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Du Fascisme Comme D'un État Dans L'état D'esprit Adrian Mares Mémoire Du fascisme comme d’un État dans l’état d’esprit Adrian Mares Mémoire présenté au Département d’Études françaises comme exigence partielle au grade de maîtrise ès Arts (Littératures francophones et résonances médiatiques) Université Concordia Montréal, Québec, Canada Novembre 2012 © Adrian Mares UNIVERSITÉ CONCORDIA École des études supérieures Nous certifions par les présentes que le mémoire rédigé par Adrian Mares intitulé Du fascisme comme d’un État dans l’état d’esprit et déposé à titre d'exigence partielle en vue de l'obtention du grade de Maîtrise ès Arts (Littératures francophones et résonances médiatiques) est conforme aux règlements de l'Université et satisfait aux normes établies pour ce qui est de l'originalité et de la qualité. Signé par les membres du Comité de soutenance Françoise Naudillon présidente Michel Lacroix examinateur Marc André Brouillette examinateur Sylvain David directeur Approuvé par : Philippe Caignon Directeur du département 27 novembre 2012 Brian Lewis Doyen de la Faculté iii Résumé Ce mémoire présente une réflexion sur un fascisme. Le but précis est de démontrer la nature de celui-ci. Pour ce faire, deux corpus seront considérés : en premier, l’histoire européenne et surtout française de la première moitié du XXe siècle, et en second, une œuvre littéraire. Le choix littéraire s’est arrêté sur l’œuvre de Pierre Drieu La Rochelle, auteur qui me semble incarner l’essence du fascisme, soit un fascisme spirituel, et qui me permet d’affirmer qu’il y eut ainsi un versant français au fascisme. Après des considérations générales sur le fascisme, mon mémoire plongera dans l’étude de l’œuvre de Drieu La Rochelle en tentant de distinguer sa pensée et ses actes politiques de son œuvre littéraire. Cette distinction ne servira qu’à montrer les différentes composantes qui, une fois articulées, dévoilent une des plumes les plus tragiques et les plus lucides de l’entre-deux guerres, et qui composent un esprit fasciste. iv Abstract This thesis presents a reflection on fascism. The aim is to demonstrate its nature. To do so, two bodies of research will be considered: first, European and French history, and second, a literary work. The literary choice stopped on the work of Pierre Drieu La Rochelle, an author who seems to embody the essence of fascism, a spiritual fascism, and who allows me to say that there was a French fascism. After general considerations on fascism, my thesis will focus on the work of Drieu La Rochelle, trying to separate his thinking and political acts of his literary work. This distinction will only show the different components that, once articulated, reveal one of the most tragic and most lucid pens of the interwar period and a fascist mind. v Table des matières Introduction ........................................................................................................................1 Le double et la nature en opposition ................................................................................4 Une lecture sensible .........................................................................................................6 Décadence : anthropomorphisme, organicisme, biologisme ............................................7 Un romantisme fasciste ....................................................................................................8 Un fascisme en spirale et la structure en faisceau ............................................................9 Chapitre 1: L’introuvable fascisme français .................................................................12 De l’expérience italienne à une acception universelle ...................................................14 Au-delà du spectacle fasciste et des idées reçues ...........................................................16 Une définition par négation ............................................................................................17 Un fascisme français ? ....................................................................................................19 Le dogme de la continuité politique ...............................................................................20 Un préfascisme français paradigmatique des fascismes européens ...............................22 La synthèse du nationalisme et du socialisme ................................................................24 Un fascisme français morcelé.........................................................................................26 La nature révolutionnaire du fascisme français ..............................................................31 Un fascisme français conservateur .................................................................................33 Vichy et la Révolution Nationale ...................................................................................34 Fascisme à la française : un fascisme d’intellectuels .....................................................40 Esprit fasciste .................................................................................................................42 Chapitre 2: Pensée politique ...........................................................................................47 6 février 1934 : le catalyseur fasciste .............................................................................48 Anatomie du pouvoir ......................................................................................................51 Le prolétariat destitué et la bourgeoisie décadente ........................................................52 Union et lutte des classes ...............................................................................................54 L’impossibilité de la révolution prolétarienne ...............................................................56 La séduction nietzschéenne ............................................................................................58 Une politique du corps ...................................................................................................61 vi L’organicité fasciste contre la dictature .........................................................................65 L’esprit guerrier et la guerre éternelle ............................................................................69 L’échec de la guerre moderne ........................................................................................71 Réforme sociale du capitalisme ......................................................................................74 L’engagement : la révolution fasciste et les forces totalitaires ......................................76 Chapitre 3: Romantisme .................................................................................................81 Deux romances, un seul romantisme ..............................................................................85 Romance première : le guerrier et la guerre éternelle ....................................................89 L’illusion poétique et la désillusion de Charleroi ..........................................................98 Le revers de la « guerre moderne » ..............................................................................105 Deuxième romance : le fantasme du Chef ...................................................................108 Chapitre 4: Décadence ...................................................................................................114 Les ravages de la guerre ...............................................................................................117 Dépopulation et infertilité de la France ........................................................................120 Architecture ..................................................................................................................122 Fantasme de la Fin ........................................................................................................127 Renaissance et la philosophie des saisons ....................................................................130 La décadence dans le roman .........................................................................................135 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................141 Bibliographie ..................................................................................................................149 vii Liste des abréviations Les ouvrages de Drieu La Rochelle les plus fréquemment cités seront identifiés par une abréviation. Pour des indications détaillées, voir la bibliographie. Voici la liste des abréviations utilisées: AD : Avec Doriot CC : La Comédie de Charleroi FDC : Fond de cantine GM : Genève ou Moscou INT : Interrogation JE : Le Jeune européen MF : Mesure de la France NPCS : Notes pour comprendre le siècle SF : Socialisme fasciste SI : La Suite dans les idées UFF : Une Femme à sa fenêtre 1 Introduction Une accusation qui se veut condamnation : fasciste. La question qui découle logiquement de cette condamnation sans droit d’appel est celle de savoir comment il se fait qu’en des temps et des lieux donnés, des intellectuels reconnus et respectés ont pu adhérer sans grande hésitation, voire avec empressement, à une idéologie si conspuée de nos jours, unilatéralement honnie, officiellement criminalisée par les institutions démocratiques. Comment expliquer alors l’engagement d’écrivains et autres intellectuels dans ce qui apparaît aujourd’hui comme une organisation criminelle au nom imprononçable, à la typographie et à la sonorité
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