- On Nov. 25, 1940, most of Florida's Na- to "Florida and country." ing from the Guard; for special announce- tional Guardsmen were mobilized for duty ments from the adjutant general; for the during the "National.Emergency," later to These are small steps to take but steps in presentation of medals and other individual , become known as World War II. the right direction; the direction of develop- or unit awards. The president of the United However, this day could represent all those ing pride within the Guard of the more than States, the governor of Florida, and the king other mobilization days when Florida's Mi- 400 years of outstanding accomplishment; a of Spain should all be informed that Flori- litia/State Troops/National Guard have been Militia and National Guard heritage neither da's Army, its Air and. Army National called for state or national active service in equalled nor excelled by any other state Guard, is still on duty and in service' to, times of-peace and war; times of civil unrest guard. It is a tradition worthy of "Days of ".Florida and country." and natural disaster; times of Indian revolt, Honor; Days of Remembrance. Page 14 THE FLORIDA GUARDSMAN Holiday Issue 1988 HISTORY Florida Guard once defended Texas by Robert Hawk and David Coles O.How did your employer feel about your leaving for federal duty? F lorida's Militia and National Guard more competent military force, all of which has been mobilized for a wide variety was to prove of great value when these same A. I worked for Mr. R. M. Princeton, of duties during its more than 400 Guardsmen were called for further national insurance broker, and he was a real patriot. years of service to Florida and country. It service in the World War just one month He was highly elated that I could go and was has fought the French, English, Indians, after their return from the Mexican border, willing to let me go. Colonial rebels, Yankees and all the various Service "on the border" was to prove its enemies the United States has had during the worth many times on the battlefields of Q. Did your unit leave immediately for course of the 20th century. France during 1917 and 1918. the Mexican border? It has brought relief to our citizens in time Joseph P. Butzloff, formerly of Tampa, 92 of natural disaster and civil unrest, protected years old and retired in Pennsylvania, was A. No, we were sent to Black Point, presidents and popes, and even "fought" among the Florida Guardsmen who answered (Florida National Guard training camp; today against an insect, the Mediterranean fruit fly. the president's call. the site of the Jacksonville Naval Air And once, in 1916, Florida's National Guard Although born in Georgia, Butzloff moved Station). We went through very rigorous was called to duty to defend the southern to Florida at the age of 2. His father was a training. Texas border against the depredations of baker and Joseph attended schools in Tampa, Mexican revolutionaries and bandits under St. Leo College and Georgia Tech Q. How did your unit get to the border? the overall command of Francisco "Pancho" University. He was working in the insurance Villa. industry when he enlisted as a charter A. We went by railroad and there were The immediate cause of the call-up was - . banners on the side of the train cars saying, Pancho Villa's March 1916 attack on the "Get Pancho Villa." We had wonderful border community of Columbus, N.M., in 7-. receptions in New Orleans, Houston and San which 17 Americans were killed and scores Antonio. wounded. In response to this attack, President . Q. Describe the different locations your Woodrow Wilson ordered a Regular Army unit was stationed at while on the border? force under the command of Brig. Gen. John J. Pershing to proceed into Mexico and - A. We were stationed at Laredo and San punish Villa's band. Meanwhile, the Igntio (Texas). (Pause) I'll never forget when mobilized National Guardsmen assembled - we got off the train. We were met by a along the U.S.-Mexican border. . sandstorm. It was so bad I could hardly see Their mission was to defend American the guy in front of me. By the way, there was citizens and property from any further l.no camp for us there. We had to make our incursions of American territory by Mexican own camp...set up the tents. bandits. In all, more than 150,000 National Guardsmen from throughout the country 1 ' Q. W hat type of duties did your unit responded to President Wilson's June 16, '- ' perform? 1916, mobilization order. On June 19, 1916. Florida Governor Park A. We performed patrol duty mostly, and Trammell called the 2nd Florida Regiment WWI photo of Burtloff regular guard duty. into active service for duty on the Mexican member of Company H, 2nd Florida border. The regiment was brought to war Infantry, during a hurricane, September 24, Q. What kind of equipment did you strength by volunteers from the 1st Florida 1914. (Company H was formed and have? and from newly recruited civilians. The 2nd commanded by Sumter Lowry, a famous Florida was commanded by Albert Blanding, Florida Guardsman, who eventually retired A. We were issued Springfield rifles; soon to earn his general's star during World as a lieutenant general. campaign hats are what we wore and the War I and rightly considered one of Florida's Below are excerpts from a taped interview blankets were (worn) over the left shoulder, most famous soldiers. (Camp Blanding, the with Joseph Butzloff, May 1988; questions diagonally across the chest. state National Guard training facility near provided by David Coles, Florida State . Starke, is named in his honor). Archives. Q How did your equipment compare Following mobilization, the 2nd Florida with other Guard and Regular Army underwent three months of outfitting, Q. Were you surprised to be called for troops? medical examinations, and infantry drill at service on the Mexican Border? the state training camp at Black Point, near A. They were all the same; there was no Jacksonville. A. No, it wasn't a surprise. Captain Lowry difference. They departed for the .Mexican Border on told us at drill we might be sent. Oct. 2, 1916, to begin:five months of duty Q. What was the feeling toward the in some of the most isolated and desolate Q. What was the reaction of the men; Regulars and Guard units from the other parts of the Texas border country. There, the did any refuse.to go? states? main enemy was boredom and homesickness. A. We liked them all. We enjoyed their Still, the campaign service helped produce A. Nb, of course not. They were all company. There was competition among us, -better soldiers and their regiment became a excited about it; anxious to go. but we got along well with them. Holiday Issue 1988 THE FLORIDA GUARDSMAN Page I5 HISTORY from infamous Pancho Villa Q. How did your unit get from place to Florida troops? with you on the border? place? A. No, not very much. A. I don't know any. I think they are all A. By foot! dead. Q. Please describe any battles or (There were annual reunions of Company Q. What type of food were you issued? skirmishes your unit had with Panco H until the early 1980s. While mentioning Villa's followers, this, Butzloff was reminded of, and related, A. We had a regular mess sergeant in camp the following story). and he used very good food. When went on A. At San Ignatio there were breastworks patrol, we mostly had beans and hardtack. around the camp because often Mexicans tried to infiltrate the camp. We shot at them "Now there were two men (with the Q. What kind of living and sleeping two or three times. We never found any dead company on the border) who didn't like each quarters did you have? Mexicans because they probably took their other. That's putting it mildly! Every time wounded and dead with them. We had a they met on the company street, it resulted A. When in camp, we had eight-man tents "crow's nest" in camp. One evening, there in fisticuffs. Capt. Lowry let it go for awhile with regular folding cots. On patrol, we used was a lot of shooting going on. The next and then got tired of it, so he had a prize ring pup tents. morning we spotted a dead burro! built at the foot of the company street. On the day of the fight, I suppose half the Q. Did you or anyone from your unit regiment was there. The two were given their have leaves or passes while on the border? instructions and put into the ring, stripped to the waist and ready to fight. There were A. I went on furlough with a friend to San a * no rest periods. They started punching each Antonio, and we had a good time there. We other. They were bleeding from the nose and went to dances and enjoyed ourselves. - mouth and one had a black eye, but they kept on fighting for half an hour. Q. In general, what was that area of the There were no knock-downs and, at the country like in 1916? end, they did not shake hands. They were still enemies. A. Very desolate and bleak looking. Now it was the first reunion we had after the war. About half way through dinner these Q. How did the U.S. soldiers get along two guys were looking at each other and the with the Mexican civilian population? first thing you know, they were shooting at each other! I never saw anyone disappear so A. They were neither friendly nor quick in my life! (In seconds). unfriendly. There was not a human being around! They had all left; but nobody was hurt for Q. Did Gen. Pershing or any other the simple reason there were blanks (in the general visit your unit while you were on guns) they were using! It seems the two had the Border? Joseph P. Butzloff become very good friends since the border!" During the first world war, Butzloff was A. I never saw Gen. Pershing and no other Q. What was done with the Mexicans mobilized with the Florida Guard and general ever visited us. who were captured? became part of the 31st or "Dixie" Division. He accepted a commission and went to Q. You spent several weeks in a Laredo, A. We never captured any. France with the division but was transferred Texas hospital. Please describe the to the 116th Machine Gun Battalion, 29th circumstances. Q. Were there any desertions or Division, with which he saw combat during discipline problems among the Florida the Meuse-Argonne Offensive October- A. I had blood (amoebic) dysentery and troops? November 1918 and later, saw a bit of Paris; I was so sick, every time I went to the latrine, but that's another story...for another time!) I would vomit yellow matter. They put a A. There was one soldier of Mexican barrel right next to my bed when I became descent who went deer hunting and never Q. Looking back on your National so weak I couldn't go to the latrine. I got up came back. (The 2nd Florida returned home Guard service, do you have any regrets? about every 15 minutes and defecated blood, in March 1917). My stomach was so sore that if anyone came A. I enjoyed every bit of it. I made life- along and touched the bed, it would make Q. What kind of response did your unit long friends, and my experience in the Guard me sick. get when it returned to Florida from the helped me prepare for further military border? service and the rest of my life; even helped Q. What type of medical care did you me get my commission! .receive? A. They gave us a wonderful reception in Tampa, and they gave us parties; dances. We (Robert Hawk is a civilian employee of the A. I received very good medicine and I had a good time. We were glad to get back! Florida Department of Military Affairs in St. (eventually) got to feeling very good. Augustine and David Coles, an Army Q. Do you know any other.surviving Reservist, works for the Florida State Q. Was there much sickness among the members of the Florida Guard who served Archives in Tallahassee). Page 12 THE FLORIDA GUARDSMAN Summer 1988 SHERITAGE The boys of the 124th became men

gustine in May to relive those memories, to front gate here was, where am I? Story and Photos by greet fellow soldiers they had not seen in "I didn't recognize the place, it's so green Staff Sgt. Joanita M. Nellenbach nearly half a century, and to participate in now," Rufus Lloyd of Orlando said. He also the ceremonies which would officially incor- noted that back in those days the troops didn't F ifty years ago, they were just very porate the 124th Infantry Regiment As- get around the camp much. "I never saw the young men who joined the Florida sociation. lake (Kingsley Lake) in the entire 14 months National Guard because it seemed the For three days, the men reminisced about that I was here.. .it sure is beautiful." thing to do as the nations of Europe and the the special times they shared in the unit. They For William Patrick, also from Orlando, Far East drifted into World War II. began their careers at Camp Blanding and a moment of recognition came when he no- These Florida boys were destined to fight, returned to the post to look at the changes ticed a familiar water tank. and some to die, in far-off places called New that had taken place since their day and to "When the Japanese bombed Pearl Har- Guinea and Normandy, Mindanao and An- see how their modem counterparts are bor, I was put on guard duty under this tank. zio, and a hundred other places with equal- equipped and trained. I was getting thirsty and didn't have any wa- ly strange sounding names. "I've been waiting 40-some years for this ter left in my canteen. I was sitting under When the war was over, the men, no to happen," Charles H. Parr said. "It's the thousands of gallons of water and could not longer boys, came home to civilian pursuits first time it's been done." do anything about it," Patrick said. and to memories of when they were part of Parr came all the way from Fairbanks, For the trip to Camp Blanding James the 124th Infantry Regiment. Alaska, to attend. The first impression many Nicholson of Longwood wore World War II About 100 of them gathered in St. Au- of the vets had while driving through the khaki. As the men left the armory to board

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James Micholson came dressed.James Nicholsonin khakis came anddressedin c.rryingcrrying thethe bugle hehe used inin WWIIWW Summer 1988 THE FLORIDA GUARDSMAN Page 13 HERITAGE'" before it was over, over there

the buses, Nicholson bugled them on their Department of Military Affairs and the regi- professional soldiers." way with the same instrument he had used ment association's chief organizer, an- "Every airborne regiment in World War to wake the troops in the 124th's Company nounced the honorary leaders, those who will II had Florida Guardsmen and most of the K. officially represent the 124th Regiment As- junior officers of World War H were trained On the bus ride to the camp, the men were sociation. by the 124th, which ran the officer candidate talkative. Retired Col. Albert E. Durrell, who served school at Fort Benning from 1941-43." "It was more than just military. It was a as the Florida Guard's first chief of staff, was "This is a bash I really can't believe," team," Rufus Lloyd said. named regimental colonel. Bill Braswell is Harold Witherow said when it was all over. Lloyd really was a kid when he first joined regimental adjutant and Aubrey Tillery is "I knew it would happen some time, but I the military, signing up at age 15, in 1938. sergeant major. didn't know it would be this fine." He remembers a three-day, 108-mile "It was a special regiment," Hawk said N a i i 4thn march through sand from Camp Blanding to later. "It started out as a Guard regiment. Note Regular membership in the 124th In- the Ocala National Forest and back again. It had a family-type atmosphere and it was fantry Regiment Association is open to any- Lloyd was the youngest in the unit, so he had very good." one who is serving or who has ever served to carry the Browning Automatic Rifle with "While in the Dixie Division, the regi- in the 124th Infantry Regiment. For infor- tripod. He did it, not because he was afraid ment's second and third battalions and med- mation, write to Department of Military Af- they'd turn him in on account of his age, but ical detachment received Distinguished Unit fairs, State of Florida, ATTN: Robert Hawk, because, "I was afraid I'd get whipped," he citations. Their actions on the Pulangi Riv- P.O. Box 1008, St. Augustine, Fla. said. er (in the Philippines) and the Drinimour 32085-1008; or call (904) 824-8461, ext. When he grew sideburns to show his River (in New Guinea) are still studied by 17 "maturity," he encountered a problem that . still plagues soldiers today - haircut policy. A lieutenant told him, "Don't let the sun . - rise tomorrow without getting those sideburns off." That's all there was to it. "They came ,' off," Lloyd said. . Blanding, the first place most of them had i trained, was not the way they remembered [I it. They were amazed by all the trees. "You can't imagine it with all sand and It no trees," Duane Wilson said. "I can't imagine it with trees. We built duckboards (wooden sidewalks) to walk on. "Everything looks smaller now, I remember the officers club looked so big to me. I'm amazed, too, at the sophistication of our Army now. It's a much better Army than we knew." "It's certainly bigger than I ever thought," William Braswell said of Camp Blanding. "All these fellas, and young ladies, too. I appreciate that they're there. I don't ever J want another war." Braswell, a draftsman before the war, earned the Distinguished Service Cross for trying to save a buddy's life in the Philip- pines. A grenade, lodged between the man's pack and back, exploded as Braswell attempted to remove it, killing the buddy and crippling Braswell's right hand. The men saw troops rappel from a UH-1H Huey helicopter and got a look at a Dragon i anti-tank weapon and a 105mm howitzer. Lunch was MREs (meals read to eat) under a camouflage net. "I was really kind of dreading this part of the trip, but these are not bad," Glenn Can- ' trell said after polishing off his food. The 156th Medical Company's food service section prepared the banquet for the regiment members and their wives on the reunion's last night. Robert Hawk, historian for the Florida MREs were new experience for Thomas Kemp Page 10 THE FLORIDA GUARDSMAN Spring 1987 86 Marine Street- Generals, Ghosts

SG.; .. official home to 25 military commanders, Sfederal and state. Their separate careers cover a wide range of military experience. Most of the federal officers stationed in St. Augustine were graduates of the U.S.

could talk, one could hear accounts of long personal friendships with U.S. Grant, .:e . William T. Sherman, and most of the other great personalities, North and South, of the American Civil War. These federal occupants of the house at 86 Marine Street saw active service in the . War with Mexico and in many of the campaigns against the hostile indians of the SFar West and on the Great Plains. One or more of them was present at virtually all . b m the great battles of the Civil War. Several served in command positions in the Spanish-American War and the Philippine Insurrection and others during the First World War. Since 1901, the house has been the of- W ficial home of 11 Florida Adjutants General and has been witness to the growth of the state's military from a handful of ill-trained and ill-equipped Florida State Troops to today's larger, well-equipped and trained Florida Army and Air National Guard. During those same intervening decades, the soldiers of the Florida Guard have been called upon for service in several wars and have been summoned more than 200 times for state active duty to protect and bring succor to the citizens of the state in times of civil unrest and natural disaster. The first Florida adjutant general to reside in the house was Joseph Clifford Reed Foster, twice adjutant general, 1901-1917 and 1923-1928. He was the most Brig. Gen. J. Clifford R. Foster. important adjutant general in Florida's long history and was elevated to the office at the age of 28. He had served with the 1st Florida Regiment during the Spanish American War and died in office in 1928. There were four adjutants general between 1917 and 1923, reflecting the general disruption of society and governmental By Spec. 4 Deborah Pappas garrison headquarters for the U.S. Regular organizations attendant to the events dur- Army, 1865-1900, suitable living quarters ing and immediately following the First F rom 1578 to 1763, the military reser- were required for personnel. Construction World War. Those commanders, J.B. vation in St. Augustine housing toon those quarters was begun some time Christian, James McCants, Sidney Catts day's headquarters of the Florida National after 1865 and the buildings were essen- Jr., and Charles Lovell, all had had active Guard, the St. Francis Barracks, was the tially completed by 1878. The quarters at duty in earlier wars or during the First site of a thriving Franciscan monastery. 86 Marine St., immediately adjacent to the World War and all were eligible to reside With the arrival of the.British, the proper- headquarters barracks,became the official at 86 Marine St. ty became a military barracks and a residence of the garrison's post Vivian Collins, adjutant general from military barracks it remained, the commander. 1928 to 1947, was a true soldier of Florida. predecessor organization to today's Florida Following the transfer of the property to A member of the Florida State Troops National Guard, in 1901. . the state, it became the home of Florida's prior to the Great War, he had served on While the reservation was serving as a adjutant general; and so it remains. the Mexican Border with the 2nd Florida

:7, 7-7,7 Spring 1987 THE FLORIDA GUARDSMAN Page 11 and Guards Regiment before the general war- served as Adjutant General during most of simultaneously, as befitting a citizen mandated call-up in 1917. From 1940 to the traumatic and disruptive Vietnam War soldier, was chairman of the board of 1946, he commanded the Florida State era. Ensslin and Hall Advertising, Inc., in Guard while the regular Florida National General McMillan's successor, Kennedy Tampa. Guard was on war-time active duty. Bullard, was a Florida Guardsman called "Facing Matanzas Bay at the southern The adjutant general who succeeded Col- to federal duty with the Guard in 1940 but end of historic St. Augustine, the house at lins, Mark Lance, began his military career whose combat service was with the U.S. 86 Marine St. is an integral part of our in the U.S. Navy during the First World 1st Armoured Division in North Africa and State's long history and military heritage," War and served with the 31st Division in Italy. He commanded the Florida Guard said Robert Hawk, director of historical the Southwest Pacific during the Second. during the transition to an all-volunteer ar- services at the Department of Military He commanded in Florida during the my and during the toughest and longest Affairs. Korean War and during the great changes periods of state active duty ever perform- "A part of the headquarters complex, the in national military reserve policy after ed by the Guard. land on which it stands has been in use 1952 which established the modern Na- The present resident of 86 Marine St., since the earliest days of Spanish settle- tional Guard. Robert F. Ensslin Jr., began his military ment in North America. Henry McMillan, the next Florida adju- career as a second lieutenant of artillery "As the home of the commander of tant general, had risen from the ranks of attached to various United Nations com- Florida's National Guard, the oldest state the Florida National Guard. He, too, saw mands during the Korean conflict. During Militia/National Guard in the United active service during World War II, in- his career with the Florida Guard and States, one trusts the 'walls' of the old cluding a period as military attache in the before becoming the adjutant general in house will continue to hear stories of Republic of Paraguay. After long service 1981, he held most of the command posi- military leadership for many years to with the Florida Guard after the war, he tions available in the Guard and come."

ep f i t mo c s 1.

The picket fence is the major outward change since 1908. Page 10 THE FLORIDA GUARDSMAN Summer 1989 SHISTORY Wounds Didn't Stop Top Medal Winner Story by Bob Hawk --- Florida Guard Historian combat areas, he became platoon commander I.and so remained for most of his active combat SI . .. . service time. kfV 'Sgt. . Braswell and his platoon participated in " . . the invasions of Mindoro, Ramblan, Tablas and . - several other small islands too small to be noted S.on most maps. In the late spring of 1945, his " division was committed to the re-conquest of Mindanao Island. Woody heard that his old out- ' ' fit, the 31st "Dixie" Division was also fighting on the island but he had no chance to visit them; Shis new division was heavily engaged in a bitter campaign to clear the Japanese out of Davao Sand the surrounding jungle-shrouded . ' . mountains. S' . On May 26, 1945, Sgt. Braswell, already the S' holder of a Bronze Star and a Purple Heart earn- ' ' : " ; ed in previous combat operations, led his pla- S toon into an area known to be heavily defended by the Japanese. He and two of his men Sscouted a trail ahead of the platoon; but let the official citation tell the story. SI "Sergeant Braswell was leading his patrol j along a dense jungle trail near Panacan, Min- Sdanao, when the enemy suddenly opened fire Sll3 from cleverly concealed pillboxes, and the leader of the advance squad fell forward, seriously wounded. The patrol was complete- S ly pinned down and, as the squad leader lay helpless and completely exposed to hostile fire, one of the enemy hurled a grenade which landed S. . on the wounded soldier's back. Without hesita- 1 7 .' tion, and in the face of withering Japanese con- . 2',' centration, Sergeant Braswell dashed forward SJ ' - . to the aid of his fellow soldier. He seized the BrasW lI at(inert) hs h ; in grenade but it exploded before he could dispose Braswell at his home; in WWII (insert) of it, tearing off his rightright hand. W oodrow Wilson "Woody" Braswell troops at Fort Benning. While stationed there, "By his unfaltering courage in attempting to lives quietly in Jacksonville with his many Florida Guardsmen left the regiment for save a comrade's life in the face of insurmoun- wife in a house he built by himself, other outfits including newly formed airborne table odds, Sgt. Braswell set an inspiring ex- in the years following the end of World War regiments and the Army Air Corps. The first ample of courage in keeping with the highest II. For many, building a home "single- Florida Guardsmen to see combat did so in late traditons of the service." handedly," may seem no great achievement, 1942. Woody would have completed more than It was while in the hospital that Woody learn- but Woody Braswell, while earning his nation's four years of active service before he would ed of the death in combat on Okinawa of his second highest award for bravery, the enter combat in late 1944. brother, a former Marine Ranger with a Silver Distinguished Service Cross, left one of his Following duty with the 124th, he was cadred Star won on New Georgia Island. On this sad hands on Mindanao, the Philippine Islands. to the 300th Infantry Regiment, also serving as note, Woody began the long process of Woody was born in Jacksonville, is a Fort Benning school troops. Eventually, Woody hospitalization and plastic surgery in prepara- graduate of Jackson High School, and was was sent to the West Coast, where he was tion for life in a post-war world. He returned working as a draftsman when he joined Com- assigned a wide variety of duties including guar- to Jacksonville and eventually retired from a pany G, 124th Infantry, Florida National Guard ding prisoners of war. After a stint at the bat- civil service job with the Navy in his home city. in 1938. With them he was mobilized for talion headquarters of a California replacement As far as is known, Woodrow Wilson federal service during the national emergency, center, he was shipped to the South Pacific. Braswell received the highest combat decora- November 1940. They had a not unpleasant Now a Staff Sergeant, he spent some months tion of any Florida Guardsman during World year or so at Camp Blanding; training, marches, in New Guinea awaiting assignment. It finally War II. And Woody is back with the Guard, sailboating and swimming in Kingsley Lake un- came; he was sent as a replacement to Com- as Honorary Regimental Adjutant of the 124th til one Sunday, the 7th of December 1941. pany B 19th Infantry Regiment, 24th Infantry Infantry Regiment, under the new Army Woody wasn't sure where Pearl Harbor was, Division on Leyte, the Philippine Islands. Regimental System. He continues his service but the Japanese attack there made his life, and Although without previous combat ex- to "Florida and Country." You will meet him the lives of millions of other Americans, in- perience; Woody was made platoon sergeant of at the next regimental dinner or reunion of the finitely more demanding and difficult. this veteran combat company of the 19th. Due 124th Infantry. Be sure to introduce yourself The 124th became Officer Candidate Scho6l . to the extreme shortage of junior officers in to Florida's most highly decorated soldier. .. .. - Page 6 THE FLORIDA GUARDSMAN Spring 1990 1 --HISTORY Florida Guard served everywhere in WWII By Bob Hawk I t was the greatest war in all history and Camp Jackson, large drafts of men from the Nearly half of all fatal casualties among Florida's National Guardsmen served, 124th were sent to the 4th and 30th Divisions Florida's Guardsmen occurred during serv- trained, fought and some died, in every destined for a war that would begin in the ice with a relatively small and select group theater and in every great battle, on land and hedgerows of Normandy in France. Others of divisions; the 3rd, 4th, 30th, 31st and 45th in the air, of that titanic global struggle. Most were sent as infantry replacements to the Infantry Divisions and the lth, 17th, 82nd served in or with the infantry, many in the Mediterranean Theater where Americans had and 101st Airborne Divisions. Other divi- Army Air Corps, and others in the artillery, been in combat with the Axis Powers since sions in which Florida Guardsmen killed in engineers, quartermasters and as specialists November 1942. Many of these former action served included the 1st, 2nd, 8th, 9th, in all the various technical professions as- Florida Guardsmen would serve with the 3rd 24th, 34th, 35th, 37th, 40th, 42nd, 63rd, sociated with modern, industrial and scien- and 45th Divisions in Italy and, later, in 77th, 78th, 79th, 94th, 96th Infantry and the tific warfare. Most came home at war's end; France. 6th and 10th Armored Divisions. some did not. - If the divisions and specialist units in which One might suppose all of Florida's Guards- Following a political rumpus over the dis- surviving Florida Guard veterans and known men would have served in the same unit; the bandment of Florida's 124th, it returned to to have served are included, we can add the 31st Infantry Division of which they were an existence through the expedient of re- 7th, 26th, 43rd, 65th, 66th, 83rd, 85th, 87th, organic part prior to general mobilization, designating the 154th Infantry Regiment, 88th, 98th, 99th Infantry, the 10th Mountain Actually, most did not. It was partly a re- then in New Guinea with the 31st Division, and 13th Airborne Divisions, the Rangers, sult of calculation and intent on the part of as the 124th. (It is ironic and fitting that the various intelligence, signal, quartermaster the Regular army but mostly it was simply 154th had been Florida's assigned regiment units and even training detachments in India, the incredible demands created by the nature immediately after the end of World War I. Burma, and China attached to the Chinese and scope of the war itself. Some artillery, Some Florida Guardsmen were already with Army. some support troops and a handful of Flori- the 154th (now 124th), and others would find In short, there really wasn't anywhere da infantry would eventually reach the South ther way there in the months to come. But, Florida Guardsmen didn't serve during the Pacific and serve with the 31st Division in in numbers, they never comprised more than war. Their impact on the Army must have New Guinea and the Philippines. All of the 10 percent of the regiment. been vastly greater than mere numbers might Coast Artillery and most of the infantry Of the nearly 4,000 Florida Guardsmen suggest. Florida provided private soldier, would fight their war in other units and in mobilized for war in 1940, approximately NCO and officer leadership cadres to most other places. 170 are known to have been killed in action of the elite divisions in the Army and good Following general mobilization in Novem- or died during the war years. (This number men in many other units, on land and in the ber 1940 (January 1941 for the 265th Coast represents about 80 percent of the total fatal air. They made a difference and established Artillery), Florida's soldiers took up resi- casualties from the Florida Guard). Forty an enviable record, one worthy of study and dence at the newly created Camp Blanding died of nonbattle-related disease or accidents commemoration. The new memorial and in the north central part of the state. There or were killed at times, places and with unit museum at Camp Blanding is but a start in they were joined by other elements of the assignments that are not part of the availa- publically recognizing the long-neglected and 31st Division and their ranks fleshed out with ble records. At least 17 were killed while overlooked achievements of those "Florida draftees, most from Florida and the other serving in the Army Air Corps and one as Boys of 1940" to whom Florida, and the na- southern states that contributed component a Marine. tion, owe so much. units to the division. Almost immediately, individuals were separated from their Guard units; some to attend special technical schools, a few to OCS and even more suc- cumbed to the romantic attractions of a war in the air; the Army Air Corps. After the maneuvers of 1941 and the cata- clysm of Pearl Harbor, Florida men began disappearing from the division in large numbers. More volunteered for the Air Corps, numerous individuals went off to a greatly expanded OCS program and a very large number responded to the appeal for men to fill the ranks of the new airborne divisions. By this time, the 124th Infantry was no longer part of the 31st Division. They were school troops at the infantry OCS school at Fort Benning, Ga., training the thousands and thousands of new junior officers needed for the vastly expanded national army. By the fall of 1943,;-mre. than half of the Florida Guardsmen originally in the 124th were gone and, at Camp Jackson, S.C., the remainder were transferred to other units and the regiment itself officially disbanded. From Spring 1990 THE FLORIDA GUARDSMAN Page 7 HISTORY

Hall examines memorial in early stage of construction Museum and park opening a major event By Maj. Doug Wiles C amp Blanding, - The opening A number of artifacts have been acquired He is a World War II veteran, serving as a and dedication ceremonies of the as a result of a nationwide search by Hall and naval aviator in the Pacific." Camp Blanding Museum and other volunteers. Veterans associations The search is still on for items from the Memorial Park of the Second World War has representing most units that trained here have war era. Hall is particularly interested in been selected by the Department of Defense made memorabilia available to the museum posters, postcards, medals, coins and paper as the premier event initiating America's for- for displays. money from foreign countries, personal mal recognition of the 50th anniversary of items, clothing and equipment. Persons in- WorldWo War II.La flybyPlans offor World the dedication War II aircraft,ceremony a tourinclude of terestedested in donating artifacts are asked to The ceremonies will be held at Camp Camp Blanding andr militarya ball. contact Hall at the Camp Blanding Museum Blanding on Nov. 24-26, 1990, to com- C d and a military bal and Memorial Park of the Second World memorate the federalization of America's "We've invited the president to attend," War, Route 1, Box 465, Starke, FL 32091 National Guard in 1940. Hall said, "however, he's not accepted yet. - 9703. Telephone (904) 533-3196. The museum and park are located just in- side the main gate of Camp Blanding on a 13-acre site. A World War era barracks Form er died building will house the museum exhibits, a Former Guardsman died research library and archive collection. Ex- we h b terior display areas will include weapons, vehicles and aircraft from the era and a while eld by nem y memorial garden dedicated to the units and soldiers who trained at Camp Blanding from By Bob Hawk 1940-45. uring the Depression years of the Japanese invaded the islands. Sometime af- The park will feature the Florida Regimen- 1930's, it was not unusual for men ter the retreat into the Baatan Peninsula, Ar- tal Memorial of World War II, depicting the to come to Florida seeking employ- chie was assigned duties on Corregidor crests and war service of each Florida Na- ment and to join the Florida Guard while Island and was surrendered with the garri- tional Guard unit federalized. here. One such individual was Archie Doane son on May 6, 1942. The memorial is presently under construc- from Lansing, Mich. While living with his The Japanese prisoner of war policy of cal- tion. Barracks renovation will begin within grandmother in Haines City and working as culated brutality which resulted in the infa- this month, according to Sgt. Maj. Rodney an apprentice baker, Archie enlisted in Com- mous "Baatan death march" was continued P. Hall, museum curator. pany F, 106th Engineers in the fall of 1933. in the primitive prisoner of war compounds "Funds for construction have been received Less than two years later, Archie was north of Manila. At 5 on Sept. 9, 1942, Pri- from several sources, including a $100,000 released from service as he had decided to vate 1st Class Archie Doane died of dysen- appropriation from the 1989 Florida Legis- seek work elsewhere. tery and was buried in one of the many mass lature," Hall said. "An additional $40,000 graves at Cabanatuan Camp. After the war, in contributions have come from the Nation- Apparently, work was still hard to find and Army Graves Registration teams were able al Guard Officers Association of Florida, in 1939, Archie enlisted in the Army Air to identify his remains from his dental Sumpter and Ivlyn Lowry Foundation, Camp Corps. Posted to the Philippine Islands with records and he was subsequently re-interred Blanding Museum and Historical Associates the 2nd Observation Squadronhe served in in the Mount Hope Cemetery, Lansing, and other interested individuals." the ground crew and was present when the Mich. Summer 1989 THE FLORIDA GUARDSMAN Page 11 SHISTORY Early Guardsman Became a Pasha By Bob Hawk Florida Guard Historian I n the square behind Government House in Virginia. returned to the United States. in downtown St. Augustine stands a monu- For the next several years following the Civil For the next few years, Loring wandered ment and obelisk in memory of a most War, Loring found himself making his living around the country, visiting friends and relatives unusual Floridian, William Wing Loring. Boy as an advisor on Southern investments for a and lecturing on his life as a pasha, or general soldier in the Florida Militia during the Second group of New York bankers. He made a com- in the Egyptian Army. He wrote and publish- Seminole War, Brevet Lt. Col. in the war with fortable living but the work must not have pleased a book, A Confederate Soldier in Egypt, Mexico, regimental commander in the Far ed him because when he was offered profes- about his experiences. He began preparing his West, Maj. Gen. of the Confederacy, and Pasha sional military employment with the Egyptian notes for a projected autobiography. It was not of Egypt: Loring was all of these. Army in 1869, he accepted immediately. to be written. William Wing Loring died sud- Loring was born in Wilmington, North Hiring professional soldiers from other coun- denly, Dec. 30, 1886, in York City Carolina. His family moved to St. Augustine, tries was not unusual in the 19th century. When New York City. Florida, when he was three years old. His Sherman was on a visit to Egypt, he was asked Loring's reinterment and public funeral in St. phenomenal military career began as a volunteer by the Khedive for a list of American officers, Augustine during March of 1887 was one of in the Florida Militia in 1832, when he was Union and Confederate, with Civil War ex- the grandest events in the city's history for that barely 14 years old. He saw considerable perience, who might be willing to accept ser- decade. It was used as an occasion for a com- fighting in the early stages of the Second vice with the Egyptian Army. Loring's was one bined encampment, and week-long meeting, of Seminole War where he earned the sobriquet of the first names on the list and the very first the Union and Confederate veterans organiza- "Boy Soldier" from the local press. Promoted to accept a position, tions of northeast Florida. Both groups, in con- Sgt., later 2nd Lt. of the militia, he ended his Loring served for 10 years in Egypt. Initial- junction with other local civic organizations, participation in the war to do what young men ly concerned with training and coastal defenses, sponsored the erection of a memorial obelisk are supposed to do at his age, go to school. he took part in one active, ill-considered cam- and monument, in Government House Square, "After attending school in Virginia, he returned paign against Abyssinia, today's Ethiopia. inscribed with the details of Loring's life and to Florida and served in the new state legislature Complications of the Egyptian command ar- military service and emblazoned with the flags following Florida's admission to the Union as rangements, realities that made his advice, in- of the United States, the Confederate States, and a state, fluence, and experience useless, ultimately led the Ottoman province of Egypt. It is a fine Loring wasn't entirely happy as a politician, to defeat for the Egyptian Army. Disgusted, memorial to the local militiaman who became and when it was announced that the national Loring soon resigned his commission and a pasha of Egypt. government was raising a regiment of mounted . volunteers for serving in Oregon he volunteered " and was appointed captain of the new regiment.. . '. The outbreak of the war caused the regiment *i' to be diverted to Mexico where it, and Loring, served with distinction with General Scott's expedition into the Valley of Mexico. Loring was breveted three times for bravery: at Cerro Gor- . do, Churubusco, and at the Belen Gate of Mex- ico City where he lost his left arm. He finished the war as colonel in command of the regiment. In 1849, the Regiment of Mounted Rifles, ,, with Loring in command, resumed its journey . to Oregon. For the next 12 years Loring, and. ' the regiment, saw duty in the American Far West: along the Oregon Trail, against the Mor- mons, and in many conflicts with the Indians of Texas and New Mexico. In command of the military district which included New Mexico' when the Confederacy was formed, Loring'" ? resigned his commission and journeyed to Rich- - mond where he was immediately commission- . ed a brigadier general, C.S.A., and sent to com- •'-.' t .' .' mand troops in western Virginia. ' ' During the following four years of bitter warfare, Loring served as a divisional and corps » 'i commander in the many major battles and cam-wier \ -, paigns, east and west. He and his division were -3 at Vicksburg, in the Tennessee and North . Georgia campaigns of 1863, and 1864, and with r Hood in his disastrous winter campaign against ' Nashville. Transferred to the east early in 1865, . . Loring and the remnants of his divison surrendered to Gen, William T. Sherman in North Carolina, shortly after Lee's surrender to Grant W. W. Loring in full regalia FLORIDA FIFTEEN YEAR SERVICE MEDAL

By Bob Hawk

Originally established and issued in 1906, the Fifteen Year Continuous Service Medal was Florida's first state medal. Although fifteen years is an relatively unusual period of service to commemorate, it is not so strange when it is noted that the Adjutant General at the time, J. Cliffor R. Foster, had first enlisted in the Florida State Troops in 1891, exactly fifteen years prior to the medal's establishment.

Officially, the medal was issued only twenty-nine times. There are indications several additional individuals received the medal un-officially, and, so far as records indicate, improperly. The records of many additional potential recipiants, upon close examination, indicate they had "gaps" in their serivce time and the "continuous service" clause excluded them from consideration. (Periods of federal service, if mobilized directly from the Guard, counted towards eligibility).

There were at least two individuals whose records indicate they were eligible but did not receive the medal. Following the institution of the Florida Service Badge (medal) in 1929, many of those who might have been eligible under the older rules were issued the new medal with the appropriate numeral clasp.

Each of the official twenty-nine recipiants is listed below with brief biographical summaries when known derived from the files of the Florida Department of Military Affairs. (Personnel records for State Troops during the early part of the century were fairly sparse and fragmentary. Also, the Florida State Arsenal, and its records, was largely consumned by fire in 1915).

Recipiants of the Florida Fifteen Year Continuous Serivce Medal

1906

Major General J. Clifford R. Foster

(Born in Georgia 1873 and died in Florida 1928. Enlisted in the Florida State Troops 1891, commissioned 1898. Spanish American War service. Adjutant General of Florida 1901-1917 and 1923-1928. Died in office. President of the National Guard Association of the United States 1914-1916. Principle author of the National Defense Act of 1916).

Colonel Irving E. Webster

(Born in Vermont 1857 and died in Florida 1927. Enlisted in Florida State Troops 1878 and commissioned in 1882. Spanish American War service. Retired in 1903. (His award was retroactive) Civilian trade listed as lawyer). Colonel Charles M. Bingham

(Born in Wisconsin 1865 and died in Florida 1931. Enlisted in the Florida State Troops 1884, commissioned 1888. Retired as Colonel in 1907. Civilian trade listed as merchant).

Major Jacob Gumbinger

(Born in Germany 1840 and died in Florida 1920. Service in the Union Army during the Civil War. Enlisted in the Florida State troops in 1887, later commissioned and retired as Brigadier General in 1914. Civilian trade listed as optomitrist.)

Major Frank X. Schuller

(No information available)

Major Dominick Brown

(Born in Florida 1867 and died in Florida 1935. Enlisted in Florida State Troops 1890, commissioned in 1902 and retired as Lt. Col. in 1910. Civilian trade listed as merchant).

Captain M. Henry Cohen

(Born in New York, 1872. Enlisted in Florida State Troops 1887. Later commissioned and retired as a Lt. Col. in 1912. Civilian trade listed as lawyer)

Captain Thomas J. Moore

(Born in Florida 1868. Enlisted in the Florida State Troops 1890, commissioned in 1895 and retired in 1905. Civilian trade listed as salesman. His award was retroactive)

1st Lieutenant Fred Caldwell

(No information available)

1st Lieutenant Benjamin D. Jenks

(Died in Floirda 1934. Enlisted in Florida State Troops 1888, later commissioned and retired in 1904. His award was retroactive)

1st Lieutenant Estavan A. Moreno

(No information available) 1st Lieutenant Walter G. Sharitt

(Born in Florida 1871. Commissioned in 1904. civilian trade listed as merchant. No other information available).

Chief Musician Harry H. Newsome

(No information available)

Sergeant C. H. Wigg

(No information avialable)

Sergeant Joseph W. Pinder

(No information available)

Sergeant James C. Gibson

(No information available)

1908

Colonel Richard M. Cary

(Born in 1861. Enlisted in the Florida State Troops 1883 and commissioned in 1888. Spanish American War Service. Retired as Colonel in 1914).

Sergeant Leonard Baker

(Born in Florida 1873. Retired from state service as a 1st Lieutenant in 1914. Civilian trade listed as clerk. No other records available).

Sergeant J. M. Archibald

(No information available)

1909

Colonel Felix Clemet Brossier

(Born in Texas 1854 and died in Florida 1937. Texas National Guard 1874-77; Colorado National Guard 1882-84. Enlisted in the Florida State Troops 1888, later commissioned and retired as Colonel in 1909. Civilian trade listed as merchant). 1910

Brigadier General John S. Maxwell

(Born in Florida 1866 and died in Florida 1923. Commissioned into Florida State Troops 1892. Spanish American War Service. World War I service with the JAG and in the War Plans Division of the War Department. Retired as Major General in 1923. Civilian trade listed as lawyer).

1912

Major James G. Coxetter

(Born in Floirda 1880. Enlisted in the Florida State Troops 1896. Subsequently commissioned. Spanish American War service and with army engineers in France during World War I. Retired from the Regular Army in 1934. Civilian trade listed as civil engineer).

Quartermaster Sergeant Harry F. Davis

(No information available)

1913

Captain James D. Dell

(No information available)

1914

Colonel Albert H. Blanding

(Born in Iowa 1876 and died in Florida 1970. Commissioned in the Florida State Troops 1895. Service on the Mexican Border 1916-1917 as regimental commander. Brigadier General in Federal service during World War I; commanded the 53rd Infantry Brigade, 27th Division in combat the last several months of the war. In 1924, appointed commander of the 31st Division (National Guard) Became Chief of the National Guard Bureau 1936-1940. Retired 1940 but re-activated for state service during World War II. Civilian trade as farmer and dealer in lumber products).

Major Fred G. Yerkes

(Born in Pennsylvania 1870 and died in Florida 1943. Enlisted in Florida State Troops 1896. Spanish American War Service. Retired as Major 1919. Civilian trade as owner of a hardware store) Captain Louis J. Cowan (Born in Scotland 1880. Enlisted in the Florida State Troops 1899 and reitired as a Captain in 1914. Civilian trade listed as businessman). 1922

PFC Albert E. Barrs (Born in Tennessee; 1887 and died in Florida 1962. First enlisted in the Florida State Troops 1905. Service as both an enlistedman and as an officer. Officer in federal service during World War I. Re-enlisted following the war. Officer 1922. Mobilized again in 1940 with eventual serivce in the Army Air Corps)

1926

Colonel Vivian B. Collins (Born in Florida 1883, died in Floirda 1955. Commissioned into the Florida National Guard in 1908. Service on the Mexican Border 1916-1917. With the 37th Division in France 1918-1919. Adjutant General of Florida 1928 to 1947). Military Medicine in Florida The First 200 Years

C',

Robert Hawk

Little known and less appreciated by most During the first 200 years of permanent European Americans is that the oldest European medical tradi- presence in Florida, the only significant settlement tion in what is now the continental United States of was at St. Augustine. There were short-termed out- America began in Florida. And, as Florida was a posts at Santa Elena in today's South Carolina, along presidio or military settlement, it has the oldest the Georgia coast and in the Apalachee region of cen- military medical tradition as well. That tradition, as tral Florida, but they do not figure in the history of derived from a handful of surviving official records, military medicine in any major fashion. Thus, the is extremely checkered as to quality and effectiveness history of military medicine in Florida is basically with long periods of poor care, ill-trained personnel that of St. Augustine and the personnel based there and vastly inadequate funding. Primarily this was a who occasionally ventured out to serve the needs of consequence of Florida's existence on the less the more distant Spanish Florida garrisons. desirable and less wealthy fringe of Spain's New World empire. European background * At the time of St. Augustine's establishment by Pedro Menendez de Aviles in 1565, military medical theory, education, practice and organization had been undergoing revolutionary changes in Europe for nearly 75 years. By the end of the 15th century, Spain had the most modem and effective military medical delivery system in the western world. Armies were accompanied in the field by dedicated surgeons and physicians. Special assistants with wagons and stretchers were attached to the armies to recover wounded from the battlefield for transport to nearby field hospitals. While the delivery system for military medicine in the field was much improved, the actual state of medical theory, education and practice remained rooted in the Middle Ages, dominated by the teachings of the 5th century Roman physician, Galen, _ as revised by Avicenna in the 10th century. The Author Galen had presumed all disease and complica- ROBERT HAWK tions of wounds affected the four humors, or states, Mr. Hawk is Director,Historical Services Division, of the body. The principle treatment for most illness FloridaDepartment of MilitaryAffairs, St. Augustine. was massive purging sweating and bloodletting. He is the author of Florida's'Army'Militia, State Some herbal medicines and other concoctions of in- Troops, NationalGuard 1565-1985, and Florida'sAir credible composition, including pig stools, were used Force: Air Guard 1946-1990. to help redress the balance of the body's humors. Treatment of wounds had long been the province of the barber surgeon. By the beginning of the 16th tients to relieve bad "humors." And the near total century, gunshot wounds were considered poisonous, reliance on time-honored herbal medicinal remedies, to be treated with boiling oils and formation of some of which actually worked quite well, remained "laudable pus" by introducing foreign bodies into standard practice among practitioners of military open wounds. Amputations had few survivors as ex- medicine long after the First Spanish Period in Florida. treme total cauterization was the normal treatment - Unfortunately for Spain and her American col- for exposed stumps. onies, these dynamic and "modem" changes in Finally, there was the age-old formal separation Spanish medicine, especially military medicine, were between the physician, surgeon and apothecary. For not to last. As a consequence of the religion-inspired hundreds of years, while the physician generally counter reformation during the last half of the 16th received some formal education at the university, the and the first part of the 17th centuries, Spanish surgeon was truly a barber, handy with a knife, who medical education, theory and practice included a performed surgery when necessary and generally return to pre-Renaissance practices associated with without a physician's supervision. Apothecaries in- Galen and Avicenna. There was even a reversion to cluded anyone who could claim knowledge of herbs older, far less effective and more barbaric practices in and medicines. military surgery that had been common prior to the During the 16th century, Spain's medical educa- innovations of Vesalius and Pare. After all, Paracelsus, tional system produced well-trained physicians and, Pare and possibly even Vesalius, were Protestants. in what was a modestly revolutionary step, elevated Truly modem military medicine in Spain and its em- surgeons and apothecaries to near equal status, even pire would have to wait another hundred years or so. for a time training physicians to function as surgeons. All these developments would be reflected in the prac- Most of these changes were in response to the tice of military medicine in Florida, even if only on discoveries and practical achievements of Ambrose a very minor scale. Pare, Aureolus Paracelsus and Andreas Vesalius. They initiated a direction in medical theory, education and Garrison medical care * When St. Augustine was practice that would eventually replace those founded, the Spanish government had a mandated associated with Galen and Avicenna, especially in the system of military medical support for all presidios. area of military medicine. Each was to have at least one physician, one barber- Paracelsus emphasized the need to integrate the surgeon and one apothecary. A hospital was to be functions and treatments of the physician, surgeon and established in each presidio, staffed, equipped and sup- apothecary. He insisted correct medical practice in- plied to provide adequate care for both wounded and volved a combination of experimentation and author- diseased soldiers. Each soldier's pay was to be dock- itative literary resources. Vesalius, whose magnificent ed to pay for these services. work on human anatomy fundamentally changed long- Menendez brought no physicians but did bring held assumptions about the subject and ultimately two surgeons, an apothecary and five barbers with his the study, diagnosis and treatment of many expedition to conquer and colonize Florida. Florida diseases, is correctly perceived as the founder of would not be so generously endowed with practi- modem clinical pathology. Pare's work on the treat- tioners of military medicine for the remainder of the ment of combat, especially gunshot wounds, would First Spanish Period. Within ten years, all those who not be improved upon until the advent of anesthesia had come with a conquering fleet were gone to other and antiseptic medicine. colonies, died or had returned to Spain. St. Augustine and Florida were left to do the best they could for the Spanish medical training * Many innovations next 200 years. associated with these men would be incorporated in- For awhile, the best was very good indeed, even to the training of Spanish military medical personnel. if under exceptionally unusual conditions. In about By the second decade of the 16th century, most 1579, Juan de LeConte, probably a French Hugenot, Spanish universities were training physicians to be was shipwrecked near Santa Elena and transferred to surgeons and surgeons as physicians. Even the St. Augustine as a prisoner. Records indicate he was apothecaries were provided related and substantial an excellent physician-surgeon and a knowledgeable training including a new materia medica based on a apothecary. LeConte's medical training, obtained combination of Old and New World remedies. Dissec- primarily in French and northern Spanish univer- tions on a par with those of Vesalius were a major sities, almost certainly included material associated part of the curriculum. Pare's insistence that gunshot with the teachings of Paracelsus, Vesalius and Pare. wounds were not poisoned and that ligature of blood For decades, he was virtually a one-man military vessels and herbal poultices as bandages after amputa- medical system for Florida. He functioned as a barber tion were more effective than boiling oils and to the garrison. In the beginning, he performed all catastrophic cauterization became standard practice, those tasks in return for sustenance and was later Less successful were attempts to replace Galenes- granted a small salary. He served St. Augustine until -...: ,.. C.,rie hlPline, ind nmuring of pa- approximately 1620 when he retired to Cuba where he died in 1630. Francis was bitterly against this "intrusion" into their LeConte and Florida's military medical system province and the medical team of friars from Mexico were assisted by at least two of Florida's governors, departed within months of their arrival. Florida would During the 1580s, Catalina Menendez, sister of not experience their caliber of medical practice for Governor Pedro Menendez Marques, cared for sick more than four decades. and injured soldiers in her home at her own expense, There were other problems associated with pro- serving as a nurse with one female Royal slave to help viding some form of military medical service to the her. Another governor, Gonzalo Mendez de Canzo, garrison. During the 1670s and early 1680s, one established a military hospital in 1597. When this first surgeon to the garrison was an Englishman who was official military hospital burned in 1599, he built actually not a surgeon at all and intoxicated most of another and it lasted, in one form or another, for the time. He was hardly an answer to the military several decades into the 17th century to be replaced medical needs of the province. by other facilities normally operated by the friars of In 1668, the governor, Francisco de la Guerra y St. Francis stationed in the presidio. de las Vega, cheated, insulted and shipped out the With the retirementjdeath of LeConte, Florida French-born garrison surgeon, Pedro Piques. Piques' (4 was not to experience adequate medical care for its ship was captured by the English pirate John Davis garrison until near the middle of the 18th century. who led Davis on a raid to St. Augustine in revenge Barber-surgeons and apothecaries came and went, and for his poor treatment by the Spanish. The pirates there is little evidence any were adequately trained looted and destroyed much of the city and killed to perform their assigned tasks. Florida needed real many residents. military medical care as the final half of the 17th century was characterized by frequent back country wars Other providers of care * For much of Florida's first with English-supported Indian raids, occasional 200 years, medical care was administered to the gar- province-wide epidemics of the plague, measles, rison by church friars, convicts or the soldiers smallpox, syphilis and various supposedly climate- themselves. Considering their pay was docked for induced diseases, most probably typhoid, dysentery medical care every month, the paucity of adequate and yellow fever, care must have been frustrating and added im- measurably to the difficulties and unpopularity of ser- Assigned physicians * There is little evidence a real vice in Florida. And, of course, there was no question physician was assigned for any length of time to St. of their having adequate medical care when they took Augustine for the last half of the 17th century. Time the field on expeditions against hostile Indians or in- and time again, local governors urgently requested trusive Englishmen. assignment of qualified and knowledgeable military Their pay stoppages were to pay for medicines as physicians, surgeons and apothecaries. Their requests well, medicines which were almost never available. were almost never answered, let alone fulfilled. About For much of the 17th century, members of the gar- the best they could hope for was the assignment of rison had to rely on locally grown and produced her- an occasional barber-surgeon to supplement whatever bal medicines and "Indian" cures or none at all. The local resources there might be. records are replete with official requests for medicines One local-bor and probably self-styled barber to be dispatched to Florida, few of which were ever surgeon, Juan de los Reyes, served the garrison as fulfilled and then only after delays spanning several apothecary of record from 1648 to 1712, followed by years. his son, Estaban. It was noted by more than one gover- Because of this long period of inadequate and pro- nor that Reyes wasn't much good and didn't know visioned medical staff in Florida, the truly sick or his job. He was relatively unique in being styled both badly injured or wounded soldiers had to be sent to surgeon and apothecary but as the garrison rarely had Havana for treatment. There at least those who a stock of medicines to dispense, he could do little survived the trip could receive relatively decent real harm. Still, he was all the Florida garrison had medical care more in line with officially mandated for a very long time. military medical policy. In 1680 a garrison surgeon, Juan Marquez As a presidio settlement, virtually all the people Cabrera, became governor. He was wildly unpopular in Florida were in or serviced the military establish- in the province, even being denied absolution by the ment and thus entirely relied upon the military local priests. He departed in 1687 never to return, medical institutions until the very last decade of the However, he did try to improve medical services for First Spanish Period. The general inadequacy of the garrison by requesting the assignment of three medical service in Florida was a constant theme of friars of the Order of San Juan de Dios from Mexico protest in official letters to the king and the City. bureaucrats of the government in Cuba and in Spain. The friars came to operate the garrison hospital. Sometimes changes in Spanish law made the One was an educated physician-surgeon, one an situation even more difficult as when it was decided medicines, a job for apothecaries. This was especial- medical care had been only occasionally available and ly difficult in Florida where there were rarely both a rarely of decent quality. Until the final decade of physician and apothecary and even less frequently the Spanish control, military medical care in Florida had necessary medical supplies, not even come close to the quality and comprehen- siveness demanded in official government documents Substantial improvements * Only after the siege of and policies. St. Augustine in 1702 would substantial im- For most of the preceding 200 years in Florida it provements in Florida's military medical institutions was best if a soldier of the garrison refrained from be- and services begin to any significant degree. By the ing wounded or sick. Except under the administra- 1720s the assignment of adequately trained and equip- tions of LeConte and the garrison medics of the final ped physicians, surgeons and apothecaries became an three decades, his chances of survival from wounds expected and normal, even if only a periodically or sickness decreased in direct proportion to the realizable condition of garrison life. And even when amount of care he received from the poorly trained it was possible to obtain adequate military health and supplied surgeons, physicians, and apothecaries care, there were problems. available to him. In 1738, Governor Manuel de Montiano, one of During the 18th century, there were major ad- Florida's best and most effective governors, noted vances in the theory and practice of military there were no medical personnel in the presidio and medicine. At century's end and generally as a conse- formally requested a physician, surgeon and quence of lessons learned during the years of warfare apothecary from the government in Cuba. His request accompanying the French Revolution, developments was granted with commendable dispatch and the re- in the theory, practice and effective delivery of quired medical personnel were dispatched. Unfor- medical care for soldiers in the field and in garrison tunately, all drowned when the ship carrying them finally achieved a level of quality promised by the in- was wrecked. It was not until after the war against novations of the Renaissance physicians and surgeons the English, 1739-1742, that their replacements and as promised in 16th century Spanish government arrived. policy. But it still was not recognizably modern However, Montiano did not have to do entirely military medicine. That would remain a goal of the without medical assistance. That same year, another future and nearly 100 years in the achievement. ship was cast upon the coast and its well-educated and capable surgeon, Juan Pescador, was "attached" to the Resources garrison for several years, eventually receiving official approval, and pay, for his sojourn in Florida. Medicine in the New World: New Spain. New France and New England. edited by Finally, in 1743, the garrison got a new hospital Ronld L.Number. University of Tennessee Press. 1987. Notes on History of Military Medicine. Fielding H. Carrison, The Military Surgeon. staffed with qualified personnel, at least most of the 1921-22. time. By 1759, on the eve of the end of the First Surger Through he Ages. Lejaren A. Hillet. New York, Hastlim House. 1944 Spanish Period n F , the garrison hospital was, Medical Men and Medical Events in Early St. Augustine, Webster Merrtt IFMA. Spanish Period in Florida, the garrison hospital was, 19Ss. by Florida standards, a remarkably satisfactory facility Medicine. Warlar and Hstory. lohn F.fulion. Smihsonin Insttuton. 19F4 Medicinemn St. Aufustmn Dunnf the Spamish Period, Willam Straiht. IFMA, 1965. with two large rooms, 12 beds, kitchen, privies, Trfnslaions from Stetson Collection of Florida Documents and Records ol the apothecary shop, herb garden and sufficiently train- Casillo d San Marcos by Luis Arna hstonan of the Casillo de San Marcos Naional ed personnel to perform the needed services. By the Monument standards of European military medicine elsewhere, Illustrations from it may not have been much but it was the best Florida the days of LeConte. A ,Medice:An luststed History by Alben Lyons •nd R. )oseph Prtucell. New York. S had had since the days of LeConte. Abradale Press, 1987. In 1763 Florida was transferred to the British in Th Iustations from the Works of Andreas Vesus I.D. dcC. M. Saunders and Charles D. O'Malley, New York. World Publishing Co.. 1950. exchange for Havana which the British had previously captured. During the first 200 years of European * Mr. Hawk, settlement in the Peninsula, satisfactory military Spring 1989 THE FLORIDA GUARDSMAN Page,27 AIR GUARD. Early Honors for Florida's Air Force by Robert Hawk he original Florida Air National Guard fighter squadron was tacks during the Battle of the Bulge, the airborne landings associated formed in 1947. It was mobilized for, and service in, the with "Operation Varsity," (Rhine River crossings, March 1945), at- Korean War. Few, however, may be aware that the lineage tacks on German airfields and in general support of Allied forces dur- of today's 159th Fighter Interceptor Squadron includes many battle ing the conquest of Germany itself. honors for the Second World War or that the unit received a While in combat, the 352nd Fighter Squadron was assigned to the Distinguished Unit Citation for its support of American paratroopers 353rd Fighter Group, (later redesignated the 116th Fighter Group, in Holland during September 1944. Georgia Air National Guard). The 352nd Fighter Squadron had no Rarely are military units, even those of the National Guard, created distinctive insignia of its own, but used that of the 353rd Fighter Group. out of nothing. Whenever possible, the Department of Defense transfers World War II campaign streamers awarded to the 352nd include: the lineage of one unit to its successor formation. When Florida was Air Offensive, Europe alloted a fighter squadron in 1947, it was assigned the re-activated 352nd Normandy Fighter Squadron and its number redesignated the 159th to be consis- Northern France tent with federal policy regarding the numbering of Air National Guard Rhineland units. But the "new" 159th officially carried with it into its new life Ardennes-Alsace the lineage and honors of the 352nd. Central Europe The 352nd Fighter Squadron was activated in Mitchell Field, N.Y., Air Combat, Eame (European African on Oct. 1, 1942. It trained with P-40, later P-47, fighter aircraft in Middle Eastern) Theater New York and various stations in Virginia. Squadron personnel were transferred to England during June 1943 aboard the liner Queen Mary. Distinguished Unit Citation It entered combat operations on Aug. 9 of that year. While in the Euro- For escort and ground attack operations in pean Theater of Operations, the squadron was based at several loca- support of the American airborne forces in tions in England, France, and Germany. Holland during "Operation Market Garden," ' During its combat service, the squadron operated P-47s until re- Sept. 17-23, 1944. equipped with P-51 fighter aircraft in October 1944. The unit provid- As a component squadron of the 116th ed protection for American bombers engaged in attacking industrial, Fighter-Bomber Group, (formerly the 353rd), transportation, and V-weapon sites and flew many missions as fighter- the 159th (formerly 352nd), operating F-84 jet bombers against both tactical and strategic targets in France, Belgium, fighter-bombers from bases in Japan and Korea, and Holland. earned the following campaign streamers for During and following the Normandy invasion, the squadron operated the Korean War: primarily in support of Allied ground forces engaged in the elimina- In Summer-Fall Offensive (1951) tion of German forces from the occupied countries of Western Europe. Second Korean Winter The squadron received a Distinguished Unit Citation for close ground Korea Summer-Fall (1952) support of American paratroopers in Holland during "Operation Market (Excerpt from manuscript of "Florida's Air Garden," Sept. 17-23, 1944. Force: Air National Guard 1946-1988" cur- Subsequently, the unit operated in support of the Allied counterat- rently in preparation)

Stewart Cited "'y For Service To Association Senior Master Sgt. Jimmy D. Stewart (right) and Col. Larry D. Martin hold a plaque presented to Stewart Dec. 4 during the unit training assembly of the 125th Fighter Intercep- tor Group at the Air Guard base in Jacksonville. Martin, commander of the Professional Military Education Center in Knoxville, Tenn., presented the plaque to Stewart, making the 34-year military veteran an honorary member of the faculty at the center. Stewart earned the recognition for his outstanding service as a member of the Air National Guard Non- Commissioned Officer Academy Graduates Association for the past 16 years. Stewart has been the vice president of the local association chapter, the Region 4 Director for Jacksonville, a member of the Association board and recently-elected president of the Association. " ..

. • .- - ...... - :: ' "..: "i: -- -·- Page 30 THE FLORIDA GUARDSMAN Summer 1987 Dickison and Lang: Rebel colonels to adjutant generals From Chapter Ten of "Florida's Army: Mi- litia, State Troops, National Guard 1565-1985 By Robert Hawk. Pineapple Press, Inc. Englewood, Fl.

T he American Civil War was different from the civil wars of other nations. When it ended, the losers just went home. There were no executions- except for the hanging of one . - prison camp commandant-no lingering guerrilla war, no bloody reprisals. . . . . ' Two of Florida's most famous and hardest.. fighting soldiers, David Lang and John J. Dick-' ison, also went home. Each had achieved the rank of colonel, Lang after Fredricksburg and, - ' Dickison, officially, several weeks after the surrender. Destined to become general officers a '- few years after the end of the war, each, in turn, . would become Adjutant General of Florida and would don the blue uniform of Major General of State Troops. . David Lang was a Georgian. born, bred, and - , , educated. He moved to Florida as a young man to pursue a career in engineering and survey- ing. When the war began he volunteered, serv- Adjutant General J. J. Dickison Adjutant General David Lang ing as a private and then as a sergeant in the Ist Florida Infantry. In 1862, upon reorgani- nors. He lived to see all Americans, North and trolled was know as "Dixieland." zation of the regiment, he returned to Florida South, wearing the same uniform and fighting With reason to fear and respect his skill, Un- to raise a new company in the 8th Florida In- a common enemy, the soldiers of the German ion commands, large and small, came to grief fantry. The 8th Florida joined the 2nd and 5th Empire. He died an old and still proud man in at the hands of Dickison and his men. At Florida to form a Florida Brigade in the Army December of 1917. Gainesville in 1864 and near Cedar Key in of Northern Virginia. John Jackson Dickison was a different kind 1865, large Union forces were soundly trounced Between the summer of 1862 and the sur- of man with a different background who fought by vastly smaller Confederate forces led by render at Appomattox in the spring of 1865, a different kind of war than did David Lang. Dickison. Even Union gunboats were not im- there were no major battles involving the Army Dickison came to Florida from Virginia via mune. He ambushed the Columbine and killed of Northern Virginia that did not include the South Carolina. He became a planter near Or- or captured all the men aboard. Florida Brigade and David Lang. Second ange Lake, in northern Marion County. He was But the war was lost; Dickison and his men Manassas. Antietam, Fredricksburg, Chancel- modestly wealthy by the standards of the time, surrendered and were paroled near Waldo in lorsville, Gettysburg, Wilderness, Spotslyvania, but would lose it all in the war to come. May of 1865. This wasn't, however, the end Cold Harbor, and the battles for Petersburg: Dickison's first war service was with the of his Confederate career. Later that same Lang was always there. Marion Light Artillery in northeast Florida dur- month Dickison and several of his men helped Lang was badly wounded twice, at Antietam ing the early months of the conflict. But he former U.S. Senator, Vice President, and Con- and in the Wilderness. Then, due to the in- wanted to lead cavalry, and in July of 1862, federate Secretary of War, John C. Breckin- capacitation of General Perry, the brigade com- he was eventually given authority to raise a ridge escape to Cuba. mander, Lang commanded the entire brigade company. Mustered in as Company H, 2nd Marginally involved in politics after the war, at Gettysburg and Spotslyvania. He commanded Florida Cavalry, its members were from almost Dickison became Adjutant General during the again during the retreat to Appomattox when every county in the central and northern part first post-Reconstruction government of Flori- the new brigade commander, Joseph Finegan, of the state. They were destined, however, da. With little support from the state and almost was transferred to other duties. never to fight in any of the great or famous bat- none from the central government, he managed He gained considerable renown for his regi- ties of the war. Their entire war was fought to establish a functioning state military organi- ment's defense of the river crossings at within the boundaries of Florida. But fight they zation, which his successor, David Lang, with Fredericksburg and gained immortality, at the did; in many small battles and skirmishes, near- more support, would be able to turn into a mod- age of 25, leading his brigade into the Union ly always against great odds, always victorious, ern military force. lines during Pickett's Charge at Gettysburg. Throughout most of 1864, and until the sur- Toward the end of the century Dickison wrote With the election of his old brigade com- render in 1865, Dickison and his men controlled a military history of the war in Florida. It is' mander, E.A. Perry, as governor of Florida, the central part of the state. Every attempt to still considered a valuable historical resource Lang became Adjutant General. With modest invade his territory or to try and capture him because many of the documents he used are no help from the state, Lang was able to establish met with defeat and great losses in Union men longer available. He probably helped write, or regular summer training camps for state troops, and equipment. Dickison's command rarely even ghost-wrote, the popular account of his to obtain better arms and :equipment and to numbered more than three hundred men, and wartime exploits, Dickison and His Men, os- designate the volunteer militia units as the offi- then only when reinforced by local militia or tensibly authored by his wife, Mary Elizabeth cial State Troops of Florida. Following his detached elements of other companies. Union Dickison. He lived to see the beginning of a eight-year tenure as Adjutant General, he be- commanders in Florida coastal cities came to new century and died in 1903 at his home in came private-secretary to the next two gover- call Dickison "Dixie;" the territory he con- Ocala.

~? ... - - - Draft of article for "Florida Guardsman" magazine

FLORIDA-CONNECTED MEDALS OF HONOR: CIVIL WAR

Established by the federal government in 1862, the Medal of Honor could not be awarded to Florida soldiers as they were mostly serving in the Confederate States Army. But there were at least six Medals of Honor issued to Union soldiers for actions against Florida Regiments. All involved the capture of regimental flags. While this may seem an insufficient reason for granting the medal, remember that during that war, unit battle and regimental flags were considered the "soul" of each unit, to be defended literally to the death. As a percentage, flag bearers suffered far heavier fatal casualties than any other category of soldier in either army, North or South.

MEDALS OF HONOR FOR CAPTURE OF FLORIDA FLAGS

ALBERT A. CLAPP; 1st Sgt Co. G, 2nd Ohio Cav; at Sailor's Creek, Virginia, 6 April 1865 (Capture of flag of the 8th Florida Infantry)

THOMAS HORAN; Sgt Co. E, 72nd New York Inf; at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, 2 July 1863 (Capture of flag of the 8th Florida Infantry)

AARON S. LANFARE; 1st Lt Co. B, 1st Connecticut Cav, at Sailor's Creek, Virginia, 6 April 1865 (Capture of flag of 11th Florida Infantry)

CHARLES H. MCCLEARY; 1st Lt Co. C, 72nd Ohio Vol Inf, at Nashville, Tennessee 16 December 1864 (Capture of flag of 4th Florida Infantry)

OTIS W. SMITH; Pte Co. G, 95th Ohio Inf, at Nashville, Tennessee, 16 December 1864 (Capture of flag of 6th Florida Infantry)

DANIEL A. WOODS; Pte Co. K, 1st Virginia Cavalry (Union), at Sailor's Creek, Virginia, 6 April 1865 (Capture of 18th Florida Infantry Flag. As there was no 18th Florida, it is presumed to have been either the 1st bn of the 8th or the recently arrived miscellaneous battalions from Florida)

That these flags were not given up easily is suggested by the following eyewitness account of the loss of just one of them: (The action was at Sailor's Creek, Virginia during the retreat of Lee's army to Appomatox; the remnants of several Confederate brigades were cut-off and isolated by Union cavalry under George Custer. The eyewitness account is by Captain Henry Love of the 8th Florida) "The Eighth Florida, hard pressed by the enemy, was compelled to fall slowly back. Captain Waller, heedless of the danger, reckless of everything save that the beloved old battleflag must be saved, rushed out before the troops and tearing the colors from the broken and shattered staff, attempted to save them by pushing them beneath his coat and then to regain his lines. He fell riddled with bullets, his life blood staining the emblem that he had tried so hard to preserve."

There can be honor to both sides of that highest of all American awards!

(It is believed most, perhaps all six of these flags are now at the Florida State Museum in Tallahassee, several on permanent display)

Submitted: Bob Hawk FNG Historian FLORIDA GUARDSMEN IN THE FIRST WORLD WAR

Approximately two thousand Florida Guardsmen were mobilized into federal service during the First World War. Most were assigned to the newly established 31st "Dixie" Division in Georgia. And, as the lineage certificates indicate, the units of the 31st were not committed to combat during the war thus the Florida Guard received no battle honors for that war.

But records show that more than one hundred and fifty Florida Guardsmen were killed or wounded in action in addition to the nearly one hundred who died accidentally or from disease during the war. How can an organization suffer five per cent combat and another five percent non-battle casualties and not receive the honors due them? Army needs and Army policies are the answer.

By the spring of 1917, most of Florida's Guardsmen were well trained and experienced soldiers, having served on the Mexican Border or participated in a vastly intensified training program within the state the previous year. During 1917 and early 1918, the need for the Army to expand considerably placed a real premium on experienced men for all the new units, especially those scheduled for early departure to France. Experienced Florida men were simply drafted into other units and with them, fought their war.

There were no major battles in that war that did not have one or more Florida Guardsmen present. Our records show they were killed in action while serving with the 1st, 2nd, 26th, 32nd, and 42nd Divisions. Several others were killed while attached to field artillery, engineer and signal units un-attached to specific divisions.

If we include those wounded in action, then more divisions must be added to the list including the 3rd, 4th, 5th, 7th, 28th, 29th, 82nd and 90th Divisions and at least one while attached to a unit of the British Army. Finally, eighty-three Floirda Guardsmen died accidentally or of disease during the war and if they are included in the master casualty rolls, then virtually every remaining American division must be added to the list of those containing at least one Florida Guardsman.

In the First as in the Second World War, the importance and diversity of service performed by Florida Guardsmen was far greater than the official unit honors would indicate. Perhaps someday the federal authorities will find some way to give the Guard the honors earned by its individual soldiers as they now do for entire units. LOST, FOUND AND LOST AGAIN

In an April 1941 issue of the Dixie Division newspaper from Camp landing, Florida, there appeared a short article under the heading; "War Department helps dad find son in 124th Infantry".

Corporal Cecil Lawhorn of Company A, 124th Infantry, had been separated from his father since he was a very small baby. Following the general American mobilization which began in September 1940, his father, living in Indiana, had been trying to locate Cecil through the War Department. He had assumed his son, being of the appropriate age, might have been drafted or had joined the military. Some months later, the War Depart- ment informed him there was a soldier with his son's name presently serving with the 124th at Camp Blanding in Florida.

During the first week in April, Corporal Lawhorn "received an air mail letter from his father, stating that he would soon see his son".

Unfortunately, the issue of the paper which presumably chronicled the historic reunion has not survived. I can only hope the meeting took place and was a success. Shortly afterward, Cecil volunteered for airborne duty. Eventually he ended up in the 502nd Parachute Infantry, 101st Airborne Division. With them, he participated in the landings in Normandy, D-Day, the 6th of June 1944. He also participated in the assault in Holland, "Operation Market Garden" in September 1944. It was during that operation he was killed in action at Best, Holland when his regiment was involved in defending the divisional landing zone from a strong German counter-attack. ,' ar-irig ',our c.ou.,_, r. . I r, First (

Bronze statue at Blanding commemorates WW II soldiers

Museum, memorial gardens in progress "Seestory pages 8/9

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S9. ay.., ,n .e , ton Page 8, The Compass, Thursday, February 15, 1990 Blanding honors WW II soldiers Museum, memorial underway

By KAREN HARVEY The new museum and memori- Compass Editor al grounds are the result of a It is common to mark the be- dream conceived some time ago. ginning of our country's official Because Camp Blanding Military involvement in World War II as Reservation, near Starke, was a the attack on Pearl Harbor (De- major U.S. Army training center cember 7, 1941). Not so, accord- during WW II, it was deemed ap- .~.' ing to Robert Hawk, Director of propriate that it house a memorial the Historical Division of the Flor- to the soldiers of that war. . - ida Department of Military Affairs. About two years ago Hawk, September, 1940, was the magic wh-, recently organized the Muse- month. u:n of Florida's Army in Tovar It was then that Congress ap- House (Compass July 15, 1989), proved selective service (the was asked for guidance in estab- te orem draft) and mobilized National lishing the museum and memori- An artists rendering shows the Florida Regiments Memorial which Includes the bronze statue of a World War II soldier and V',. displays honoring mobilized units and guardsmen who died or , were killed during the war. 96I SHe has been overseeing construc- displays depicting various aspects tion since the first cement was of the war, including the home Spoured, and and continues to su- front, industry at war, Medal of i pervise as the pieces come to- Honor recipients, casualties and gether. Although he has never military medicine. worked as a curator before, he ad- . The second floor .of the build- mitted to finding the position very ing will contain a research library _Tv "exciting." . and archives collection to include . Camp Blanding was originally documents, unit histories and established as a military training manuscripts. A conference room reservation for units of the Flori- and lecture hall will also be avail- ,r da National Guard. Following mo- able. . S bilization of the National Guard The park area will include a .. . "beginning in September of 1940, weapons display and a public pic- "andespecially following the Japa- nic area. World War IIbarracks wi: nese attack on Pearl. Harbor, S Camp Blanding became a major was a crowded, busy training center during multi-purpose training base for CampCoa Blnding BlWnaing w many units and individuals repre- World War II. senting all branches of the Army. "Guardunits. Also, Hawk related, it al. His proposal was quickly ac- Nine infantry divisions trained was on the 25th of November, cepted and work got underway. there: the lst,.29th, 30th, 31st,

officially called to national ser- the physical labor being done ed also were a cavalry regiment, vice. And it is that date that will through the prison system VO- tank destroyer, field artillery, en- receive official recognition now, TEC program. Using prisoners to gineer and medical battalions. fifty years later, pour cement and build cases has For most of 1944 and 1945 On November 25, 1990, the "saved over $20,000 on the monu- many of the individuals sent to new Camp Blanding Museum and ment," Hawk said. replenish the ranks of the combat Memorial Park of the Second One of the early dreamers of. infantry units were trained' at World War will be opened and- the project was Sgt. Maj. Rodny Blanding's Infantry Replacement . r loal a dedicated in special ceremonies. P. Hall, whose efforts toward Training Center established in ,, . n " The event is doubly significant as opening a WW II museum caught late 1943. The camp also was the .. it will be one of the first in the na- the attention of Blanding officials, site of a German prisoner of war . tion to recognize the fiftieth anni- As plans finalized, Hall was. ap- compound, a large hospital, re- versary of WW II. pointed curator of the museum. - ception station and, later, a sepa- iation center. . -- Art courtesy of ROBERT HAWK At the end of the war the camp "a ... reverted to state control and is still operated as a training site for the National Guard and other reserve components of the nation's . - armed forces. .. The new museum and memori- , al gardens are located on a thir- Steen-acre site adjacent to the entrance to the camp. A WW II barracks will house the main dis . plays..The first floor will contain displays illustrating the war-time 1 M = - -& .. history of the camp and the two ' -I"•- major theaters of war in which "units trained at Camp Blanding . . .. . : ". fought. Some displays will focus "orMthe campaigns of the nine in- A bronze statue created by local artist Enzo Torcoletti stz fantry divisions which trained at before a wall containing plaques honoring units mobilized A hospital was one of many facilities at the camp. Blandin&, in addition to general Ing the war. The Compass, Thursday, February 15, 1990, Page 9:

e •i nni fr' 0t l.'. . aths lead sto s the memorial gardens.

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tentsItisthehopeoftheorganizanyone ating its campaign as with information abouti d nH veteras grous will Paths lead v(sitors through the memorial gardens. c e to erct tr ra - Photos by: ROBERT HAWK Special "to-,'.4. MOPL.0ý t, um onfi

(f or I xi5 *,a $ , i pa 1 a , c, Pt.I . 4 nir 'divisions, the Infantry Replace- the statue contains engraved indi- ciates Inc. Route 1, Box 465, m en t Training Center, and Medal vidual displays devoted to each Camp Blanding, Starke Florida

er s t h at ad d t on a l s individu-. honors. Two large marble pedes- or items from WW II that could be

- Memorial-- Gardens will occupy Plaques have recently been mounted on the memorial walls. Photos by: Sgt. st Class several acres of the park. A walk-al now - ' J P GEORGE GEOKGE C. MIRABAL·MIRABAL, Public way wlwill lead people to many indi- by StSt. Augustine artist Enzo member.member, Information can be ob- Affairs NCO, Camp Blanding vidual memorial ob- sites to include Torcoletti, will be the focallocal point tained by writing to Camp Blan- m and a research center. - Affairs NCO. Camp Blandmg vidual memorial those honoring the nine Blanding of the memorial. A wall behind ding Museum and Historical Asso- T/.Adivisions, the Infantry -Replace- the statue contains engraved indi- ciates, Inc. Route 1, Box 465, ment Training Center, and Medal vidual displays devoted to each Camp Blanding, Starke, Florida of Honor and Purple Heart recipi- mobilized units of the Guard, indi- 32091-9703. ents. It is the hope of the organiz- cating its campaign and battle Anyone with information about era that additional units, individu- .honors. Two large marble pedes- or items from WW II that could be ala and veteran's groups will tals list the names of each identi- included in displays can contact choose to erect other memorials lied Florida Guardsman who (lied Robert Hawk at the National in the garden. or was killed in action during the Guard Headquarters or Sgt. Maj. On a 3/4 acre of ground stands war. Hall at Camp Blanding. .m.o a Florida Regiments memorial Organizers of the project wish .- Scommemorating the WW II ser- it to be known that is possible to4 vice of the men and units mobi- support the effort of creating and , lized in 1940. A life-size bronze preserving the museum and me- k statue of a WW II soldier, created morial gardens by becoming a

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- vehicles will -'~ -, be displayed - throughout the

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ROM .. . Page 8, The Compass, Thursday, July 13, 1989 New museum provides triple treat 5- f, Florida's army at home in Tovar House

St. Augustine in 1565. Florida National Guard Historical This done, nothing in the By KAREN HARVEY Hawk is a historian and mili- Society, approached Edwards structure was touched except for Compass Editor tary history authority who, in ef- about using tile building for a mu- the few holes drilled in the floors. - - Visitors to tliht newly opened feet, took his book and made it seum, a plan which delighted ev- Edwards coumented that the on- Mus-turn oI Florida's Artny in tlie come alive in the form of three di- eryone hut necessitated extensive tire inuseuni could lie removed . histori- Tovar Hoiiuse are in store merisional mustieun displays. He - renovation. Fortunately. funding and "only tlie holes in tlie floor for it double. pirhiatps triple, treat. .did this bly carefully maneuvering . was forthcoming through state would be left." The iulseiun's exhibits are not through various organizat ions and legislated monies iprovidedlat let Additional lighting outside tihe only atiractive, interesting, and people to achieve tie ull'inate request of the Naltional Guard. cases uses' tle saIln system. inform:at ive. but the iblilding itself goal. The $75.000 allocated to the pro- Track lights on the cabinets (and is a treasure. standinlg as o ofne The building in whichi tlle mIn- ject mnade it possible to begin res- a few hanging from beams) ade- the 1I oldest hlioses in St. Atigus setin is housed is localed on the toration by, mid lDeceimb II1988.r (qutilly light tIe museumll. Ed- tine alnd fresh from recent reslo- wards noted thia one ofl lit beal- ration, ties of the system is that "You can The treat triples when one re- Hawk, who is president of the turn it all on with one light alizes that there anreno electrical Florida National Guard His- switch." wall sockets or visible wiring to torical Society, approached John said that, with the help of - * detract from tie 18th century Edwards about using the John Ritson, it took him about 6 The Museum of Florida's Army is charm of the house. Neither is building for a museum, a plan to 8 weeks to build the 14 cases, ture on St Francis and Charlotte there air conditioning to decrease which delighted everyone but As the house was being re- the authenticity, and the only wa- necessitated extensive reno- ter source is from sprinklers re- vation. quired for Iire safety. The museuml olened to the public on Juhly l4th. just seven grounds of the Gonzales-Alvarez Restoring the 18th century months after restoration Iegan. It (Oldest House) Historical Park building was in itself challenging, is the result of a collaloraitive ef- and is owned by the Historical So- but the addition of museum re-' fort between ti lleFlorida National ciety. It faces St. Francis Street quirements further complicated I Guard Historical Foundation, the which is the northerly border of the project. Neither air condition- St. Aitguistine Historical Society, the National Guard Headquarters, ing nor de-humidification could K | 5> and ttie Department of Military an ideal location for a museum be circulated throughout the . Affairs. albout Florida's militia. house as it would dry out the ;. Thp concept of the museum Over time the building, which walls eventually damaging them. "* - --- ".-- However, the museum exhibits of uniforms and artifacts required a climate controlled atmosphere. Dehumidified air was an abso- 'L; lute requisite in order to elimln-- m nate rust and ildhew, but tern-" perature control was not as es- sential to this exhibit since it did Photo courtesy St. Augustine Historical Society t H not c ntain l ooks 'or mtanuscriplts The Hardin fireplace bears the Initials of the Civil War general more apt to suffer from teilmpera- Martin D. Hardin who occupied the house for a time. The Mal- S ture change. tese cross in the center represents his regiment, the 5th Corps I Museum curator, Ken John, Army of the Potomac. I was enlisted to help solve the- piroblems oif exliilit preservation tor an John wias biuildingt hce pisei. as worklmen and icarpliletturs gil t(ases, Hawk was Ibusily rltinling Over linui hlawk acllqtired tit ted the house and rebuilt it to its around gatlhering uniforlis and utand p)ic(.s witl sollli' Ibliilgs Ii'o S18th century look. artilfacts. Tile nmuseum was to be vided as gifts or loans and othirrs Working within tihe iparameters organtizedl oil a time-line thrte piurchltased. TIto large Galling GIin 'Iu'a . aB described to him, .hilut louokedl for carried throiiugh with mannequins came from National Guard Ihad ' solutions that would provide dlec- in period uniforls standing with quarters; the William Wing Lo ring S,.. tricitv and dry air to the exhibits. items typifying personal posses- exhibit was sent by thel Florida He did not want to build in cabi- si'os. The displays represent iml- State Museum in Gainesville: nets or shelves or il any way dis- portant periods in Florida history modern clothing and equilpilni turb the existing stlrunlure. The with dates ranging fruom 156i5 to was provided by tile National "s cases, he determined, should be Photo courtesy St Augustine Historical Society free-standing. The electricity - -- could originate in the attic and be The Tovar house, right rear, Is shown here during the Civil War dropped through conduits to period as viewed from Charlotte Street looking north across cases below. The-cases could be St Francis. "stacked" so second floor cases would be directly above first floor cattle from Robert Hawk who was purchased by the Historical displays permitting wires to drop functions as director of the His- Society in 1918, housed an an- straight down from attic to first torical Division of the Florida De- tique and souvenir shop, the labo- floor hidden within the cases. partment of Military Affairs and is ratory for the St. Augustine Ar- The problem of dry air was the author of "Florida's Army," a cheology Association, a changing solved when John was leafing comprehensive account of the room for tour guides (second through a museum publication history of the Florida National floor), and an extension to the and discovered an ad for a cus- Guard. Hawk is careful to explain Webb Museuml just east of it. It tor made dehumidifier. A little that "Floria's Arny" should not be was closed in 198I. aid was, ac- research presented Ille perfect misconstrued to mean branches cording to Society director, Page answer and an appropriately sized of the U.S. military in Florida, but. Edwards, an "absolute horror" machine was ordered. JoIh real- is exclusively the story of the when restoration began in 1988. ized that if the dehumidifier was Florida National Guard, America's Windows were boarded up and placed in the attic, air hoses could oldest militia whose lineage can plaster was falling, be run though the same openings Photo courtesy ot the St. Augustine Historical Society be traced from its beginnings in Hawk, who is president of .the as the electrical wires. The Tovar house as It looked In the early 1920s. The Compass, Thursday, July 13, 1989, Page 9

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Photos: KAREN HARVEY Display cases In the second room Include the 1740s Spanish The entrance to the museum Includes a photograph of Maj. militiaman, the 1778 British East Florida Ranger, and the 1796 Gen. Robert F. Ensslin Jr., The Adjutant General of the State of sergeant in the urban militia. Florida. n the restored 18th century struc- eNo nails pen- walls and even Guard: Ray Morris of the Castillo 1830s and later fought in the U.S. information and acquires memo- the burglar de San Marco made available an Army during the War with Mexico rabilia and artifacts, alarm, which is arquebus for the 1565' period and in the 1840s, and in the Civil War St. Augustine's Museum of operated by a 1740 uniform; and a former before joining a military staff in Florida's Army affords visitors a radio trans- guardsman gave the W.W. II uni- Khedive in Egypt. chance to learn about the distin- missions, form. Memorabilia associated with guished history of the Militia and contains no Many local reenactors such as other famous guardsmen also is Guard; it presents an opportunity wires and is Robert Hall, Brian Bowman, and available as are collatoral displays to wander through a restored unobtrusive. Phillip Reed, who lent his grand- associated with the Air National 18th century house; and it repre- father's W.W.I uniform, aided the Guard, St. Francis Barracks, and sents a unique method of exhibit- . r' museum. Hawk himself made nu- state active duty periods. ing which is used in but a handful merous contributions of weapons Hawk plans to continue adding of museums in the United States. and uniform pieces to include the to the museum as he gathers new It is a triple treat in every sense. lace on the 1778 British sergeant and a W.W.1 jacket. The mannequins were obtained ibyHawk from "all over the state." lie picked tup arms here, legs there, and a few intact bodies in h evert nrow and thoe until he had what. hie ied(d. Since they were both riale and Ieiuale forms, and camne in all c lors and stat es of disrepair. Ie had to modify the • hands alnd ivtads, ite ronly parts showing ouatsdl the' uniform s. The lials were cleaned and r'e- worked Iv Poiter'Cs Wax Muslmn and a dark ,toc king knas placed . over IItut hIads litding further anony1llt t 1 thie iodels. Th fir,nn display, 65 repr- sents ti H' original "iilitaryman;. however, specific uniforms did x not distinguish th'l regulars from Museum cases now line the ballroom, once the scene of par- the militia. The 17li0 display ret)- ties hosted by Gen. Hardin. resents tie tine the Spanish de- feated too massive invasions and " "•.- - - ,.- features a iuniforn appropriate to " both regular garrisonl aind militia .. soldiers of thel-tune. The British period is reptresented by a British The small dehumidifier sends dry air through conduits into the East Florida Ranger in 1778, and display cases. the Second Spiatiish Period by a Sergeant in tie urban militia in Tovar House Interesting historically 1796. The 1839 display honors the soliirs of the Second Semi- ' pThe Tovar House, 14 St. Francis Street, stands on the northeast nole War and the 18612 case con- * corner of St. Francis and Charlotte Streets and is part of the St. tains a representative of a militia- Augustine Historical Society complex. man serving his country in the * The building was originally a one-story otouina dwelling built in War for Southern Independence. . . the mid-18th century and inhabited by infantryman Jose Tovar rule in 1763. World Wars I and II are repre- when Florida changed from Spanish to British sented as are the modern Florida During the British period John Johnson, a Scottish merchant, sented is arcttmodern F Britdao lived in the house and it was during this time a second story was Guard with women of the Guard - added. The structure was purchased by Geronimo Alvarez at the depicted. beginning of the Second Spanish Period (178:3-1821) and re mained in the Alvarez family until 1871. An important exhibit in the Photo courtesy of the Augustine Hstoncal Society mained in the Alvarez family until 1871 last room shows a waxed head of The room that now houses the William Wing Loring exhibit Several military officers resided in the home including Civil War General William Wing Loring who needed extensive work. The door is now a window and the 4 X General Martin D. Hardin. served in the Florida militia in the 4 posts have been removed. , S- June

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S.: By JIM LANE, staff SMilitary museum opens by The Museum of Florida's Army was officially opened Friday by SState Sen. Bill Bankhead, R-Ponte Vedra Beach. Bankhead, cen- a ter, substituting for Gov. Bob Martinez, joined with Brig. Gen. SRichard Capps, assistant adjutant general, left, and Bob Hawk, he president of the Florida National Guard Historical Foundation, in by cutting the ribbon. The St. Augustine Historical Society will op- t erate the museum which is located in Tovar House adjacent to ". the Oldest House. Earlier, Hawk received from Bankhead, on be- Shalf of Martinez, the.Guard's distinguished service award for his 6he efforts in the museum's development. Hawk, civilian administra- ive tive assistant to Maj. Gen. Robert Ensslin, adjutant general of gFlorida.,began work on the musetum at Ensslin's request.

~_~~~L-.~~41?-i-i-Y---.-I---. ---.---- ~.--I SThe St. Augustine Record. Saturday. May 20. 19P.Page LB __Local/state B Military museum in Tovar House near completion Sher historie bildiin across St. ry structre. was the home of Joseph Private donations totaling about ByJACKIEF AGIN . Francis Street - and attending a Tovar. a private In the Regular ar- $10.000 and gifts or loans of exhibit r .. deicatory ceremoy ad recptd riso here. Hawk said. An upperl - materials also have gone into the. "inthe garden othe Oldet House. e was added during the Second makina of tNe i um. - Workmea we pattiE a SetBh the1 ldest luse..i ich l p-SpanishPeriod. ------r ii from Gen. Willa -s e on-rB ti6-- y'iIStourhieM-oa»* operated a a n ttraction. Renvations done by local con- Wing ring s long military career STovaristf Hoae a sm a ad Tovar House are oned by the tractors. included patching deterio will be a major display at the muse- telling he sdr ofFlorida's miltia. . Augustine Historical Socety. , rated lacesmi walls. rebuilding un. Loring fought with the Florida , Gov. Bob Mrtines will be inSt. The retreat eremony is open to some windows and replacing the Militia during the Second Seminole Augustine June t for n therornaJl e public. Both the receptio ad War and rose in rank to major gener. oponing ofthemuseum at the core he museu opening are invitatio "They built a whole new porch on a in the Confederacy. ofSL Francis and Charlotte street. al. said Hawk. .thebac" from a design by Davi Muster rollsof St. Augustin milii - Named the Museum of Florida's .Whenldmue a beomes op Scott of the Historic St Augustine tia units from 157l to 1940 are a part are pagesa filled AArmy. AItll.- preent - through inat.t admission.ads.h willbe be freeP' to Preservation Board staff and Jack. ofoUthe the displays.displays, as are 17 pages filled anequs uniform weapons members o the ora Nao o hitct Herschel Shepard. with names of Florida National and other exhibits - the history GuardE ounda in t ec d authority in restor G dmen who died in World War ouation. thm to of Sm * eg h usatorlsdthe Histori ghting mo . goingGuarc back Shenad II. Other displays tell the story of toltel 150 arrival St ugusiner h , will idt admtth lis in chage of the mam poect C p Blanding an Army base dur- - undler, PednimiesdelAviles. - onfadt'msmUtG- ov og i nandsWorld Warlland a Guard train- .Ws going tobe a major additionr• eor a ie' House. which houses the preserva, ig site today. T h e l n Hawk. wwmuseum promsct "IIt stunning what they were Artifacts unearthed at the Arse- "Bob l project t ideatoreaty. . Nawk sai after eI Est l able to do" with Towar House. Hawk nal during an excavation last year r me to develop a museu - ommented also will be displayed, along with *s Hawk to preidet m e FlorMida : omethinged open to thepubic - about Guard Historicr FoatIoalr l G d" Display caes. Individually cl- flags. photographs and "a fairly sub. d, which will operate the military the Flora Natial Guard. mate-nroled. are ready for instal- stantial assortment of narratives of qmuseun. He also isacivilian admin- . Working with the historical soe- latio when carpenters and painters conflicts." according to Hawk. istrativeassistant to Ma en. Rob- ty aplan was developed for use. un. have finished their work. Hawk said Ken John. formerdirector of the rt Ensslin, Florida's adjutant gen der a lease agreement, of the Tovar The Florida National Guard Olficers St Augustine Lighthouse Museum. is "a and conmanding officer of the House as the museum site. The 198 Assoiation provided $0.000 for the curator of the Guard museum. . By Gi LOCHNER St laorida National Guard. - ' Florida Legislature allocated $75,000 14 custo-built cases in which the Hawk sad he was especially apon n ldd wor on ar H r tion on Tov House reovations. artin will tou the new muse- or renovations of theearly-the- uniformed mannequin - armed preciative of the Guard's Quarter K n W o, on ladder, works m ater watching the weekly re- -tury ouse at the corner of St. Fra- with weapons of the era they repre- master Division. which "really received from a number of individu- tour of the museum on May 2 as a tat ceremony on the parade ground cis and Charlotte streets. sent - and other materials will be pitched in" to help with the museum als. special "thank-you' to those who as- the state Arsenal - housed in an- The house, originally a singlesto. displayed. project. He also praised the help he's He plans an invitation candlelight sisted. Hastings sets hearing on water-sewer rate increase but the federal agency "usually By PETEOSBORNE ns of water and another forsew- mmediately upon its adoption. cation to the Farmers Home Admin with a Farmers Home Administra- age service for 3000 gallons of water There e 350 to 375 utility cus- istration. asking the federal agency tion loan of $660.000 at a 5 percent in- doesn't grant more than 50 percent.' Sear Reprter supplied to the dwelling or business. tomers served by the town of Ha- for a grant to cover some of the cost terest rate. he told the town's finance committee The present charge for more than stings. Mrs. Smyly said. and a loan to cover the rest. That would man an annual pay- recently. HASTINGS - At a special meet- the minimum use is an additional t$ Now. residents pay m8a month for .Last, er th town raised mini- back a39.12 over3 arsac Mark Standton. town auditor. is ex- ing Monday night. the Town Council per 1.000 gallons both for water and the collection of garbage and debris. mumt year the town rai te sin tofmrot ersu res. acc pected to make a report Monday that cost will rise to $10.75 if the mum water and sewer service rates g to rotheroes figures night detailing what he has learned wil bold a public hearing on raising sewage. but 1 water and sewage rates to a mini- Only a handful of residents do not ordinance passes both readings. from $ a month to a month and Figuring the present amount of about the possibility ot the town ex- mum ofstf. a month. have both water and sewage service. Commercial rates for all of these fees for garbage collection were in- loss in the operation of the utilities, tending its utility tax to also provide The meeting will begin at 7 p.m. said CarolynSmyly. town clerk, services will be the same as residen- creased from S to Ba month due to and debt service on the anticipated more revenue. in Town Hall. The cost of mandatory garbage tial rates. the ordinance states. the newly imposed landfill charges. loan. Protheroe says the town needs And. Protheroe is expected to The proposed 27.50 charge- will service also will be increased under The increase in rates is needed to In figuring proposed rate in- to raise an additional $57.232 annual- present to the Town Council a pro- cover the use of 3.000 gallons of wa- terms of the ordinance to be consid- raise money to repay a Farmers creases. consulting engineer M. Vin- ly. posed contract for his services relat- ter a month. Use of more than 3.000 ered Monday night. Home Administration loan which is cent Protheroe has planned on the Protheroe said he will apply for a ing to the improvements to the water gallons will be charged at a rate of If the proposed ordinance is being sought to help rebuild the town's getting a grant of S440.o00. grant to cover 75 percent of the cost. and sewer systems. $1.75 per I.0W gallons for water and passed at Monday night's meeting, it town's utilities systems. seage,. ing at the Town Council's regular lion to improve its water and sewer talk s f eed o m s w o rth Currently. Hastings residents pay meeting inJune. systems. a minimum of $ for use of 3.000 gal. The rate increase will be effective It will soon submit a formal appli- He told h s a dience he believe : ,...... sep. Kelly Smith. St. Johns County tpachino QstvndntQ rdioi on-.nnin.m le;illc chningll------.i the

3rd to " pay County School workshop ses- -. The 2, in the Super- 'nce room, Or- Board Center, rd will discuss Irug screening )r managerial, anfidential em- F` ""k "ing tings to similars la

e Hastings, will ,,ing ing a . ealimore Center o to meet voters. The former federal nt, Jim Minter, ;paper editorial . is sion,

session By JOHN STUDWELL, Staff e From left, Brig. Gen. Richard Capps, Maj. Gen. tional Guard Historical Foundation, Inc., in for a candid ate fr Robert Ensslin, both of the Florida National front of the Tovar House tn, will be at with their awards for came y Westerin Day Guard, Page Edwards, of the St. Augustine His- the work on the house. ting at 6:30 to- torical Society, and Robert Hawk, of the Na- "The its will be avail- western music Tvar House gets preservation award was _ ___ ~trator. ndorse By ADRIAN PRATT ably during the English siege of 1740, was a residence "My _ntB_ from the mid-18th Century to 1918. COUnty Staff Writer By 1987, the old house was being used just for stor- said sline-St. -Johns . age. In the spring of that•year the three organizations :ealtors has en-.oncerned' The 'rehabilitation" " of the'" "Tovar "tu... House, . ore ....of the 10 Tgot thisendh together and taiattempt fotemht r prtetto-treatet athean nold ladythed; orstgralicn' of St. Augus-.- n'in the cdntyv •oldei( documebt• ltbuses In St. Augustine. has won ku- tid"-with' i.t.enib. f ..t.Irithe end; the restoration 'ict A at-large dos - and with them an award - from the Florida Trust project cost almost $100,000, including $75,000 in state Sfor Historic Preservation. ' funds. vas made by a The Florida National Guard Historical Foundation, Hershel Shepard, whom Page Edwards of the Histori- Maguire. panel that ques- the St. Augustine Historical Society and the Florida Na- cal Society calls one of the foremost architects in Flori- tes. The board tional Guard. Quartermaster Division got together in da, was called in to help and donated his services to pre- members. 1987 when the Tovar House - also known as the Cannon- pare the plans for the resuscitation. Shepard, who teach- iWite ball House - was In a serious state of dilapidation. The es historic preservation at the University of Florida in hite result of their labrs is the Museum of Florida's Army at the architecture department, was "rigid" in his desire should intrude Oements the 22 Francis St. address. , that as little of the modern as possible The Florida Trust recently awarded the project the into the new museum, according to Edwards. and Bob White 1990 Florida Preservation Award for meritorious In keeping with this intention, the interior of the d by a new poli- achievement for the adaptive use of an historic residen- house was restored to its late 18th century configuration. By staff Concerned Citi- tial structure.: To this end, and for the protection of the original coquina vernment. The "This is the highest recommendation in the state for walls, no modern air conditioning could be used. red July 25 and historic preservationiprojects," said Charles Olson, ex- The individual display cases were designed in such a ibers of various ecutive director of the Flolida Trust. The next step up way that a dehumidifying machine, needed for the pres- fice was from this, he said, is the National Trust awards. ervation of the displays, could be fed into them through he group ana- the roof. lidates' back- Florida Trust is a statewide, non-profit organization The project was completed in July of 1989. and literature. dedicated to the preservation of Florida's heritage. It Edwards said that apart from the honor of receiving was the main has more than 2,000 members, according to Olson. the award, it has a practical purpose. sides Sendorsements, The Cannonball House, so named because of a nine- "It's nice to get it and we can use it," he said. "We "aucek, a mem- pound cannonball lodged in the in the east wall presum- can put it on a resume if we're looking for grants." For more infor- group, contact fo r S Brinkhoff, Janson square off for ýnq hell" . Charlirg, your coure glong,The First (ost .. - P i

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Kate Dupes, dressed in period clothing stands in the apothe- The herbal preparation room Includes articles used to create cary. medicinal mixtures, Including a still. Photo cour ,e- -v - w , l. e The Spanish Military Hospital on an d. • -" " the late 1960s. It reopens this wee[ Sclne In St. Augustine.

The trustees Antiguo Foundal Sic St. Augustir B^B W ^^^B ^^H^ - u~ i a M -- IY-B--. HO p(H.S.A.P.B.) t lit will r -* -'f the formal openi tary Hospital lo( "onFriday, July 2( Museum of me . HeHospital interl The five bed ward Includes religious items such as the cross The uniform of the Hibernia Regiment hangs on the wall. The and painting on the wall. The keg on the table contains wine fireplace will be used for cooking demonstrations. which is used In food preparation. By KAREN HARVEY tients and medical staff. Curator Carleton I ' Compass Editor 1. Calkin did much of the interior carpen- itt "StreetaThe of the Royal Hospital" try and constructed a miniature scale M once again can boast of a medical facility model of the hospital. along the narrow thoroughfare. The ground floor was opened to the SAlthough the Hospital Militar is a mu- public in September 1969 and work pro- seum, not a functioning infirmary, and ceeded on development of a medical mu- "Hospital Street" became Aviles Street seum on the second floor. Through the way back in 1923, the opening of the efforts of the auxiliary of the FMA, the Spanish hospital museum turns back the museum depicting state medical history clock to earlier years. was opened in 1973. In 1759 parish priest Juan Solana de- In 1977 the museum was forced to scribed a hospital on the west side of . close as a result of state changes in pres- Aviles Street as being the "newly rebuilt" ervation funding policies. The building former residence of Francisco Menendez was leased until recently and was used Marques. The two-story building had a both as an art gallery and a baseball mu- "capacityof twelve beds, a masonry kitch- seun. en and living quarters for two convicts In June 1989 Kate Dupes and Robert who cared for the ill. Hawk approached the Historic St. Augus- SWhen the structure burned in 1818 tine Preservation Board with the idea of the pharmacy and convalescent home on reopening the hospital as a living muse- the east side were renovated to become um. Director Earle Newton gave them 30 the primary hospital. That building had days to formulate a plan. A presentation been remodeled by Scottish-born carpen- was given in July, and by January the de- ter William Watson as stables and used cisibn was made to reestablish the hospi- by him as a temporary domicile until a tal and the project got underway. permanent dwelling was completed The San Agustin Antiquo Foundation In the 1960s the Historic St. Augustine provided funds with a supplement from a Preservation Board and the Florida Medi- grant from the Division of Historical Re- cal Association combined efforts to build sources of the State of Florida written by a reconstruction representing the old Ms. Dupes. In an effort to "get the com- Spanish hospital The property on the munity involved" Ms. Dupes explained, a west side of the street was cost prohibi- board of directors was established to in- tive and it was determined that the re- clude a wide spectrum of professionals, construction be built on the site of the la- several of whom were involved in the ter hospital. The ground floor housed an- original project his- Newly arrived instruments are displayed in tique and representative furniture and Dr. William Straight, former FMA - the mlnistratl otffice. ° -.. included 14 mannequins representing pa- torian, and Renee Winkler, of the FMA The Compass, Thursday, July 19, 1990, Page 9

Chamber pots and other ne- S. cessities used I.in the 1700s " l t add authentici- ·: ty to the ward ,i • i , room. The - flowered S-"" d o d c1 I chamber pot in . the foreground Is one of sev- . i - eral made by artist Gayle S. [ Prevatt.

Kate Dupes shares a laugh with Preservation Board deputy di- F rector Roland Loveless as they consider the placement of rare medical books. The books, In their original sheepskin binding, Include a 17th century lexicon of Biblical terminology, a little toric St Augustine Preservation Board 19th century book with pharmacists recipes, and the "Theatrum treet was originally constructed In Botanlcum" dated 1753 which lists all plants and herbs known ving history Interpretation of med- to man at that time. The listings are presented In seven different languages. An exhibit ti- ~~' •,.1 "tled "Visions "• - - and Voyages e San Agustin s In Healing" , and the Histor- (photo left) wervation Board covers devel- opena house for opments of he Spanish Mili- medicine In , 3 Aviles Street, Florida from I to 6 p.m. the founding of St Augus- S M bth tine and the • . ' formation of i the first hospi- ata , ',ud betl Inin the'consh-thgconti- a, cine reopens nental U.S. up tation rea y to the present. These display "caseshouse 1 ux- _rya. .and te o exhibits about auxiliary and chairman of the Florida specific instructions about setting up the the first forty Medical History Museum when it closed institution. The regulations were written years, the founding of the first in 1977, both became re-involved. Ms. in 1776 by Don Joseph Jalbez for use in hospital, and philosophical Winkler was responsible for tracking royal hospitals in Spanish colonial Ameri- . changes in medicine. Other dis- down and reinstating many of the muse- ca. It detailed "just about everything" giv- plays depict advances in medi- um items previously exhibited. ing specifications for linen, instruments, cine and apothecary Information Former curator Carleton Calkin also obligations of all the individuals involved and nstruments. In photo right, returned to the ranks as did Preservation and recipes and diets. Andrea Franck, Government Board Director Earle Newton. Although Ms. Dupes paid strict atten- House custodian, cuts labels for membersLus include tion to the regulations, she said Luis exhibits. Otheramtoram brs icle director Page Arana informed her the "Spanish never Edwards; Ann Poulos from the Museum obeyed orders." They probably paid less History; archeaologist ath- attention to the guidelines than she did. of Natural enRobert Deaa Hawkh istoran f Regulations also play a part in the oral leen Deagan; Robert Hawk, historian for interpretation. Ms. Dupes is basing the Live leeches crawl In a jar on the the Department Sister presentations on the positions listed in apothecary counter. They are, MarySt.Joseph;rt, archivitectHoward DavtheSister;San- of the Reglamentos such as the comptroller, appropriately, St.fordMullen, the current FMHowardDavis; Storian- steward, cook, chaplain and apothecary supplied by the Carolinafrom England, Biologi- j ford Mullen, the current FMA historian; Z as well as the physician and surgeon. She cal Society. Although they will and Ms. Dupes. said "no less than ten roles" will be not be used for bloodletting as Ms. Dupes explained that the year played. The museum will be staffed their ancestors were, they add 1791 had been selected for historic inter- through the Spanish Quarter and each an authentic touch to the hospi- pretation. It was that year the Spanish role will be rotated. That way visitors can tal. government purchased the structure and, return several times to hear different in- since it was shortly after the British Peri- terpretations. od (1763-84), both British and Spanish Ms. Dupes noted also that she attend- influences could be used. In fact, she ed a week long training session in colo- pointed out, the physician at the time, Dr.. nial Williamsburg, Virginia, in preparation Don Tomas Travers, possibly was here for opening the museum. She has re- during the British Period and stayed on ceived .considerable guidahce and some after the Spanish returned. Both he and items from the Colonial Williamsburg ithe surgeon, Don Juan Jose Bousquet, Foundation. spoke English, Spanish, French and Latin Through the efforts of Ms. Dupes and -- and many of the books in their inventory members of the board of directors, visi- indicated they used mostly British refer- tors and residents will now have the op- ences. portunity to walk down the "Street of the In researching the hospital, Ms. Dupes Royal Hospital" and learn about hospitals discovered a translation of the Spanish and apothecaries of the colonial period in Reglamentos (regulations) which gave St. Augusitine.' Photos: KAREN HARVEY' • ,. . ..- •.. •....-...... L

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.,Mr av -+9- Page 2, Supplement to The St Augustine Record, Thursday, December 11, 1986 National Guard marks 350th anniversary Saturday Dec. 13 is a red letter day for the 3% centuries of service - a dual English tradition was most influ- periodic musters for training. National Guard of the United States. mission in which its member men ential on the area which became the Civil war between Royalists and Engineer Battalion, Massachusetts It's the Guard's 350th birthday anni- and women must be ready to help de- 13 original states of the United States Parliamentarians gripped England Army National Guard, with more versary. fend and protect the citizens of their of America, and included were mili- in the mid 17th century. Following than 3½ centuries of continuous ser- On that date in 1636, three militia states and contribute to the defense tary ideas. Englishmen, from Medie- execution of King Charles I, the mili- vice. regiments were created in the Eng- of the nation. val times, believed that every free, tary dictatorship of Oliver Cromwell These three regiments rank as the lish settlements of the Massachusetts Today's National Guard is an es- able-bodied male had the obligation and restoration in 1660 of the monar- fifth oldest military units in the Bay Colony. sential part of the nation's "total to furnish his own weapons and turn chy, trained bands dissolved and, in world, preceded only by the Vati- Contrasting sharply with today's armed force" and trains to meet a out under local leaders to defend the their place, a small standing army can's Swiss Guards, organized in Guardsmen, equipped with the latest bewildering range of potential con- realm, was created. 1505; London's Honourable Artillery in automatic and electronic weapons, flicts, from small guerrilla conflicts By the time Englishmen were And though the average English- Company, dating to 1537; Sweden's armored vehicles, air mobility and to traditional continental, nuclear looking beyond the Atlantic Ocean to man had no love for expensive stand- Royal Svea Lifeguards, 1580; and the newer-than-tomorrow combat air- and biological warfare, colonies in the New World, the mill- ing armies, elected assemblies in the Royal Scots Regiment, circa 1633. craft, those early citizen-soldiers As the "army" of individual tia had two distinct categories: those colonies recognized their need. Those Virginia and other English colo- drilled with pikes, arquebuses and states, the National Guard must also individuals who were to serve only in forerunners to state legislatures nies were not far behind Massachu- swords, be prepared to fulfill its state mis- time of crisis, such as the approach were determined to exercise civilian setts in creating militia units. Virgin- Despite the changes in uniforms sion, the protection of life and prop- of the Spanish Armada in 1588 and a control over the early militias in ia formed a regiment in 1652, Mary- and equipment, the Guard's role has erty in times of natural disaster and select number who were formed much the same way a strengthening land and Plymouth in 1658 and Con- remained the same throughout its civil unrest, trained bands and voluntarily held Parliament managed to exert control necticut in 1672. over the king's army in England. During their long history, the mi- English colonists, arriving in litia/National Guards of the several About this America, required all healthy men states have responded to thousands between the ages of 16 and 60 to upon thousands of calls for assis- section serve in the military. In many of the tance in times of domestic need. And Articles in this early settlements they founded - the they've served in every war in which special edition of Massachusetts Bay Colony, for one America has been involved since the The Record wer - military service was considered a 17th century. written by Bob religious, social and legal obligation. Today, as in the past, this continu- Hawk, Guard ci- The three Massachusetts regi- ing contribution is being made by vilian administra- ments which historically are consid- volunteers - men and women who tive aide; and by ered to be the beginning of the U.S. give up part of their civilian lives to Regional Editor Guard continue today as the 181st train and prepare for every eventual- Jackie Feagin. and 182nd Infantry Regiments, 101st ity and challenge they may be called Field Artillery Regiment and 101st upon to face. Militia first called National Guard in 1824 Use of the term "National Guard" to refer the age of 19 was commissioned a major gen- to the militia dates back to 1824. eral in the Revolutionary army by the Conti- The organization to first use the name was. nental Congress and was an instrumental the 2nd Battalion. New York Artillery. The 2nd force in cementing American and French rela- Battalion used it in honoring Marie Joseph tions. had served as commanding general of Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de the National Guard of Paris from July 1789 un- La Fayette, during his final visit to New York til September 1791. As commander, he was re- "'SClity befoereturning.to his native France. - sponsible for maintaining order in the midst of La Fayette, the French nobleman who at revolution in his homeland. Supplement to The St. Augustine Record, Thursday, December 11, 1986, Page 3 Menendez had civilian militia 71 years before Guard Florida Guardsmen trace their military tropical storm which, he reasoned, would pro- A force with usually no more than 300 regu- ties of the Civil War. Florida's Ist Regiment tradition to the founding of St. Augustine in vide good cover for his move and delay the lar soldiers and a few dozen militia was served during the war with Spain; the 2nd 1565, 71 years before the first units of today's French fleet's efforts to bring reinforcements, charged with the monumental task of protect- Regiment was mobilized to protect America's National Guard of the United States were or- Menendez took with him almost all of his ing Spanish Florida, stretching from the tip of border with Mexico. ganized in Massachusetts. 500 regular soldiers, leaving behind the civil- the peninsula to Chesapeake Bay, from pirate The two world wars of the 20th century The first day of service by Florida's militia ian settlers, who, by law, were designated invasions, Indian uprisings and treats from found all of Florida's militia, now called the was Sept. 16, 1565 - more than 40 years before "milicia" and entrusted with the responsibility other European nations. National Guard, mobilized for national ser- the English settled Jamestown. of protecting the new settlement, St. Augustine Por more than 250 years, under the Span- vice. Florida Guardsmen fought and died in Pedro Menendez de Aviles, the Spanish ad- author and historian Robert Hawk explains in ish, the British and, for the second time, the" France and Flanders in 1917-18 and were in the miral commissioned to sail to Florida, plant a his book, Florida's Army, scheduled for re Spanish, the Florida militia helped successful- thick of battle, on land and in the air, in every colony and put an end to the threat of French lease this month. ly defend their homeland against Indians, the theater of war between 1941 and 1945. In the encroachment in territory claimed by Spain, "This first of Florida's militia forces num- French, the English and even Americans dur- years since World War II, only a handful of made his ceremonial landing Sept. 8. He lost bered less than fifty men and, as they were not ing the Revolutionary War. After becoming Florida National Guard units have been called no time in planning and executing a strike challenged militarily, they would prove suffi- part of the American republic in 1821.the Flor- to federal service, most notably the 159th against Frenchman Jean Ribault's settlement cient," wrote Hawk, who is civilian adminis- ida militia fought two wars against Indians. Fighter-Bomber Squadron. Florida National at Fort Caroline, 35 miles to the north, trative assistant and archivist at the state Ar- Supporting the Confederacy in the 1860s, Guard, during the Korean conflict. The birth date of North America's oldest senal here. Florida's militia not only protected areas of But thousands of individual Florida militia coincides with Menendez' rain- In the years ahead, the militia continued to the state from invasion but also participated in Guardsmen have volunteered to fight in Korea drenched march northward during a massive play an important role in Spain's La Florida. some of the bloodiest and hardest-fought bat- and the jungles of Southeast Asia. Graham, Martinez to mark Guard anniversary Florida's governor and governor-elect are tinez to Tampa, each in Guard aircraft. expected to attend Friday's regular "retreat' Use of the military for drug interdiction ceremony, according to information earlier will be among the topics discussed at the Gov- this week. ernor's Military Advisory Committee meeting Both Gov. Bob Graham and Bob Martinez, scheduled for 2 p.m. Friday at Camp Blan- who will become the state's chief executive in ding. January. will be at Camp Blanding, the The Florida Guard is host for the meeting, Guard's training site near Starke, earlier in to be held in the Camp Blanding armory. Maj. the day to attend a meeting of the Governor's Gen. Robert F. Ensslin Jr., adjutant general of Military Advisory Committee. the Florida National Guard, is chairman of the committee. They will come by Guard helicopter to St. Organized in 1981 by Graham and Maj. Augustine, landing about 4:45 p.m. on the bay- Gen. Kennedy C. Bullard, who then was adju- front parade grounds at the state Arsenal, 82 ant general, the committee maintains ave- Marine St., for the retreat ceremony before nues of communication between the gover- boarding the helicopter again for the flight to nr's office and the military of Florida. The Jacksonville. There, they will attend a formal committee is composed of commanders from "dinifg in" at the Officers Club at Jackson- military organizations throughout the state. ville Naval Air Station. The dinner marks the Governor's Military Advisory Committee U.S. National Guard's 350th birthday. semi-annual meetings have been held at major Following the dinner at Jacksonville NAS, military installations throughout Florida. The ifahabawill be flown toTallahasse and Mar-_.ast onowas heldat EgUa Air Force Base. Page 4, Supplement to The St. Augustine Record, Thursday, December 11, 1986 Guard has special significance locallyyS Manned at its authorized strength and fund- funds, and doesn't take into account the mil- for each of the past three years. ' ed to the tune of $t11 million, the Florida Na- lions of dollars of equipment Florida's Guard Since Ensslin became adjutant general in tional Guard is especially significant to St. Au- units will be receiving. 1982, the state Army Guard's strength has ris- '.' i gustinians. Among the new equipment Guardsmen are en from 8,800 to 11,200 and the Air Guard's , r.-. It traces its origins to the first month of the most excited about are the F-16 fighter planes from 1.000 to almost 1,500. city's history, it is headquartered in one of the - $25 million apiece aircraft - the Florida Air Among recent additions to the Air Guard ' ..i . , city's most historic buildings and it currently National Guard, headquartered at Jackson- are a communications unit at Tampa and an pumps in the neighborhood of $9 million into ville International Airport, is receiving, engineering organization at Camp Blanding, ' the local economy. Additionally, in the year "We're going to retire the F-106," now the Guard's 70.380-acre training facility near , .I ahead, renovations at the Arsenal and proper- about 25 years old. replacing it with the sleek Starke. The Army Guard opened a second fa- S' ties in the state headquarters complex will to- new models, Ensslin said. cility at the Lakeland airport during the sum- tal about $3.7 million. Florida's Air Guard will be the first air de- mer, marking "the first time we've had any . "We have been resourced as never before fense unit - regular Air Force, Reserve or Army aviation outside Jacksonville." Ensslin ' in our history,". Maj. Gen. Robert F. Ensslin Guard - to be outfitted with the F-16, the new- noted. Heretofore, the Army Aviation Support Jr., adjutant general of the Florida National est fighter in the U.S. arsenal, Ensslin said. Facility, which maintains and flies Army i ' Guard, said in discussing Guard funding. "We finished the fiscal year at 100 percent Guard aircraft - mainly helicopters - had ." "This year it will be $111 million, about 95 per- - in fact, I believe it was 101 percent - of our been centralized at Jacksonville's Craig Field.- &r cent federal and 5 percent state." That in- authorized strength." That's an accomplish- The Florida Guard is uniquely St. Augus- cludes only the operating and fixed capital ment the Guard has been able to boast about tine's in that its headquarters, the State Arse- nal, is in a 398-year-old structure that formerly Maj. Gen. Robert F. Ensslin Jr. was a Franciscan monastery. Converted to a ' A toh ti i barracks by the British in 1763, used as a A Sa te to the National Guard Spanish garrison from 1783.to 1821. when, with the transfer of Florida to the United States, it became an army post. In 1907, headquarters Maj. Gen. Robert Ensslin From for the Department of Military Affairs and the Florida National Guard was establish there. The man who heads the Florida National El Gu tted by fir e in191 5, t he building lay inru- Guard had more than 31 years of military Sins until 1921, when Congress donated St. service - on active duty, in the Reserve and S Francis Barracks to the state, which appropri- in the Guard - before his appointment as ad ated funds for restoration. jutant general of Florida. Serving the South Since 1931 In most states, Guard headquarters are in Maj. Gen. Robert F. Ensslin Jr. was in- the capital, ducted into the U.S. Army in November 1954) ,t'a-ia Cr [Ind ;i l "There has been constant military pres- after graduating from the University ol esidential * Com mercial * Industrial ence in St. Augustine since 1565," Ensslin North Carolina. Following basic training. noted. While no single unit can claim an unbro- Field Artillery Officers Candidate School and S "A -- .. . " ken line to that date. "we like to think we're service at Fort Knox, Ky., he served as a for- 80 South D ixie H w . ... the first and oldest. So it's appropriate that the ward observer with the 32nd Infantry Regi- S Florida National Guard is headquartered in St. ment, the Ethiopian Expeditionary Battalion -8 24 1' , 8 Augustine." and the 1st Republic of Korea Division in Ko- "824"M .6 0 , " The historic Arsenal is due for additional rea in the early '50s. $2.5 million in renovations in 1987. Other '87 Promoted to first lieutenant in May 1953. " * " " renovation and expansion sites and dollar fig- Ensslin was released from active duty in Oc- ures include property purchased this year at tober of that year and assigned to the Orfi $95,000 on St. Francis Street. $187.000; Char- Please see ENSSLIN, Page 5 NATIONALNiAIIIO' Pleaser"-°"°"-" see GUARD, Page 5 GUARD *, * ^ * South Seas Restaurant 841 Anastasia Blvd. S1636-1986 Specializing in FRESH SEAFOOD Complete Menu 5 | 824-9922 SRalph Giannotta John Glannotta YEARS Congratulations to the * *.* National Guard for 350 e Years of Service. Best Wishes fromBest allWishes of us at ST. AUGUSTINE Barnett Bank AIRPORT AUTHORITY S. Davis, Chairman Ted Pellicer, Attorney m t t 104 J imDavid Hardesty, Sec./Treas. Marlin Pig, Engineer [jlD 1ist Jim Griner David Roberts BaA.H. "Gus" Craig, Exec. Dir. Barnett BankofSLJohns County Ken Forrester Rose Pelligrino, Secretary AuMlarnmt anksamem wsa of_.DR .. Supplement to The St. Augustine Record, Thursday, December 11, 1986, Page 5

L 'ENSSLIN'-E N S SL INi ''' "- eaalJaiL kn, i, J11 982: He wa's promoed to ma)or gem. Continued from Page4 e*acksonvilenave's numerou deco. Florida National Guard at a glance cers Reserve Corps where he held various rations and awards include the presidential Headquarters: Stale Arsenal, St. Augustine assignments with the 108th Divlsion Artillery unit citation, Korean service medal with Commander-in-Chief: Go. Bob Graham in North Carola. * . three battle service stars. Republic of Korea Adiutant General: Mal. Gen. Robert Ensslin Jr. Moving to Florida, he was appointed a presidential unit citation and and Florida dis- Troop Structure: Army National Guard, Air National Guard first lieutenant with the, Florida: National tinguished service medal with two silver oak Strength: Army, 11,200; Air, 1,500 GuardinFebruary195. Durinthenext dec- leafclusters. Support peronnel: 1674 (civilian and military) ade he served in a variety of assignment and Enssliln was chairman of the board of Civilian: State paid, *187; U.S. paid, 34 in June 1966was assigned as battalion cornm- Ensslin & Hall Advertising, Tampa, prior to Operating/Capital Budget: $111million mander of the 2nd Battalion, 116th Field Ar- his appointment as adjutant general. He and Florida Armories/Installations: 62 tillery Battalion. Later,he was brigade exec- his wife, Fae, have four sons, Robert F. Ill, Federal Equifpment In usebyAirGua: $141million utive officer forthe Slst Infantry Brigade, in- Clyde F., Paul H., and John B. Ensslin. specior general on the adjutant general's Ensslin is chairman of the Governor's '42 positions reimbursed by federal funds staff, commanding officer of the 227th Field Military Advisory Committee, vice-chairman Artillery Group - later designated the 227th of the state's Armory Board and director Field Artillery Brigade and director, state emeritus of the Florida Advertising Federa- area command. - tion. ile is a member of the Adjutants Gener- Ensslin, 58, as promoted to brigadier gen- al Association of the U.S. and the National eral in August 1980, and assigned as brigade Guard Association of the U.S., serving as . commander, 53rd Infantry Brigade in Febru- chairman of committees in those organiza- Adjutants G eneral of Florida ary 198 Heserved in that position untilhis tions, and is a member of the St. Augustine appointment as adjutant general of Florida Rotary Club. . . TheodoreW. Brevard ...... 1861 W illiam H. M ilton ...... 1861 Hugh Archer ...... 1864 UsA D ing the maintenance of fighters and crews on a Horatio Jenkins Jr...... July 9, 1868to Aug. 4,1868 24-hour alert status, armed and ready to inter- George B. Carse...... Aug. 5, 818687 to Feb.a r c h20, 1870877 cept unidentified aircraft in or approaching John a num...... Feb. 21, 1 0 to M , 1 GXU AR DriL JohnJ. Dickison...... March 5. 18771to Jan. 16, 1881 Continued from Page 4 the airspace of the U.S. James E. Yonge...... Jan. 17,1881 to Jan. 16,1885 "I think most people don't realize the scope David Lang ...... Jan. 17, 1885 to Dec. 4, 1893 lotte Street annex,. 800,000; and warehouse, of our training," Ensslin commented. "We're Patrick Houstoun ...... Dec. 5, 1893 to May 6, 1901 $209,000. training all around the world." William A. MacWilliams...... May 7, 1901 to June 28, 1901'* "Ensslin is justly proud of the Florida Guardsmen from Florida units have been in J.Cll stordt. Foster ...... Jun , 1901to Jan. 9,1917 Guard's training and readiness to perform its training this year in Honduras, just 18 miles James McCants...... March 30, 1919 to Aug. 31, 1919 twofold mission: For the state, to provide mili- from the Nicaraguan border. In January, the Sidney J. Catts Jr...... Sept. 1, 1919to Jan. 3, 1921 tary organizations trained and equipped to 53rd Signal Brigade went to Belgium "and at Charles P. Lovell ...... Jan. 4, 19211to Jan. 25. 1923 function when necessary in the protection of the same time a medical company was train- VivianCollins ...... June2, 192 to ApriJune1, 1947 life and property, and to assist in the preserva- ing in Germany." And the 53rd Infantry Mark W. Lance...... April 16,1947 to April 27, 1962 tion of peace, order and the public safety, and trained in Panama. Still another training site Henry W. McMillan...... April 29, 1962 to Aug. 12, 1975 for the nation, to provide trained and qualified was Korea. Kennedy C. Bullard ...... Aug. 13, 1975 to Dec. 31, 1981 individuals for federal service in time of war "We've trained in 18 countries since I've Robert F. Ensslin Jr...... Jan. 1, 1982 to date or national emergency. been adjutant general," Ensslin said. Today's *Resigned The Florida Air National Guard, in addi- training program, with its emphasis on mobil- "Died in office tion. has an air sovereignty mission for the ity "enhances the value of the guard as a de- eastern seaboard of the United States, involv-.. terrent" to military action against the U.S. __ Page 6, Supplement toThe St. Augustine Record, Thursday. December 11 19M M PrProfile Profile Brig. Gen. Otha Smith Jr. Brig. Gen.Brig. RobertGen. Howell , assistant ad The man who sets policy for and exercises Brig. Gen. Robert L. Howell, assistant ad- general supervision over all units of the Flori- da Air National Guard is Brig. Gen. Otha R. jutant general for the Florida Army National Smith Jr. Guard. successfully combined a 26-year ca. court in Franklin Smit, who began his military career with reer as clerk of the circuit in dating to his elistment in the U. arine Cors County with National Guard service his enlistment in the U.S. Marine Corps in Au- at o gust 1946 following graduation from high 1947. we was a feshman at Forida State Howell was a freshman at Florida State school, is assistant adjutant general for the University when, in October 1947, he enlisted Florida Air National Guard. He was promoted in the Guard. He was commissioned a second to his present rank in June 1983. lieutenant upon graduation in 1951 and as- A native of Macon, Ga., Smith, 58 earned signed as a platoon leader with the Heavy his bachelor'sbclr dldegree from Tulane University Co.n12ah Infantry in New Orleans. He and his wife. Margaret, re- PromotionsrMortar and increasingly responsible romotions and increasingly resonsible side in Orange Park and are parents of two positions in the Guard continued and in March daughters, Sandra and Susan. 1967 he assumed command of the 261st Engi- .. His two years in the Marine Corps included neer Battaliontaontnd and promoted ernGto lieutenant t .lMan assignment at Cherry Point, N.C., serving colonel. With reorganization of the battalion, quns assignment at Cherry Point, N.C., srving

lowed direct entry into advancedAir Force commander of the 50th Support Center, then

1973, executive sul Smith was on active duty at Air Force Squadron in September and director ments. mander of the 53rd Signal Group; officer at State Headquarters in Ma The 57-year-old Apalachicola native and his bases in Mississippi and Idaho before an over- port1977 staffand assumed his present duties in Jun), of the State Area Command followed. children, seas assignment in Tripoli, Libya, where he brigadier general in wife, Rosemary, are parents of two 1983. He was promoted to of the Bob and Donna Howell. was psychological warfare officer and an Air March 19 and assumed commander Returning to the U.S. in. the Smith has a variety of awards and detor; in January 1982. He His civic andfilations include pastdirector of Police officer. 53rd Infantry Brigade the Florida Airfrom National active tions,award, including small arms Air expert Force marksmanship outstanding ul,ri, for FARNG Sept. 1, State Association Chamberof Court Clerks;of Commerce past presi- and summerduty and of joined1953, he was released servedassistant in thatadjutant position general until his appointment as the Apalachicola wit dent of the Rotary Club and National Guard Guard a year later as supply officer with the bon, Air Force longevity service ribbn "1983 and Florida di mas- 159th Fighter Bomber Squadron. His subse- seven oak leaf clusters wears the Army Reserve Compo- Officers Association of Florida; and past electronics of- guished service medal. Howell Accepted Masons. quent assignments included air nents achievement medal with two oak leaf ter of Free and .350th birthday celebration schedule Saturday, Dec. 13 helicopters,Static displays howitzers, throughout medical the andafternoon, communicatio includir Florida Na- Parade3 p.m field - ceremonies,Fly-over by musicFl orida by Air 13th National Army Band.Guard jet rineNoon-S S. Visitors p.m. -canOpen tour House,building, State including Arsenal, 82 Ma. equipment and other Guard exhibits. Historic military r tdone Guard u eum... ' Clghters.Formal ceremonies begin, ending with cake-cut- ion2:55 p.m. - ignitaries will be escorted to platform. ting. enactment groups will participate. Supplement to The St. Augustine Record, Thursday, December 11, 1986, Page 7 Civilian militia was backbone of Revolutionary army Thirty-one of today's Army National Guard marily by the militia. . A units carry battle streamers on their unit col- In the second major clash of the war for in- S T . ors for participation in American Revolution- dependence, the Battle of Bunker Hill, Ameri- . ary War battles. That's quite a record, consid- can militia repulsed British charges twice be- ering that only one of today's Regular Army fore running out of ammunition. British Gen. i'. . units has streamers denoting participation in William Howe eventually took the hill but lost the war colonists fought to free themselves 42 percent of his men in doing so. from the English crown. The 181st and 182nd Infantry Regiments, The National Guard continued to be the 'among three regiments which have continuous largest U.S. military component from the Rev- service for more than 350 years and a part of 4 - ' olutionary War until World War II. what is now the Massachusetts Army National Many of the leaders of the restless young Guard are the only Army units with battle hon- "' colonies were militiamen. No fewer than 17 ors for the Battle of Lexington. And it was ' i , ' signers of the Declaration of Independence Massachusetts militiamen who routed sea- . ' had seen militia service and 11ofthose whola- soned British "Regulars" at Concord, killing . . ter would sign the U.S. Constitution were mili- several hundred and sending the survivors in ." tia officers. retreat to their camp in Boston. -% George Washington was selected as coi- But the wartime experience of what's now -' mander of the Continental Army not only be- the U.S. Guard predates even the Revolution- cause he was a Southeewarbe and some coln- ary War. Citizen-soldiers had taken up arms nists perceived the war to be a regional con early as 1637, when they battled Indians in flict between the New England colonies and thePequotWarinConnecticut.s England - but also because he was the most the Peot War Connecticu experienced patriot. Washington had com- And militiamen didn't rest on their laurels manded a regiment as a colonel of the Virginia after winning independence for the fledgling Militia in the French and Indian War. nation. Four major battles of the Revolutionary At the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794, mi- War - Bunker Hill, King's Mountain, Cowpens litia cavalry teamed with Regular Army infan- East Florida Rangers in British Florida In 1778 are depicted in this drawing from an and Guilford Court House, were fought pri- Please see MILITIA, Page 8 original painting by Robert Hall of St. Augustine. Guard played active role in both sides of Civil War Militia units from both the Union and the tia units from 18 Virginia counties and com- Columbia. And following Reconstruction, volunteered for service in that conflict. Confederacy played important roles in the Civ- manded by Maj. Gen. Stonewall Jackson. black militia units continued to serve in Ala- P t i d il War, so it's not surprising that the majority The 20h Maine, a Union Army militia regi- bama, N rth Carolina, Tennessee and Virgin- ish American War was the of Army units with battle honors from that war ment, was responsible, in part, for the North's ia. Cavalry Regiment, made up1st of men.S Volunteerfrom A- are in the National Guard, not the Regular victory at Gettysburg. It held the Union line on Earlier, militiamen had played key roles in onCavalryRegiment, made up of Thmenfrom Ari- Army or the Army Reserve. Little Round Top against savage attacks by the Mexican War. One of the most famous ac- popularly known as the Rough Riders and was Records show that at least 1,933,779 militia- the 15th and 47th Alabama Infantry Regi- tions of that war came in 1847 when CoL Jef- led by Lt. Col. Theodore Roosevelt, a former men served with the Union Army in the Civil ments. ferson Davis' Mississippi Rifles, now the 1st New York National Guard captain and a fu- w War.avail able.Manpower figures for the South were not Militia units of blacks had a role, too, in the NationalBattalion, Guard, 155th chargedInfantry, at Mississippithe Battle ofArmy ue- ture president. f ... -CivLWarM-.,m and in the years that followed. After na Vista in Mexico. The National Guard supplied the bulk of the "•d•e;•'t) the m'nst famaus Coedeate units the ar, blacEmlltia urits existed in Connect- Militiamen rallied again when war with U.S. forces fighting in the Philippine Insurrec- was the Stonewall Brigade, comprised of mill- icut, Illinois, Kansas, Ohio and the District of Spain erupted in 1898. About 165,000 of them tion in 189. Page 8, Supplement to The St. Augustine Record, Thursday, December 11, 1986 Guard facts Today's Florida National Guard is the line- al descendant of the earlier provincial and territorial militias and State Troops of Florida - under Spanish, British, Confederate and American flags. V i The Florida National Guard has a proud heritage of more than 421 years of service, both at home and in foreign lands. Here are a few - and in some instances, little known - facts about the Florida National J Guard: * Francisco Menendez, a "free man of col- or," was a captain of Florida militia for more - than 20 years and led militia troops at the Bat- tie of Fort Mose in 1740. * The East Florida Rangers, Florida's British militia, were the principal armed force employed in defeating the American Rebels at the Trout River in 1777, the southernmost battle of the Revolutionary War. * After participation in the British victory at Alligator Creek in 1778, the East Florida Rangers helped conquer and successfully defend Georgia against the Americans and French. Confederate Infantry in 1863 as depicted * During the Second Spanish Period in in this U.S. Army print. Florida, most members of the local Spanish militia were of American or British extraction and most fought well for Spain. 0 During the last 100 years, Florida State * William Wing Loring of St. Augustine be- Troops and National Guard have been called gan his military career as a sergeant in the upon to perform active state duty more than Florida militia during the Second Seminole 200 times. The type and variety of duty calls War and subsequently became a colonel in the have ranged from hurricane relief to finding Regular Army, a major general in the Confed- lost children, riot control to traffic control, la- erate Army and a pasha in the Egyptian army. bor disputes to rock concerts, and, once, for * Achille Murat, a lieutenant colonel in the longer than a year, to fight an insect, the Med- Florida militia during troubles with the Semi- iterranean fruit fly. noles, had also been a colonel in the Belgian Foreign Legion and was the son of the king of Naval Marine reserve Naples and a nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte. arine * More than 29,000 Florida militiamen saw forces began as militias active service during the Second Seminole War, 1835-1842. Militiamen took to the seas and to the air in * Several companies of Florida militia the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Both the served in Alabema'-CreekIra8aWP· hr4f1M;.• u rie -ke ,wrbe U More than 15,000 men volunteered for gan as state militias. service in the Florida militia and later, the Between 1880 and 1900, 19 states created Confederate Army, during the Civil War, 1861- their own naval militias. Today. New York has .1865. . . the only federally recognized naval militia. * There was a Florida Brigade in both the. It was a New York military organization, Army of Tennessee and the Army of Northern too, which became the first National Guard Virginia, Confederate States of America. unit to fly aircraft The year was 1911 and the * Elements of the Florida Brigade, com- organization was the 1st Company, Signal manded by David Lang - who later was an Corps. That same unit was federally recog- adjutant general of Florida - charged with nized in 1916 as the 1st Aero Company, New Pickett on the third day at Gettysburg. York National Guard.

L IT IA seh, defeating him at the Battle of Tippecanoe : ICreek in 1811. Harrison's exploits became the "basis for the "Tippecanoe and Tyler, too" Continued from Page 7 campaign slogan that helped catapult him into try to decisively defeat Indians in the Ohio the White House. Valley. The battle stemmed from the 1791 Just four years after Harrison's victory at massacred by the Indians of settlers at the Tippecanoe Greek, militia units from Tennes- River Raisin. see, Kentucky and Mississippi, under the com- Indiana Territorial Governor William Hen- mand of Maj. Gen. Andrew Jackson - who la- ry Harrison led a military force comprised ter would become president - trounced battle- mostly of militia against Indian Chief Tecum- hardened British soldiers at New Orleans. Guard plays key role : in early Florida history •. , ? ::; The National Guard of the United ,-• ; 1'. States marks its 350th anniversary Alog the this week, but Florida's guardsmen , .-'--n-L - can trace their .niilitary tradition r FIRST , . " (.. back another 71 years. 0 COAST - " ' " " ' ', St. Augustine was officially just . .. a .1 ,"-' s eight days old when, on Sept. 16, :. : .... *. ,. 1565, Pedro Menendez de Aviles, gov- . ., ' ;;. ,). , ernor-general of Florida, told Span- Jackle Feagin " ." ish settlers to keep an eye on things Regional Editor "J p ' ' *- ;' -. at home and marched off. Taking al- - ..: ... T most all of his 500 regular soldiers. with him, he was on his way to Fort In celebration of the 350th anni- . .,,,p . Caroline, 35 miles to the north, to versary of the National Guard of the .. . drive Jean Ribault and his French United States, an open!house is. , ',, ' , " . . colonists out of the vast land claimed planned Dec. 13 at the State Arsenal by Spain. on Marine Street. Events will include .... . ,-. i - .. Although Florida can't point to music by the Florida Army National ' any of its National Guard units and Guard's 13th Army Band from North : , - say "This one has had 421 years of Miami, cutting of a birthday cake, a .'' / ; unbroken service" - or even 350 fly-over by jet fighters from the. ' ,' "\ 4, V years, as Guard units in Massachu- Florida Air National Guard's 125th, setts can rightfully claim -- Floridi- Fighter Interceptor Group and mus-. .. ' ns like to think their Guard is the ket firing. rst and oldest, Maj. Gen. Robert F. Static displays of equipment - Today's Florida National Guard carries on the cit- shown in this painting by St. Aug> .nsslin Jr.,'adjutant general of the helicopters, an M42 track vehicle, izen-soldier tradition that began in 1565 in Span- - one of several included in Be' 'lorida National Guard, said this ish St. Augustine. Florida militiamen of 1835 are Florida'sArmy. coas wa owers, ai s ipwrec rom ocal s rces, aw ne n rance an an ers in. - Svictims, pu own Indian i surrec- out. hile il egal, th . was neces- an on virtual y every battle Continued from Page 1A *tions and figh the pirates o several sary, e explained, because recruits every theater of war from -4. howitzers - and exhibits by commu- nations. Always threatened, several and replacements for the regular More recently, Guardsmen from the nications, medical, security police times invaded in force, even twice *garrison rarely arrived on time or in Sunshine State have fought in both and Special Forces "A" team will burned to the ground, St. Augustine full strength and the best. of the local the Korean and Vietnamese con- show offGuard capabilities. Historic and Florida survived for two centur- militiamen had to be taken into the flicts. re-enactment groups will add a "how ies as a bastion of Spanish power regular garrison companies. ' In peacetime, their jobs have in- it was" touch, only to fall to the pen of a treaty A 1585 attack by an English pirate c luded rescues in hurricanes and oth- The Arsenal - one of St. Augus- rather than the sword of an invad- fleet of 2,000 commanded by Sir .er natural disasters, riot control and tine's most historic buildings and er." Francis Drake was the first major assistance with the influx of Cuban once the home of Franciscan' monks In addition to the militia in which test of local troops, both regular and refugees. They've fought forest fires - will be open to the public from all who were physically able were re- militia. St. Augustinians, numbering and floods. They've airlifted tiny ba- ownto 5 p.m. Formal ceremonies quired to serve, there also were vol- only about 300 - including civilians , bies to neo-natal units equipped with "i.,inat 3 p.m. with the fly-over. unteer militia companies existing and soldiers - fled to the woods af- special life-support equipment. Those men Menendez left behind from at least 1671. Among these was ter brief skirmishes in which Drake Fulfilling their promise to be , September 1565 to guard the little one whose members were men born lost about 20 men and hid while the ready ,- and mobile - when needed village on the banks of Matanzas in Spain or of Spanish parents. An- pirates looted and burned their town. in time of war or national emergen- liy, probably near today's Mission other was composed of free blacks Other tests came in 1597 'when cy, Florida Guardsmen have trained of Nombre de Dios, were "milicia," and still another of Indians who had regulars and militiamen rallied to this year not only in Florida and oth- awl under Spanish law all able- embraced Christianity. put down an Indian rebellion to the er areas of the continental U.S. but bod!ied men were required to serve, "Even slaves, convicts and north of St. Augustine and, later, also in Honduras, Panama, West ;t. Augustine author and historian stranded sailors or shipwreck vic- when pirates attempted, unsuccess- Germany, Belgium and Korea. "iý.obert Hawk explains in his book, tims could legally be impressed into fully, to invade the city from their T'lorida's Army, scheduled for re-. the militia," Hawk said. "Militiamen landing point at Matanzas Inlet.. : 1(lse next week. received regular pay for active ser- Rallying to the rebel yell in 1861, "This first of Florida's militia; vice and for most training and drill Florida's militia fought invaders on f•rces nrmbered less than fifty men days. The white militia companies its home ground and.joined other ;, .(, as they were not challenged mil- normally provided their own weap- Confederate forces on most. of the n h-ily, they would prove sufficient," ons and such uniforms as they chose southern battlefields whose. names I:.,,wk wrote. to wear. Unless they had private were to become household words be- ;n the years ahead, the militia means, Indians, blacks and all other fore the North-South clash ended. c.,ltinued to play an Important role enrolled or impressed militiamen re- Florida's 1st Regiment was called to ;. :;,;ain's La Florida. ceived their weapons from the gov- serve during the war with Spain; the ,'(or more than 250 years, under ernment." 2nd Regiment protected the U.S.- ",:.pjanish, the British and, for the In .spite of an Imperial Spanish Mexican border. ,.:1 time, the Spanish, Florida law which prohibited more than 10 to With the advents of World Wars 1 ; i.men helped successfully de- 15 percent of a garrison to be from and 2, all of Florida's militia - by fheir homeland against "the en- local families, it was not uncommon then called the National Guard - " As the nationality of the city's for the St. Augustine garrison to was mobilized for national service, Srnment changed, so did "the en- "" and at various times it was the :aris, the French, the English and .,i Americans during the Revolu- ::!ary War. After becoming part of - American republic in 1821, the ::rida militia fought two wars ainst Indians within the peninsula. " Officially stretching from to- : y's Miami to the Chesapeake Bay, S'irida was protected by a military ;.,c that rarely numbered more tn 300 regular soldiers and a few ,ien militia," said Hawk, who is ci- ".•n administrative assistant and ,'h\ \Aat' the state \rsenal here. 124tn intantry uuard reunion also marks regimental system Men who were part of the 124th Infantry One of those who wasn't pleased with the Florida National Guard unit disbandment of the 124th was the late U.S. Sen. 'l 'i. . Regiment - the oth- I '.-.. ,* mobilized here when rumblings of war shook Along the Spessard Holland of Bartow. Holland and the world in 1940.- will get tbgether In St. Au- FIRST er,supporters o, a loridan regiment were sue- / 2c I gustine next weel. for some reminiscing and ccssfial in having the 121th recreated. For ex- . renewalofatriendships. COAST peliency the 154th Rlegiment, then serving in . . More than a reunion, however, the gather- New Guinea, was redesignated as the 124th. . Ing marks the establishment of the U.S. "It is ironic and fitting," Hawk wrote, "thate.' . . :. * ystem in the Florida Na- Jackle Feag)n the 1541h had been Florida's assigned regi- p4' ' FIor n .i • ' Army's regimentalB ro,,,s tionalGuard. Regional Editor ment immediately following the end of World *', ,. The reunion, the first for the 124th, is draw-. War I. And some Florida guardsmen were al- i,.'. W orld War .. their Ing veterans, from throughout the United ready in the 154th and others would find States. A support group, the 124th Infantry as a part of t on Nov. 25, 1940. After some time way there. The continuity of Florida service in for the reunion has been the promise of a trip Regimental Association, has been formed and at newly built Camp Blanding, near Starke, life regiment would survive." to Camp Blanding, Hawk said. Another event is. sponsoring the four-day meeting, which "they scattered to technical schools, Officer Of some 5,000 who were in the regiment, a which should be well received is a slide show opensMonday. Candidate School, the Army Air Corps and air- list of about 500 who survive has been put to- one of Ihe vels has created with 1939-43 photos A St. Augustine man, retired Col. Albert E. borne units. Some trained as officers at Fort gclhler by Ilawk with the assistance of some of the 124th and its men. Durrell, has accepted the position of honorary Benning, Ga. , 1241h vets. Jacksonville veteran Itay Ituby lo- Events begin with registration Monday af- colonel of the 124th Infantry Regiment and will "By the fall of 1943, approximately one-half cated about 75 of that number. ternoon at the armory and an informal recep- assume the post at a banquet Wednesday, ac- of the Florida Guardsmen in the 1241h were One veteran, Charlie Parr, who served with tion there that evening. After coffee hour cording to Bob Hawk, administrative aide and gone and, at Camp Jackson, S.C., the remain- the 124th in New Guinea, is coming from Fair- Tuesday, vets will go by buses to Camp Blan- historian for the Department of Military Af- der were transferred to other units and the banks, Alaska. Another who will attend is Wil- ding, where they'll tour the facilities and meet fairs and reunion coordinator. Durrell will ap- regiment itself was officially disbanded," li;m W. Braswell of Jacksonville, recipient of with member of today's 124th Infantry Regi- point a complement of honorary regimental of- Hawk wrote in one of the archives publications the highest decoration given to a member of ment. Lunch, in the field, will feature today's licials, including adjutant, sergeant major, he has put together for the Department of Mili- the Florida regiment, the Distinguished Ser- version of combat rations. historian and others to assist him. tary Affairs. vice Cross. Still another who's preregislered is Tours:are scheduled to many of the city's The banquet date coincides with Implemen- "From Camp Jackson, large drafts of men Dr. Tom Deas, who resides in Louisiana and historic sites, including the Castillo de San tation of the regimental system in the Florida from the 124th were sent to the 4th and 30th Di- was regimental surgeon of the 124th in the Marcos, the restored Spanish Quarter and the Guard, Hawk said. visions, destined for a war that would begin ill South Pacific. The medical detachment of the Arsenal. Wednesday, a reception in the gar- All who served with the regiment before the hedgerows of Normandy during June of 124th, which Deas commanded, was the most dens of the Oldest House will follow formal re- 1946 have been invited, Hawk said, and "right 1944. Others were sent as Infantry replace- decorated unit in the regiment, treat ceremonies on the Marine Street pprade at 100 from all over" have preregistered. The ments to' the Mediterranean Theater. where Gen. lenry McMillan, a retired adjutant ground. The formal reunion dinner has been Mark Lance Armory on San Marco Avenue ia Americans had been in combat with the Axis general of the FNG and battalion commander . scheduled for 7:30 p.m. Wednesday in the ar- reunion headquarters. since November of 1942. Many of them would with the 124th through its days at Fort Ben- mory, where an oral history session to include Florida guardsmen were serving In the end up in the 3rd and 45th Divisions in the ning. also will attend. .taping of vets' wartime experiences is planned 124th in prewar days and they were mobilized Anzio Beachhead." A main attraction for many of those coming Thursday. .e

I.', Tebeau award . .-v..- ,3.. -.,-. . !EV .. *presented to . historian Hawk

St. Augustine historian and author Robert Hawk.is the recipient of the Charlton W.. Tebeau award for his book Florida's Army: Mili- tia, State Troops and National Guard,1565-1985. The book, published in 1986 by Pineapple Press, Englewood, was selected by the Florida Historical Society for this year's award as the best book for young readers. Works selected for the Tebeau award must also be judged to have historical value and pertain Cont to Florida. Tayl The book covers "the whole history of Florida militia from the R.B. first Spanish settlement," Hawk Ma said, adding that he is "very to cel pleased" with the award. The tainm publication was commissioned by with the Florida National Guard Offi- al Ci cer's Association. . - Winne .Hawk was reared in a military be on family, and served in the Navy as of Ma a hospital corpsman; He received,. -the D * his bachelor's degree and mas- land. ter's degree in history from the -alsob University of Florida. Professional ;LeonJ background includes an 18-year Pr *stintas a college professor of his- : .tory, freelance writing, acting ex-" perience and positions..in sales i .and management. -. r;-L.. i·. EFor'the past two years he as been the director of the Historical :-Divisioi- Florida -DeptriLent a7;of 'Military-Affairsg i Fheh'eraIthald uliarters of the '..onda..Natiol....-Nat JGuard here. t i' d at1l :.te 'Charlton W..Tebeau award ;is presented annilly by the state historical society based on the se- Ie~tion of apanel of three judges. * lIavk will be;forrnally presented i. .with the award by Tebeau, profes-: sor emeritus of the University .of Miami, during the society's anmial ; .conference May 13 in Miani. Brig. ;en. Robert Howell will also at- ".-tehd the ceremony representing-. the Florida'Deipartnient of Mlili-

"-Past award winners .include Amy Bushnell, a former St. Au- gustinian who was historian .for .the Historic St Augustine Preser- vation Board, and Eugen' Lydn,: Book relates lives behind tombstones There's a book behind every head- - st atactive ad is aif stone In any cemetery. That was the theory of Delmar Along the Stewart, who for many years prior to. FIRST his retirement last fall was superin- tendent of the National Cemetery on,: COAST Bob Hawk, an aide and archiviist r a the state Department of Military Jackie Feagin , 4ai Affairs, shares that belieL :.... -;•i . Regional Editor . Hawk relates some of those sto . .. :' ties In an index-guide. to interinents .. in the historic National Cemetery. rfine Street has long been one of my The .book; titled Special..Archive r favoriteA 'historical ..attractions' in " PublicationNumber 44, is still i pre ' this, most attractive and historical llmiiary fortn as he continues to pol, city. It.is wellAieautiftl, maintained . Ish it and add more 'information and a nice place to bting family and p about the cemetery and the men and friends,',' women buried there. But even in its Each headstone "represents a rough-draft stage, the book provides .: life, a family, a specific personal his- a wealth of Information...... tory," w.Hawk said. "The interments Copies of the book, a helpful refer- began here in 1828 and a few previ- ence source, can be seen at the the ously reserved places are still being . Record file photo National Cemetery, where the super- filled. Virtually all those interred Jun erve . rp cd and intr rs r intendent's residence has become of- here are military, former military or Junor Reserve ffice Training Corps cadet and instructors from flees for Hawk; at the state Arsenal; the next of kin of military person St.. Augustine High School place flags in National Cemetery. and at the St. Augustine Historical nel." Society. Hawk says he'll be glad to Although there are no known Con- lars," many were state troops or Na- ther on the battlefield or as victims arrange tours of the cemetery for in- federate veterans buried n the Na- tional Guardsmen. All served their of disease. terested persons, but asks that ar-. tional Cemetery here, "there are country." .. : ) Along with rows of white imb- rangements be made in advance by many former Union soldiers, black - The project's first phase - the stones typical of those found in mill- telephoning him at the Arsenal. and white, who found a final resting product available today - "does not tary cemeteries, the St. Augustine Bordered by Marine, Charlotte place in St. Augustine," Hawk said, present the 'book' behind' each burial ground has some more unusu- and San Salvador streets, the ceme-. "And although the community was stone," Hawk points out. "But it is a al markers.: tery was at one time a part of a 16th- • segregated for many decades, local start." . . Three pyramids of coquina rocks, century Franciscan monastery. Un-- black veterans of America's wars He says he's about a year from formed by millions or tiny seashells, -der British rule,. during the Second were interred here in substantial completion of Phase 2, In which "sto- are memorials to more than 100 men Spanish Period and when thd United numbers. Here reside Indians, chil- ries and visual records associated and officers who died in what's come States gained possession of Florida,., dren, foreign soldiers,. sailors and with those buried here" will be ex- to be known as the Dade Massacre. troops were quartered on the site,` airmen who died far from home,. panded. .- Major Francis L Dade, with 108 which had become known as SL. men whose real identities are not "While it still probably won't be a men and officers, set out Dec. 23, Francis Barracks. It wasn't until known, and individuals who died in book per person, it will be a begin- 1835, from Fort Brook at what's now 1881 that land set aside more than 50 wars at the far corners of the earth, ning toward establishing the unique- Tampa, to aid Gen. Wiley Thompson, years earlier for a post cemetery be- returned home to more familiar sur- ness of each individual personality. at Fort King, now Ocala, where the came a National Cemetery. roundings in more peaceful times. They deserve no less." Indian agent and Indian trader has "It may sound odd," Hawk wrote There are representatives. of the Early interments were, for the been murdered. Dade became disori-: in the introduction to his book,. "but Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines and most part, those of soldiers who died ented and, believing his column to be the National Cemetery on South Ma- Coast Guard. Some were "Regu- during the Florida Indian wars, ei- Please see BOOK, 6A dead. in addition to ____«* ------„-a„scut. tion's unknown the pyramids. Disease, as well as Indian arrows those buried beneath and tomahawks, claimed many of Graduates of the nation's military B O O K academies are among those buried Continued from Page 1A those who died in Florida during the out of the danger zone, didn't send Indian wars. Causes are listed as here. too. out advance or flank guards. hepatitis, tetanus. scurvy, dysentery, There's 1st Lt. Stephen Tuttle of Only one man survived the Indi- consumption and "disease un- the U.S. Army Engineers, who was he met death in ans' surprise attack. known." 36 years old when A few months later, the dead were There are graves, too, of those 1835. Tuttle was graduated at the top properly buried on the massacre whose identities are forever lost. of the Class of 1820 at Wet Point. J. Davis was 17th in the site. In 1842. their emains along Sites A-105 through A-112, A-225 Jackman who died within the through A-229 and A-295 through A- Point's Class of 1814; Jacob Brown with those of all the Class of 1832; George Augus- 299, for instance, are marked "Un- was 27th in territory were brought to St- Florida Indian Clayton Rodney was 26th in the Class tin and re-intered known U.S. Soldier, . Close by, several plain white mar- Wars." of 133 are of the na- Under a provision allowing next ble tombstones mark graves of Indi- In all, 81 graves of kin to be buried with their loved t ones, many wives are buried with their husbands - Ordinance Sgt. George Brown and wife, Mary; Col. Clarence S. Coe and his wife, Lulu. Joy; Medical Corps'Capt- Edgar S. Estes and his wife, Julia Wall, are but a few of them.. (Next Week: War of 1812 and Cri- mean War are but two of the con- "flictswhose veterans are laid to rest in St Augustine's National Ceme- '_ - ^ry.) MyStery! Tombstone claim sets off historan's searcn Second of a tio-part series. - and find'my copy of Honour the Light Was the Canadian-born Bri: soldler,who saw - gade. I turned to thd section on the 17hth action in the Civil War also.a veteran of the ':Along the Lancers. There was one entry to a private Lght Brigade immortalized in Tennyson's FIRST with the appropriate last name," but the poem? Or.were his claims of service in the older's firs name was George and his en- . Crimean War a figment of an oldman'sp COAST soldier's rt 1842name at was George and hs en- .date imagination?- :-i '"For'obvious reasons, that was not a ".... "Th'a ne of the mysteries into whic o te b . sa isfactory discovery." No other French dob Haks delves in histry tdeguide to in, Jack ie Feagin 9waslisted among the Lancers. nt i terments In the historic old National Ceme-" Regional Editor ; " had a l17th Lancer who supposedly en- tery on Marine Street. ofTomas French. ' listed at he'age ofa12 and, subsequently Hawk, ap aide andarchive infman in the state changed his frst nameaN had to b Departmentof iliary Affairs, has put t famIly, a specific personal history," Hawk more to it than that!" Cemetery records in- gether the story of ThomasFrench L a rid- writs in theiitaryduetion to the book.numt dicated Thomas French had died June 18, ... die he saher e's still trying to solve - in Set among rowg.of white tombstones. 1904, and had been a second lieutenant.in Special Archives Publication.Number 44. typical of.those found in milita'rycemeter- the 6th New York Cavalry during the Civil The book, like.the Thomas French saga, is les are some more unusual markers, in- Wa. Aw check of ne lwspapermicrofilm still -in preliminary form as Hawk's re- pro- ' Oluding that 6f.Thomas French. ' duced a mention in the May 26, 190-1, edition : -. - " search turns up more information about the. Larger than the standard headstone of t" cemetery and'the men and women buried' military cemeterids,'-the" monumen'l In-' thatillness"CFrnch homeis onMarined o.his bed by. "there. eludes thefollowing Inscription:nel," Hawk said. The 'cemetery, bounded by' Marine, . "Thom'a Preneh. .,Now Ihada coulonel," H said.awawk Charlotte and .Sal Salvador streets, once 1830-1904 . Checking courthouse records, Hawk dis- was a part of a 16th century monastery. In- Served in the', covered that French had a wife, Harriet, • , terments' began there in 1828, included vic Crimeah . had bought and sold several central pieces ' tims of -the. Seminole .Indian Wars of the . and Civil Wars oflandin the area and received an 1895 fed- ' mid.1800s,' numerous 'Union soldiers, both : . ' One of the famous ' eral homestead grantof 139 acre, in Cen- ' black and white, and men who saw action in 17th'Lancers tral Florida, which he quickly sold for $500.m informed me ' the, Spanish-American.Spanish-American War,War. MrqMore recentiecent...... ,.,.- TheLlght'l3rigadeTheLightBrigade Thomas"The Frenchold city had directories lived on Treasury and burials include veteitan of other wars aind ' 'Nothing could.be better designed to set Thoma s F reean ha d ed Treasuryon ande . conflicts in which Areridaans.have partlci- the blood pounding In'the veins of a British M arin e streets an a d St.had art owner. pated and,.in:some instainces, their next of" medal collectorl" Hawk- wrote of. his dis- ship i a restaurant at 58 St. George St." kin. . covery of the gave while walking through Later,while'checking records in the St. Now, all spaces are filled or reserved. . the cemetery several years ago. "I could Augustine Historical Society research li- . .By E P Each headstone "represents a life, a barely contain my eagerness to get home Please see MYSTERY, 12A ,Bob3. Hawk beside Thomas French's tom'iF:l * , ... ' ...... - --.. - ..... h . ,

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i,: famou i4thes'i) Loanr..ears-,oLigliwBal! HnwkfaiN..yr e""e% 'tHe "rable' charge.'et Balaklaied Healso whereabouts had eendis.ove.ed 1 HeP thie family he'dlefinCinada" *'e S tarSsered at theduring timsn thnthi CivilEiglish War. occuped and their'eed of furids Ahdi .a War as'a lieutenant and before the in Washington as a eler froi To- closenel1visit of hadthe 12thattained Infantrr the rankRegiment of colo- of ronto ssent wife in and care children of the inregiment's Calada hel. His mother's father was a Portuf- commanding officer. It told: ofthe ' guese; and was governor of Gibral- plight of French's v·ife and, childre

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""theBritish' ar ny,) and his brothers .g "Whether or not he'w ent ih iin sefound "an overlooked " also shold, myouk high commissionsLight BWrigadiein the olina.known." .allHe subsequenf But,was theappointed historiandocumen• first points serand. tveerda e einnasCol f the Clorv'f gir Aiiniidg erved inr throuth for the "" Britishse.A edescripnion Army. ." ot .he.. .funea " .. fo-:.'. outletters1 " all subsequentted fssocia 1"doc.ument Cith ).. Th'nas and St A description of the funera fol-ol letters associated iwitf Thomas ".lowed.coimaginattive .. c ratione b-, of -an '..zieold Frenchrontd sieutntassertu n cagae that o hehe- 'as on Mayiever manel.FollowingHimo.thers paragraphs father was described a P married865Afer or beinghadoffier been a widowerld i out prior - i cthe funeralhadWi'iting attai•t-fiis tclhe rank of coiw^ l. too 1861InB6•ton6s 7j Frencho Senlisted . in* t s V S ,)a.. . Witingtheunarisweed abouth his 'eftiherwas' discoveries,, abPortut-',ommntl In Boston,M ssachLsd'fet French VolulndfCafi-::enlisted in Co." ',': I:" Frenh_-.*and the unanswered Hadwk wbeondrereof questions abouthe.dalrypLwht M, 4th Massachusettsof Frnch'sdwir. Volunteer South CaCahre- i French• soundtan -. overlookedHawk vbonderedlif Light Brigades fie'd e -aIryina;. 190easihich iv'oundappointed for SouthfirstT CarfseI-vt Veiei' or"t12as 'FaiRegimentCol ofvihsit hs* ifean -hireniiuth fin the• theBritish and union armies in p:rt th Wh'de:•tioh"bf the-v;.r, ntImjvngb af s -• British Ueutenant adrmies in pr the duatihifthon war, a ecomierg afromTose Sman?";a" FolloingHa ,."-".:, parneat":t ·-- ':~'phtdscribed:f .. • 't I ' 18_6..marsrined'orAfe': beinghad lsoihisifuhtad 78ioannut •in Nots:' alSubseqoo enhigy,H'V-bec k hassagairt rcei v e• 5':F'Tnch' never SSubsequentlySseveral ...... docuoent Hawkand haslettovembebra receivrnor ers rfepli1865ght of asosc•tedFrench *toneverth TheMas-.._ agaidrei ta.everal dcume nti nd ettiigls f oup refanred I his"service f ith the Mas- [.'" theldFrech'.mili~ BrNationalhArchie,a•.']ser3ice relasbiveand tho hiorsa'.hether;rcin'c'nnctirn Cr with hisnot h)bsio did ntseencaeiy itn -French's militaryoervis'sican his in connection with his pelsio'n laimts Wit, his wuses,.* -' uaawvHese . ". h^ ênch. o ulivvd ^^êrêaF Fruo osrencseverald yto help Hugo victims collecting for the hurricane victims, Jacksonville, she said. butions marked "Hurricane Hugo Di- said Sherri Porter. Mrs. Porter and Cochran stressed saster Relief" will go toward the re- "It rained on us, so we stopped af- the need for non-perishable canned lief effort. Nothing will be deducted ter about three hours," Mrs. Porter 'or convenience foods which can be for administrative costs, said Mi- said of the campaign. prepared easily without electricity. chelle Rybka, the local chapter's di- , Howeerdoati. e ' There's a need, too, for can openers, rector. However, donations re being ac- .bottled water, disposable diapers, Financial contributions are re- cepted at Trinity's fo•' antry, . clothing, toothpaste, soap, small bar- quested since it is more costly to ship cated in a small white building be- becue grills and charcoal briquettes. clothing and other items. Ms. Rybka d the church, Mrs Porter said. The local American Red Cross said. Also. the money is used to pur- "We're taking up donations of any .chapter, 162 San Marco Ave., is ac- chase only the items needed. Often "sort." cepting monetary contributions for the Red Cross has agreements with Trucks from Trinity will join con- disaster relief, manufacturers to purchase the need- voys of relief supplies going from One hundred percent of all contri- ed items at or below costs, she said.

. ' . " ; .. . By JIM LANE, Staff French Marines tour city Bob Hawk, in period garb, presents a copy of weeks of maneuvers. This is the first year the his book "Florida's Army," to Capt. Francisco ' French have trained at Camp Blanding. Hawk, Soriano as members of the 33rd Marine Regi- an administrative aide at the Arsenal, head- ment, Infantrle de Marine, and Hawk's son, Ca-' quarters of the Florida Guard, took the Marines sey, 9, look on. The French Marines,:stationed on a tour of the Arsenal, Tovar House, and oth- in Martinique, Guadalupe and:French Guyana, er sites including the Castillo de San Marcos are .at Camp Blandlng, the. Florida National and San Agustin Antiguo. Guard's trlning slte near Starke, for two : - Ngbi*e d:Sies