Barytes and Witherite

MEMOIRS F TH OL I AL S VE O E GE OGC UR Y.

SPECIAL REPORTS ON THE MINERAL

RESOURCES OF GREAT BRITAIN.

O II - BA YT D IT E V L . R ES A . N W H R ITE

G . . WIL B E SON . O . A S . STWOOD V , , T ,

. W . CO K B O C . S O . . A A . Y M . S O . R P , , D WR , , AND BE . SON D . S c T RO RT , .

WIT H CON TRIB U T ION S B Y

H . E G . IN S D ,

T H ER D E D ET IO N .

’ PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE LOR DS C OMMISSIONER S OF HIS MAJESTY S E Y TR ASUR .

Q t M EOND ON P “ RINTE UN E TH E AUT RI Y’ D D R H O T? OF H IS MAJE ST S STATIO NE RY O FFICE

T o b e pumﬁmésed from E S TAN L D . O R , T and 1 4 LON G »E ERE L N D F D , X , O ON W HO 2 , ,

. A . . JO HNS TO LT D D W ST . AN RE S A E IN B G K W QU RE , UR H ; * H O E S I IS < OO ) DG , F GG m 20 , N S S S T T a k A AU REE , n d 1 7 a n d 1 8 F D IC K S T , RE ER . REET DUB LIN ; or rom a n A en t for th e s a l e of O rdn a n c e S ur f y g vey M a p s ; or through a n y sell er r m oo , o th e IRE CTO R ENE RAL D B k f D G , O R N AN CE SUR VEY S T PT N OU HAM O .

P ' m ce 33 . N et. E PR FACE .

of i 1 9 1 5 The ﬁrst edition this memoir , wh ch was published in ,

wa s E . written by R . G . Carruthers , T . astwood , G . V Wilson , E Br m ehea d . . . A . . o R W Pocock , D . Wray , H . Dewey , and C . N .

‘ 1 9 1 6 c a the . In se ond edition appeared , by same authors The exhaustion of the second edi tion afforded an opportunity for a m t nf of co ple e revision of the i ormation , but several the authors d i m of earlier e itions were no longer available , and the r na es are , di m All accor ngly, O itted from the title pa ge . the principal t of t a n d mines have been revisi ed , and the accounts outpu M i . r work ngs brought up to date as far as possible . Wilson t t M E con ribu es the chapter on Scotland ; essrs . astwood and

Wray describe the deposits of the six northern counties ; Mr . w the of Pocock deals ith mines Shropshire , Wales and the Welsh M r . t e Border ; Robertson supplies h account of Derbyshire , M r . M and Dines that of Devon and Somerset ; essrs . Wray and m m Dines also describe so e of the ines of North Wales . We have in all cases to acknowledge our indebtedness to the owners a nd managers for their cordial co - operation during the Mr i s . v sits to their mines . To Col . J . V . Ram den , and

he M . . . . t T C F Hall of Shropshire ines , Ltd , we are specially indebted for m aps and reports of the - m ines of Shropshire and M m the ontgo eryshire . Our thanks are also due for great M m b . assistance rendered in Cu berland y essrs Reynoldson ,

Robinson , Davis and Porter . The work of editing the memoir has been carried out by

Mr . Henry Dewey .

OHN . E TT J S FL , D r f i recto . Geological Survey O ﬁce , 2 8 erm n , J y Street , I S . W . . London , 6th S e tem b er 1 92 1 p . ﬂ d Q jm w é u J/W Z

T E T C O N N S .

PAC E

PREFACE B Y TH E DI R ECT OR

CHAPT ER — IN TR D T I N . C a ra cters of th e n eral s . S ources of I . O UC O h Mi mm rc l ses n d o e U . I ustr a l S upply . C ia i Notes

- TH E IN S O F T H E S IX N T N C N T I S II . M E OR HER OU E l n d m er a . 5 . 2 . a m 1 1 . Nort u ur . 0 . h b , p D h , p 24 m r a . 4 m orla n 4 2 . C e l d . s d . 3 . u n e t b , p . W , p r 5 1 h r Y r s e . . . La n c a 6 s e . 3 . 5 . o 6 k hi , p i , p

II —TH E IN S O F R B I P S I AND T H E S I . - M E DE YSH RE , SHRO H RE WEL H BOR DER ’ 4 2 r re . 6 . . S ro s re a n h 1 . e s d t e ls D by hi , p h p hi We h d r or e . 69 . B , p

' IVE— T H E MIN ES O F WALE S AN D T H E WE S T O F E N GLAN D 4 Nort a les . 8 2 . Cen tra l a n d S 1 . out a les h W , p h W ,

p . 8 8 . re 94 S om r 3 . e on s . . e set D v hi , p ,

— TH E IN S O F S TL N D V . M E CO A

INDEX

a: Wt 1 558 9—S 1 000 Item ﬁ ILLUSTR ATIONS

X I TE T F GUR E .

—M a f th e Bla i rl o i e e n s I . 1 o F G . p g V i

S PLAT E . PLAT E — O ut ut of ar um n era ls rom the lea di n di str cts of I . p B i Mi f g i E n l an d a l es a n d Ir a n d a ci n g , W , el f g

' — a l O ut ut of a r um n erals i n the Un i ted n dom II . T ot p B i Mi Ki g , a n d T ota l Im p orts fa ci n g

I — O ut ut of t er te i n the Un ted ndom II . p Wi h i i Ki g

—M a of a r tes a n d t er te a rea s of th e Nort of E n la n d IV . p B y Wi h i h g fa ci n g

—M a of ar tes a rea of er s re i n V . p B y D by hi fa c g 64

—M a of a r tes n es of S r o s re Nort a n d Cen r VI . p B y Mi h p hi , h t a l Wa l es fa ci n g 69 BAR YTES ‘ AND WITHER ITE

E CHAPT R I .

INTRODUCTION .

H TE S O F TH E MINE ALS C ARAC R R .

or Ba SO Barytes , barite , heavy spar barium sulphate ( Q)

65 7 . B c ontains per cent of barium oxide or baryta ( a O ) . It is l e a rhombic mineral , common y found in massive platy aggregat s , e i as ly cleaved , with either straight or curved surfaces , but , exceptionally , an earthy or a ﬁbrous banded habit may be

a . ssumed (Derbyshire) When able to grow freely , beautiful

t . crystals result , Often abular , with deeply bevelled edges In c olour the mineral , when pure , varies from opaque white to

- a water clear , but is frequently stained , especi lly with red or brown ferruginous compounds , which may be either superﬁcial or disseminated throughout the spar .

3 3 - 5 Barytes has a white streak , and in hardness ( to ) is s i m h imilar to , or sl ghtly greater than , calcite , a ineral with whic it is commonly associated an d sometimes confused ; but barytes is n early twice as heavy as calcite (the speciﬁc gravity being 4 ° and it does not eﬁ ervesce with acid .

- - In this country barytes is pre eminently a vein min eral . It

m m - is a co on constituent of mineral lodes , especially those carrying

- t lead and zinc ores , and in these cases is generally associated wi h of ﬁ uors a r varying proportions calcite , quartz or p , though many veins are known in which barytes occurs practically alone . In ’ “ Germany (the world s chief producer) most of the spar also comes m from ineral veins , but the United States have extensive surface

i m - deposits in which it is a residual product of l estone weathering . These latter deposits can be paralleled on a minor scale at M ﬁ eld . Nut i n Bradwell oor , Derbyshire (p At , Surrey , barytes occurs in isolated crystalli ne masses embedded i n ’ ” fuller s earth . Ba CO 77 6 Witherite or barium carbonate ( 3 ) carries per cent . f Ba o O . barium oxide ( ) Like barytes , it is a rhombic mineral ,

n - l - s and is sometimes see in well deve oped six ided crystals , but generally occurs in pale yellowish - green spheroidal or compact uc di ru masses , transl ent , with a platy surface , a ra ate st cture and

‘

. h h outer crus waxy lustre Suc masses commonly ave a dull t, a n d of may contain small amounts strontium carbonate . Witherite has much the same hardness and speciﬁc gravity as barytes , but is soluble in hydrochloric acid , i f not too Con cen trated h f vi e , t ough the ef ervescence is less olent than with calcit . The mineral is relatively rare ; it is generally isolated i n 2 BARYT E S AND WITH E RITE

pockets along the course of barytes veins , though occasionally it is disseminated in small particles throughout a lode . In n wi Britai only three workable veins , th Witherite as the main

. Settli n ston es constituent , are known These occur at g and

F allowﬁ eld orthum b erlan d M . , in N , and at Ushaw oor , in Durham

O U E S O F PP S RC SU LY . The chief centres for barytes and witherite are situated in orthum b erlan d W N , Durham , estmorland , Shropshire and the Welsh Border while subsidiary quantities are obtained in o M Cumberland , Y rkshire , Derbyshire , Flint , ontgomeryshire ,

,Carmarthenshire , Devon and Somerset . Most of the North Of England spar occurs in veins traversing Of ni the upper strata the Carbo ferous Limestone Series , with the x M i n important e ceptions of New Brancepeth and Ushaw oor ,

M - ,which the Coal easures form the country rock . Around

Wolsingham the country - rock invariably consists of the Millstone u ae Grit , while the C mberland veins traverse the Lower Pal ozoic k rOc s . i s On the whole , the barytes of good quality , and in M m of h . certain cases , very igh grade any of the ines have their own i - gr nding mills , and any bleaching required is conﬁned to the small lump . The Shropshire and e lsh Border district yields spar of good li a s ae . qu ty , from vein in the Lower Pal ozoic rocks Here , again , e bl aching is generally conﬁned to the small lump , and most of a m the grinding is done t three local ills . The Derbyshire barytes is practically all discoloured and of x w l o . t i n m grade The deposi s occur the Carboniferous Li estone , m t m of m and are re arkable for the in er ixture an a orphous ,

- i t t t e earthy look ng bary es wi h h ordinary crystalline type . In Some cases the latter is almost entirely absent The speciﬁc gravity of the amorphous variety is appreciably lower than that of the crystalli ne Much of the Derbyshire barytes is intim ately

t ﬂuors a r the m m ﬁ n e - associa ed with p , two inerals for ing a grained * granular aggregate .

O MM E I S E S C RC AL U .

The com mercial uses of barytes are largely dependent on the t t t m I fac ha it is a heavy white mineral, cheap , and che ically nert . m a t n ot on The rke price depends so much on purity as colour , the on and grades produced are arranged that basis . The ﬁnest t i s the O f quali y white powder used in preparation white paints ,

- for wall papers , for bleaching ﬂannel , shoddy cloth and A Ox ustrian ﬂour , while inferior darker grades are tensivelyused th m ' in e anufacture of lithopone (a paint composed Of a variable t mix ure of zinc oxide , zinc carbonate , zinc sulphide and barium A sulphate) , and in asbestos goods . merican reports indicate

O * In er s i re t e Ca l fea h s a r a nd ot er m n era ls a n D by h h k , g , p , h i , d . r u s f ? i ( e ce t lea d ore a re a t the d s osa l Of the l a n d n bb h x p ) i p ow er. The ’ ” ( i n ers Gm de r s ort 1 8 52 M , Wi k w h , , p .

INTRO DUCTIO N 3

m that the ineral is also used for making artiﬁcial ivory ,

- fertilizers , boiler compounds , insecticides , peroxide of hydrogen , “ a ’ and rtiﬁcial driftwood salts . In the preparation of the ﬁ ner pigments it is essenti al that o s at the barytes sh uld be not only a good white , but al o th it “

. T O m t should be very finely ground . attain this Ob ject os British producers pass the ground spar t hrough finishing french buhr s r m t Of stone two o even three ti es , but a s ill finer state sub b m a to . t division seems be desira le In his respect Ger an b rytes , which had been im ported in rapidly increasing quantities b efore 1 n ow i n the war , and s again entering the country large quantities , m i r s has frequently surpass ed the ho e product . Brit sh ba yte s i w t r m producer are now al ve to this fact , and i h imp oved ethods “ Of i f n ot ro t e grinding are supplying as fine , a finer , p duct than h m Ger an . Witherite Is in chief dem and a s a m ineral from which all kinds of barium com pounds can readi ly be made ; the commercial f m grading is therefore quite di ferent fro that of barytes , and is a m e based on its st te of C he ical purity. There se ms to be no m n C i porta t use for the arbonate as such , although it has been

’ ffl r n tried as a preventative O f e o esce ce on bricks . The mineral ” i r C m m m is sold d ectly , to he ical anufacturers as crude lu p , and t a um n t subsequen ly converted to b ri chloride , oxide , i rate and t s. other salt In particular , Witherite , chemically converted in o t t sulphate , gives a precipi a ed barytes which is in a finer state of subdivision t han can ever be attained by grinding the native ” ” - fi x é or - t i s mineral . This blanc , blanc whi e , used in the the r o . p eparation of p lished white cards , papers , etc Wi rite is u i s em lo ed sed also in the preparation of barium peroxide , which p y ’ i n the commercial production of oxygen by Brin s process . Still l n further uses appear in the treatment Of wa lpapers , and in coati g

Oi l - t t m clo hs and linoleum , while small quanti ies are in de and for

t an d li a n d . glazing pot ery , enamel ng iron steel It has also been

o —i m - reﬁ n i n empl yed in the glass ndustry , and for erly in sugar g, in ‘ which however it has been largely replaced by strontianite o s owing t its poisonou nature , a characteristic which has led to

e m - its b ing ade a constituent Of rat poisons .

INDUS TRIAL NO T E S

' There has been a stea dy i n crea se in the home- consumption of barytes, but the demand i s by no means reﬂected in the output from individual districts . That such is the case will be n oticed from an inspection of Plate in which there is an analysis of the E for 3 1 ' leading nglish and Irish outputs the last years, The remarkable ﬂuctuations apparent in every district , and the lack

Of any agreement between them , a rise in one region frequently corresponding with a depression in another , is probably due to t i n i s so the fact tha the number of work ng mi es small , that the operations of a single plant may profoundly affect the output for i the whole district . A case in point is the extra ordi nary ncrease 4 BARYTE S AND W ITH E RIT E

1 9 7 in the North of England production in 0 . In that year New

Brancepeth raised some tons of spar , more than half the total for the whole region ; and at all times this mine , averaging

tons a year , has a great inﬂuence . Si mi larly the rise in the output of the Shropshire and Welsh t t 1 8 99 Border Dis ric in , would be due in large measure to the ni of n ai lb ea ch M u ope ng the S ine at that date , and the f rther rise i n 1 909 probably came from the reopening of the Bog Mine

(on e Of the chi ef producers) a year previously . The foregoing remarks are offered lest an inspecti o n of m Plate I . should give the i pression that the demand for barytes is subject to abrupt local ﬂuctuations . The local output certainly di t f d is so subject , as the agram shows , but tha is a fecte by matters

the - u that have nothing to do with demand , such as water tro ble ,

t m - deteriora ion or i provement in spar bodies , etc . Better evidence of the steady improvem ent in dem and Since 1 902 is suppli ed by the statistics of output of the Uni ted Ki ngdom t o . Un for as a whole , coupled with those relating the imports tun ate l 1 y the latter are onl y available for the last 3 years . 1 Plate II . shows that sin ce 90 8 the home output rose nearly m 1 9 1 6 1 9 1 4 the m continuously to a maxi um in , but in i ports fell f to an almost negligible igure , the result being a considerable 1 9 1 . 8 m shortage Since the i ports have increased , while the home li production has dec ned . l The output of Witherite (Plate III . ) calls for ittle remark because it is exceedingly localised and the demand is relatively s . 1 9 1 3 1 00 l mall In , tons were produced in F intshire , the first 1 8 9 1 m m since , and s all a ounts in following years . Occasional l m sma l quantities are Obtained from Cu berland and Durham , orthum b erlan d but N has always been the principal contributor . The total output of this county has fluctuated between 1 9 1 and tons , the maximum being in 0 . w n c Of n The follo i g pages contain detailed a counts the mi es , dl both active and i e ; they are arranged , as far as possible , in h of i fi counties , to eac wh ch a short introductory note is pre xed , n of describi g the principal characters the district , and any t m a peculiari ies it y possess .

- Of the six inch maps referred to in the following pages , those marked P . are published with engraved geological lines those M s . i marked are not so publ shed , but manuscript copies can be of consulted in the Library the Geological Survey , and can be of supplied at the cost drawing and colouring .

- m The six inch maps arked Ord . are of areas that have been nl on Of on e surveyed geologically o y the scale inch to the mile .

CHAPTER II . E THE MINES OF THE SIX NORTHERN COUNTI S .

I — O TH M E N . N R U B RLA D .

NE T GE RAL AC CO UN .

Northumberland yields little barytes , but has always been the

chief producer of Witherite in Britain . The supply is strictly localised (See Plate The mines are situated near the n t Of ju c ion the North and South Tyne rivers above Hexham ,

- a l W . n d NE . S are all on ga ena bearing veins , trending in a and n direction . The veins occur i both the Carboniferous Limestone

hi 2 8 . Series and the Whin Sill , which in t s district is fms thick , li and es at the base of the Scar Limestone . Generally speaking , l i the Whin Si l has never been productive for metall c ores , but the Settli n ston es Ston ecroft g and mines form notable exceptions , for practically the whole Of the Witherite mined at present comes from tli n M . et s on es that rock The S g t ine is the only one now working , but it has frequently been stated that if the Northumbrian mines

t i - were deepened , such h ck limestone beds as occur further south

might be met with , and that these should carry good ore and

- a spar bodies . But few miles north of the mines all these lower o i v of strata outcr p , and the equ alents the thick Yorkshire li mestones are largely represented by massive grits and sand e stones , with intercalated beds of shale and coal , whil the few

limestones seen are all thin and poor . It does not necessarily b e follow , however , that to deepen the abandoned mines would

a useless proceeding .

Witherite occurs in the form of gigantic lenses , or swells , n Fallowﬁ eld rather tha in regular veins . Both at and at Settli n ston es r the g the ho izontal extent of spar is restricted ,

but the bottom has not been reached .

E T I S O F MINE S D A L .

SE T TLIN G S T O NE S IN M E .

S ettli n ston es n es Com a n 4 St . N c ol a s u ld n s g Mi p y , , i h B i i g ,

New c a stle - on - T n e y . The mine is three miles west of Fourstones Station

- and about six and a half miles north west of Hexham . — - M a s . 1 3 G olo p One inch New Series Ordnance , Old Series e — i ca l 1 06 . E . Si x a 8 4 S . W . s . g , N ; inch Northumberl nd , , M Although several veins occur which generall y follow a north easterly direction through the limestones and shales o f the ni ri ettlin ston es Carbo ferous Limestone Se es , , Only one , the S g M i s . wi S i ain Vein , being worked It is almost Vertical , th a l ght i n li to c nation the south , and follows the course of a prominent n 96 Th he . e fault with a dow throw of about ft . to t south 6 BARYT E S AN D WITH E RIT E

Settli n gston es Main Vein is uni que in containing exclusively nearly pure Witherite , the other minerals , calcite , barytes , and

. Settli n ston es the galena , being in small quantities At g Whin Sill appears to be i n terstra ti ﬁ ed in the Carboniferous Limestone

‘

e tt thi ckn ess f 2 8 . S ries , and a ains a o fms at or about the horizon

Of the ﬂoor of the Scar Limeston e . The vein can only be seen a t the surface at the eastern en d e li n s es of the workings where it crosses the S tt g ton Burn . Here t ’ ‘ i t the Whin Sill forms its nor h cheek , wh le the sou hern cheek m en d consists of li estone . At the western d the vein is obscure t by a hick covering of boulder clay , which at the Frederick Shaft 1 8 c . is no less than 0 ft. thi k t The wid h of the vein is fairly constant , and averages about 1 f The t 0 t . vein has been followed over a to al horizontal distance t di m i Oi about yds . in a south wes erly rection fro Settl ng m Of the stones Burn . The present southern li it workings is about 1 O ld M 00 yds . north east of the Grindon Hill ine Shaft , or about

m . t yds . distant fro the Frederick Shaft In a north eas erly the d t t direction vein has been followe to the Win er Shaf , near Settli n ston es Is g House , where it intercepted by a north and south

- m In w the galena bearing vein , for ed a fault with a do nthrow to

t t - m east . S ill fur her north east the vein beco es less productive

t . of Wi herite , but has been tried for galena

8 1 1 7 - m Witherite is being m ined between the 0 and the f .

s the i i n n . level , where ve n is richest and is wholly the Whi Sill A e 80 m In m th f . t bove level the li estones , pla es , and hazels , the i w t t a n d n ot . itherite de eriora es considerably , w ll repay extraction " — A - of t . the present working face , yds south west the r he s 6 s t t ft . F ederick Shaf , vei n i about wide , and con ists almost

- li . wholly of pure tra nslucent , yellowish brown , crystal ne Witherite

- tt Fifty yds . to the north east of the present face the vein a ained m 3 6 m the abnor al width of ft . while this ainly consisted of t t Wi heri e , large lenses of pure galena were met with towards the A ff 3 c nt . t t t O s . e re his poin the vein gives a prominent ide shoot , ft a s wide , which rej oins the vein . These branches , known locally ” m t . horses , yield very pure Witheri e Numerous si ilar rich lenses and shoots have been m et with in working the Settli n gston es he Vein in t past . The am ount of water pumped from the workings is a b out g 60 m 0 . 1 3 m f s . gallons a inute This is raised to a level , from the th r t surface , and ence d ains away through an adi into the t t neighbouring s ream , from which wa er for washing purposes is

m . available, except in unusually dry sum ers The higher grades of Witherite m ined consist of Sli ghtly l or m r ye low brownish white crystalline asses , with a waxy lust e, a n d 95 1 00 . of The yield from to per cent barium carbonate . ' w t 1 - the t d i herite s ﬁrst hand picked , and cleanes and highest gra e m rm v m aterial e o ed . So e of this is s ufﬁciently pure to be sent a m the 1 s 1 i n on way to the arket , remainder sized to % , pieces a

' e a ssed to s of perforat d table , and then p a specially devised serie

' N ORTH UM B ERLAND 7

i on e ri of j gs , which at operation sort the mate al into pieces less l i m S r . and more than . size , and also epa ate the refuse By th s O f means raw material with about 60 to 70 per cent . barium f a r 9 3 er . o ca bonate is concentrated to about , !p cent b rium

" '

- 8 3 8 4 . carbonate in the lump Witherite , and about to per cent in the smalls . Any mineral that is not treated by the above set of process , and is not of the ﬁrst quality , goes to another i c . machines , where it is rushed so as to pass through a gr n mesh , and transferred to a series of jigs . This process is slow , and ’ of m necessitates the use a Blake s crusher , sizing tro mels and two C hatt m ills or rollers ; the material has also to pass through are ﬁve sizing tromm els before reaching the jigs . Large pieces

m i n . returned to the rollers , and ust pass through the f mesh before The m being conveyed to the jigs for d ressing . ineral thus treated 4 m r to contains about 0 per cent . of bariu carbonate p evious m 8 3 . treat ent , and about per cent . when ﬁnished The three grades of Witherite sent away are as follows “ highest grade hand - picked lump containi ng from 9 3 per

. 1 00 t s cent to per cent . of barium carbona e ; econd grade “ 9 9 n d or 0 3 . a lump with about to per cent , third grade , 7 9 8 4 smalls , with to per cent .

A So - S ll grades are sold on the called unit ystem , in which the price is regulated by the actual am ount of barium carbonate in the material as indicated by analysis of typical sam ples .

- t The mine was originally worked for lead ore , but Wi herite 1 8 7 1 8 . 0 has been Obtained for many years Between 0 and 8 , x to tons were produced annually . During the n e t 30 a n 4 00 m years there was average of about , 0 tons per annu , and for the past few years the annual output has ranged from

‘ o to tons . The highest output amounted t nearly 1 9 1 0 tons in . m It is esti ated that , at the present rate of output , there is ’ for 4 0 w proved ground available years working , and that ith the existing arrangements it woul d be possible to produce upwards f o t a . ons a ye r . Some of the Witherite is exported

N E R I S T O C O F T M NE . M P r . O . a dl on c r f H u s . L a S t e o t o e our ston es . i w , , F 1 Ston ecr f m n 2 — m o t . s i e is iles W N W . from Fourstone Station E . . . n e (N R and yds . N . W . of Sto croft House . — M - a 3 . Ne w d 1 3 . Old p One inch Series Or nance , Series

1 06 N.E si x - . or hum b rl 4 Ms t e an d 8 E . Geological , ; inch N , S ,

StOn ecroft o 1 8 9 6 , originally a lead mine , ceased w rk in , after ti being in opera on for nearly half a century .

S ﬁ ssur - n l o There are everal lodes , which are e Veins alo g ines f

. N a n d fault with downthrows south Of these , the orth the

South Cross Veins and the North - West Vein run in a north - west dir are i n tersected Ston ecroft M ection , and by the ain Vein , which 8 BARYT E S AN D WITH E RIT E

Ston ecroft M the course O f a m t The ain Vein follows , pro inen 1 5 x fault with a downthrow Of about fms . south . Its ma imum 70 8 f . width is t , and the total depth of the workings fms , where ' ettli n n he the base of the Sill is reached . As at S gsto es t _Whin

Whin Sill occurs at the base of the Scar Limestone . The gangue

StOn ecroft m of - in the Vein was a ixture country rock , barytes ,

i . ore out and quartz , w th some pockets of Witherite The gave in h the shale beneath the Whin Sill , as commonly appens in this ” ri ch area . Occasional lenses and horses , or branches , which yielded m uch high - grade Witherite occurred in connection with M the Ston ecroft Vein as at the Settli n gston es ine . The water pum ped from the Ston ecroft Mine averaged from 700 to 800 gallons per minute . An n d importa t vein , occurring imme iately south of and parallel with the Ston ecroft Main Vein is the South Vein . It ha n li n on es Mi s been worked both at the Sto ecroft and Sett gst nes . Old Settli n ston es From an working near the worksho ps at g ,

1 5 - ettli n ston es 0 yds . south wes t of the intersection of the S g

- 1 0 M Settli n ston es cut 0 . ain Vein and g Burn , a cross was driven yds

- in a south easterly direction to reach the South Vein . At this 4 point the South Vein averaged ft . in width , and contained no ’ galena and only poor quality barytes . The poverty of the vein , combined with the cost of pumping led to the abandonment of k the wor ings . Al though the Output at the Ston ecroft Mine consisted almost W a s wholly of galena , a little Witherite wrought when there d 1 8 80 i . were sufﬁciently large bo es of it in the gangue Thus in , 4 1 8 8 2 3 1 8 9 6 tons ; in , tons ; and in , the last year of working , 9 7 of tons of Witherite were produced . Practically all it came from the lower levels .

W A LW IC K AN D T PP OR FELL E ER MO .

M a s - - 1 . 3 p One inch New Series Ordnance , ; Old Series

l 1 0 6 E - 8 4 E Ms N. . . Geologica , N . . ; six inch Northumberland , ,

the Walwi ck 1 — m In neighbourhood of Fell , and about ,1 iles E E N. f . ft . o Ston ecro M ine , a vein has been exploited in the past

- century . It extends in a north easterly direction from near the ’ Walw ck M 7 i 00 . southern side of Fell to eggie s Dean Burn , yds

’ ‘

. To n . r e s W S W . of y Fell . It is thought to be a continuation O f Ston ecroft M . 6 fm 0 s . the ain Vein The main shaft , deep , is ’ 2 70 T n . or e s l 4 yds east of y Fel , and at this point the vein , ft . m wide , is reported to have consisted ainly of barium spars , and

e - n to have b en unproﬁtable for working lead ore . The worki gs o of h m i . are about the horiz n the W n Sill , in the Scar Li estone

m i - The du ps y eld high grade Witherite and barytes , together with

i - m t other ve n at er and galena . M h W The Tepper oor lead mines , w ich were last orked some 20 m Settli n ston es Mi a d years ago , lie two iles north of the g ne , n

‘ about 4 m iles north - west of Fourstones Sta ti On A NORTH UM B E RLAND 9

E l - ore . . S W n N and . vein , carrying mai y barytes with some lead , old r ds crosses Crook Burn , and the workings occu y .

- f of M . o a north west Tepper , oor House The vein consists of s succession wells , or lenses , and pinches in places to less than 1 i n . n t s . ft . width High quality barytes is abunda on the dump

IN FALLOWFIELD M E .

s l n a n d o er A c om He am . e srs . a to C M W wp , b , xh

Fa ll owﬁ eld Mine is situated about three - quarters of a mile

- Fa ll owﬂeld 1 south east of , mile north of Acomb , and about 2 % miles north of Hexham . — M a 3 - 1 3 p . One inch New Series Ordnance , Old Series

- 8 5 1 6 S . W . . M 0 S E . s NE . ; Geological , six inch Northumberland , , ,

Fall owﬁ eld hi t The Vein , whose c ef constituents are Witheri e , Of ’ a barytes , and galena , occurs along the course large fault

di - t tren ng in a north easterly direc ion , with a downthrow north f 5 0 60 fm di of 1 3 o s . to , and an average p in , or It Fallowﬁ eld runs through the Upper Yoredale beds . was formerly m the an i portant lead mine , and the centre of the vein where galena chieﬂy occurred has , in consequence , been extensively ” i ri Coldl a sl t . The part richest in ba um spars extended from w * E a dean to the New or Low ngine Shaft at Halfway House , d total horizontal i stance of yds . The breadth varied from 20 40 ft . di to , inclu ng bands of country rock , and there were ribs 5 6 f 60 70 o . of solid spar to ft . wide , which to per cent was pure

W of - itherite . The maximum depth the spar workings was 60 fms . The various sills in contact with the veins had n o ff great e ect on their contents , although barium spars were generally better developed at the horizon of the lim estones and ”

or . on the hazels , sandstones The Great Limestone , the north cheek of the vein , was stated to be the richest level , but a n neither there , nor at y part of the workings , were there any

ﬂats or horizontal stringers of spar . Witherite was the main product of this mi ne ; it was found ur or in pockets , and was p e and translucent , with a white pale

- of yellowish green tinge . Some the clusters were beautifully li w as crystal ne . Barytes subordinate in quantity , was commonly

ﬂesh - of e . coloured , and stat d to be no great value Galena occurred in small pockets scattered through the spars , but , as noted above , was chieﬂy concentrated in the centre of the vein .

No quartz was found , but calcite was relatively abundant E 1 0 round the Old ngine Shaft , where it rose to per cent . of the t - otal spar body , the average for the whole mine being about 2 ; per cent . 1 The vein has been proved for a distance of % miles , from

- r Coldl aw r the Wall Acomb high oad up to the oad , where it

In th e u l s d - e 6 n c m a Nort um erl a n d 8 5 S . W . the os t on p b i h i h p , h b , p i i o f th e O ld a n d New E n n e S a ts h a s een tra n s osed i n error gi h f b p . BARYT E S AND WITHE RIT E

m alsO became stringy and ﬁnally di ed out . So e confusion was

- - E caused by an intersecting lead bearing vein . The Old ngine m s n ot 8 6 f . Shaft was sunk v ertically for , but although spar was

6 . e u ht 0 . g below fms , some galena was worked The lead ” m who S t e t e iners , had li the vein so extensively , pack d h ir t t of waste with spar , which cons i uted an easily obtained source w supply for a prolonged period . The ater draining from this 5 m w a s m ine averaged 3 0 gallons per minute , but while the ine in operation it does not appear to have presented a serious

- fm ni m n the 60 . obstacle . A reope ng of the i e below level in the rich section between Coldla wdean and the Low Engine Shaft t m would require m uch ou lay . At the ti e the mine was closed down there was no evidence of deterioration of the spar bodies in depth .

- f 1 - n m a n d Af r O i . ter washing , the best lump spa , dia eter

m - m upwards , was re oved by hand picking , and the re ainder sent

- t m di . hrough roller sieves , and jigged to re ove galena and rt With these jigs there were four tubs which took O ff in order ” “ ”

di m 92 94 t . tub galena , or nary lump with fro to per cen

of l 8 6 to 90 . barium carbonate , smal pieces with from per cent 5 m m i t 80 8 . best s alls w h from to per cent , second s alls ”

70 wi 60 . with per cent . , and slimes and sludges , th per cent Fallowﬁ eld is beli eved to have been a lead m ine since Roman m ‘ 1 845 . s ti es It was reopened for barium pars in , and was last 1 9 1 4 working in . There m ay be considerable reserves of Witherite below the

60 - fm oldlawdea n present . level in the rich section between C and E t the Low ngine Shaf . The rich horizon , however , of the Whin

Sill and the Scar Limestone occurs , probably , at too great a depth to be exploited . There is no evidence along the course of the Fa llowﬁ eld Vein that there is any further extension of the h m sp ar w ich is likely to prove Of commercial i portance .

2 - H M . DUR A .

E NE O NT G RAL ACC U . The county of Durham is an important producer of barytes t see . and Witherite , the chief centres ( Pla e IV ) being in Upper n d m m Teesdale a in the im ediate vi cinity of Durham itself . S aller quantities of spar have been obtained from the neighbourhood m of Wolsingham , in Lower Weardale . The Teesdale ines are m 9 m re otely situated , the chief ones , Cow Green , being iles from the nearest railway ; and that a proﬁtable working can be carried on under such conditions is evidence of the abundance and quality of the spar . of m m The distribution the inerals calls for som e re ark . In

- Teesdale , barytes occurs as a gangue . in lead bearing veins , n m traversi g the Carboniferous Li estone Series . It is noteworthy t l m m di t tha in Weardale , a val ey i e a ely to the north , the gangue of the m of ﬂuors ar a the veins in si ilar strata consists p . Cle rly DURHAM 1 1 n ature Of the vein contents is n et wholly determined b y the type o f t - for m l d the coun ry rock , the inera ising agents were of eep seated

ha s t . origin , and there been no leaching from the adjacen strata T his contention is supported by the fact that barytes IS met with n r the m i the hea t of the county , not in Carboniferous Li estone , M M Ne e h but in the Coal easures at Ushaw oor and at w Brancep t , while around Wolsingham it invariably occurs in the Millstone

Grit . These occurrences show that the distribution of barytes in D s or to i of urham i conﬁned to certain districts , a prov nce n m t o . ineralisation , and not particular geological formatio s

ET I S O F O IE IE S D A L C LL R .

E W R N P T C I R N B A CE E H OLL E Y .

d om a n L . n n d ddl s rou h . Messrs. C chra e a C t e o p y , Mi b g

h t Deern ess The colliery s afts are on the sou h side of the River , imm edi ately west of Ushaw Moor Station and about

3 m iles west of Durham .

— - n 2 6 M a s . p One inch New Series Ordna ce , ; Old Series

1 - m 2 6 0 3 N . W . NE Geological , ; six inch Durha , P ,

The barytes occursin a ﬁ ssure - vein along the course of a fault e h trending practically ast and west , and with a downthrow sout

1 2 - M M of 0 . ft The country rock consists of the iddle Coal easures , and from the westerly lim it of the New Brancepeth worki ngs b een ' followed r south of Cookhouse Farm , the vein has for upwa ds m to of a ile eastwards the neighbourhood of Aldin Grange .

- Westwards it would appear to be the same as the Tow Law Vein ; now being worked at Usha w Moor Collieries The 4 6 ft . width of the vein averages from to , but is apt to change u a abr ptly , the vein sometimes pinching out altogether , while a rds furt er ma 1 6 few y h on it y increase to a width of ft .

o . Above the Harvey or Beaumont Coal , the vein is l st w 1 Downwards it has been follo ed at least 0 fms . below the 30 . the v Brockwell Coal , which lies about fms below Har ey Coal , r e without any sign of deterioration , eithe in thickn ss or in li qua ty . a i n The b rytes , with occasional patches of Witherite , is vein r form only , and the e are no ﬂats . Apart from variable " amounts of country - rock the barytes is remarkably pure; closely

- ~ grown , and milk white . It is frequently in granular masses

s . the everal feet across With exception of Witherite , accessory minerals are practically absent in this respect New Brancepeth and Ushaw Moor contrast strongly with other barytes veins in o E the North f ngland , where quartz , calcite , galena , and chalybite are almost invariably present . Wi therite forms less than 1 per

Th e few oun d som e of t em of e ceed n l ra re t es a e een f , h x i g y yp , h v b

descr ed L . . S en cer M i n era l o i ca l M a a z i n e V l . ib by J p , g g , o xv,

( if SS S C o a idi aa, 1 2 BARYT E S AND WITH E RIT E

f A i r . o S cent the total spar production . a rule it occurs n nodula masses with a scaly surface ; these are white or pale greeni sh v n yellow in colour , are translucent , and ha e a radiate inter al m on structure . The ineral is found the walls of the vein in i u to 3 . u irregular pockets up ft across ; it is q te p re , and usually free from barytes . wi ff of Contact th di erent beds coal , sandstone , or other rocks ot has no effect on the contents of the vein . The reverse does n of hold , for the coals in the neighbourhood the vein are so impregnated with barytes along thei r j Oint—planes as to be valueless . levels ni n Between the several there are commu catio shafts , lowestworki n down which the barytes is shot to the g, from which it lli m S is taken along the co ery haulage road to the ain haulage haft . t All the spar has to be blasted out . The workings extend la erally l 4 5 h 0 0 . for about half a mile, and vertical y for or fms They ave t e e t e n t not been carried above h Harvey Coal , wher h vei is los , but their present limit i n depth is only dependent on the coal in ni . work gs , which make a con ve ent means of access and drainage 50 l o The water does not exceed gal ns per minute at the most , m but , when the vein happens to transgress a coal sea , gas is s ometimes troublesome . A t e a t the pit head , after h sp r has been washed , useless

- i material is removed by hand pick ng , and the Witherite taken m the . out , the chief de and being for raw lump form The barytes is then crushed and passed through a small Luhrig washer

m - and a vanner , which reject the frag ents of country rock , and the cleaned barytes is then dried an d mill ed to a ﬁne powder . n The ultimate product is classiﬁed in the followi g seven grades , “ ” “ ” “ 1 : NO . according to colour Lily White , Best White , ” White , B . Very little raw lump 2 9 . barytes , which averages per cent . of barium sulphate , is sold

The residual sludges from the jigs run to waste . The vein was discovered about 1 8 95 when driving through the * 2 - fm . f u 0 fault in search O coal . It has been worked contin ously 1 9 0 1 9 1 8 since 0 . The average output to amounted to t n h ons per a num . As the spar , w ich is accessible from the

- present coal workings has been largely mined , little barytes 1 9 7 is at present being produced . In 0 the output attained

tons . The vein shows no Sign of change at the lowest m depth reached , and there see s no reason why it should not continue much farther down ; laterally also the worki ngs could be extended , but trials have not yet been made .

UsH Aw C I R I MOOR OLL E ES .

essrs : Pea se a n d Pa rtn ers Ltd a rl n ton M , D i g .

Fla ss of The colliery shafts are close by Hall , in the valley D eern ess 4 the River , miles west of Durham .

S ee R . Peel The C olli er M a n a er a n d J ourn al o M i n i n n i n eeri n , y g f g E g g, — Vol . 1 9 8 00 . 5 6 5 . xvi , , pp

1 4 BARYT E S AND WIT H E RIT E

2 I . t ft in width . is essentially a Witherite vein , consisting in

- many places of extremely pure greenish yellow crystalline spar , m without any other minerals . Frequently i t is m uch ixed with barytes . The richest workings are in the neighbourhood of the m e n m et h Busty Coal , where any rich pockets have b e wit , and m ﬁnely crystalline asses obtained . In a vertical direction the South Busty Vein has been worked from the Brockwell Coal 1 3 2 3 6 Of ft . or . (the lowest level) to a total height , ft above the

Busty Coal levels . In neither vertical direction does the vein show any sign of depreciation . t t n the The bary es was ﬁrst worked abou ine years ago , but t 1 92 1 1 920 the outpu was small until . In the latter months of 1 0 1 9 2 1 average weekly output was 0 tons , but in the spring of 1 the 0 ten s 500 . the daily output was about 0 , or tons a week All A the products are sold on the unit system . branch of E North astern Railway adj oins the colliery , where the spars are directly loaded .

- The higher grade Witherite needs only hand picking , and is then sent away . Of this grade about 30 tons a week are being m produced . The remainder is crushed and passed through a s all washing plant and vanner to reject the fragments of country i m . s m l a rock The maj or portion sold as s a l lump , and the re inder Of in the form a coarse powder . The ﬁnished product is employed in the paint and lithopone industry .

R R N S M O CCU E CE O F BAR YT E S IN OT HER COLLIERIES O F DU RHA . Although New Brancepeth and Ushaw Moor are the only li col eries in which barytes and Witherite have been worked , the presence of barium compounds has been detected in other localities . 3 At Croxdale Colliery , miles south of Durham , a vein of 2 . e barytes , ft wid , occurred along the course of a prominent east and west fault in the Busty and the Brockwell Coal workings .

4 m ~ At Lumley Colliery , miles north of Durham , si ilar occur ren ces of barytes have been Observed , while at Ryhope Colliery , i near Durham , barytes has been met with n the workings in the M i * . audl n Coal In the Durham and Newcastle . districts the water in the m ines has been known to deposit barium sulphate in i the p pes . T

E T I S O F MINE S D A L .

N IT S IN K LEY FELL M E .

essrs . . a m eron S a n C C o . Ltd 4 , . St . N c ola s M J w , , , i h Buildin gs .

Ne ca s tle on - T n e w y . Is on K 2 00 The mine nitsley Fell , about , 0 yds . due west of Ha rle 1 r e E . p y Station (N . R . and about 2 miles south east of

Wolsingham .

A f n e s ec m en rom t s i p i f hi c olliery i s exhibited a t the Museum of Pra c t c a l eol o L n do o n . i G gy , lo s P r . e oc . R o . S oc . on d C , L on Vol . l 1 8 8 9 T , . 3 68 9 3 6 . F w y , x iv , , pp , DURH AM 1 5

- - 2 6 M a 3 . p One inch New Series Ordnance , ; Old Series

— - 1 3 . 3 3 . . G 0 . N W W . eological , N ; six inch Durham , , P

l - - The barytes occurs in a near y north and south vein , traversing the sandstones and shales of the Lower Coal Measures and the M H l l illstone Grit . The workings are alongside ow ee Lane (which 9 crosses the Open moorland) at a point 00 yds . west of Shipley M the m i oss Farm , and close to gannister nes , worked by the K nitsley Fell Gannister Company . The workings , which are all 5 0 . t opencast , extend over a horizontal distance of 0 yds from his point in a northerly direction into the western end of Black

an . Bank Plantation . The vein is very irregular , d consists of a d IS series of lenses of fairly solid barytes . Its average wi th 4 m l about ft . By eans of open workings it has been fol owed to 2 3 m a ft . h s a depth of , but owing to its irregularity no ining been

- m - done . The barytes was hand picked to re ove country rock before being sent away . The K nitsley Fell mines were worked intermittently i n the 1 9 1 8 72 1 8 8 5 1 8 9 th . 0 century , and were closed in Between and t 4 0 the extensive dumps were exploi ed , and about 0 tons of 1 9 1 7 s . baryte sold In the workings were reopened , and about

4 00 tons of spar were raised before the mines were taken . over m ' by the present manage ent . Little work is now being done , owing to the lack of demand for barytes . An aerial ropeway 9 K 00 . yds . long , from the summit of nitsley Fell ft above D H rl O . . a r e e , connects the workings with p y Station (N

N SHULL RIGG MI E .

d l r C o . td . s o u la n d We a a e a r tes a n d n n L A c ur a m . B y Mi i g , , Bi h p k , D h

on S of K 2 This mine is the western lopes nitsley Fell , miles

- south east of Wolsin gham .

M a s - - 2 6 p . One inch New Series Ordnance , ; Old Series

- m 1 Si x 3 3 . 3 N W . . 0 . W . Geological , N ; inch Durha , , P

1 5 E . E ...... N Two and W S W veins , about yds apart , consisting h lli almost exclusively of w ite crysta ne barytes , occur here in the

M i n - illstone Grit . They have been followed a north easterly 1 0 direction for a distance of about 0 yds . both by opencast

n - ri worki gs , and by a day level along the course of the p ncipal A l . O d vein t this point they coalesce , and by means of opencast d 3 0 workings can be trace for another 0 yds . They v ary in 2 4 width from to ft . A trial has been made along the course of another vein 200

- K ni yds . north west of the mine , in tsley Plantation . The barytes was not sub jected to any S pecial treatment before b eing sent away . 4 An 00 . i aerial ropeway , yds long , connects the work ngs with V V O lSi n ha m - a central stage alongside the g Bedburn main road , a i s from which the materi l loaded into carts , and conveyed a B 2 1 6 BARYT E S AND WITH ERIT E distance of about 2 m iles over a hilly but good mountain road to Wolsingham station

H I T O P IN BLACK LL M E .

a rda le a r tes a n d n n Com a n Ltd s o Au c la n d We B y Mi i g p y , Bi h p k , ur m D ha .

m t 1 Of 4 The ine is abou g miles west Hamsterley , and miles south of Wolsingham .

— - 2 6 M a e. p One inch New Series Ordnance , Old Series

1 - 3 3 . . . 03 . W . S W Geological , N ; six inch Durham , , P

i 4 - 00 . The mine work ngs , which are yds south east of Black

60 - 0 . Hill Top Farm , near Hamsterley , and yds south west of

. N. W . n Bedburn Hall , are along the course of a N vei in the sandstones and shales of the Lower Coal Measures and Mill

3 0 . stone Grit . At 0 yds south of the present workings the Whin E E . . di . Sill pierces these rocks in an . N. . and W S . W rection l The vein , which has been followed by sha low opencast 30 e 0 . workings over a horizontal distance of yds , has an averag

w 3 ft . . idth of , and consists mainly of white crystalline barytes a The mineral disappeared t depth .

These workings are closed .

N F S I T O T HER WORKI GS O BARYT ES IN T H E VVO LS IN GH AM DI T R C .

— - i 2 6 M a s . r p One inch New Se es Ordnance , ; Old Series

° S X - 1 25 E l 1 03 N. W . I I 8 S . W S Geologica , ; nch Durham , , E 2 E . . 33 . . S N W S W . 3 N. S . W . ; , and

At B urn hill Si x - n 1 8 , Wolsingham Park ( i ch map Durham ,

4 1 - S . W . , % miles north of Wolsingham , and mile south east of t M Waskerley , bary es has been worked in veins in the illstone 1 8 8 5 1 8 8 8 1 0 t u 0 . Grit . Be ween and abo t tons were sent away

It was Obtained only in shallow opencast workings , the spar disappearing at a small depth . A few years ago a n unsuccessful 0 effort was made to re pen these mines . t 1 t Abou }2 miles east of Wolsingham , rials for barytes were m n Bowlces - m 2 5 W . . S . ade ear Farm (six inch map Durha , , P ) in 1 9 1 8 M for the Weardale Barytes and ining Company . Barytes is h t e . E N. . . . n abundant along course of a N and S S W . vei ; in the C m arboniferous Li estone Series , which can be followed for a Wi serle Crow sﬁ el distance of a mile past Low y to near d . Due Cro wsﬁ eld Wi serle t south of , in North y Plan ation , there are num erous Old w orkings apparently along the course of the sam e n 1 00 vei . These yielded upwards of tons of barytes about

30 years ago .

- A . t Baal Hill , yds south west of Tow Law station a n d 2 m Of - 2 5 W S . a iles east Wolsingham (six inch map Durham , . , E m S . . the of , trials have been ade for barytes along course a

E . V N . N. . . S S V. Mi prominent and vein in the llstone Grit . These DURH AM 1 7

W b ut further ere attended with small success , , south , workings ' along the course of the sam e vein in Black Band Plant Wood , to the - of K l t 20 north east nitsley Hil , yielded , abou years ago , old considerable quantities of high grade barytes . The dumps contain much good quality spar . All There are Old workings for barytes a t S unnyside otment, 1 9 . u M yds due south of S nnyside Lead ines , and about 2 miles

- w h - 3 2 south est of Wolsing am station (six inch map Durham , i E . s . . t n N , P) The bary es occurs in east and west vein the w Carboniferous Limestone Series , the orkings being about the Of To No horizon the Fell p Limestone . work has been done 2 0 for the past years . At a point 2 m iles due south of Wolsingham station lie the Old workings for lead - ore and barytes kn own as Ha rthope Hill (six 33 inch map Durham , They occur along the course of east an d west vein s in the Millston e Grit on both sides of Ha rthope

- 4 7 . 0 . 00 Beck , and about 0 yds north east , and yds due north ’

J . respectively of St . ohn s Hall The veins vary in width up to

2 li . ft . l , and consist almost entirely of white crysta ne barytes u 30 There was a small , reg lar output of barytes until about years ago . ll on Pikeston e M 2 Wolsi n At Cabin Hi , oor , % miles south of g

- 3 3 . S . W ham station (six inch map Durham , , barytes has been

M l i t . E . Obtained from a N . W . and S vein in the il stone Gr The

- t u open cas workings , now dis sed , are about a mile west of Hoppy land Hall . III 3 Si x North Grain Beck valley , 5miles south of Wolsingham ( 2 li 0 3 S E . 2 inch Durham , , P ) good qua ty barytes was mined years Old 6 A ho e ago . The worki ngs are situated 00 yds . due north of y p h n S ield Farm , close by the conﬂuence of North Grai and South

Grain Becks , and are along the course of numerous east and west e f v ins in the Carboni ferous Limestone Series . Owing to di ﬁculties of transport n o cﬂort has been made to reopen the workin gs .

R AS HILL C N G S OMMO .

- i on - 2 es Trial work ngs the Teesdale Weardale watershed , % mil south of Wea rhead . — — 2 5 M a s . p One inch New Series Ordnance , ; Old Series

2 - 1 . E E . 30 . . N . . 0 . N W Geological , N ; six inch Durham , , , P

E Several prominent N . . and S W . veins in the Carboni ferous

Limestone Series have been worked for lead - ore and carry con : si dera b le quantities of barytes . From north to south these are the North Langton Head Vein , the South Langton Head Vein , hi ll a l rr Gra ss Co db e . the Vein , the Bl ck Lead Vein , and the y Vein Trials were made for barytes in the past few years along the course of the two latter veins . Coldb err t In the y Vein , rials have been made along the ea stern side of the Gra sshill - Ireshope roa d at a point 1 00 yards 1 8 BARYT E S AND WITH E RIT E

T north of the watershed near Goldberry High Level . he vein here 4 i or is feet w de , and in association with it a ﬂat , horizontal of e stringer , barytes penetrates the Great Limeston for a few yards .

- 2 In a small surface trial this ﬂat was about feet thick , and t out the debris hrown from it includes much barytes , mostly

- - m w t . ilk white , but some water clear , and i h good crystal faces or n ot Pink discoloured spar is common ; no quartz was seen , t of uors a r hi but here was an occasional fragment ﬂ p , w le the

- - country rock appears to have been iron stained limestone . of on e Similar ﬂats barytes occur in the immediate vicinity ,

- being exposed by the hill road . 300 — On the south side Of the watershed , yards north east of. Gra sshill i n 1 9 1 9 House , further trials for barytes were made in

- Hi ﬁ ld d the old lead veins at gh e Hushes . The spar was reporte

t e - 3 . t h to be ft hick ; spoil heaps show good milk white barytes .

the n o was . transparent variety being rare , and quartz seen The

- - s d . country rock is the Great Limestone , shattered and iron taine

No Witherite was observed at either of the above localities .

C ow N IN S GREE M E .

‘ Th H d r a m m a n ld n s e e o t r u Co Ltd 1 S t . N c ola s u w h B i p y , . , , i h B i i g ,

New c a stle - on - T n e y . TheSe mines consist of a group of scattered worki ngs on

VN. W Harwood Fell close to the River Tees and about 9 miles V . of Mi - i n - ddleton Teesdale .

M a - - 2 5 3 . r rd ri p One inch New Se ies O nance , ; Old Se es

1 2 - i 0 E . N . ; 30 S . W . Geological , . six nch Durham , , P

The barytes i s Obtained from old lead - workings known as E Green ea rth or Dubby Sike , ast Cow Green , West Cow Green , Green hurth l , Isabe la , Willy Hole , and the Rods mines , which v Yoreda le have been opened along ertical veins in the Beds , i n u n M and the nderlyi g elmerby Scar Limestone . The veins a re in close proxim ity to the Whin Sill and are most productive in the li mestones . The East a n d West Cow Green Veins trend nearly north and En d an d south the Dubby Sike , Isabella , Long Band , Rods run E . . S . W . a Veins all approximately N and , while some ne rly t eas and west veins also carry barytes . t n ti u Bary es is the principal co s t ent , but galena , in relatively n mall quantity , occurs in all , generally co centrated towards the

of . i n centre the veins Witherite is found sparsely some ; quartz , calcite , and blende also occur in varying amounts .

The barytes is in places much i ron ~ stai n ed an d intergrown

t - b ut a n d wi h country rock , in others is pure white . In some of the veins that have been worked to a considerable depth a a t rem rkably pure , glassy white bary es has been obtained .

m t n E - The os easterly vei , the ast Cow Green or Teesdale e to t t i fo Vein , has be n worked a considerable ex en , or gin ally r DURH AM 1 9

- l ore of . a lead , above the level the water It consists of two par l el m veins each about a yard wide normally , but where they co e t of i ogether , there is a total width productive ground wh ch may b e 6 of as much as yds . A shaft has been sunk to a depth 6 E 1 . Cow the an d fms at ast Green Shop , alongside main road , from this the vein has been followed north for upwards of

- m three quarters of a ile . Little water was encountered , a

- i n m l 3 . b f n wind il pump eing su ﬁcient to remove it . The vei m ex ce is intersected by any east and west veins , and becomes p ti on all the y productive at points of intersection . The old dumps the have proved very rich , notably where Isabella and Teesdale veins intersect . 600 E About yds . south of ast Cow Green there are some ld o . E a n d workings in the Rods Vein , and other parallel N . W la S . S ston e . veins in p Sike , and near the River Tees A R 4 eds . small shaft was sunk in the Vein , and showed some ft of pure white barytes . An adit has since been driven along the vein to meet this shaft . The Rods Vein , formerly worked for

- l lead ore , has yielded good qua ity barytes .

At West Cow Green , the West Cow Green , the Long Band En d , and some smaller veins , run respectively north and south ,

E . . . N S W . and and , and are now being worked At their inter i 70 f . o sect on , yds due north the main road at West Cow Green , 24 to . a shaft has been sunk , a depth of fms , and both veins are being worked to the north and the south . The Long Band En d Vein consists of a succession of lenses the or swells in which barytes is predominant , while in narrower v r parts galena is more abunda nt . These lenses occur where e

. the vein is crossed by east and west lodes . They have an average 1 0 . w length of 300 ft . and an average width of ft Bet een them 4 w the vein averages ft . in idth .

5 5 - eelhea d 0 . W At West Cow Green yds north east of Fold , on the En d and Long Band Vein , a borehole was carried to a 2 1 8 t 0 . depth Of 50 ft . , piercing the Whin Sill at a dep h of ft the i l Throughout the bore in Wh n Sil , the vein consisted exclu si vely of Witherite . The Long Band En d Vein has been followed for a distance of 4 00 Weelhea d yds . from House alongside the River Tees to the rising ground at Long Band , and its upper part worked over for a d i elhe . barytes . At We t is about a yard wide At Long Band 2 8 it varies from to ft . wide . The Isabella worki ngs lie at the head of Easter Si ke and to the north of the East Cow Green workings . The vein courses E m En d . W . . S N and and , in arked contrast to the Long Band 4 5 t . Vein , preserves a uniform wid h of from to ft The recent 5 workings along it extend for upwards of 00 yds . It consists predominantly of bary tes .

m 1 — of The Willy Hole zinc m es , which lie 5 miles north the

m . Cow Green ines , have recently been reopened to work barytes di has The principal vein , tren ng east and west , an average width 20 BARYT ES AND WITH E RIT E

- W 4 6 f t m t . f t . o to , and con ains ainly bary es and zinc blende hile t t i t the n the higher levels carry lit le bary es , is predomi ant S a m in eral in the lowest levels . everal sm ller veins ranging up t c on to a yard in width have also been worked . The nor herly ti n uati on s of the north and south veins at Cow Green are met for out . with , and have been opened barytes i a The Dubby Sike m ne , which has been worked to a consider ble for t m l of GI een extent bary es , lies about a i e due west the Cow shafts .

W . A prom inent NE . and S vein has been traced from the e of d western sid Harwoo Beck , across the River Tees at Low f Crag Pool for a distance o about 3 miles . It is intersected

. a n d by several smaller veins running approxima tely N N. W . ’ E n C S S . and known from north to south as A nie s Vein , ros s E he n d . t Vein South , and New South Vein They are all in Yoreda le t two an d Beds , and at heir outcrop the ﬁrst are near , the third lies in the Whin Sill . The veins are most productive M m m t t h . in li es one , no ably the t ick el erby Scar Limestone 4 8 The Dubby Sike Vein ranges from to ft . in width , and di f 1 2 has been worked over a stance o about 0 yds . Barytes is

b . its predominant constituent , galena eing absent In the deeper w l i orkings excel ent qual ty barytes was met with .

' a r d f r 1 8 9 SO The Dubby Sike mine was st te o barytes in 0 . 1 2 1 4 e . far only the upper to ft . of the vein have b en worked h ’ The Green ea rth or Green hurt . , , mine and shaft , is yds 2 further along the road from the Dubby Sike mine . It is miles di Green ea rth ld . O stant from Cow Green is an lead mine , closed 1 5 n years ago . Witherite occurs , though only where the vei s

W . traverse the hin Sill , and cerussite is plentiful i 1 Green ea rth s 9 0 ft . The Vein runs east and west , and from to 6 to wide , although in places it thins down to in . In addition of hi barytes it contains fair quantities galena , for w ch it was

’ 6 8 . to . principally worked From a level , fms deep , small of quantities barytes were mined , but the work was stopped owing to the remote situation Of the mine and also on account of Green ea r h . t f . E N . . . o W S . water trouble At several the N . and S of an d to veins Dubby Sike have been met with , found carry barytes . E of I In xcept for the removal galena by j gg g, the barytes at Cow G m a It reen ines is not subjected to any speci l treatment . t a n d u is sen to Newcastle , sed in the preparation of barium compounds , especially baryta or barium oxide . Al l the barytes from the several m ines is conveyed along t h u ramways w ich converge pon a central dump at Cow Rake , i ’ l E close by Hopk n s evel , ast Cow Green . From thence it is conveyed by aerial ropeway a distance of 2 miles to Lan gdon

t - M d Beck Hill , alongside the Als on i dleton main road . From thi s point it is taken in Foden lorries to Middleton - i n - Teesda le

t di 7 “ sta ion (N a stance of 5 miles . a ll the Cow n — Formerly Green mi es were worked for lead ore . n 25 a They were reope ed for barytes about years ago , and t ﬁrst

2 2 BARYT E S A ND WITH ERIT E

’ t M w . At Tinkler s eado , yds due east of the ho el at 1 a 7 - t of M - i h L ngdon Beck Head , and 2 miles north wes iddleton

m t NE . S W . Teesdale , a pro inen and vein in the Carboniferous

e - th E Limestone Series was work d for lead ore . At High Hur dge old t the workings are in the Great Limes one , in which are

- old numerous ﬂats of lead ore and barytes . There are many t 1 9 1 9 a re levels in hese workings , and in these were parti lly — t . opened , and some small lump bary es obtained Barytes is a d bundant in many of the surrounding umps . E ers ill tt . v At g Beck , yds east of the abo e , there are old the m t similar workings , also in Great Li es one , in which barytes is the predominant spar constituent . These workings are being reopened for barytes at old shafts an d levels alongside e B ck Head House , and at Gill Shop .

N WIDDY BA K FELL .

M a s — - 3 1 i p . One inch New Series Ordnance , ; Old Ser es

- e 1 02 8 W . . S E 3 N. G ological , ; six inch Durham , , P

W de At iddy Bank Fell , alongsi the River Tees , and about

8 of M - i n - the M m miles west iddleton Teesdale , thick el erby Scar

Limestone is underlain by the Whin Sill , and in the limestone

- E . several N . and S W . veins were formerly worked for lead ore

- 5 . The main workings are at a point 00 yds . south east of the

a n d - River Tees at Black Brae Nook , extend in a north easterly 60 i direction for about 0 yds . White crystall ne barytes is abundant

n ot . in all the old spoil heaps , but has hitherto been worked

I FLU S H IE M E R E M NE .

- - r l a m n L New b i i n ddleton i n T eesda le . ss s . l e a d . ee M Wi i W , gg , Mi

D n O . . o l t . The mine ies at abou ft above , Newbiggin

C on Flushi em ere . ommon , the eastern slope of Beck — M - 25 a s . p One inch New Series Ordnance , ; Old Series

- 1 Ms . 1 02 E 3 S . W . N. . Geological , ; six inch Durham , ,

l Barytes , with a smal er quantity of Witherite , is obtained m Flushi em ere Flushi em ea Vel n principally fro the , or , which i follows a fault runn ng N . N . W . and and also from ﬂats M i t associated with it . any smaller veins run parallel to , while i d E S W . v others tren east and west . A series of N . . and e ns Chesterhea d have also been worked , the most important being the ,

the New Streak and the Broadley Hill Veins .

for - The main vein has been extensively worked lead ore , and many of the old dum ps which are rich in barytes have been

worked over for that mineral . Fl 1 2 f ushi em ere t . The Vein , which has an average width of , m I is most productive in the Great Li estone . t is connected with of three series ﬂats , which have proved highly productive both

of - ore i M lead and barytes , and espec ally the iddle Flat . DURH AM 2 3

About 1 2 years ago the Broadley Hill Vein was worked for t 1 0 t of barytes , and at tha time about ons witherite were 4 i m 5 Flush e ere . obtained from a level 0 yds . higher up Beck From the eastern side of Flushi em ere Beck and close to

Flushi em ere - m Shop , a level has been driven north east al ost at Fl hi em r us e e . right angles to the Vein It intersects , and then

or di . of . N. W . more less follows , the course the vein in a N rection

n for - ore The vei was worked for more than a mile , solely lead , but the greatest quantities were obtained in the associated ﬂats 1 00 . referred to above . The depth of the lead workings is ft The barytes an d witherite have so far only been got from

s of old - k an d a t the exten ive series lead wor ings , p r ly from s e the towag , in which the barytes remain s intact . The barytes varies from a pure white to a highly coloured r of and fer uginous spar , and most it is subjected to washing and The jigging . principal impurities include laminae and pockets of galena , which are removed as far as practicable , together with e ferruginous and other colouring matter . Witherit occurs in small quantities locally . ffi There appears to be no di culty with water at present . The for higher levels , now being worked barytes , drain away into older workings at a much lower level . In wet and stormy 2 e or . weather the water may rise ft . so , but it quickly subsid s

No pumping is done . The crude barytes is raked backwards and forwards on a o perf rated table under a constant current of water , and much M ferruginous and other impurity thereby removed . asses rich i n galena are set aside , and impure lumps are broken up for further wa shing . The small lump barytes is sent to m arket after the calcite and other lighter minerals have been separated out by a n ha d jig . The barytes appears to be principally used in the paint industry . Flushi em ere x is an old mine , and was e tensively worked more u than a h ndred years ago . It was ﬁrst opened out for the mining of 1 9 4 t 1 908 barytes in 0 . The average annual outpu up to was 7 1 9 8 22 6 0 . tons In 0 , tons were extracted , while for the past 1 2 4 years the annual output has averaged 00 tons .

Only the dumps have been picked over , and the most acces sible levels worked , but there is evidence of considerable reserves of barytes in the veins beyond the limits reached by the old miners .

SN AIS G ILL IN M E .

- - l ur a m E s . P . l n i n eesda . R R a . . . n e J dd eto T e W i , q , , Mi , D h The mine is close to the conﬂuence of Sn ai sgi ll Sike and

Hudsh o e M n - i n p Beck , and about a mile due north of iddleto

Teesdale . M — — 3 1 a s . p One inch New Series Ordnance , ; Old Series

- E E Ms . G 1 02 S E si x 3 9 . . S eological , , inch Durham , N , , 2 4 BARYT E S AND WITH E RIT E

M - i n - s North of iddleton Teesdale , everal prominent north

- the li east and south west veins traverse mestones , sandstones , and shales of the Carbon iferous Limestone Series . The principal

f m Sn ai s ill . o these , fro north to south , are the g Vein , the Holme

the . Head Vein , and Tinkers Vein These carry some barytes , but the ﬂats associated with them are the principa l source of

a . th t mineral The veins are richest in the Great Limestone , where in Teesdale there are three main series of flats . In the higher beds fluorspa r replaces barytes as the principal spar con sti tuen t of the veins . In the beds underlying and overlying the Great Limestone the veins also pinch considerably and there are Sn ai s i ll n o flats . At the g mine , the lowest flat was the richest in barytes and also in galena . The barytes obtained at Sn ai sgill was whiter and purer than f i n that at the majority o mines Teesdale . The veins and flats have been worked from an adi t level on ill m of Sn ai s . the slopes g In the ain or lower flat , the workings 28 extend to fms . from the surface , at which depth the permanent

- water level is reached .

- wa s The barytes was hand picked . The best lump sold as such the remainder was crushed , jigged , and washed . and sent to market in the powdered state . The chief uses were in the paint industry Sn ai s i ll old g is an lead mine , reopened as a barytes mine in 1 8 8 7 1 8 94 i t . Up to , when was closed , tons of barytes were t obtained , the greater por ion consisting of high grade lump

to - barytes . This had only be hand picked before being sent away . When the lower ﬂat in the Great Limestone had been foll owed

- ni as far as the water level , mi ng operations were suspended , but i n m barytes of excellent quality remains the ine .

— C M E N . 3 . U B RLA D

E NT GE N RAL ACCO U .

Cumberland is n ot a large producer of barytes . The deposits

two - t fall into classes the chief producers , in which bary es is the only comm ercial mineral ; and those in which barytes is a f subsidiary product to ores o lead and zinc . The ﬁrst class of R u hw a i e includes the deposits t t and Potts Ghyll . At Ruth waite the vein is large but deteriorates in depth owing to the f o . t presence quartz ; the barytes , moreover , is pink At Pot s t Ghyll , though the deposit is somewha irregular , the barytes is of the fair grade white variety and could be much improved by

. f bleaching In the second class , the barytes is frequently o high gra de ; but in lodes carrying blende dressing is difﬁcult an d some k of n n ec to t T ind ﬂotatio is essary ge clean concentrates . he E e at rce a i s of i n te es i n a a lmor plant Fo Cr g r t this p rticul r, t o i ts ca aci i s sm a l h ugh p ty l . CUM B ERLAND 25

A A on of h a r t s round lston , the eastern side the county , bot b y e and witherite are frequently the predominant spar constituents of the numerous veins which tra verse the Carboniferous Limestone

Series . In recent years they have been worked at the Hartside , Nen tsb ur Mi the ff of Park , and y nes (Plate but di iculties transport have hitherto prevented any important developments .

INE S DE T AILS or M .

R UT H W AIT E MIN E .

Con crete a ter a ls Ltd 1 9 S out ohn St . L er o ol . M i , . , , h J , iv p

R uthwaite 1 s of . Situated at , }1 miles outh Ireby — A - 23 s l a s . e p One inch New Series Ordnance , ; Old S rie

1 1 - 7 s M . 0 E 4 . W . . n u n Geological , N ; six i ch C mberla d , N

Ba rytes wa s ﬁrst mined here some 40 or 50 years ago ; since

' a then work h s been carried on intermittently . The present R uthwai te M n M ine was formerly k own as John Peel ine , while the R uthwai te Mine of the earlier days is now spoken of as

. a n d These properties are about 300 yds . apart ’ Bla ckl ck s a worked the same vein . o was given up bout 1 9 1 5 an d soon afterwards the old John Peel Min e was reopened under the n a me of R uthwai te Mi ne . Barytes occurs here in a north - west and south - east vein in a

- down the fault , which , towards the north west , throws Carbon iferous n b u Limestone against the Borrowdale Volca ic Series , t i n i n i R uthwai e lies entirely the latter the ne ghbourhood of t . ° h - 1 0 v The vein ades to the south west at about from the ertical .

- a s e 6 . The foot w ll con ists largely of hard baryt s , about in thick ,

n - n mixed with a certain amou t of sandy country rock , and is ofte l i - ined with clay . The hang ng wall is less regular . The average 8 i u k t a ft . rea n b u width of the vein is bout ; ps are n nown , 4 1 6 in places the vein swells from ft . to ft . Crop workings 1 0 1 2 all average to ft . wide , in barytes , but in depth the vein is

n ' more constricted and , u fortunately , quartz and rock make their appearance in the lower levels .

The barytes is pale pink , generally clean and rather tender .

- f Calcite and lead ores are unknown , but occasional traces o malachite are seen . When crop workings had removed the easily accessible material the vein was attacked from shafts ; the most important at the ' ’ ” res n m i e 9 e n 0 . p t being Gurney s . This is ft deep with levels ’ 5 0 7 90 Bla kl k 0 . c oc s at , , and ft Shaft , now disused , situated on - 40 slightly lower ground to the south east , was ft . deep and ’ 5 - 0 ft . connected with the level from Gurney s Shaft . Between

old - these two lies the shaft at Dolly Byre , and also a ladder way .

7 - f 42 - t . 0 . Above the 0 level , which extends ft to the south east ’ 2 - 00 . of and ft to the north west Gurney s Shaft , the vein is practically exhausted while considerable stoping has been done

90 - f above the t . level . 26 BARYT E S A ND WITH E RIT E

t Material is raised hrough the shaft by a steam crane , and dum ped on a shoot where i t is hand - picked to remove rock ( l eads

‘ a n d in ferior grades mixed with quartz . All the barytes is now

t m ri n di n s lan sent away wi hout further treat ent , though a g g p t was at on e tim e in use .

r' trs Y IN Po GH LL M E . h ll a r tes n n Com a n 4 6 uee Potts n ctor a St . G y B y Mi i g p y , , Q Vi i ,

E . Lon don , . C . 4 2 Situated m iles south of Caldbeck .

— - New 2 3 M a s . p One inch Series Ordnance , ; Old Series

1 - 1 . E 4 7 . E . Ms . 0 N N. Geological , ; six inch Cumberland , ,

w 50 Some ork was done here about years ago , but the mme lay abandoned until 1 9 1 5 when it was taken up by members of e 1 9 2 . 0 the present company It has be n closed since September , but is by no means exhausted . 5 0 . The barytes occurs in two veins , about yds apart , running roughly east and west through the ashes and lavas of the Borrow dale Series of the Caldbeck Fells . These veins have received no ni deﬁ te names , but will be described in the following account as the North and South Veins . t f m i ron stai n ed The barytes , hough requently uch , _ is fair grade white ; it is sometimes mixed with quartz which is the only other vein mineral .

” The North Vein , which has received most attention , hades ° ° 2 4 - southwards a t from 0 to 0 from the vertical . The foot wall

- is usually better deﬁned than the hanging wall . The deposit appears to consist of a number of lenses or bunches of barytes ff occurring lengthwise in the vein , but in di erent positions with

t e - regard to h country rock , and either in the middle , or on one or other of the walls . These lenses are separated by rock breccia frequently heavily charged with quartz . Some of the

horses are several yards in thickness . This irregularity ,

- — especially when a hanging wall lens overlaps a foot wall bunch , has led to confusion on the part of the workmen both in mining and nomenclature . 1 on i No . , the lowest level , has been driven east the ve n for about 90 yds . and ends in barren ground . It strikes some good 5 grade lenses up to ft . in thickness which have been worked up 3 d to . i e . near the No level , where they out ou 3 Westward it has been t about 0 yds . and a good pocket ni 2 No . 3 worked through the interve ng stope of , into No . level 25 di . about ft . above the a t 3 The lode in No . level east is poor and contains much quartz ,

m w - 1 5 but i proves est of the cross cut adit . At about 0 ft . along

3 - No . level west , a string is given off to the south west , showing 1 5 of up to in . good barytes , but at present it is untouched .

5 - 2 3 . 0 At ft west of the cross cut , the vein swells to a bunch 1 . 3 good barytes 0 ft thick ; but about 0 ft . further west it thins 2 m w to . z down ft and less , and is ixed ith quart . CUM B ERLAND 2 7

2 0 2 5 - - ft . 0 ft . e on At west , a ris the foot wall side was put up 5 5 to . m of . No level , where a ass barytes ft thick was struck , m ld but uch of it had already been extracted by the o company . of This portion is spoken as the vein behind the main lode , but is in reali ty a lens on the country - rock with a false hanging 5 d . wall formed by a horse . Followed westwar in No level the m 5 0 . vein was extre ely pockety and at the far end , about yds l t . 3 beyond the western imi of No , is in rock with strings of

- quartz . At this point a cross cut was driven south for about 20 t b ut yards , which after cut ing a quartz string , touched , did t r — not penetra e , a ock breccia , containing much quartz and v occasional patches of barytes . This is belie ed to be the foot wall of another lens of barytes . o The South Vein also is subject to sudden nips , but d es not seem quite so irregular as to mineral distribution as the North ° n 2 Vei . It underlies south at about 0 from the vertical and con

ai m - i d m t . t ns so e fair grade whi e barytes In the ma n a it of the ine , 1 — 5 . c t ut m et i 0 ds . u or No cross , it was w th about y so h of the m h i 4 ain lode . At t is point it is a foot wide but ncreases to ft . a t m higher levels . In a s all drift at the surface it is as much as 8 5 . i 0 n . ft wide and is all good barytes , but about yds it dwindles 2 . . A to ft of barytes mixed with quartz s in the North Vein ,

u - q artz is more abundant in the ni ps and under the foot wall . 1 5 The North Vein has been worked from levels Nos . to h i 50 ft . through a vertical height of about , thin cranches av ng l 3 been left between the levels . No . and No . levels are connected w - n 3 ith the surface by cross cuts and form trammi g roads . No .

- 4 u cross cut is 0 yds . in length ; No . is about do ble that distance to the l b ut ode , is continued south to cut the South Vein and

1 - 1 - s 0 yds . of the country rock beyond . No . cross cut and level form the adit below which no mining has been done .

At the mine - mouth the material is washed and roughly

th - sorted over a grid . It is en carted to Caldbeck the first m o ile f road being exceedingly rough . At Caldbeck it is crushed i and jigged . After drying on a k ln floor it is milled through two pairs of horizontal stones . As no bleaching is done the resultant powder is rather greyish yellow in colour . l di The reserves in this mine are probab y large , but the spora c occurrence of the mineral bunches and the long haul to rail render m working expensive . Crushing and jigging at the ine would of obviate the carrying mixed deads to Caldbeck , while grading and bleaching of the better - class material would improve the li qua ty of the finished product .

IN GILC R Ux M E .

a n d E s ld om a n S a w lls As a tr a . T . O D , q , D i Mi , p i

— of B ull ill i n m . . . Situated Rose Gill , gZ ile S S W g Station M t R ( arypor and Carlisle y ) . — M - 22 r a s . New p One inch Series Ordnance , ; Old Se ies

- 5 E Ms 1 0 1 Cu 4 N. . W . N. Geological , ; six inch mberland , , 2 8 BAR YT E S AND WITHERIT E

the u n Barytes here occurs in two fault veins , one at j nctio of Rose Gill and Green Gill and the other (Green Gill Vein )

2 - m 0 . he crossing the latter gill so e 0 yds to t north east . The former is a fault of considerable magni tude . It ranges from n li n ear Tallentire o the south , from a ttle west of north to north di west at the foot of Rose Gill , where it meets a fault tren ng west im ki by south . These faults l it the coal wor ngs to the west and

- - M north by bringing up pre Coal easure shales , sandstones and

- i n a lim estones . The Green Gill Vein , ranging north west is

the - - M fault , probably of small throw , conﬁned to pre Coal easure strata . on of The barytes in both veins is , the whole , the fair quality h h i ron stai n ed w ite variety , though somew at , together with some i a . of darker colour mixed with stone , and some p nk sp r Barytes is the only mineral present though rock in places constitutes part

- h f ﬁlli n . e o the vein g Neither vein exceeds thr e feet in t ickness , ni an d both appear subject to sudden ps . This fact may be due the — the a to thin bedded nature of strata , which introduces d - in ifferent type of country rock a few yards run on the vein , ” a n d . here , as elsewhere , shales often prove unkind i v so e Work ngs ha e been on a small scale , and far hav produced about 25 tons of crude barytes as the result of con l f si dera b e expendi ture . Where tried in the angle o Rose and l s 2 f Green Gi ls the big fault howed t. of barytes for a few yards in

out . length , but the mineral nipped at both ends In depth the 1 8 f t e t . h vein was tested to , mostly in, good barytes , but as vein

- lies below stream level , water came in faster than it could be removed by hand labour . On the south bank of Rose Gill , where h few i n ches the ground is igher , the vein is pinched to a . between M to Coal easure sandstones and shales , and shales belonging an o m M t lder series , which were previously apped as illstone Gri , l n b ut possi bly b e o g to the Carboniferous Limestone Series . t The Green Gill Vein , ﬁrst discovered in a rial pit about

50 2 9 - ft . years ago , has been reopened by a shaft between the the n e stream and end of the old la e a few yards to t h north . t The southern wall consisted of sands one , limestone and shale , m to the si ilar the beds exposed lower down the gill , while northern wall , which is reported as bad and hanging , was of blue shale . 2 h . d Barytes occurred up to ft in t ickness , but work was stoppe di — by ﬂoo ng . To the south east three other trial pits were sunk »

. di on the probable course of the vein One , imme ately across of m 4 or south the strea from the ﬁrst shaft , was 0 ft . deep and

- s with cross cuts of a few feet located the lode , which here contain

. 1 40 2 00 much rock Two others situated about and yds . to the

t - 4 2 24 sou h east of the ﬁrst shaft were ft . and ft . deep respectively ; neither succeeded in bottoming the glaci al drift which evidently t thickens rapidly in his direction . Work on this vein was then abandoned .

3 0 BARYT E S A ND WITH E RIT E

5 2 of . f f to 0 t . The width varies rom an average ft up , and the walls are usually well deﬁned . In places , as in the 1 e two f No . middle portion o lev l , the lode splits into veins , b 4 . from 2 to ft wide , separated y a barren tract or horse m off 1 2 to 1 5 ft . across . S all branches or veinlets are given

t b ut t . a t di ﬂeren t poin s , hey carry ores only near the vein On the top of the m ountain the vein consists mainly of i m . barytes with so e ps lomelane , and very little galena and blende m In depth blende with some galena beco es more abundant . In 3 the No . level and stopes above it , they form the chief ores , the barytes occurrin g only in small patches on the wall s or

occasionally running irregularly though the vein . In the 1 on . lowest worked or No . level barytes comes again In a stope just east of the cross - cut to this level the vein is 1 5 to 2 di i 0 ft . wide and has , in ad t on to ribs in the middle of the vein , 6 8 f e . o lenses 2 to 3 yds . long and to in thick good white baryt s W i n on the walls . here the horse appears the veins carry 1 92 1 f . of 6 3 t . A i n . places to solid barytes In pril , , sinking

- m 1 on the hanging wall was in progress fro No . level , about

- 2 f . 2 of . A o 0 40 ft . west the adit cross cut t a depth ft a trial stope has been opened out showing good grade barytes from

2 4 f . to t . in thickness a of The vein has been opened up by system levels , the 5 400 1 E highest , No . , being about ft . above No . . xtensive

screes at the outcrop on the hill - side have necessitated the use

- 1 of n Nos . cross cuts drive from the south , from which levels ,

1 - u 1 2 l e 2 3 . . c h t 0 . t and proceed No cross is about yds ong , f h 3 e others being a hal and a third of that lengt . No . lev l is 2 24 1 4 1 5 No . . . . . fms . above , and the latter fms above No Nos 5 di 1 i . t No . and levels , driven rec ly on the vein , are d sused 1 8 l . evel has been driven west about 0 fms , but the vein there is

di - said to be sturbed and may be faulted . A cross cut com m en ced some years ago with the object of cutting the Force 1 2 1 n 0 No . d C . v an rag Vei ft below le el has not been completed , m i ining , with the exception of the sink ng referred to above , is the t o 1 3 . M h conﬁned to ground be ween N and No . levels . uc

of thi s ground is exhausted .

1 - m . No . level and cross cut form the ain drain of the mine

and no pumps are required except for sumps . m So e of the lump barytes is picked out in the mine , whi lst

the rest of the material is trammed to a picki ng - grate above the

- crushi ng plant . The ores are subjected to the ordinary processes

- ni common to lead mi ng and subsequently , in order to separate e E i o baryt s from blende , the lmore vacuum ﬂotat on pr cess , l which separates practical y pure blende is used . The gangue E t t from the lmore plan is hen cleaned up on a long Buss table, di u n and yields a me m grade barytes sa d .

Power is supplied by a Pelt- on wheel operated by water from h ck 60 e 0 . f a reservoir at the head of the , ft above the level o the m n i i e bu lding . CUMB ERLAND 3 1

BR UN D IIO LM E MINE ( INCLUDIN G B LE N C ATHR A ) .

B run dholm e a n d New la n d n es es i c Mi , K w k. Situated in Glen dera terra Valley (between Skiddaw and * Saddleback) a little south of B oughten Gill .

M — - 29 a s . p One inch New Series Ordnance , ; Old Series

G 1 1 E - 56 E . 0 S . Cu S . . eological , six inch mberland , , P

m i n i n r on t 1 820 The earliest gTthat was car ied , in abou , was ar B ne oughten Gill . Levels were driven northwards on two di veins and a shaft sunk below a t level , but the workings were then abandoned . 1 8 50 2 or 2 5 About a shaft was sunk to a depth of 0 fms . on i the eastern side of the stream , about half a m le south of B l of m oughten Gi l , but lack capital led to the ine , known as Blen ca thra being abandoned , though some good ore was 2 . 1 . obtained The vein worked lies fms east of the shaft. Some s distance to the north it is saidi; to be broken . To the outh it has not been proved . Short levels were driven lower down the l val ey to attempt to cut the western vein , but were abandoned i ni before atta ng their object . 1 8 72 In work was recommenced about 300 yds . south of B oughten Gill and the shaft now used as a pumping shaft was

- 30 20 . 3 sunk to fms , with levels north and south at and 0 fms . m b ut . fro the surface , the mine was soon closed again

After an interval of many years the mine was reopened , the 1 8 72 i levels begun in were pushed out , ch eﬂy to the south , and a 4 run of ore was found about 0 fms . south of the shaft . When wa s r d this exhausted the mine again closed down , though pe io i c t rials were made . Recently it has been reopened by the Brun dholm e t Co . They have sunk a shaft o the rise worked old 3 3 fm s by the company . It is . south of the pump shaft , and

il 1 92 1 3 0 - fm 5 . . in Apr , , was standi ng at fms . below the level m on e n i There are two ain veins , run ng a little east of north Lon scale R ou hten the o from the foot of Crags to g Gill , and ther S n en a little west of north and coursing southwards from i Gill . 1 of of These two intersect about 00 yds . south the junction B t ough en Gill with the main stream ; and to the south , near Blen thr 1 2 ca a 0 . a the old mine where they are about yds part ,

m - E E are united by a s all cross vein beari n g . N. . and W . S . W . s These veins , which may be seen in the beck and its tributarie , i n i traverse Sk ddaw Slates , i the aureole around the Sk ddaw on Granite , and pass into unaltered strata the south . f ll The veins are i ed with rock fragments and quartz , with t variable amounts of barytes , galena , copper pyri es , and t n some cerussi e , malachite , and chrysocolla . The orthern parts

Not the R o ught on gi ll of the Caldbeck Fells

. Postlet a te n es a n d i n n i n the La e str c t T J hw i , Mi M i g k Di i , 3rd ed t on 1 9 1 — 3 . i i , , p p 10 1 1 03 . N ort ern Pa rt of th e En l s La ke str ct M em . Gaol . S ure t h g i h Di i ( ) , 1 8 76 2 , p . 5 . 32 BARYT E S AND WITH ERIT E of the veins between Si n en and R oughten Gill s are said to have yielded m ainly copper pyrites , but farther south galena , aecom

an ed . p i by barytes , prevails The latter mineral is white and apparently of good quality though som ewhat i ron stai n ed in the m w l . upper workings , and occasiona ly ixed ith quartz The vein worked at the Brun dholm e Mine is that coursing a 4 f i t . little east o north ; averages ft in breadth , but occasionally

1 1 2 20 - fm swells up to 0 or ft . From the surface down to the . t e at 1 level , it is prac ically vertical but below that had s east

5 - 1 . in The foot wall is usually well deﬁned , but the hanging ul wall is more irreg ar and often lined with very hard quartz , of t whereas over the rest the vein the quartz is generally sof . l Vi th the exception of an eight inch string towards the hanging m i n wall between the two shafts , barytes is co monly found patches and irregular masses lying between lenticles of coarsely crystalli ne galena . Such copper pyrites as occurs is frequently n fou d towards the middle of the vein , and is closely associated with quartz . 1 0 1 2 The vein is said to have held good only for or fms . on th e e e . ach side of south shaft Ov r the rest of the ground , sops though frequently of promising appearance have proved to‘ be small . e 3 Acc ss to the vein is gained by two shafts 3 fms . apart ; or old m the northern , shaft , is used for pu ping , and the southern ,

- new shaft , for winding and as a ladder way for the men . The

h - m t e of 30 f . former has a sump in ﬂoor the level , while the latter 5 l to has been sunk fms . below that level and wi l be deepened 20 30 explore lower ground . The two main levels at and fms . 2 7 2 4 t have been driven and fms . , respectively , nor h from the 8 4 5 d . i . pumping shaft , and and fms south from the win ng shaft

f r - di Power o pumpin g is supplied by a water wheel . Win ng is to be carried out by compressed - air developed by means of a

- o l water turbine assisted in dry seasons by an i engine . At present an inadequate supply of water for the turbine is brought by a leat from the junction of R oughten Gill and the main s - tream . There is no dressing beyond hand picking , and all the m ” aterial is sent away as crude . The total output of the B run dholm e m m 60 or 70 co pany a ounts to tons of barytes , 20 of t about tons galena , and a few tons of sugary quar z per a nnum .

TH D IN RELKEL M E .

T rel eld Lea d n es Ltd . T orn t a te e h k Mi , , h hw i , K swi ck .

t E . N. . of Si uated half a mile N Threlkeld village .

- - M a 3 . 2 9 p One inch New Series Ordnance , ; Old Series

1 0 1 S E - 5 6 E Geological , ; six inch Cumberland , S . . , P .

% The min e has been worked intermittently for many years

i for - lead and zinc ores , and as such is m ore fully descr bed CUM BERLAND 33

* . n elsewhere The lead and zinc lodes , k own as the Woodend an d Ga te ill g Veins , traverse Skiddaw Slates ; both hade west an d at the south end of the m ine course but farther 1 ° E di 0 . north the former swings round to N . , and splaces the 20 latter fms . Neither of these veins in the main workings contains barytes , but in the adit level on the Woodend Vein , m l about half a mile from the i ne entrance , a sma l vein carrying

“ t — i s barytes was met with i n a shor cross cut east . The barytes i t l of good quality, wh te , and prac ica ly free from metallic ores , n ot fi i but is in suf cient quantity to be worth work ng .

C R SID IN A L E VE . I ( dle. )

Mi llb eck 2 s Situated half a mile north of hamlet , about mile K N . N . W . of eswick .

M a 3 — - 2 9 . s p One inch New Serie Ordnance , ; Old Series

1 1 - 0 5 6 . S E S . W . Geological , ; six inch Cumberland, , P

Thi s vein traverses Skiddaw Slates from east to west and ° a t 30 hades southwards from the vertical . It appears to be one of several offshoots from the main vein which runs north - west along Carl Side .

The east and west vein is vi sible in an old trial - hole at the s 4 w foot of the crags . It i about ft . in i dth, and , apart from a ri few thin bs of rock and quartz , consists of barytes of fair ron ta n ed a s quality , though somewhat i s i . Galen i said to have

' i r - occurred n small bunches and pockets , and this t ial hole , with

i n . others which have fallen , was dug in search of that mineral

The hanging - wall is ﬁrm and heavily charged with quartz ;

- l i the foot wa l is softer , and near it barytes alternates with r bs of - a a quartz . The country rock is hard blue shale of the Skidd w

r i s . Se ies , and traversed by numerous strings of quartz

The workings appear to have ceased in the prospecting stage .

R O U GH T E N GILL MINE

7 3 . . . E . Situated ; miles S S VV of Caldbeck and miles N. N. of K eswick . — - M a s . New 23 p One inch Series Ordnance , Old Series

i 1 1 - 4 E . 7 Ms . . E . 0 N S . Geolog cal , ; six inch Cumberland , ,

L The old stope and feather w orki n gs1 in this min e down 2 i to a depth of 0 f n s . were made before the use of gunpowder

S ec a l Re orts on the n era l Resourc es of rea t r ta n Vol . p i p Mi G B i i , xxii ,

ea d n Geo . 1 9 2 1 . L a d Zin c O res of the La ke District (M am . l 1— 1 1 . pp . 4 M s r c t 3rd ed t on . Postleth a te n es a n d n i n i n the La e t TJ w i , i Mi g k Di i . i i , 1 9 1 3 1 2 9 . , p . 34 BARYT E S AN D WITH E RIT E

w In of Eli - ere was kn o n . the time Queen zabeth copper ores w t n rai sed and sent to Keswick for smel ing , but until the beginni g of the 1 9th century operations were on a small scale . From 1 8 35 to 1 8 75 large quantities of lead and copper - ores were raised of 90 1 8 7 8 and the mine worked to a depth fms . In it was * regarded as exhausted and was closed down . From 1 8 8 8 to 1 8 94 a few men were employed b y the Clea tor

of n a n d . Iron Ore Co . for the purpose raisi g barytes umber 1 8 92 of From 1 8 89 to the yearly output barytes amounted , to ' l F 1 66 1 3 7 7 7 9 1 . or n , and tons respective y the succeedi g two years the output of R oughten gi ll is included with other min es own ed b y the same company . R oughten gi ll ha s long been famous for the vari ety of its n udi a e i t mi erals , incl ng ores of le d , zinc , and copp r , w h their coloured a t n n n i ltera io products , in additio to gangue mi erals , a character stic

i f - i which may be due to the d versity o the country rocks . Sk ddaw Slates occur on the west and south ~ west ; Eycott (Borrowdale) Series on the n orth ; and felsite a n d gabbro on the south an d east . This rock complex is traversed by numerous faults , some

i . W . d . of wh ch carry ores . The two main lo es range from W S l b d M of W . an d e s S . S to between Frozen Fel and ine , a distance 3 4 2 of from to miles . These lodes approach within 00 yds . t R ou hten a ill a re each o her at g , where they known as the North a n d u So th Lodes , and were most productive when in contact The v u with the gabbro . eins contain similar ores , but the So th a n n Lode at one place swells up to a width of 30 ft . d there contai s much calcite . This great bunch is probably connected with ‘ l n 1 1 a d the two paral el vei s , fms . ap rt , mentione by Postlethwaite ;j whi le the cross - course of that author is the fault along the eastern

ll - ﬁ a . i lli n n d Thief Gi The ve n g is chieﬂy broken rock quartz , h the only other gangue of importance being calcite , which , t ough u rare in other parts of the Lake District , is locally ab ndant at R u h en ill I o t . n di g g ad tion to the ores of lead zinc and copper , f u a l t barytes o good grade occurs . Tho gh considerab e amoun n on the of work has bee done other lode , the South Lode has been a more extensively wrought , ores having been obt ined over a

l of - f l m ength about three quarters o a mi e . The ore important

3 0 60 90 - fm l workings were the and . evels , which were

- n approached by cross cuts from the north . A shaft was su k — o 20 fm . t s . 90 fm l . or v below the adit e el . The entrances to these workings are n ow closedj: d b ut The umps are extensive , appear to have been so thoroughly a re a overhauled that they valueless from commercial standpoint , t ill hough they st contain many interesting mineral specimens .

b i d I . . 1 30 . , p i d b . 1 29 . T I . , p I A m ore deta iled descripti on of th e m in in g a n d geology of B oughten ll i s en i n S ec a l R e orts of the n era l Resour B a n gi giv p i p Mi c es of Grea t rit i ,

Vol . Le a d a n d n c O res of the La e s r c M l ur t t m o . e xxii , Zi k Di i ( o . Ge S ) , — 1 92 1 . 3 6 9 , pp 3 . 5 CUM B ERLAND 3

‘ R E D GILL INE M . I ( dl e. ) f R h ill W N. o ou en . W . t Situated half a mile . g g

M a - - s s . 2 3 p One inch New Series Ordnance , ; Old Serie

- 1 s . 1 . E M 4 . G 0 E . E N. 7 . . S eological , ; six inch Cumberland , N , ,

* n R ou hten i ll This mine has been wrought in conju ction with g g , n and also by various small companies , but information relati g to them is vague .

The country - rock of the R edgill mini ng - ﬁ eld consists of lavas as t and hes of the Borrowdale Series of Caldbeck . There are hree

di . W . E N N. d . . W . an S main veins , two tren ng between N . , and

an d on e . E . . N . and from N to S S . W . The last is a fault m of considerable throw , ineralised over part of its course . The

- ﬁ lli n vein g, in addition to barytes , consists of quartz and rock

i - h a n d carry ng lead and copper ores . The good w ite slightly pink varieties of barytes appear to have been more abundant

N . . E W S . in in the southern and vein , especially the upper parts of the lode . the h n ha s All the lodes have been tried , but sout ern vei

i . rece ved most attention , though never on a large scale Apart

- 5 0 . from some trial cross cuts , work ceased about years ago T e l h dumps are smal , and consist mainly of quartz and rock ” deads . D R Y G ILL MINE

(Idle.

3 of r of Situated 5 miles south Caldbeck , and a quarte a mile D i h M i . W . r t S . of gg ine — M s - 23 Old i a . p One inch New Series Ordnance , ; Ser es

- Ms E . l l 1 4 7 . 1 E S . 0 N . . Geo ogica , ; six inch Cumberland , ,

‘ Thi s m i n e ’ jwas worked on a small scale about the middle

- of last century for lead ores . About the close of its career in of 1 8 76 a little blende was raised . There is no record the working u i t i n of barytes , and the small amo nt of th s mineral presen the t dumps probably represents all that was taken out . Quar z appears to be the chief vein stuff. In addition to the ores t i l already mentioned some psilomelane , encrus ing other m nera s ,

. is present , and is common in the dumps

IN D R IG GITH M E . (Idle )

D ri i th Situated at the head of the gg Beck , a tributary of

3 s of . Carrock Beck , and about 1 mile south Caldbeck

s s r t on s ee S ec al Re orts of the n era l Resource F or deta il ed de c ip i , p i p Mi B Th e L ea d a n d n c O res of th e La e str ct l . of Grea t rita in . Vo xxii , Zi k Di i — m 1 9 2 1 . 3 9 4 1 . Geol . u ( 01 6 m . S ) , , pp 0 ‘ n f rea t ri ta i n Vol . x x , 1 Spec i a l Reports on the Min eral Resources o G B , u ra ct M am . Geol . S t , The Lea d a n d Zin c O res of th e L a ke Di stri ( ) — 1 9 2 1 . 4 1 4 3 . , pp 36 BARYTES AN D WITH ERIT E

— - New S s n 2 3 e M ap s . One inch erie Ord ance , ; Old Seri s

- 4 7 4 E . 8 N. E N. W 1 0 1 N. . Geological , ; six inch Cumberland ; Ms .

* 1 700 u s s ts This mine was opened in , and wro ght by hallow haf

a n d day levels to a depth of 25 fms . It was more vigorously the lf of operated by various companies in earlier ha last century ,

but closed down about 1 870 . The only ores raised were those wa s e of lead . After lying idle for many years the mine tak n 1 9 4 1 9 8 up by the Caldbeck Mini ng Company from about 0 to 0 .

e . n r Since then it has been abandon d Ores of lead , zi c and coppe e were obtained and some barytes , but ﬁgures are not availabl as to the output of the last mineral .

m - w The ain vein courses north east , and was also rought an d ed M 3 3 R ou hten i ll the S b . at the g g and ines (pp , It is believed to be a mineralised fault between a lava and an altered

the E c ott or n . ash in y , Borrowdale Volca ic , Series 4 l The i to . vein is sa d average ft in width , though swel ing

8 . ft . at some places to , and nipped to a few inches at others

Along the extensive crop - workings the vein hades slightly to

- 6 - the 8 ft . north west . In places it is wide , with a inch rib of

t on h - l ur bary es the anging wall , fol owed by quartz , imp e a of psilomel ne , and pyromorphite , with irregular ribs barytes

- i t to on the foot wall . In depth is said have carried quartz a n d — barytes on the walls , with blende , galena , and copper ores d m in the mi dle , the blende predominating . A local iner states t t of ha in the deeper workings a vein practically solid barytes , 2 2 4 V . to to . V . averaging ft in thickness , lies from 0 0 yds . the N of the main lode , from which it may be an offshoot . Apart from crop - workings the lode has been worked from cross - cuts and

6 9 - m of the 30 0 0 f . e levels spoken locally as and l vels , though m the the altitudes are so ewhat less . As mine was wrought in conjunction with the Sa n db ed Mine the length of vein worked a t m b ut may be taken about half a ile , it was probably not all t D i i 9 . r th 0 fm s . ex racted gg was worked to , but , according to Postlethwai te ' the the a , j bulk of ground excavated was bove

60 - fm 9 - m . the f . the level , 0 level being less productive . M the m b t ost of plant has been removed , but lu p ary es seems h out to ave been picked before the ores were treated . The of t v dumps , mainly quar z , are fairly extensi e and contain some

- i s good class barytes , though sometimes it mixed with quartz . The obstacles to workin g this min e appear to be ( 1 ) insufﬁ ciency of water for dressing ; a leat from Dry Gill seems to have been the chief supply ; (2 ) the association of h blende and barytes , w ich , in the absence of cheap hand t picking , requires a ﬂotation plan for the separation of the minerals .

S ec a l Re orts on the n eral Resour ces of re t r i a ta n ol . p i p Mi G B i i , V xxi , Th e Lea d an d n c O res of th e L a e str ct M e m . o ure 1 92 1 Zi k Di i ( Ge l . S , — . 4 4 pp 3 5 . n es a n d n i n i n th e L a e r c st t 3rd ed t on 1 9 1 1 30 . T Mi Mi g k Di i , i i , 3 , p .

3 8 B AB Y 'rE s AN D WITH E RIT E

The levels are in the steep face of the crags a n d are n ot ea sy of e access . The valley is waterlogged and boggy , and ther is no Glen dera m a cki n road up to the m ine beyond the .

H AR T S ID E MINE .

(Idle )

T h e H ed ort B a rim n Com a n Ltd . 1 St . N c ola s u ldi n s w h p y , , , i h B i g ,

stle - on - n Newc a Ty e . Hartside mine is situated on the western slopes of Ha rtside Al 6 . Height , 5 miles west of ston

— - r d n 24 Seri es M a s . p One inch New Se ies Or ance , ; Old

- 4 1 Ms . 1 2 . W . 0 . W . C Geological , N ; six inch umberland , N ,

To the west and south of Hartside Height there are several di vei ns generally trending in a NE . and S W . rection in the n n Carbo iferous Limestone Series , which i variably contain barytes as the principal spar constituent . t i Ha rescou h The mos westerly work ng is on g Fell , where a f E W . . S N . and vein has been ollowed from Green Band to

Loo Gill , along the eastern side of Rowton Beck . Open workings a t a point 700 yards due north of the Old Busk limekiln have yielded considerable quantities of high - grade barytes within the a n past few years . The vein , in the Great Limestone , has average 1 3 n li width of feet , and co tains very clean s ghtly pink barytes ,

- with traces of lead ore . 4 50 a A second vein , yds . east of this , also contains bundant li barytes , but little work has been done on it . Good qua ty barytes is abundant on the old dumps . This vein follows the course of a prom i nen t fault which can be traced in a south t l b wes erly direction , and crosses Loo Gil , where it is j oined y

Ricker Gill . E N E The third vein , which runs W and follows of almost entirely the course Loo Gill , and has been worked a t several points . These workings extend from alongside the “

7 5 - d old coal workings , 0 yds . north west of Hartsi e Height to a

1 7 - m . li l point 0 yds south west of the Old Busk meki n . In so e

promin ent crags of ﬁ n e - grained calcareous sandstone on the north ° of the 8 50 2 5 bank stream , yds . W . N . of Hartside Height , the

e 3 d s . vein appears to consist of a broad shatt r belt , 0 y wide ,

m - in which rock frag ents are cemented with milk white barytes . i l There is no sol d vein at this point , the spar being only in sma l r clusters and pockets , rarely a foot across . No qua tz or other rv u accessory minerals were obse ed , but the barytes , altho gh t of l li o apparen ly excel ent qua ty , is far to mixed with fragments

r - of count y rock to be workable . A fourth vein runs practically parallel with the above lode di 200 6 . ft . and at a stance of yds south of it . Its width is ,

‘ a n d barytes has been obta ined by open - cast workings at several i i po nts along ts course . CUM B E RLAND 39

- an d Other barytes bearing lodes occur at Hartside Cross , E a n d N . W on e S . follow a direction . The principal crosses

Al - t 7 e 00 . the ston Penri h main road , yds west of the ﬁfth mileston i from Al ston . It has proved most productive in the Great L me m of H stone im ediately south artside Cross , though the barytes

- on from here is much iron stained . This vein has been worked

- the surface for iron ore .

On the whole , the veins were found to be most productive i n b ut in the l mesto es , more especially so when followed to the t of the ni south and wes , where lower beds Carbo ferous Limestone out of Series crop , and also in the neighbourhood the Whin Sill which here occurs just below the bottom of the Scar Limesto n e . The barytes from the workings is all conveyed by means of li m tram nes to a central du p near Hartside Cross . There it is — - hand picked to remove the country rock . There is no other the s treatment , and all orted material is carted to Alston Station di f 6 o . (N a stance over miles , over a good mountain road

i n 1 9 1 5 The m e was opened in , and has since been working in termittently .

I PAR K M NES .

N c ol a s u ld n s Th e H ed ort a r um Com a n Ltd 1 St . w h B i p y , , i h B i i g ,

e l - - n N w ca st e on Ty e .

The Park Mines are situate on the western si de of the South

- f n o . Ty e , a quarter of a mile north west Alston

’

M a s - - 25 i p . One inch New Series Ordnance , ; Old Ser es

- 2 E . . 1 a 3 3 . Ms e E . S 0 . G ological , N six inch Cumberl nd , ,

VV. NE S . There are two prominent . and lodes , the Park v Gro e , and the Park Grove Sun Veins , which have been followed

di m - t for a stance of about a ile from Hall hill planta ion , alongside

to . the River South Tyne , Black House plantation on Park Fell

- In Hall hill plantation these two veins run together . In the M u past few years , a level was commenced close to ark Close Ho se u erﬁ ci a ll with the intention of reopening the old workings . S p y

- the veins have yi elded fai rly good quality iron ore . Barytes to e occurs in the veins , and is reported occur also in extensiv for ﬂats in the Scar Limestone . These were formerly worked

- r lead o e .

M i 1 9 The Park ines are old lead m nes , worked in the th cen ' 1 872 Pa rk Mi ni n . tury by the g Company , but closed in The ld ll o workings have largely fa en in . They were reopened by Mr . Borlase of Harwood , on behalf of the Hedworth Barium 1 9 1 7 i of Company in , and cons derable quantities fairly high E t grade barytes have been obtained from them . xcep for hand n Wa s e picki g , the spar not subjected to any sp cial treatment , but forwarded by road to Alston Station less - than a mile di s n ta t from the mine . T E S AN D ITH E IT E BARY . W R

BLAGILL MINE .

(Idle. )

n ta n e n c Com a n Nen th ea d Als ton . Vieill e Mo g Zi p y, ,

E . E . N . The mine is l % miles . of Alston

Ill - - i 2 5 s ap s . One nch New Series Ordnance , ; Old Serie

- i x 34 W . . 1 02 N. E . s . Geological , ; inch Cumberland , N , P

There are several lead - bearing veins trendi ng in an east a n d di west rection , which have been worked , notably the Lough Bla ill Sli tt and First Rake , or g , Veins . The latter vein has an

9 1 - ft . average width of from to 0 , and yields a low grade witherite

- r mixed with stone and a little lead o e . The workings extend

t - from the Fires one Sills down to the Four Fathom Limestone , b u t the veins were most productive in the Great Limestone , where numerous ﬂats yielded large pockets of witherite . In the latter part of the 1 9th century these mi nes were being

- 1 8 80 18 96 worked for lead ore and witherite . From up to E Blagill was a small but regular producer of wi therite . xcept 1 8 8 7 8 1 2 of mi t in when tons witherite were ned , the annual outpu 200 never rose to more than tons , and latterly fell as low as six

n 1 8 80 1 8 82 t . to s . In and a few ons of barytes were also obtained

NE N T S B UR Y IN M E .

e lle M on ta ue n c Com a n Nen t ea d Al ston . Vi i g Zi p y , h ,

b r Mi E E Nen ts u . S . . y ne is in the Nent Valley , three miles

of l . A ston .

M — - a 3 . 25 p One inch New Series Ordnance , ; Old Series ’ 1 2 - G . E 4 0 N . 3 E . . . W eological , ; six inch Cumberland , S , S . P

b ur i of i Nen s E . t t . At y a ser es prom nen N and S W . lead

in - i a . and z c bearing ve ns are crossed at right angles by N W . d E f a n s . S . serie Among the ormer the most importan t are en tsb u r a the High Raise , North Green and N y H ggs Veins , of the ll and the latter , Well Gi and Carrs Veins . Barytes an d wi therite are mainl y found in the Hi gh Raise

- Vein , which has been followed in a north easterly direction m Nen tsb ur fro High y for a distance of yds . both by under

- ground and surface workings . An old east and west cross cut 3 50 yds . long enters the lower workings in Brown Gill to the north

‘ Nen sb ur of t . 1 0 y The vein , which is up to ft . wide , follows

li of 1 0 - a ne fault with a downthrow of ft . to the north west , Yoredale and is in the Upper beds . All the underground workin gs are just above the valley bottom Nen tsb ur at y , the lowest main level at the furthest poin t bei n g D feet O . The water is therefore almost wholly removed by adit draini n g . Barytes and witheri te a re frequently abundant , t a together with quar z , c lcite , galena , and blende ; the last two od t being the chief pr uc s of the mine . CUM B E RLAND 4 1

o b 50 - The main body f arytes occurs 0 yds . north east of where the Brown Gill cross - cut entered the workings in the High Raise

i 4 i - 00 . n Vein . From th s point for about yds a north easterly i t direction was essentially a barytes vein , with an average width of 4 ft . It is from this portion of the lode that the main quantity

- of barytes has been obtained . Still further to the north ea st the ni n barytes dimi shes , and the lode agai becomes payable

- r for lead o e . 2 5 d 0 . t d At yds beyon the coun y boundary , the vein is crosse b y an east - an d- west fault with a downthrow to the north of

20 i 1 40 - . n of ft The present work ng face is yds . orth east this point and in the Quarry Hazel . Here the vein contain s much mi h li barytes , witherite and calcite , xed wit a ttle blende and a galena . It is proposed to make rise to reach the Great Lime i hi n . stone , w ch the lode will probably be richer ” In the hushes f along the fell top good quality barytes i is a bundant n the dumps . The intimate growth of the ore and spar at Nen tsb ury rendered

- - hand picking for lump spar an impossibility . The galena was e separated in jigs , and the residue sent away as impur witherite ; the blende being removed subsequently and returned to the smelter at Nen thead . Nen tsb ury cannot be regarded as an important source of barium compounds ; the difﬁ culty of separatin g both sulphate I and carbonate is too great for any extensive production . n the e case of the witherit , a mineral whose sale depends largely on

li . its purity , the me content gave great trouble The mine is of interest as a barium producer in a country where vein- gangues ‘ a n d n i os l ﬂuors a r . t y consist of p , calcite quartz

O T HER O CCURREN CE S or BARYT ES AN D WIT HE RIT E IN T H E AL S T N IS T IC T O D R .

A serIes of veins coursing north - eastwards and bearing lead 3 mi ores occurs in the Great Limestone at Scarberry Hill , les

- - 4 1 E N. . south west of Alston (six inch map Cumberland , , There are numerous dumps around the old workings in which good quality barytes is a predominant constituent . 2 l At Crag Green , near Garrigill , and % miles south of A ston

- 4 2 Ms (six inch map Cumberland , ) , there are several disused

- i i lead m nes which have y elded small quantities of barytes .

W . There are numerous NE . and S veins in the Carbon iferous the Limestone Series , and workings extend from the Scar Lime stone up to the Great Limestone . Barytes is abundant on the extensive dumps . i n of At Wellhope , the Allendale country , on the borders

7 E E - . S . . Cumberland and Durham , and miles of Alston (six inch

22 W . E . N. maps Durham , N . ; , there are some disused lead mines which have yielded lead - ore together with small quantities E N. . of barytes and witherite . The ores occur in a series of u the a d . es n S W veins in the Carbonifero s Limestone Seri , and 4 2 BARYT E S A ND WITH E RIT E workings extend from the horizon O f the Single Post Limestone

- to the Great Limestone . In the Scar , Five Yard , and Great t Limestone ﬂats occur in association wi h the veins . In the upper G r workin gs above the reat Limestone , barytes occu s as caulk “ w forming radi ating masses in the vein , hile in and below the Great Li mestone the whit e crystalline vari ety is more usually m et with .

4 — E S TM O N . W RLA D .

E NE L O N G RA ACC U T .

for 30 Westmorland has been over years a producer of barytes . n t the a In the wester par of county, included in the L ke District , ed the deposits are of slight commercial importance and unwork , ni n ni but to the east , in the Carbo ferous Limestone of the Pe ne i a re u n d u a . Chain , the ve ns numero s wro ght extensively The

Brough district (Plate IV . ) can be regarded as part of a large i n Lun ehead hi e m eral province , which includes the area of Yorks r 5 1 (pp . and the important Upper Teesdale deposits of County 1 8 t o Durham (pp . and altoge her f rms one of the richest barytes

in h . a regions t is country The reserves ppear to be ample , for s many of the smaller veins are untouched , the working mine are relatively shallow and the deposits show no sign of deteri o di i in . k rat on depth But this mining strict , li e many others , di fﬁ l i is handicapped b y cu t es Of transport . u v l North of Bro gh , the newly de eloped ﬁe d of Long Fell , w rv a Scorda le hich has good rese es , and the are around , produce c rda l high grade spar . The deposits at S o e are adjacent to the

Whin Sill and some .oi the . flats are reported to contain broken fragments of that rock . The deposition of barytes u therefore must have been subsequent to the igneous intr sion . M ost of the deposits occur along planes of dislocation , but Lon fell i n those of g appear to be fissure veins , unaccompanied by faulting , or along j oints enlarged by solution . They are r a le compa rable to the flats of Sco d . The caverns at t t t Lun ehea d are of in erest here though ha mine is in Yorkshire . They are associated with the Cavern Veins in the Great Limestone and when found were filled with red plastic clay

- containing lead ore towards the bottom . The walls carry wisps of galena and barytes . That these caverns are due to solution is beyond question , the red clay being the insoluble residue of the limestone .

E T I S O F MINE S D A L .

C AB E IS H INE M .

“ lds on E s r u . e n o o A . R n ear l e estm orla n d . J G y , q , B gh, pp by , W

i a t ni h The m ne is situated Pe ston Green , t ree miles east of t of Brough , and nor h the main road from Brough to Bowes .

— - i M a 3 . r 3 1 p One inch New Se es Ordnance , ; Old Series ' 1 2 S E - W 1 7 0 . . S . Ord Geological , ; six inch estmorland , W , E S TM O N 4 3 W RLA D,

This mine was formerly worked for lead - ore but was re opened 1 906 i for barytes about . Since then it has been worked unt l n recently , when it was closed owing to trade depressio . It is n ot exhausted and will probably be reopened when prospects Im prove . 80 There are 0 yds . of arched adi t between the mine entrance ni w at Pe ston Green House and the shafts . The orkings , both ’ Ca b b i s M a h . in the Vein and in the Old an s Vein , are ncient 4 e . i The latt r vein is ft wide and j oins the ma n vein near the sump .

The present holders of the mine have worked north - east of the shaft ; they com menced by robbing the barytes left by the e h s n ew d l ad miners , and since ave broken ome groun . There

e e - s r r e s are s v ral fault veins in thi a ea t av rsing the shales , and Y a l e s tones and limestones of the ored e Series . Some hav been worke d for barytes ; othe rs though known to carry that mineral a re e m a s yet untried . Of the form r the most i portant is the C a b b i sh i Vein and its branches , which trend approx mately E . . S W . h N and Of the latter the chief are the Shot Vein , w ich

2 wi i 2 0 - . 0 . t is % ft de , and l es yds sou h east of and parallel to the a b b i ll E C s A i N. S . . h u s W . Vein , and the g Vein , which trends by , ll from west of Dummah Head , past the Blue Be Inn at North D l t ow i l di . S ainmore , to g , a stance of yds Cab b i sh t b ut The Vein for par of its course is a single vein , 900 u about yds . along the adit from the mine mo th it j oins the ’ M t e i Old an s Vein , lying to h south of it , and then spl ts into n two branches . Of these , that on the south is k own as the Parlour M ab b i Vein; and the one on the north as the ain or C sh Vein . i n o n Not far from the bifurcat o of the veins , another l de , know M as the Clay Vein , j oins the ain Vein ; it also carries barytes

7 - and has been worked back for about 0 yds . to the south east .

the About yds . along level from the adit mouth , both the Parlour Vein and Main Vein terminate against shale Which is

- i brought in by a cross fault . It is bel eved that this fault throws

- down the m easures to the north east . It forms the present Of i b ut w l limit the work ngs , hen the mine is reopened wil be M driven through from the lower level of the ain Vein . i 5 1 The Cab b sh or Main Vein above adit level was from to 0 ft . wide . It was most productive in the Great Limestone , but became constricted and barren as it passed i n to the cover of d ' Pa rl r 3 5 T e ou . san stones and shales . h Vein , from to ft wide , also produced some good barytes , and a little was obtained from “ M ’ k . lead wor ings in the Old an s Vein All these , with the a exception of arches or cranches , are exhausted above dit level

- a between the adit mouth and the cross f ult .

li n in Near the sp t , at the junction of the Clay Vei with the ma s s lode , and also at the far end of the Parlour Vein , mall sump e e a k el v hav be n made , but the princip l wor ings b ow adit le el

- M n are by the cross fault at the far end of the ain Vei . Here 25 a a blind shaft has been sunk to a depth of ft . nd barytes stoped

c to - 5 d the tto ba k the south east over a len gth of 0 y s . At bo m 4 4 BARYT E S AND WITH ERIT E

li the vein averages 3 ft . of barytes enclosed in walls of solid me

‘ stone and shows no signs of deterioration .

- The adi t - level forms the main drain a n d the haulage way an of the mine , both water and barytes being raised to it by engine a t the top of the blind shaft referred to above . The mineral is hand - picked at the surface ; some of the lower for grades are sent away to the market the lithopone trade , 3 while better qualities are jigged , and carted miles to Brough , a t to be ground . The processes are similar to those employed L n a 2 VVa rc o u ehe d (p . Brough is % miles from p Station (N f Cab b i sh M e ni 1 906 o The output o ine , from the r ope ng in t 1 9 1 4 n 300 n , amounted to to s of lump barytes and to s * of ground barytes . The following figures represent the output in tons of ba rytes 1 1 92 from 3 1 st December 1 9 1 4 to 3 st December 0 . During that period about seven tons of dressed lead - ore was also obtained

Cru d e . 6 1 9 3 I l l 8 0 2 66 1 22

LON G FELL V ll r s L . r A Lon e a te td V a c o n ea r le . g F B y , , p , pp by

t on r Si uated the crest and weste n face of Long Fell , about

6 miles east of Appleby . — ~ - 1 M a s . 3 p One inch New Series Ordnance , ; Old Series

1 02 - 1 6 S E t . W . Ms . Geological , ; six inch Wes morland , N ,

of Unlike most the mines in this area , which are abandoned

re - lead mines worked for barytes , Long Fell is a new ven ture . n n Although barytes had long been know to occur , work was ot 1 9 1 4 commenced until about .

Several veins trend north - east across the Melmerby or Great ll . a un a ccom Scar Limestone They are ﬁssure veins , apparently i e an l an d d . p by faulting , are practical y vertical

The junction between the vein - mineral and the country - rock l of is sharp , but the wa ls the veins are frequently irregular , n ll causi g alternate nips and bunches . Occasiona y tiny Strings off are given from the vein . of Apart from some clay , muck , and occasional ribs lime

- ﬁ lli n l stone , the vein g consists entirely of barytes . No ca cite ,

ﬂuors ar - m e quartz , p or lead and zinc ores have been t with . Some green stains suggest the former presence of small specks o - f copper ores . 3 s The veins occupy a belt of country about 00 yd . wide E and are described under A to from north to south .

a ren tl n o m ll n w a s on e i n con n ect n w t t m n un t l 1 1 App y i i g d io i h his i e i 0 3 .

4 6 BARYT E S AND WITH E RIT E

out t he and ji gged the poor grade is picked , and the res , toget r i w th crushed A lum p is bleached . The A grade after drying passes through a pair of kibbling stones and two pairs of ﬁnishin g n of de sto es , all of French buhr . The product consists a high gra w white po der .

75 h - . The mi ll , which is driven by a p suction gas plant , n mi imises handling . The ﬁ nished barytes has to be carted about l —gmiles to Warcop Station (N r 20 the The output of the A g ade averages tons , and that Of

D grade about two tons , per week . h The veins have n ot been tested at dept . but there appear to be co nsiderable reserves within easy reach O f the crop .

The bottom of the limestone lies at least 1 00 ft . below the present n worki gs , and if the veins continue to that depth the reserves m ust b n ot e enormous . As these are dislocation veins but mineral n deposits occupying joints widened by solution , their conti uance i n the rocks below the limestone is improbable .

S C O R D ALE MINES .

- - Ga ls u ld n s Ne ca stle on T n e . rda le a r tes Ltd . S c o B y , , i B i i g , w y f t e 2 NE . o Situated near h head of Hilton Beck , % miles

5 E . Hilton and miles . of Appleby

M a s — 3 1 p One inch New Series Ordnance , ; Old Series

- Ms . 1 2 E 1 0 S . W. Geological 0 S ; six inch Westmorland , , Both barytes and witherite are found in the hillsides surround i S cordale ing the head waters of Hilton Beck , wh ch is known as

ﬁ ssure - b ut Beck above the village . They occur in veins In 1 92 1 o ll . m re habitua y , in ﬂats April barytes alone was

‘ w on m O ld n bei n g worked . It is fro two lead levels of the Hilto Mi n h li e the An ill a n d s e . T ese to north of Great g , on the outh

east side of the valley . Barytes occurs only in ﬂats . These b ed deposits constitute an irregular , pinched out at intervals , lying between the top of the Melmerby or Great Scar Limestone 2 6 s and the hazel , a bed of sandstone from to ft . in thicknes , which i ntervenes between that limestone and the overlyi n g

ll . 3 Whin Si They average ft . in thickness . and vary from 8 m a few in ches up to or 9 ft . They are ost productive when u ll li occ pying ho ows in the mestone . h t The spar is mostly igh grade platy white bary es , though

- in places it is superﬁcially iron stained . Translucent crystalline m ” Al f or . o asses also occur , usually in clay muck though a high grade this variety is rather more di fﬁcult to grind . Bl ck * h n barytes is not uncommon in some of t e worki gs .

Th s a r et r n s a lm ost h te o r er a le re Th e c olour - a n s i v i y g i d w i , v y p g y . b d sh o a ron oun ce z on a l a rra n em en t a n d m i c rosco i c e x a m n a t on s h o s t a t w p d g , p i i w h the u s a ea ra n ce i s due a rtl to n n um era le t n u les n tota l d ky pp p y i b i y b bb , givi g reﬂec t on a n d a rtl to m n ute s c ula r ro th s o f r tes in c on tra s t wt th e i , p y i pi g w py i , i h of the a r tes o f S ro s re h c h i e m bl ac k b y h p hi w i s b lieved to b e du e t o bitu en . WE S TM ORLAND 4 7

i s Fluorspar , though not found in commercial quantities , fai rly com mon and generally occurs in loughs towards the top of s the flats . Galena , in coarsely crystalline string , is frequently found at the jun ction with the enclosing strata ; it is sometimes l . i s enclosed in barytes Ca cite not common , and quartz , though k ll . c reported from other workings in this va ey , is absent Ro fragments in the flats include limestone and hazel , but Whin , l n has a though reported from the Amber Hill worki gs , not n been fou d at this locality . ll l n The Amber Hi workings , though said to sti l contai a of c u fair quantity barytes , are closed . The mineral oc rs in similar d eposits to those described above , and also in veins . In thickness 1 4 i both the flats and veins range from to ft . w th an average of

2 - about ft . The deposit has yielded some very high grade barytes . Flats are known to occur also on the south and east f M o for . faces ell Fell , but are not worked barytes In the upper o il part of the Great Scar Limestone , and bel w the Whin S l, witherite

- s was once got from a level near the old crushing mill . Baryte is said to have occurred nea r here in a vein a n d in ﬂats from 3 to 4 n . n h ft thick . The workings , low down in the limesto e ave bee long disused . a An ill The b rytes workings lie to the north of Great g , and are en tered by two of the old lead levels of the Hi lton or S corda le “ Mi n n D owska Lead ne . The level by that gill is k ow as the

D ow m 200 . or Scar Level , and the other , com encing about yds t o of i s the north , as the South Level . The system working a

n l - - or ki d Of pi lar and stall , the pillars as a rule being dead , pinched , d n d u a or n o . groun , little timber is req ired s a i s i d The p r roughly p cked and washe on a grate , and then

a 2 - c rted % miles to the grinding mill at Hilton . There it is again

- d a n d i n r . washe picked over a g . g ate into A and D grades a i the Fr gments passing through the grate are jigged , wh le over a t sizes , fter fur her picking , along with A grade lump , which is

a h . broken in a rotary crus er to approximately gin cubes , are sent all v to the bleacher . The sm s go to a second jig gi ing D grade

s r a n da s on e s ﬂuor a t . barytes , and chats , con isting mainly of p

- n of 4 s The bleachers consist of two lead li ed vats , each 5 ton i capacity , ﬁlled with spar and dilute vitriol , and heated by per o s rated team coils . Some hydrochloric acid is added if the barytes l S e is bad y stained . When bleached the par is washed ; dri d l a n i g b a llm ill on a kiln ; e ev ted to the milli g plant , cons stin of a with steel balls on Slotted plates ; and ultimately delivered s of 60 i of through a creen mesh per lineal inch , to two pa rs French

buhr stones .

i d 40 h - u Power for the plant is suppl e by a p . water t rbine ,

assisted when necessary by a gas engine . Most of the output consists of the exceedi ngly ﬁne white

- of i s w . ﬂour A grade . D grade a yello ish or greyish white powder

Formerly B and C or intermediate grades were also produced .

M . R The ﬁni shed material is carted to Appleb y ( . and N di 6 a stance of miles . 4 8 BARYTE S AND WITH E RIT E

The average output is about 20 tons a week ; with the large i the i di n t h u reserves in this mine , and in mme ate v ci i y , t is amo nt could be much increased . Records are kn own of galena workings in Scordale datin g 14 h m from the t century , but the barytes production is a co para ff i 1 89 6 i vel . t y new feature The ﬁrst O ic al record was in , when 70 tons of the carbonate were produced by the Scordale Mining n n t Compa y . This compa y continued to produce bary es on a i 665 1 902 1 906 small scale , the max mum being tons in , until , t the when the Brough Barytes Company ook over workings , 1 9 8 1 9 1 2 a n d raised the output to tons in 0 . Since the da le m Scor . ines have been worked by Barytes , Ltd

INE DUFT ON FELL M S . d l The mines lie to the south of High Scal Fel , and about

6 . E . N . 3 miles NE . of Dufton and miles N . of Appleby

M — - 3 1 I a s . n p One inch New Series Ordna ce , Old Series

- 1 2 5 E . s . 6 M . G 0 S E i W S . S IM eological , six nch estmorland , , , P

The mines were worked for galena by the London Lead Com e 1 8 80 u . pany abo t a century ago Th y were restarted about , Th when barytes was also mined . e average annual output 500 of was about tons barytes , the highest being tons in 1 8 9 7 1 8 86 . . The mines have been closed since A prospecting m n b e level is now being driven , and if successful the i es will reopened for lead and barytes . All Cloven dock the veins were worked for barytes , except the ’ in Vein . Dobson s Ve is a fault with a downthrow to the south 2 9 7 . . of of ft near Tarn Side , but decreasing to ft to the west

Great Rundale Tarn . In this vein , near Great Rundale Tarn , perfect casts of barium sulphate in carbon ate of li me have been * ’ ’

The . t . met wi h Hard Ark , Barrow s and Barrow s Sun ’ Veins are faults with small throws to the n orth . Ga scoign s and White Rake Veins have not been so extensively w orked as the others .

The Dufton veins range approximately east and west , and extend verticall y downwards in an irregular manner from the

b i - Li of strata just a ove the F ve Yard mestone , at the top the fell , through the interveni n g limestones a n d Whin Sill to the Melmerby

Scar Limestone . The richest deposits occurred near the surface , T n eb m i m and also in the y otto L estone . The workingsextend M m m hi down to the el erby Scar Li estone , but at t s horizon

- ore yield no lead and very little spar . With increasing depth the veins narrowed and the barytes became more brangled ,

i s - - d 85 0 . that , mixed with country rock , iron staine , L Mr . Bra m a ll b a rvtes Vincent j states that , in addition to ri occur ng in veins , was also found in ﬂats , and that the latter

J . G . ch l Pr G oo oc . Geol A s . s oc Vo l . 1 8 8 3 . 1 6 . d i d , , viii , , p 9 Th e M n n M a n ufa c tu re a n d U ses o f B a r te s i n t T g, , he Ne gh b o urh ood i i ” y i of A l e W es tm orla n T ra n s I M . n st i n E . . n . Vol x . l i 1 92 1 Pa rt I . pp by, d , g , , , ,

- 4 2 4 6. pp . WE S TM O RLAND 4 9

deposits were generally of the crystalline glassy variety . A

of [ crystal barytes , from Dufton Fell , weighing about one cwt . an d he believed to the largest ever recovered , is now deposited M m n . in the useum of Practical Geology , Jer y Street , London

Mr - . tw o Recently Bramall found a crystal , about thirds of a

. cwt , which he presented to the Manchester University Museum .

S ILVE R B AND IN M E . (Idle )

Situated about a mile north - west of Knock Fell and 7 miles north by east of Appleby .

M - - a s . 25 p One inch New Series Ordnance , ; Old Series 1 02 E — . . Ms 5 . E . N. Geological , N ; six inch Westmorland , ,

This mine was worked for galena from the beginni ng of last century by the London Lead Company , but it has been abandoned for n ma y years . There are several vei ns running nearly east and west through Yore al the d e Series from the Great Limestone down wards . ilver a b The chief one is the S b n d Vein . This vein has een worked

- for lead ore to a depth of several hundred feet . It is said to 1 6 n i vary from 0 to 0 ft . in thickness and to carry a co s derable li e amount of barytes . Several thousand tons of barytes in the m u extensive du ps , but unfort nately the bulk of the mineral from n this mi e is badly stained and only suitable for crude barytes .

Witherite and some pe lusi te and lim onite are also reported .

IDD IN M LE FELL M E . ( Idle )

. . Re n olds on E s . rou n ea r A le . J G y , q , B gh , pp by — d Mi dl - on Situate near d e Fell , Barras Stainmore , and about E four miles S . of Brough . — M - 3 1 s a s . p One inch New Series Ordnance , Old Serie

- / G 1 2 E 24 Z Ms . S s n N . W eological , 0 ; six inch We tmorla d , ,

This was the ﬁrst mine to raise barytes i n Westmorland . 1 5 It was opened in 8 8 and continued workin g for about ten years . The largest output was in 1 8 8 6 when 500 tons of spar were re

a ll n . corded , but not more than tons in were obtai ed The m ine was closed owing to the irregular occurrence of the

. s ﬂats The baryte occurs in a series of ﬂats , and also in a vein

li a i - ﬁl ng a vertical f ult , w th a small down throw , which traverses Y " the ore ale W . d . N . rocks The vein , coursing N to has Mouse ill e been traced from g Viaduct , n ar Barras Station , to the eastern slope of Middle Fell . It carries pure good class

In form a t on from Th e M n n M a n u fa cture a n d Uses o f B a r tes i n th e i i i g , , y ” Ne h o urho o o f A l e W estm o rla n b V n c en t B ra m a ll T ra n s . In st. ig b d p p by , d , y i . M in E n Vol l x i 4 2 . . . Pa rt I . . g , , , p 5 0 BARYT E S AND WITH E RIT E

r white barytes a n d a li ttle galena . The b arytes Often occu s

c t m . in translucent , rys alline asses Worki ngs both in the vein a n d the ﬂats are conﬁn ed to the m the x t M l Great Li estone in pro imi y of iddle Fel , and there are indi cations that the vei n carries white barytes still farther south .

B LE AW IC K .

(Idle

”< This mine lies on the east side of Ullswater a n d a little to the Bleawi ck Blowi ck . east of , locally

— - Ill - w 2 9 a s . Ne p One inch Series Ordnance , ; Old Series

1 1 - 1 2 E . E . 0 S N . Geological , ; six inch Westmorland , , P

i n t Pink barytes occurs a main vein wi h subsidiary strings , e w of in rocks of the Borrowdale S ries , hich are generally full i . a n d ra ct quartz strings The main vein runs east west , and is p a n d h cally vertical wherever exposed . It thi ckens t ins rather 1 n rapidly and usually has less than ft . of barytes and freque tly 2 3 . of only or in The mineral is pink colour , slightly darker t R hwai e n ut t . tha hat of , but otherwise similar

A S of - ore v hort level , reported to be in search copper , was dri en i s alon g the ve n into the hill . A small dump of baryte and deads still lies near the mouth .

GREEN S IDE MINE - r

reen s de n n Com a n n d n n r le r d Pe t . G i Mi i g p y , G i i g, i h

S t on l of i uated near Glenridding the eastern s opes Helvellyn , o s about miles west f the head of Ull water .

M - - a s . 2 9 Old p One inch New Series Ordnance , ; Series

1 0 1 E - 1 2 S n . . W . Geological , ; six i ch Westmorland , N , P

It is stated elsewherei that the veinstuff of the Greenside

i s ' chi eﬂ t Lode y quartz , but in some places bary es is pretty ” h abundant . T is appears to have been the case in some of the old workings now abandoned and inaccessible . The present w o a i rkings cont n little or no barytes .

K N IFE R TA N .

(Idle )

- Situated miles south east of Bowness . — M - a s . r 3 9 r p One inch New Series O dnance , ; Old Se ies

98 E - N. . n 3 7 E Ms Geological , ; six i ch Westmorland , N . . , .

M en t n i n io ed Th e Geo logy o f the No rth ern Pa rt o f th e E n glish La ke D M s tr c t em . Geol . S u re 1 8 76 . 5 9 . i i ( ) , , p F o r a eta l d s T d i ed e cription o f this m i ne s ee Specia l R eports on th e Mi n eral R esources of Grea t B r ta n Vol . x x T h e ea a n d Z th a e i i , ii , L d in c O res of e L k D str c t M en Gaol — . . S ure 1 92 1 . 14 i i ( ) , , pp 1 9 . In Th e G l eo ogy of th e North ern Pa rt of th e E n glish La ke D istrict

El em . Geol . S w an 1 8 76 5 4 ( ) , , p . . WES T M ORLAND 5 }

A vein of pi nk sulphate of baryta with a little galena has

been opened out by the roadside a quarter Of a mile south - west of Kn i pe Later on the works are said to ha ve been u b abandoned as nproﬁta le . The vein runs approximately east and west through Ba n n i sda le

. t 8 ft . Slates It varies in hickness up to , but the greater part is country - rock with stri ngs of galena and barytes and a little

quartz . A portion of the vein has been worked out from the crop where thin strings of barytes of poor quality are seen still adhering to the walls . i A level has been driven into the h llside from the open work , 6 and a shaft sunk to a depth of 0 ft . The d umps of this mi ne have been used for road metal for 20 . m e more than years They contain a small a ount of baryt s .

O T O O C UR R E N C E S O F T S IN T H E N I B D HER BARY E E GH OURHOO O F BROUGH .

IlI — - a s . I New e 3 1 p One nch Series Ordnanc , ; Old Series 1 02 E S . Geological ,

On Stainmore Common and along the main road from Mi ddlet on to Brough there are several old hushes and

i l - work ngs along six or more ead bearing veins . These veins , which traverse the Carboniferous Limestone Series from the — - l l north east to south west , are believed oca ly to be a continuation L a n of those Of un ehe d Mine (p . the vein seen ear Shot Moss and to the north of Sea vy Rigg Farm is i dentiﬁ ed with the

Old Sun Vein of that mine . Barytes from the numerous dumps and shallow open —workings i di M has been collected and carted to Brough for gr n ng . uch n i of it is of high q uality and n eeds o washing or bleach ng . The si x veins yielding this min eral lie between Hillbeck High Fell n of on the north a n d Swi n da le Head House o the south . Some them have been traced as far as Hillbeck‘ Hall within a m ile f u o Bro gh .

5 - O K SH I E . Y R R .

E NE O NT G RAL ACC U . Barytes has been worked i n Yorkshire on a small scale for 4 Lun h a d upwards of 0 years . The e e and the Greenhough (Plate nl IV) are the o y active mines .

The - veins are all in the north western part of the county , the best of them being in the Carboniferous rocks of the Pennine n h he i n Chai . T ey probably belong to t same extensive m eral Lun ehea d province as those in Westmorland and Durham . At

i m for . the ve ns , for erly worked galena , are numerous The

T h e Geo lo o f the ou n tr a ro un K e n a l S e er h B o w n ess a n d gy C y d d , db g , , T M e Geo e a m l . S ure 1 8 8 8 . 1 8 . b y ( ) , , p 5 2 BARYTES . AND WITH E RIT E

s l w are i r s i s of workin gs , still hal o , eas ly d ained , and the par oo so ca n r l g d quality , that the mines be w ought successfu ly r c a a i n spite of the 9 miles of road transit equired to rea h the r ilw y . m O e ﬂ s At Greenhough , the barytes is ainly btain d from at in n the Carbon iferous Limesto e . The only part of Yorkshire holding good reserves is the O ld

- n in lea d mini g centre situated Upper Swaledale , which has poor railway facilities.

E TAI S O F MINE S D L .

LUNE HE AD INE S M .

m rl a n d A l e est o . Re n oldson E s . rou n ear J . G . y , q , B gh , pp by , W

E a n d a The mines li e six miles N . of Brough bout eight miles

of Mi . S W . ddleton , on the main road between the two places

— - 3 1 Old M a s . p One inch New Series Ordnance , ; Series

- 1 2 E . 0 S E 3 S . . Geological , ; six inch Yorkshire , P

Thi s mining ﬁeld is of considerable antiquity as evi denced by the numerous shallow worki ngs and old It was h n for li of l wroug t exte sively galena in the ear er part ast century , b ut n l barytes , bei g then unsa eable , was either left in the mine s or thrown on the dumps . The commercial production of baryte a Lun ehea d 35 t commenced about years ago , since when the

output has been fairly large and continuous . The Lun ehea d veins a re in faults of small throw and high

n n i - - e i cli at on , ranging from north east to south w st through the d l n Yore a e Beds about the horizon of the Great Limesto e . two They occur in a belt , nearly half a mile wide and over miles : l long , in the following order from north to south Wens ey , ’ d Or or Na ck or e Ban Reid s , Old Swan y , White Glassy , Littl t u n d 1 i n W a . . hite , Nor h and So th Cavern , No Veins In addit o d e . or s a n th re are several strings All carry more less baryte , of some contain pockets witherite . W The ensley Vein has yielded galena rather than barytes , so n of that a descriptio it is here unnecessary . i ’ d Re d s Vein , with a small throw to the south , has been worke

in what is known as the Back Level . In breadth it proved a i l on e v r ab e , but probably averaged three feet . In place , after v n off n to n n gi i g stri gs the orth , it is completely ipped , but i picks up aga n farther west . The north cheek is covered with u douk which at times causes tro ble . It contains some good h barytes whic occurs in pockets .

The or Na ck i - re Old Sun , y Ve n , formerly worked for lead o

on of - l l the west side the horse eve , carries a good deal of barytes . The m ain barytes workings are to the east of the horse “ H us n w hi g a s a n a n c ien t m eth o d of l oca tin g a n d workin g vein s by deﬂect n w a tercou rses i n th e c n t o f lo es h f e n g d , t e ull t u s orm ed b i ” vi i i y g y h i g n wn h o a s a us . O . the W el sh k h f c h us ed a s a preﬁ x a t the O ld Min era M n es, a n d referr n to a ull out el o a reser o r fo r a sh n o re i i g g y b w v i w i g .

5 4 BARYT ES AN D WITH E RIT E

The barytes is carted to Warcop Station (N a di sta nce

» of 9 miles . m of e ni Lun ehea d From the com encement baryt s mi ng at , 1 8 98 about 35 years ago until , the annual output ranged from 0 3 1 st 1 9 1 4 3 1 st 400 to 5 0 tons . From December to December in 1 9 20 the output i s given below tons .

roun d G . 92 9

9 8 4

The average production of lead - O re during the same period m am ounted to 1 2 tons per annu . Na ck ro There are large reserves ; the y Vein , the greatest p o di du er , is showing well on the east between the surface and a t level ; some of the sm aller veins are almost untouched and none shows signs of deterioration in depth .

SK E LE R O N MINES . (Idle ) * - m 1 m of . Situated ile south east Ri ington , near Clitheroe — M a - 68 s . p One inch New Series Ordnance , ; Old Series

- 1 8 Ms . 2 3 . W . 9 W . S . Geological , ; six inch Yorkshire , N ,

AS n i are di show by the old work ngs , there at least six stinct 1 0 ° 5 ° N 3 . veins which range between N . W . and W . , with the 1 ° E 0 . on e a . exception of which r nges N , roughly parallel to a

- great fault running through Rimington . The country rock is

C ni o t - e arbo ferous Limest ne with associa ed chert b ds , but near the s the m m vein rock beco es dolomitic , and is known as Dun Li e stone . The veins contain argentiferous galena , barytes , calamine , ﬂuors ar Th li . e calcite , and a ttle p and dolomite vein most w t 6 6 ft t recently worked vari es in id h from in . to . , but li tle is thi n M known regardi ng the ck ess of the others . uch of the barytes appears to be a good whi te platy variety with i ron - staining the t along joints ; it was sold as second quali y material . The

- or lead e contains a fair amount of silver . The oldest worki ngs were conducted entirely from shafts sunk l t on m from the surface , but a er workings were carried fro a level

dr heck old m - which was iven from the near the s elting house . In the old days the m ine was worked for lead and silver and the rest t t the m 1 8 80 of the ma erial hrown on du ps , but about barytes was t of m un m also dealt wi h , which a fair a o t still remains in the du p . n m t m t m m Si ce then so e at e p has been ade to work cala ine . The to of barytes was washed , cobbed , and scrubbed get rid

the t of - i some of coa ing iron ox de , and was apparently then sold to t t t the manufac urers for fur her trea ment .

Th e Geolo o f the B urn l o lﬁ l M e a e em . Geo l . S urve ) 1 8 7 5 . 1 73 . gy y C d ( y , , p YO R K S H IR E 5 5

All material was taken by cart to ' Ri m i n gton Station on the M t of ut 2 idland Railway , a dis ance abo miles . The m ines were much worked in the reign of Queen Elizabeth

l Pudsa of t - i n - by Wil iam y, Lord Bol on Bowland . An attempt m t m u 1 830 h i was ade to reopen he abo t w en the level was dr ven , t m 1 8 67—8 but apparently wi hout uch success . Still later , about , t a t ex ec a shaf was sunk in ﬁeld east of Stopper Lane , wi h the p ta ti on i to of reach ng the lode , but it was begun o far to the east i m 1 8 80 and ran ent rely through icaceous clayey shale . About i e the mine was worked for barytes , and s nce that time has b en w hi an d orked for brief periods at long intervals , c eﬂy for barytes n calami e .

S S IN GT N IN S GRA O M E . Idl ( e. )

on s n M - ea of Situated Gras ington and Hebde oors , north st a Gr ssington .

M a - - 1n h s . c n 6 1 p One New Series Ord ance , Old Series V 92 E - 1 4 N. . 3 E Ms . V . N. . Geological , ; six inch Yorkshire , N . , ,

There a re numerous veins in this area varying in di rection

- from north west to west . They have generally been formed ff of Mi along faults , which a ect the lower portions the llstone

Grit , and the Carboniferous Limestone . They were extensively mi 4 0 50 ned for lead about or years ago . Some of the shafts are

fairly deep b ut are now ﬂooded ; surface - workings and shallow the t pits have been sunk on veins at in ervals of a few yards . In B cli ffe the B cli ffe M the y Vein , formerly worked at y ine , thi s a which is the most northerly of s series , barytes appear to h ve

m - i been the do inant vein m neral . Apparently there are large en t t of t op cavi ies in the veins , for a small amoun s alagmitic and t i u b ut ﬂuors a r ra cti stalacti ic calc te is present on the d mps , p is p d m b s . cally a ent In the dea du ps barytes is seen in grit , in t i r t t t on the s r ngs a her hicker han elsewhere moor , and it forms the

* ﬁ n dum s rob a b l - t i t b ulk of the er p (p y jig ailings) . It is fa rly whi e

- though slightly iron stained and not hard . It contains little galena , but is occasionally stained green , probably from the

- presence of copper ore . M ﬂuors ar In the southern veins of the oor proper , p and

i . barytes occur in places only , and then in thin str ngs The ﬂuorspar is pale yellow to colo urless and forms the greater part

- M M the of a small jig dump of the oss ine , though in southern m h ﬂuors ar veins of this ine there is more barytes t an p .

Ya rn b ur m - At y , about a ile north east of Grassington , in the

- ﬂuors ar south west vein , barytes is local and there is little p , but on the north - east vein both minerals are m ore com mon in the Theﬁ uors a r of . form thin strings , but not in workable quantities p l l is amber yel ow in colour , and of good qua ity , while the barytes is dirty white but otherwise sim ilar to that of the other veins . Some dumps of finer material from the jigs c arry fair quantities si of both minerals but are n ot exten ve . 5 6 BARYT E S ‘ AND WITH ERIT E

P S C AM AS TU RE . (A b a n don ed lead K Situated about a mile north of ettlewell .

llf a s — - 5 0 p . One inch New Series Ordnance , ; Old Series

- 8 E 9 . . S . W . 97 S . i Geological , ; six nch Yorkshire , , P There are several vei ns here in the strata immediately above m a n d below the top of the Great Scar Li estone . They range E E S . . S . S . . . W . N . N . W . and N by and , but there are also several M almost east and west lodes . any are simple ﬁssures running

- or through dolomitic dun limestone , and , together with fi rs r n uo a . blocks of this rock , contai galena , calcite , p and barytes fluors ar n On the east , p appears to have bee the commonest spar , d along wi th a little barytes . Towards the mid le of the course , ca i lcite in peculiar spheri cal masses , w th concentric and radiating fluors ar structure , becomes rather abundant , and there is less p , t while there is a little bary es also , as on the east . On the west fluors ar n ot r p is not abundant , calcite common , and barytes occu s nl o y in thin strings in the dun limestone , which as elsewhere

- forms the bul k of the vein ﬁ lli n g. None of the barytes i s of good quality ; it i s dirty white in

colour a nd mixed with limestone . ﬂuors ar ur The p is mostly pale yellow or almost colo less , with of occasionally a little of the purple variety . Some the tailings , of ﬂuors ar probably from jigs , contain a fair proportion p , but m the dumps are s all .

There are numerous shallow shafts , sunk at short intervals , ” on i on Starb ottom directly the ve ns , but except the west , near , on m operations appear to have been a s all scale . The big vein , Starb ottom near , has been worked partly from the crop and partly from shafts and an adi t driven into the hill side about a

thi rd of a mile south of the vil la ge . Little is known of the hist ory of these m ines ; they have not

been worked for many years .

IDDLE S AND H AW K S W I K M o M MOOR C o a .

(Ab an don ed lea d m i n es . ) t K ' ff Situated be ween ettlewell and Arncli e .

M — - a s . 5 0 p One inch New Series Ordnance , ; Old Series

9 7 - S . W . 1 1 5 E N . Geological, ; six inch Yorkshire , . . , P

The veins of thi s area keep to the same horizon as those of a m t e H dr C . . ar aw Pastures , , the Scar and the top part of the

Great Scar Limestones , and run through simi lar courses of . dun l i mestone . At the north end of Mi ddl esmoor there are three

- — t on Ha wks ck M eas and west veins , but wi oor and the south side of Middlesm oor there are numerous veins run ning east and

- - west , north and south , and north west to south east .

T he Geolo of the C ou n tr a roun In le orou M e Geol S um gy y d g b gh ( m . ) ,

1 8 90 . 8 5 8 6. , pp , YO R K S HIR E 5 7

Just south of Moor En d the ground has been extensively

- - turned over on the three east and west veins , but in all cases

- ﬁlli n . the bulk of the vein g, to judge from the dump , is rock Such ﬂuorspar as is present is the pale yellow or colourless variety of similar to that Cam Pastures . Barytes is rather more abundant 8 than at Cam Pastures , and one string is in places about in .

. of thick A good deal of it is white and fair quality , but it does not appear to be in sufﬁ cient quantity to be worth working .

The jig - tailings consist largely of limestone and sandstone ru h n s c s i g . On the network of veins on the west of the moor there are of numerous old workings , and some the dumps contain more barytes than do those on the east . Some of these mines were i n operation between 30 and 4 a 0 years go .

R AY GILL IN M E .

c E L h rsda le n on le . P . S n er C e s . ot e o . W p , q , , y 4 Situated 2 miles NE . of Coln e .

M — - 68 a s . p One inch New Series Ordnance , ; Old Series

- 2 1 8 4 E . 9 N. . S . W . Geological ; six inch Yorkshire , , P

There are three veins and numerous strings of barytes In the ni R a i ll Carbo ferous Limestone in the yg Delf . The veins have t not been mined for some years , but barytes from the s rings is i obtained ncidentally in quarrying the limestone . The two 1 0 . principal veins , about 0 yds apart , run almost east and west , l paral el to a fault with a considerable throw to the south , which runs past R aygill Clough from Surgill Rough to between Green D a ows w . n t e Hill and h Delf These two vei s hade to h south , and have a thickness varying from a few inches in the pinches , ”

6 . n up to ft in the swells , with probably an average thick ess

2 - of ft . The third vein , which is thinner , is a cross course between the two parallel veins a n d ranges roughly north - east by south Vi ci n i t west . In the v of the veins the limestone is unsuitable for i quarry ng p urposes . i ron stai ni n The barytes is mostly white , with g along the

ﬁ - . n e cracks Some of it is platy , and some is a grained chalky ”

k . d a n d looking variety known as caul Calcite is abun ant , n some ﬂuor was noticed in strings . One thin string contai s

di . alogite , the carbonate of manganese n n of The orthern vein , with a horizontal exte t about a quarter of ll a mile , was at one time fo owed underground to a depth of 2 i 00 ft . The other veins have been worked chieﬂy n conjunction with quarrying for limestone . 1 8 80 The barytes mine , about , produced tons per k r . a e an d t annum The wor ings now ﬂooded , large quan ities of overburden from the quarry have been tipped into them . The barytes obtained from the strings in the quarry does n ot 1 or 2 an d amount to above tons per annum at the outside , BARYT E S AND WITH E RIT E

d i m m practically non e has been sol for some t e . The ineral is e n ot treated in any way b efore sal .

C L D IN ON ONLEY EA M E .

3 u - Situated at Weasel Green , miles so th west of Skipton .

— - 69 M a s . p One inch New Series Ordnance , ; Old Series

2 - 1 8 4 1 9 E E . 8 5 N. . W . . S N. Geological , six inch Yorkshire , , P , P

- At Cononley a fault , with a general north westerly and south M easterly trend in the lower beds of the illstone Grit , is , for part M o . n o f its course , a mineral vein It extends from Cono ley o r e u M through Low r Weasel Green and across Gl sburn oor , but l the on y working of importance was that of Weasel Green , known M ” as the Cononley Lead ine . This mine ceased operations as t for a lead mine about ﬁf y years ago , but the dump was worked 3 4 a short time for barytes between 0 and 0 years ago . The dumps are fairly extensive and contain a good deal of the barytes , which appears to have been chief and almost the

- w only vein stone , although some itherite and calcite are said to

- have been found . The barytes is mostly the iron stained , white , tender and platy variety , sometimes slightly pink .

I IN IN V RG M E .

Idle ( .

— - 4 1 M a s . p One inch New Series Ordnance , ; Old Series — i 9 7 E 5 2 Ms . . . W . . S Geolog cal , N ; six inch Yorkshire , ,

Although ore - mining was carried on for many years in M Wensleydale , the Virgin ine seems to have been the only com m erci a l barium producer ; in the Home Ofﬁce Report on “ ” 1 8 8 7 M M & c . ines , , for , Virgin oss was stated to have produced 8 tons of bari um carbonate in the year ; the mine 1 8 8 9 1 8 90 b ut . was also listed in and , no returns were given “ The vein , which is known as the Virgin String , runs for

1 1 ll ~ 33; miles in a N . W . direction across the fe top . The mine di l 3 mouth , rectly on the vein , is sti l open ; it is situated miles 3 ° m 0 . . W . N from Red ire Throughout the course of the vein (which was a producer of

old s - galena) there are numbers of shafts , and on the wa te heaps barytes occurs in quantities ; but it is of a pronounced brown t li 1 3 . colour , and is crys al sed in layers only 2 to in thick .

At the mouth of Virgin Level , fragments of witherite are to on — a be seen the waste heaps , intergrown with ﬁbrous b rytes and

- calcite , the latter in large well grown crystals . In a corner of the old loadi ng sheds there lie one or two tons of dressed car

- bonate ; it has , as usual , a translucent yellowish green colour u and radiate internal struct re , and appears to be of ﬁne quality .

oca ll a n d a l so on the O r n a n ce S u r e m a s th e n a m e i s ven a s L y, d v y p , gi ” r i Mm Vi g n e . Y O RK SH IRE 5 9

v n The witherite is said to ha e bee found , not in the vein proper ,

l 200 . but in a ﬂat in the imestone , about yds in from the

- 2 h 1 5 3 . mine mouth . This ﬂat was ft . wide and to ft igh , the carbona te lying in a solid body . Little was left when the of wa s workings were abandoned , and none any account ever got in the vein itself .

C T S C G A HOLE LOU H . d ( I le.

t s n M l Si uated in Catholes Clough , oppo ite Robi il on Burnley 1 Road , 5 miles from Todmorden .

M a s — - 7 6 p . One inch New Series Ordnance , ; Old Series

- 22 s . 8 8 9 . N. W M . W . Geological , N ; six inch Yorkshire , ,

E Thi s vein is connected with a N. W . and S . fault which brings the Third Grit on the south - west against the Ki nder Grit

- I 3 1 8 . t . t o on the nor h east is said to have been fr m to in thick ,

- i and to contain galena and copper pyr tes , with barytes as the

- chief gangue mineral in addition to a little calcite .

- Half a mile up the clough , a drift , three quarters of a mile in length , was driven for the vein , which was worked originally * fer . lead , and also for a short time at a later date for barytes of A small heap of barytes lies at the bottom , the clough near the supposed position of the level . The spot is known locally as

the old lead mine .

S WALE DALE

Al ong the northern slopes of Swaledale certain members of the intricate network of galena - beari ng veins on Melbecks and M i Reeth oors have a gangue of barytes , sometimes accompan ed or by witherite , but there has been practically no commercial p 1 4 20 duction of these spars . The mines are to miles from the nearest railway , at Richmond .

- t e There are , along the same vein complex , hree mining centr s ,

ll h l - a of whi c were formerly active producers of ead ore . They M are reached from uker , Gunnerside and Reeth respectively .

IS T I T MUKER D R C .

wi n n er ill M 2 M The old S g Lead ines are miles N . of uker ; l E here were worked a set of parallel and coa escing . and W . veins , K which have been followed westwards past eld , a distance of 2 miles through Yored ale rocks eastwards they traverse Mill

i t i n w - stone Gr t s rata , which they ere non productive . These veins are thought to be the westerly branches of the Old Rake t n Vein , so ex ensively worked at Old Ga g and Surrender .

Ja m es Kerr Lea M n n i n th e D st r c ts o f S ta n s fi el H ol m es a el , d i i g i i d , Ch p , ' R ossen da le a n d rea t H a m l r n G e n i n N . Y r s a n d N E . L n s T a s o . W o . a e , b d k , JlI n e a ch . G ol . S ea Vol . x 1 5 8 76 . 3 5 . , iii , , p 60 T ES AND ITH E ITE BARY , W R

A wi n n er ill the M t t S g North , iddle and Sou h Branches were

. mined , being connected by levels The gangue was mainly calcite , with some barytes ; galena , mostly came from the centre

ﬂ rs ar - i n of the vein ; uo p , cerussite and zinc blende also occurred the a re small quantity . In pockets in limestone walls there di of i e occasional bo es w therite , but whether this is in payabl quantities is n o t known .

S ID IS T GUN NER E D RIC T .

The Fri a rfold Vein seems to be the most promising for barytes in Swaledale . This is especially the case between Surrender m - e of ine shafts and the valley of Gunnerside Beck , a distanc 2 of a ni miles . The vein intersects the highest beds the C rbo ferous E di m e E . N. . e Li eston Series in an rection , and for the entir

f r - n distance has been extensively mined o lead ore . Judgi g from

n of - l the ature the great spoil heaps the gangue , as is stated local y, must have consisted wholly of barytes . li The vein was s t only along the centre for galena , and as little barytes as possible brought to the surface ; it seems likely therefore that large quanti ties of barytes are stored in the old workings . Fri a rfold i n The barytes from the Vein is part white , trans lucent and pure . The commonest samples are opaque white masses with a slight blui sh or pin kish tinge ; in others the pinki sh tinge is strongly marked . Some have a black and opaque n appeara ce which is presumably due to carbonaceous matte r .

R T I T I T EE H D S R C .

This is the only part of Swaledale where barium spars have m m u been produced co ercially , and the amo nt seems to have been l f . M extremely smal In the Home O ﬁce Report on ines , 1 8 92 M 1 2 for , Old Gang ine is stated to have produced tons of m di f . Mr o . carbonate bariu Accor ng to Cherry , the estate agent , t his carbonate came from a pocket in the Lucky Vein , a branch of the Old Rake ; and he states that the mineral was plentiful , ” r di 4 but rather dirty , occurring as i regular bo es up to ft . wide , di li and hol ng a ttle blende and galena in the centre . On the waste - heaps behind the sm elt m ill s specimens of pale yellowish - green wi therite can still be picked up in abundance ; or o it usually grows on , is interleaved with , thin bands f more hi di or less granular barytes , w ch can rea ly be detached .

On the other side of the stream , opposite the smelt mills , the old - S i n waste heaps how layers rich barytes , generally of a rather low grade , pinkish , and streaked with grey matter . Mr . Cherry h r believes this comes from eit er the Old Rake , North Rake , o Fri arfold of Veins , all which contain barytes in bodies occasionally m 6 as uch as ft . across . m of m Half a ile west the Old Gang smelt ills , on the waste of heaps at the mouth Victoria Level , there are quantities of a

h - translucent w ite or very pale yellowish green mineral , with

6 2 BARYT E S AND WITH E RIT E

whole of the lim estone m ass is highly mineralised . The principal veins lie along east - and - west ﬁssures and are locally known

- - l M . as Rake veins . any north and south veins , local y called r cross o gulph veins , intersect these , and both are most f productive at their points o intersection . The veins usually prove unproductive when followed from the lim estone to the grits and shales . Rich ﬂats also occur at several horizons in the

m . li estone , in association with the veins The barytes has so far com e from ﬂats in Nursery Knot

Plantation to the north of Dry Gill . Fluorspar and calcite also 2 ° of 1 . occur . The dip the limestone and the ﬂats is about N — The workings extend in an east and - west direction for about 00 3 . half a mile , and northwards for about yds 35 The veins have recently only been worked to a depth of fms . ld i 2 o 7 . from the surface . The work ngs extend to depths of fms m dr and show no sign of i poverishment . The levels have been ained

- v di by a day level , no pumping ha ing been required . Two sused shafts have been equi pped with steam windi ng - engi nes to fully old m m explore the workings , in which the for er iners stored away the barytes .

a n d i The barytes is white crystall ne , though occasionally — - i . iron sta ned The crude material was hand picked and washed , three grades being produced according to relati ve purity . From

n - the mine , alongside the Skipto Pateley Bridge main road , the material was conveyed by motor - wagons to Pateley Bridge station in Nidderdale over an excellent but hilly road . 1 9 1 8 400 o 1 9 1 9 5 30 In , t ns were mined ; in , tons ; while 1 920 1 50 l off due the in the output was tons , the fal ing being to f m lack o de and . Barytes is a predominant constituent of many of the dumps old m h of the ines in the neighbour ood of Greenhaugh . Large m i M quantities of it are found in the du ps of the Cock H ll , erry ﬁ eld , Providence , Prosperous , and Sunnyside lead mines in the Merr ﬁ eld l 1 2 l y val ey , which lies to mi es north of Greenhow Hill , 4 of and miles west Pateley Bridge . These mainly occur on an — east and - west vein extendi ng over a total di stance of 8 miles f M l rom Grassington oor to within a mi e of Pateley Bridge . The — of country rock consists grits , sandstones , and shales , of the Mi llstone Grit formation .

m i on M K The Per ian L mestone Forest oor , near naresborough , M r . has been noticed by G . V . Wilson to contain cavities ﬁlled Th with barytes , with occasional crystals of celestine . e largest of 1 di lumps barytes seen were about foot in ameter .

the M on At Lolly ine , the south bank of the Nidd , between R . amsgill and Lofthouse , witherite in radi atin g masses has been n d Mr . . for ote by Wilson The vein was worked lead , but the

witherite was collected and exported to Germany . LANCAS H IR E 63

- HI E 6 . LANCAS R .

E T I S r MINE S D A L o .

AN GLE Z AR K MOOR . (Ab a n don ed lead

on of s n Situated the east side the Liverpool Waterwork , ear

Chorley .

- - a M a s . 75 p One inch New Series Ordn nce , ; Old Series

8 - 8 9 E . h 7 . G . S . W . eological , N ; six inch Lancas ire , , P

There are two lodes one , on the north , along Black Brook , an is exposed in old sandstone quarry near White Coppice , and

- - the other runs north east and south west along the river Yarrow .

- Both are fault veins in the Millstone Grit . Near the surface the n - orthern vein carries lead ore only , mainly in the form of angle b k site . The southern vein has een exploited , but the wor ings are not extensive . In the numerous small dumps , galena , cerus l site , and anglesite were noticed along with a ittle blende and

- copper ore . Barytes and witherite occur , but there is probably less than a ton of barium minerals in the whole of the dump .

of - The barytes is fair quality , with slight iron staining , and not i hard ; it carries occasional streaks of lead . The wither te is c s of exceedingly good white , though it occasionally ontains pecks

n . blende . The mines have long been abando ed

D N GO O S H AW H ILL A D GR IE D E N .

- - d M a s . 75 l p One inch New Series Or nance , O d Series 8 9 NF . Geological , The occurrence of galena with some barytes at thes e locali ties L Mr K ern has been recorded by . James ]

D esc r e i n Th e G eol o o f th e B urn le oa lﬁ el M e m . G eol . S u ib d gy y C d ( m . ) 1 8 75 1 73 , p . . ‘ ea M n n i n th e D i st r c ts o f St a n sﬁ eld H olm es h a el R ossen da l e i L d i i g i , C p , , " l Y o r s re a d Gr a t H a m e en N . W n N E a n d e i n . . . a n c as h re T , ra n s b d k hi L i .

3 5 1 . . 1 Al n ch . G ol S oc l x 8 7 6 . a e . Vo . , iii , , p ”7 W A£ / 64 1 0 4. 6 (VJ 0 4 m ’ udes - ”i t ” M J L n 7 ?

CHAPTER III .

E E E E THE MIN S OF D RBYSHIR , SHROPSHIR AND E THE WELSH BORD R .

1 — E H I E S . . D RBY R

E NT GEN RAL ACCO U . to 1 9 1 4 m Prior , Derbyshire was a s all , though regular , 1 8 9 2 m u of . producer barytes In the output a o nted to tons , but for the eight years before 1 9 1 4 it had declined to less than

300 tons annually . From that year onwards the following are the quantities of barytes given as the output from m i nes and quarries ”< O u tpu t i n T on s 1 9 1 4 1 9 1 5 5 2 9 1 9 1 6 1 9 1 7 1 9 1 8 1 9 1 9

n o i ea of the These figures , however , give d actual amount i n of barytes got from Derbyshire during the years question , since much more was obtained by re - treating old lead m ini ng m dumps than by ini n g and quarrying . No estimate can be m ade of the am ount of barytes got in this way . ni The spar is confined to the Carbo ferous Limestone , and a ll occurs in veins , pockets , pipes and flats . In nearly the principal veins fluorspa r is confined to the part of the vein nearest the eastern m argin of the limestone - tract and is replaced by barytes inwards towards the central part of that tract , the barytes in turn giving place to calcite . The characters of Derby s hire barytes have already been referred to in the Introducti on s e ( e p . The crystalline va riety is known locally as boulder or ” i s l tush . The massive material cal ed caulk or cawk ” — i s lk possibly a corruption of chalk , as it quite cha y in For ni appearance . conve ence in description the terms boulder and caulk are used below . h The area (Plate V . ) in w ich barytes is found extends for a of 20 distance miles from Castleton to Wirksworth . Its maximum b 3 mi s n he readth is about les , but thi is exceptional . Si ce t grade of m t i s low d of r s the a erial , a etailed list the occur ence in such a out n nl n an extensive rea is of the questio , and o y the pri cipal i s c a local tie re eive ttention below .

ET I S O F MINE D A L .

BB AD W E LL R MOO .

M a a — - 99 Ser es p One inch New Series Ordnance , ; Old i

G 8 1 NE - 1 . 9 E 0 W . S S . eological , six inch Derbyshire , ; , Ord

“ ‘ M n es a n d ua rr es : Gen era l R e ort w th S ta t st cs H om e O ic e i Q i p i i i , ( ﬁ ,

P a rli a m en ta r P a ers a n n ua ll . y p ) , y

D ERBYS HIRE 65

In thi s area barytes occurs i n varying amounts in many of the veins .

° Di rtlow 3 5 The Rake , coursing W . S has been worked for

Ox low En d 3 . lead from Pindale to , a distance of miles Caulk has been got from the old dumps along almost the whole length of on ri n i t the vein , and the rakes and sc s which branch from P orta wa M M . through the Hazard , y and Old oor ines

M Di rtlow Near the Holland Twine ine the Rake , at a depth of 7 8 dl from to fms . , showed white and red barytes in the mid e of the vein , the sides being occupied by calcite . Below this the 40 barytes was less abundant and was absent at fms . Between the Porta wa y Mine and R owter Farm barytes occurs a s in sever l places in the form of concretionary and radiating ma ses , m of e m n associated with lu ps grey d composed li estone , in a brow m clay overlying li estone . Occurrences of this type have been R owter noted at a point just south of Farm , on the line of the 2 0 New Rake vein ; again some 0 yds . further south on the line of a small vein running parallel to the New Rake , and also just north of the Porta w a y Mine on a small vein which is a pprox i mately parallel to the New Rake . These occurrences are interesting as illustrating a type of deposit which has yielded l u i Mi of the ni e. . arge q antit es barytes in U ted States , g , ssouri , Ke of i n Tennessee and ntucky . The presence barytes , workable

n . h u d n qua tity i resid al clay derive from limesto e or dolomite , does not appear to have b een noticed elsewhere in Great Britain .

Both crystalli ne and massive forms occur . The shape of the masses frequently suggests that some solution and redeposition of barytes has taken place during the decomposition of the li mesto ne ; but even i n the veins there is often much botryoidal l material of a similar character . All the sma ler fragments in the cla l y seem to be angu ar . These masses have been worked occasionally on a small scale during the past few years by means of shallow open pits 1 0 m hi s up to ft . deep . So e pits are almost barren , w le other nl of m o y a few yards away yield large quantities ineral , as much a s 50 tons having been got from one of them . About a mile south of this locality the Cop Rake courses east and west between the Ox low Rake and the Moss Rake . It is

a n d to - ff rich in caulk , there seems be little other vein stu , but n ot it is being mined . M At the Hall ine , about half a mile south of Pindale , caulk ﬂuor 6 7 and were worked some or years ago . The caulk is of fai rly good quality a n d rather less di scoloured than is usual 1 8 w with this variety , but the vein was only about in . ide . The workings on Bradwell Moor are not well situated for or 4 a transport , as they are 3 miles from the railw y over poor roa ds with heavy inclines . 66 B ARYT E S AND WITH E RIT E

N MIDDLET O N MOO R AN D LON GS T O E E DGE .

— - 99 1 1 1 M ap s . One inch New Series Ordnance , and ; Old

- 1 6 W . E E S . S . . 8 1 N. . Series Geological , , ; six inch Derbyshire , ,

E . N . . 2 3 N. W . S E ; , , Ord

M u - of E m On Middleton oor , so th west yam , there are any ld n t o workings , chieﬂy alo g the Dirty Rake , which runs abou 2 ° 0 . W . S The mines have long been abandoned , but the old dumps are still worked for barytes . ’ South of the Cupola Mini ng and Milling Company s mill in M n iddleton Dale as many as ﬁve vei s , all containing barytes ,

- course south east . They cross the Dirty Rake nearly at right

1 20 - angles . A crosscut driven yds . south west into the hillside from just above the mill aims at cutting all ﬁve . The estim ated distances from the m outh of the crosscut at 1 200 i c u . . wh h the veins sho ld be intercepted are No , yds , caulk ; 4 w 2 3 5 0 . 300 . . No . , yds , caulk ; No , yds , boulder ith a little 4 5 0 5 0 . u k ds . . ca l , average width y ; No yds , boulder and caulk

5 650 ﬂuors a r . ﬂ a . uors r . with a little p ; No , yds , caulk and p The di stance from the surface at which the veins should be cut 60 is about yds . 3 di of An adit has been dri ven along No . for a stance about

1 5 m . 5 h . 0 . t e yds , proving vein to a depth of yds fro the surface 8 n Where proved this vein is about 7 or yds . wide and contai s

- r 1 00 h ll e . . practica y no lead o . This is about yds nort of where it w crosses the Dirty Rake . As it approaches the latter it narro s h out the n n ot down and nearly pinc es at junctio , but is shifted , and it widens out again on the other side . li The vein contains a large amount of crystal ne barytes , h m m t . c iefly pink to brown in colour , and there is uch cher So e of the barytes seem s to be moulded and grown on lumps of the h chert , and t is mixture fills the whole width of the vein . It is di a good deal scoloured by ferruginous mat ter . At this locality the crystalli ne barytes appears always to be E S . N. W . associated with chert , and to occur in the and veins , l E . whi e the caulk is principally found in the and W . Rake veins in which there is practically no chert . In all the veins there is m l flu rs a r some replace ent of the wal s by o p or barytes .

W dl the In the White Rake , about a mile east of ar ow , gangue m is mainly caulk , so e pure white , while other parts are deeply t stained wi h ferruginous matter . A little work has been done on m n the du ps alo g this vein . The master vein of the Longstone Edge tract is known as the High Rake and the Deep Rake respectively in its west and

. i ts of east ranges At eastern end , about three quarters a mile north of Great Longstone , fairly good barytes has been mined in 4 an open working on the vein , where ft . of solid barytes , chieﬂy b . wi f oulder with a little caulk , can be seen The whole dth o the n ot vein is exposed . Galena i s scattered in small bunches

68 BARYTE S A ND WITH ERITE

n m of M dl t . o S W . id e on It had been worked a very s all scale for som e years before 1 9 1 4 ; in 1 9 1 6 extensive developm ents were undertaken . two t There are shaf s , the Upper Golconda and the Golconda , the line from the on e to the other being along the axis of an N W anticline pitching . . The workings are very irregular owing r M to the occurrence of the o e in pipes and flats . uch development 6 i flat i is being done a t a depth of 0 f ns . on a large wh ch locally 60 attains a wi dth of over yds . There is a good deal of galena t fla . in the , especially in certain loose sandy patches In places m m m m t t uch he i orphite occurs , but it seldo is associa ed wi h t th m e . e gal na The caulk is intergrown wi h other inerals , and in t m . so e places wi h wad The principal gangue mineral , however , is calcite . The output Since 1 9 1 6 has averaged from 8 0 to 1 00 tons of 4 00 dressed barytes per week . The mine is only yds . from the

High Peak Mineral Railway . M E S . The Great Rake ine , half a mile of Brassington , has been worked for caulk during the past few years by the Great m M . Rake ining Co pany , Brassington

m - deﬁ n ed The ineral occurs in a well ﬁssure vein , the Great

Rake , which courses a little N . of W . and underlies S . A vertical t 1 5 f 300 . 7 t shaf ft deep cuts the vein at a depth of . , and the 4 0 h workings extend to a total depth of 0 ft . The c i ef gangue m mineral is calcite , and there is so e galena and wad . The vein 2 5 M of r varies in width from to ft . uch the caulk occu s in the m for of powder and grinds easily . Lon cli ff t on the i M Transport to g S ation , H gh Peak ineral

l » m Railway , is by l iles of poor road with very heavy inclines . The Westerhea d Mine near Lon gcli ff is about three quarters of m a mile N . of Brassington . It has been worked on a s all scale t e Co . . during the past hr e years by the Brassington Barytes , Ltd , the total output from the m ine am ounting to a little over 5 00 t ons . The mineral occurs in pockets and ﬂats at or near the t of m junc ion the dolo ite and the limestone . M m E M dl The Bradwell ines , half a ile . of id eton Cross , have b 1 9 1 5 E M i n Co . een worked since by the nglish Barytes and i ng ,

. i on on Ltd The work ngs are not the main Bradwell Vein , but

- E m S . . a cross vein running So e of the work was opencast , but a t the south end the vein was opened up by shafts to a depth f 7 o 0 . 3 5 n ft The vein , which is from to ft . wide , contai s both e crystallin barytes and caulk . The brown crystalli ne lump t 95 9 7 Ba . SO barytes , con aining from to per cent of 4 , was sold di t m to sinfec ant anufacturers . Between 1 9 1 5 and 1 920 there 5 0 was an average output of tons per week . In addition , about

‘ 5 0 of 8 0 tons per week small barytes , averaging per cent . of Ba SO m 4 , were ined .

CRIC H .

— - M a s . 1 25 p One inch New Series Ordnance and Geological, ;

S i x - i 34 S E 35 Ms n S . . ch Derbyshire , ; W . ,

SHROPSHIRE AND TH E WELSH B ORD E R 69

C m a t Wa keb ri d e In the arboniferous Li estone g , about a mile

W . . for fluors ar N of Crich , many veins have been worked p by the i m t of Co . r Derbyshire Fluorspar , Ltd . A va able a oun m th flu r a r t barytes has been picked out fro e o sp and sold . As sen 20 t fl ors a r u . away , it contains about per cen . p The barytes is chiefly a pinkish crystalline variety , but there is also a little caulk . of 1 1 —2 8 The output barytes during 9 9 0 averaged tons per week .

2 — . H O PS H I E AND T E E S R R H WE LSH B O RD R .

E NE O NT G RAL ACC U . The principal loca‘lities where barytes is worked in Shropshire and neighbourhood fall naturally into two districts , which of Sti er differ geologically, and are separated by the ridge the p stones . To the west of this ridge lies the old lead m ining region t a t — of Shelve , while to the eas is the b ry es ﬁeld of the north west

t Lon m n d - r m t por ion of the g y , where lead and zinc o es are al os unknown . (Plate VI . )

The Shelve area is occupied by Ordovician rocks . It is bounded on the east by Cambrian shales and the old rocks of L n d o m n t . the g y , and on the o her sides by the Silurian rocks

- M tton G of The principal ore bearing rocks are the y rits , Sti erston es u Arenig age , which are underlain by the p Q artzite , di e out and succeeded by the Hope Shales . The veins beyond M tt n the limits of the y o Grits . M tton n The y Grits are repeated by an anticline ear Shelve , m n and extend over the Gravels i i ng ﬁeld . It may be taken as a general rul e that veins rangi ng In an

- - d east and west irection carry barytes at the surface , and galena t hi wi h blende in depth , w le those with a northerly trend carry

t . less bary es but more galena at the surface , as well as in depth In the m ini ng region of the Lon gm yn d the rocks are chieﬂy i di coarse , red and purple sandstones w th subor nate , argillaceous and sandy shales of red and green colour . The veins range from

- t a little south of east to north east , and in hose which have

- m a north easterly trend the barytes is stained with ineral oil , h r t n es as in the i gh portions of some of the veins over the Stipe s o . The other veins carry a pink variety of barytes whi ch is

hi - ore never seen in the other Shrops re ﬁeld . Traces of copper occur , and copper glance has been worked at Westcott , near the Hu li th Mi Cotherc ott il g ne , and at H l , but the veins of this portion of the Lon gm yn d may be regarded as essentially barytes

n . veins , calcite and the other associated mi erals being rather rare R L . . N . . G . W Both di stricts are served by the . W and j oint m M n Sn ailb ea ch M line fro Shrewsbury to i sterley . The ine has — Mi a narrow gauge railway to the nsterley branch , and a similar line is being constructed for the Cotherc ott Company . The Shropshi re Mines Com pany has an aerial ropeway from the Bog Mine to Minsterley an d i s contempla ting the erec tion of an other ‘ 70 BARYTE S AND WITH E RIT E

M m m i s on e to serve the Hugli th a n dGatten ines . Fro the other ne the m ineral has to be transported over long distances by road .

Some of the barytes is sent away in the crude un ground state a t the m m t a fter washing and picking ines , but os of it is treated h t ff M and ground a t m ills in t e distric . The Cli Dale ill in the Mi the m Hope Valley , near nsterley , deals with barytes fro the m Weston Mines belonging to the Cli ff Dale Barytes Co pany . M on M The Hanwood ill , near Hanwood Station the insterley t the m t m m the branch , deals wi h a erial fro the ines belonging to M m Cothercott Shropshire ines Co pany , while the Company has * a m ill at the mine .

I F E D E TA LS O MIN S .

IN S T O F T H E T IPE R S T O N E S TH E M ES WE S .

O G IN B M E .

r n s Ltd n S ro s e e . sterle . h p hi Mi , , Mi y 4 i t E f M . . . f . . . o S S o Situated § miles S S W nsterley , a mile en n rl P e ey .

M a s — - n 1 65 p . One inch New Series Ord ance , ; Old Series

- - Ms 4 8 5 5 . 60 E Ms W . . W N. S S . Geological , ; six inch Salop , , , ,

The veins shown on the Old Series on e - inch Geological Ma p M are no longer worked . They are known as the ain Vein and the m North Vein , and ining operations , which extended to a depth

f f . o t on . , were concentrated mainly their junction a re 5 The workings drained to a depth of about 3 0 ft . by the

Boat Level . These veins do not carry barytes . The southern extension of the Boat Level into the Nipston e Sett opened up a number of veins of which the most important 6 h 9 . t e . i n N sto e . are the No , No , and the p Vein A h 9 t e . ll these are now included in Bog Sett , but only No has yielded barytes in commercial amount , and considerable u t t q an i ies of good white material have been obtained . In depth the barytes is somewhat contaminated with disseminated galena .

. 6 the No vein carries a small amount of barytes , while in Ni ston e i p Vein t is absent . f o N . 9 5 O v ft . The average width ein is , but in the main 1 2 i ° . n a s chute the barytes is over ft width . The vein h been 2 50 i t . proved for approximately along the strike , and the depth i 1 40 f t . 65 5 l . of work ng up to below the Boat Leve , and ft from the surface . old t or t he M The shaf , Bun ings Shaft , from which t ain and

North Veins were worked , has been reopened , by the present m the 55 3 ft . Co pany , down to Boat Level , a depth of , and a t ’ 4 5 new shaf , called Ramsden s Shaft , has been sunk 0 yds . further

Th m n n - a r a h e i i g e a s been m a pped a n d repo r ted u pon recen tly by

M r. T . E H a ll . . , for th e S hro sh re M n es Ltd W e a re rea tl C p i i , . g y n e te to th e D rec tors of th s c i d b d i i om pa n y for th e un res tric ted use o f hi s m a p a n d re ort, a n d for a ccess to n um erou s lan s a n d n o tes i n t he r sses s on p p i po i . SH RO PSH IRE 7 1

4 0 . south to work the southern veins . At 0 ft this reaches the B 8 00 m of . oat Level and a further sinking ft is in conte plation .

ore - M tton The bearing horizon is in the y Grits , and the v - - out eins , which have an east and west trend , die when followed b eyond the limits of the grits . e M di of 6 The mine is connect d to insterley , a stance miles , by aerial ropeway .

As a rule , the barytes is moderately soft and white with a

- granular structure . It is washed and hand picked at the mine , m l i the lump being separated from the s al er mater al . The latter is jigged and separated into ﬁne lump , sand and waste . The Mi lump is sent to Hanwood ll for grinding , and is sold as best white . This mill deals with practically all the barytes raised by an t the company at their various mines , but improved plan is b eing install ed /

AL C O T IN C M E .

(Idle. )

Cl a l r tes Com a n Ltd n terle . e a . s iff D B y p y , , Mi y

of Pri estweston s of The mine is situated half a mile east , we t orn d n Llan f C o Hill and north of awr . — M - 1 65 a s . p One inch New Series Ordnance , ; Old Series

- 4 s 6 5 E M . 0 S E N . . Geological , ; six inch Salop , ,

1 9 1 4 1 9 1 9 This mine commenced in , and was worked up to , but has been abandoned on account of water troubles ; it was M worked in conjun ction with the Weston ine (p .

E . E n The barytes vein courses N. . through slaty rocks of Are ig °

75 . age , and underlies north at about from the horizontal 7 8 of ft . The thickness of the vein is to , but this only about

5 i n on - li L . , lying the foot wall , is so d barytes , the rest being calcite with some bunches of barytes . t li The bary es is white , of good qua ty , and , with the exception l of a little iron , free from stains . Galena occurs in occasiona

S . pots and splashes , or more rarely in small bunches Traces of

- u . copper ores are rare , and q artz seldom occurs Calcot It is expected that the Lode , which lies to the south of the Weston Lode , will be cut by driving a crosscut from the new shaft at the Weston Mine .

I N IN N CK K OLLS M E .

( Idle. )

S ro s re n es Ltd n sterle h p hi Mi , Mi y 3 f l 3 S W . o Situated to the east of Hope Val ey , 5 miles M in sterley .

— - w 1 5 1 s M a s . Ne p One inch Series Ordnance , ; Old Serie

- 6 E 4 7 E Ms . N. . 0 N. . Geological , ; six inch Salop , ,

Between 1 8 72 and 1 8 76 the barytes returns from this mine a 6 were pproximately 0 tons per month . 7 2 BARYT E S A ND WITH ERIT E

The m ine wa s given up on account of the inﬂux of water from the Hope Valley Sett when the latter was closed .

- e M on or The country rock consists of th ytt Grits . The Big Nick Knolls Vein is the main lode ; it gives off branches on the

t n i n - n o K nor h , ru s a north easterly directio al ng Nick nolls and

- underlies steeply to the n orth west . f 300 The main shaft (on the south side o the vein) is about ft .

1 50 . deep , and is stated to have cut a good lode at ft 8 9 n n n or ft . The Big Vei attai s a thick ess of , but is frequently hi of pinched or twitched . It consists c eﬂy barytes , with

t a d . t some calci e n bunches of galena The bary es is white , of li t good qua ty , rather tender , but little s ained with iron , and M i norm ally not mixed with galena . anganese dioxide n the form of dendritic markings covers some of the j oints . The prin cipal offshoot from the Big Vein consists mainly of ” 5 2 6 . barytes about ft . thick , but a rib of sooty clay , or in m thick , for s the middle of the vein .

PE NNE R LE Y MIN E .

Idle ( . )

L n rl . S ro s re M n es td . ste e h p hi i , , Mi y 4 l . Mi n VV. of . Pe n er e S . S Situated at y, miles nsterley

— - 1 1 M a s . 5 s p One inch New Series Ordnance , ; Old Serie

- 4 8 Ms 60 S E n a S W . Geological , six i ch S lop ,

di ft . This sused lead mine was worked to a depth of , 4 00 and was drained to ft . by the Boat Level . n ni There are four important veins the Ryder , ru ng t l t e and hree other para lel veins close together , known as h Big the Ore , Warm Water and the Red Vein , which range about

E ) N. N. . h e Althoug the Ryder crosses the other veins , it do s off not appear to throw them their course , nor to be inﬂuenced

- by them . The veins hade to the north west , with the exception

of - M tton the Ryder , which hades south east , and traverse the y

Grits . The Ryder Vein is said to be underlain by a felspathic or a greenstone intrusion . The extensive dumps contain a considerable quantity of

n - zi c ore . Calcite appears to have been one of the chief spars ;

quartz is also present and frequently replaces the other minerals . b In recent years the dumps have been worked over for arytes , a n li h of d the ttle t at is left is remarkably ﬁne quality , being or either white almost transparent . There is also a little of the oi l dark variety , stained with mineral .

PE R K I N S R E A C H IN M E .

Sh ro s i re n es Ltd te l n s r e . p h Mi , Mi y

Perki n sb a tch 3 Mi Situated in , 3 miles south of nsterley . — a s - M . n 1 5 1 er es p One i ch New Series Ordnance , ; Old S i

e a 60 S E - 4 8 S . Ms W . . G ologic l , ; six inch Salop , ,

74 BARYT ES AND WITH ERIT E

- b u The mine ceased working for lead ore many years ago , t on m has been worked recently a s all scale for barytes . h There are two veins , the main vein ranging nort and south , and a cross vein east and west . The latter runs for a third of a mile from the Stiperston es Quartzite at the Rock through on Mytton Grits into the Hope Shales the west . It appears to

b e 2 3 . . to ft in width There is apparently a quantity of galena ,

- ff i n n ot only in the vein stu , but also strings and crystals scattered a b undantly in the quartzite near the vein and this fact , added h to the absence of true leaders through the pinc es , makes the l vein difﬁcult to fol ow . The little barytes in the dumps is i n lump mixed with i d . deads , but is of goo qual ty Some barytes sand is present — in the old lead washin gs . 1 20 On the side of the Rock a shaft ft . deep was sunk on the

a . m in vein , and has been worked for lead and barytes

R N D H I L IN OU L M E .

(Idle. )

Ltd . S ro s re n es n sterl e . h p hi Mi , , Mi y

Situated at the south end of Buxton Hill , a third of a mile Ta n kervi lle M an d 3 west of the ine , about 2 miles S W . of

Min sterley .

a — - 1 5 1 M p 8 . One inch New Series Ordnance , ; Old Series

- 4 8 M E . S . W . s . 60 S . Geological , ; six inch Salop , ,

n b ut The mine has been aba doned for many years , recently the dumps have been picked over . The mineral vein traverses the slaty rocks of Arenig age in

E . N . W . S . a di rection about by , and (as may be judged from the fragments on the dum ps) runs into the igneous mass which forms 6 7 Buxton Hill . It is said to be or ft . wide , and has a fairly steep westerly underlie .

The vein was worked from a shaft , situated near the cottages on the west side of the south end of Buxton Hill and north - west 1 3 . of . 0 n ow Round Hill It is said to be about yds deep , but is almost full of water .

The minerals include galena , blende , calcite and barytes , l of . T b a r with a ittle quartz and minute crystals pyrites he c ytes is good white , but largely mixed with calcite .

R O R R IN GT O N IN M E . Idl ( e. )

S ro s re n es Ltd n rl ste e . h p hi Mi , Mi y

R orri n ton f E . 1 Situated at g Hill Covert , hal a mile S 0 a d a R orri n ton n NE . of M g the same dist nce iddleton .

— - 1 5 1 M a 8 . p One inch New Series Ordnance , ; Old Series

- E . 4 60 S . 7 E s . M . G S . eological , ; six inch Salop , , S H RO PS H IRE 75

T to r here are said be three lodes unning east and west , which

- ore carry lead at the top of the hill and barytes in depth , thus r forming an exception to the general rule of the dist ict , that veins with an east and west trend carry barytes on top a n d galena and blende in depth . The main vein , underlies south , 7 is ft . thick , and carries barytes mixed with calcite . All the i n lodes are the Lower Llandeilo beds (Weston Group) . M The dumps contain a good deal of barytes and calcite . uch of the barytes appears to be good white spar , but inside is n stai ed green . Some of it contains crystals and nests of galena . This mine produced 3 4 7 tons of barytes between the years 1 8 8 9 1 8 93 and . It was reopened by the present company in 1 9 1 9 July . The deep adit level and two old shafts were opened

1 6 . up and a little stoping done , producing tons of barytes The 1 920 mine was closed again in July .

SNAILB E A C H IN M E .

’ H a l a n s Ltd E n n eer f c Rua on s O e . v , gi ﬁ , b 1 Situated 2 miles south of Minsterley . — M a s - . On e 1 5 1 r s p inch New Series Ordnance , ; Old Se ie

6 E - 0 4 8 Ms . . . W . Geological , N ; six inch Salop , N . ,

- The veins were originally worked for lead ore . A pig of lead , s M hi now pre erved in the British useum , was discovered here w ch r E A D 1 1 7 bea s the inscription of the mperor Hadrian ( . . 1 7 s 90 . Plan of mines at this locality , dated , are in existence At 1 2 1 3 an earlier date , probably the th and th centuries , the

old men must have been at work , for many of their workings w hi have been met ith w le opening up for barytes , and much lead ore was obtained . Up to a few years ago , galena and blende were worked as well as barytes , and the vein was then proved to 5 52 a depth of yds . below the surface . Barytes has been got in m th 2 so e quantity during e last 0 years . The lode is being worked on a small scale from the Perkins di Level at the top end of the ngle . Rises are put up from the level and the ground stoped out partly by hand and partly by

- blasting , but no rock drills are in operation . The material is sent down shoots to the level and trammed out to the picking

4 - d ﬂoor . The deepest work is now on the 0 y . level . The main vein runs practically east and west through the M tt n kn 8 ut o ft . b y Beds . The average thic ess is about , the l ” vein is subject to swel s and pinches or twitches . In the of 40 ft former it sometimes attains a width nearly . , and in the 2 2 lowest workings was frequently ft . across . This main lode is known as the Sn ailb ea ch Vein and is underlain by a smaller or back vein , which is seen to the north of Tom Shaft ’ 4 of old 3 . in one the men s workings . This vein is from to ft h an d ni Sn ailb ea ch t ick , and sometimes cuts across u tes with the

G h c oun tr a roun d H . M or e n s of e . ton Th Geol o a n d M n era l e t , gy i V i y ” l S ro s re L 1 8 68 - e e 9 . S . P roc . i ver ool eol S oc . G . h v , h p hi p , 7 6 BARYT ES AND WITH ERIT E

the the Vein , as in workings near Tom Shaft and in the Perkins the to Level . Here junction gives rise the exceptional thickness ° Sn a ilb ea ch 60 . S . m entioned above The Vein dips about , but a t the surface near the Tom Shaft it is alm ost vertical and h t 4 0 4 continues so in t e shaft for abou yds . Between the 0 and “ ” - d levels the m i n 8 . 0 y back vein is believed to co e , and the m ain vein ﬂattens considerably .

the - ff b ut The bulk of vein stu is barytes , strings and pockets t t of wi heri e and calcite occur along with galena , blende and t traces of copper pyrites and iron pyri es . The witherite occurs in m h t b ut i s t spherical asses wit a radiate s ructure , it not abundan .

20 t . Recently , ons were sold u i s d m Calcite occ rs in abundance , and taken from the u ps , t h screened and washed , af er which it is sold for the roug l M of c asting of walls , concreting , and grave ling of paths . ost

t t b ut m t n - i is whi e , pale a e hysti e and wine yellow varieties also occur . a n d the m et vel n s Galena blende , chief ores with in the , occur in pockets and strings in the barytes . Near the surface the e barytes is practically free from th m , but lower down , galena m a t t beco es commoner , and is in turn , a still greater dep h , i m u partly replaced by blende , which is sa d to occur ost freq ently

4 - d below the 00 y . level . m : the t The barium inerals are of two qualities best whi e , hi l m w ch is s ightly coloured , and a dark grade , ore or less stained t i or e . w th mineral oil , which oozes from geodes cavi i s in the veins ‘ t the the The dark varie y predominates in higher portions of vein , t t t w t h and al hough s rongly s ained i h ydrocarbon , assays above t 9 9 . n ot per cent . of barium sulphate The s aining is detrimental t s the t in hi s ca e as material is not used in pain . The barytes is washed over a grati ng in the usual way and n the Sm l ha d picked , aller materia is separated from galena , t d &c . m calci e , , in jigs worke by a stea engine . No grinding or m m illing is done at the ine .

The mi n erals are carried on a narrow - gauge railway to the Minsterley branch of the Great Western a n d London and North di n of a t Western Joint Railway , near Pontesbury , a sta ce bou 3 m iles .

TAN K E R VILLE MIN E (form erly kn own a s Th e O ven pipe

Idl ( e. )

S ro shi re n es Ltd n sterl h p Mi , Mi ey . V t t Pen n erle 3 2 m s V f . M S S . o Si ua ed near y , 5 ile . insterley .

i lI a - - S . n 1 5 1 ld p One i ch New Series Ordnance, ; O Seri es

G 60 E 6 - S . . l 4 8 S . Ms W . . eological , ; inch Sa op , ,

m for - ore b ut This ine was worked lead , has been abandoned for m any years . S H RO PS H IRE 77

There are four veins in the Mytton Beds known as the

' Tan kerville d , the North and South Lodes and the Old Lo e , e r spectively . The extensive dum ps contain a large amount of calcite and

- a good deal of barytes . They are dug for rough casting to walls , but do not appear have been overhauled for barytes . l The barytes is white and of good qua ity ; granular , platy , and a ll m crystalline varieties are present , fairly free fro impurities . d a t No ark b rytes was no iced , possibly through the ores ha ving

been obtained from depth .

S T N O R CLIEE L I WE O DA E M NE .

Cl f a le a r tes Com a n Ltd n st rl i f D B y p y , Mi e ey .

Corn don s of Pri estwest Situated north of Hill , 2 mile ea t on . — M a - s . i n 1 65 p One nch New Series Ordna ce, ; Old Series

’

60 E - . 4 7 S . E s M . S . . Geological , ; six inch Salop , ,

This mine is said to have been worked intermi ttently for 5 barytes for 0 years . The vei n runs east and west through the ridge of rocks h h consisting of greenstone and felspat ic ash , of Arenig age , w i ch M lies between the Shelve Hills and arrington, Dingle . The Weston Vein is believed to b e a continuation of the White Grit s Lode , which was worked to the east in the valley , but in thi di n i n l rectio the mine levels , the ode dies out so far as practical

mining is concerned , and is represented by a hard breccia with h n h t i strings of barytes and calcite . T is breccia comes on after

the lode has passed through some twen ty - feet of black S hales a n which , near the lode , are splashed with small flakes of g le a . In t a crosscu on the east . these shales are traversed by a sill of 1 5 hi . greenstone , about in . t ck ’ ° ° The vein un derli es south at about 6 0 to 70 from the ori n h zo tal but flattens and rears considerably . It has been noted that where the lode is steeper there is less c alcite than in e eet . e n the flatter portions It averages thr f in thickness , but i

places twitches down to a few inches , and in others swells

e the - or up to ight feet . In twitches lead e is occasionally m t b et wi . A h in unches s a rule , where the lode ﬂattens it is 6 s . S narrowest There are level worked from the present haft , the t 75 i d lowes being at fms . The ve n shows no sign of eteriorating in depth .

t of 75 - fm the t n At the eas end the . level lode ur s sli ghtly n - orth and shows much lead ore .

t 65 - fm i o At the eas end of the . level the vein is s lice us and

' at a seam of much brecciated , while its western end there is si x e good barytes f et wide .

" A n ew shaft is being sun k to the south of the lode to cut it a t hi o 1 00 50 . a depth of ab ut fms . In this shaft at fms a therto n w a s s c c u known lode tru k , onsisting of calcite , galena , blende r s and ba yte .

a: 1 5949 ‘ 7 8 BARYT E S AND WITH E RIT E 0

Over the greater part of the m ine the vein consists almost u to t . C entirely of bary es alcite , as a r le , is conﬁned a few inches r the o less on the walls , but in places occupies vein , except for

l the t . occasiona bunches , to exclusion of bary es

of - t ni The barytes is good quality , white , with little iron s ai ng ,

and is usually fairly soft and m ore or less granular in texture . 3 5 fm s Water is pumped from the lower levels to an adit at . h dePt .

The minerals are picked and washed over a grating . The

hi - i small material w ch passes through the grate , is hand j gged to get ri d of calcite and the ﬁnest material is sli med as a thi rd

- mine grade . The barytes is separated into three grades and sent to the li M M C ff Dale ill , in the Hope Valley , near insterley , owned by

the same company .

- m m First grade lump and s all lu p are good white , and but — - slightly iron stained . Second grade coarse sand and ﬁne gravel are practically the same quality as ﬁ rst - grade and contain little

- hi n vein ﬁlli n g. T rd grade is the sand from the slimes and contai s

of c oim tr - - fi lli n a certain amount fine y rock and vein g, but mi sometim es makes a second quality flour after lling . Steam wagons are used to convey the b a ry tes from the mine to the mill , a distance of miles . to a h At the mill the barytes is broken up a co rse sand , bleac ed a n d ground fine .

O T H E R T O N IN W M E .

(Idle. )

S ro s re n es Ltd . n s terl e . h p hi Mi , , Mi y

r 1 l E if r f h b u . S Wothe ton . . o C ituated at , 3 mi es N y

— - 1 5 1 M a s . p One inch New Series Ordnance , ; Old Series

- 6 . Ms . 4 7 . 0 N E . W N. W . S . Geological , ; six inch Salop , , ,

w d 4 This mine was orke for about 0 years for barytes . The 28 6 . t vein was proved down to yds , but de eriorated in depth ; f r 1 6 i o i t ft . , although was across in the bottom work ng , it

nl . contained mostly calcite , with barytes o y in bunches é yd to 2 ft . wide . The same change was observed in a westward di rection . w to low t f O ing the situation , wa er caused di ﬁculty , and an

8 - i 4 - n f . . t a plunger with a stroke was installed to de l with it , b ut t t i n in dep h , wi h an increase of water and a decrease percentage of barytes in the vein , the cost became prohibitive . e a n d The baryt s vein runs approximately east west , on the east through beds of Bala age and on the west through Wenlock l . t . Sha e The underlie , which is fairly s eep , is to the north the 1 5 ft . The width of vein averaged , but it frequently reached 1 6 2 0 . a f . to ft This , however , included good deal o calcite

' Apa rt from calcite the vein was exceptionally free from other n of m e mi erals ; occasional spots galena and ore rarely , blend being present . S HRO PS HIR E 7 9

n d u h n The barytes obtai e was p re w ite , free from iro staini ng and reported to b e the finest quality found in E ngland . At one time all the material was crushed and ground on t e h s . mine premise , but later the mill was removed to Hanwood All the h Mi l barytes was pure w ite , and at the Hanwood ls or t was ground without bleaching further trea ment , some li i ni carbonate of me consequently being left n the fi shed product . of s i A flow inflammable gas , and a hot al ne spring have been reported as occurri n g in the lower workings .

T H E IN S E S T IP R M E A O F T H E ST E S T O N E S .

O T H E N C R C O T T MI E .

C oth erco tt C om a n Ltd D o ol e S re s ur . p y , gp , h w b y

t on C othercott l Wi lderle E Si uated Hil ( y state) , Castle ni Pulverbatch , ne miles south by east of Shrewsbury .

M a s — - 1 52 . s p One inch New Series Ordnance , ; Old Serie

6 1 - 4 8 . W . aI E . . E . S O N. . S Geological , N ; six inch p, , , Ord

The principal barytes vein runs west by south to eas t by s e of north , through purple and green sandstone and shal s ° Lon m n di a n n 60 g y age , and u derlies north at about from the horizontal . Two counter lodes split off on the north side of the main vein i and underl e south . a 5 1 b u ft . t The main vein averages in thickness bout 1, , it 1 2 narrows down to a foot or less and expands up to ft . or more at intervals . l These expansions are regu ar , in character , and a ppear to be i n the nature of swellings along certain beds in the cou n try . rock which di ps with them In a westerly directio n . The vein i s at present worked on the northern slope of the

ll 8 9 . two . hi , from adits , Nos and From these adits levels are driven along the vein . An expan sion of the vei n in the lower level corresponds with o e hi n further to the east in the gher level , and several of these ou In w expansions have already been t . the lo er level a shaft 4 i n to 0 ft . the has bee sunk a depth of , where barytes s of better quality ; the vein is six feet wi de as compared wi th unn ly 4 i n e th . ft . level The vein is said to have been traced at the surface for over 2 miles . A shaft is to be sun k on the n orth side of the vein near l the mil . There are many indi cation s of barytes to the south of the

n v n an d . mai ei , especially in the hill area They are to be found i n exer r a y direction , showing good barytes at the su f ce , but have

l t a s . not been ful y explored . The total area of the es ate is cre i s The barytes is rem arkable or its purity and softness . f ‘ It re li an d a an d t e de eri enti ly free from me other sp r , h cru mat al r z 8 0 BARYT E S AND WITH ER IT E

i a 9 Ba SO . r t assays 9 7 per cent . of 4 It is of the pink va ety char c er i s i c Lon m n di an n ex a n t of the g y , but in the ce tre of the big p

sions white barytes is often found . n u No mi eral oil has been found , and calcite , q artz and galena k f i are un nown . The barytes is consequently o the finest qual ty the except for pink colour , which defect the company expects to eradicate by a new method of treatment . of m The barytes , with the exception the poorer grade fro the ” ’ twitches , which is sold crude , is treated at the company s n mill at the mine , to which a tramway has bee laid round the hill from the levels . It is being extended from the mine works ’ to con nect with the Great Western Railway s main line near di 4 Dorrington , a stance of about miles . di ll At these works , in ad tion to two other mi s , there are 4 of h w 6 n pairs French bu r stones , hile more are bei g installed , a n d u there is also a new bleachin g plan t . Owin g to its nusual u l softness , the passage thro gh a single pair of ston es is general y uf s ficient to bring the barytes to the required state of fineness . It is subsequently graded automatically to a min imum 3 50 - mesh standard product . Whe n the mill extensi on is completed a n output of 2 00 tons

’ ni ll weekly of the ﬁ shed product wi be possible . The company intends to manufacture all classes of barium products . W en n to ith ext ded development , the mi e is expected produce a about tons per n num .

TT N IN GA E M E .

S ro L s re n es t d n s terle . h p hi Mi , Mi y

n 4 of Situated ear Gatten Lodge ; about } miles S . S . W .

Pontesbury .

M — - a s . 1 52 s p One inch New Series Ordnance , ; Old Serie

6 1 - S . W . 4 8 Ms W . . Geological , ; six inch Salop , S . ,

i i n N. W . The barytes lode courses to W . It ncl es in a ° 60 r northerly direction at about from the horizontal at the su face , ° 70 - c and at about in the bottom level . The country rock onsists Lon m n di an of the g y beds . The walls are good , except in the ” w W u I n t itches , here they are us ally soft . n places the ha ging wall is composed of hard granular quartz ; in others it is rather

i - broken , and the barytes near it is m xed with clay . The foot wall a n d is solid frequently slickensided .

n i n n . The vei averages about six feet thick ess , but is bunchy It pinches locally to a foot or eighteen inches an d swell s up to t welve feet . Near one of the big bunches a spli t is given off to

the south .

The gangue , except for an occasional small rib of stone near n the middle , consists e tirely of pink barytes cha ra cteristic of

' - mi on the pre Cambrian rocks , with a little neral pitch the

n - l hangi g wal at the crop . 1 92 1 mi wa s In the ne being developed . A shaft has been

1 7 - un 0 . c e n e e e . s k ft below surfa e , and a st am win din g e gine r ct d

82 BARYT E S AND W ITH E RIT E

m i e n u This ne has been in op ratio for abo t thirteen years , and m for the last ﬁve un der the present co pany . There a re several veins of barytes all ranging in a north - easterly

coun tr ~ rock h - direction . The y consists of the reddis purple s f Lon m n di an v the sandston e o g y age , which are o erlain by Coal e he m M asures a bout on e mile to t east . So e of the workings are on the north side of the stream and others on the south ; these a re described separately . on Three veins the south have been worked , which meet and E form a pocket at their eastern end . The mam vein ranges N. . to S W and is approximately vertical . In the workings close to the road between Castle Pulverbatch and Habberley the

: 9 thickness of the vein is about ft . The veins are almost worked

t - m out above wa er level and preparations are being ade for sinking, 6 on a new pocket underlying south and averaging about ft . in width and thirty yards in length . A short di stance to the south - east of the openc ast on the top i l of the h ll , a paral el vein , consisting entirely of barytes , and

8 h - about ft . thick , has a slight ade to the south east and has been out a n d a t worked , but it dies in depth is not found in the level 85 about ft . m w li t of The ain vein , on the north side of the stream , ith sp s t ha s almos equal thickness , been worked in the valley and has been traced to near the road by Wren tn all House . It has an f 4 h ff o ft . average thickness about , but bot it and the o shoots 1 3 from it are subject to swells , sometimes ft . across , which n co tain rich deposits . n Work was suspe ded for a time owing to a large admixture , 2 0 . d at a depth of yds , of white san with the barytes , but is now 1 5 m proceeding at a lower level , about ft . above strea level , W r l . here the vein is icher , and under ies south of the d of The barytes is mostly ark type , though some it is

nk - slightly pi internally . Lead ore is seen occasionally , and l a a i usual y near the surface . Malachite n d zurite sta ns appear * of . in places , and lumps mineral pitch are found About 40 men are now employed and the material is treated

. u i s u at the mine The best l mp picked out , the rest is cr shed m of on e to a maxi um inch , then jigged to remove refuse , and d d a n ot automatically gra ed . The dark hy roc rbon stains are

‘ n r ul red 8 detrimental as a pure white product is ot eq . ’ a 3 to The barytes is carted bout miles Plealey Road Station , on M the insterley branch .

ULT E Y IN B M E .

E n l s a r t es an d ni n C om a n Ltd er b g i h B y Mi g p y , D y

i — t - M d Situated two thirds of a mile nor h east of id letown , and 6 E . of miles N . Welshpool .

A s pecim en o f b itu m en from the bottom of th e sum p h a s b een presen ted to the Mu seu m 0 1 P ra c t c a l G eolo It i s tw o feet e a n d en clos es c r st als i gy . wid y of ua rtz wh i c h fo rm erl l n e th e all s of th e ve n q y i d w i . S H RO PS HIRE 83

M - - a s . i 1 5 1 p One inch New Ser es Ordnance , ; Old Series

60 - E 2 . . . si x 3 . E . Geological , N ; inch Salop , N , Ord

This mine is one of those beli eved to have been worked for

a - wa n le d ore by the Romans . Barytes s conti uously sent away 1 8 8 1 1 894 from it between and , the average output being about 4 20 1 9 Af wi of 8 3 . r tons a year , th a maximum tons in te 1 894 i i n 1 9 1 3 no min ng was done , but the dumps were turned 1 06 over and tons of good quality lump spar ob tained . During the war period the adi t level was opened up and the vein wa s n of of t also worked by ope cast , a total about tons bary es t d being abs racte .

. E . W to S . . The barytes occurs in two veins ranging N , in the a h e . shales , sandstones , as es and conglomerates of Bala g E i in n N W . S . . The ma vei has been followed in a . to d rection

d a n r . s . d i d h to i for about y , var es in wi t from fou e ght feet A1 1 d 1 4 the a it level has been driven 6 yds . into the vein along south side of Middletown Hi ll . d t e The barytes is principally the arker variety , hough in plac s h e i d pure w it crystalline spar has been obta ned , yiel ing per cent . of barium sulphate . All the barytes is sent away crude after hand picki ng and gradi ng into best Whi te and a lower quali ty of dark stained spar . A tramway round the hill takes the material to a loading M place by the main road , whence it is carted to iddletown Station , a 1 . bout 5 miles away . E CHAPT R IV .

THE MINES OF WALES AND THE E E W ST OF NGLAND .

1 — O TH LE S . N R WA .

NE N GE RAL ACCO U T . Barytes a n d witheri te have been regularly obtained during Mi t a t . the past eigh years the Pennant ne , near St Asaph (Plate Much of the material has been collected from the

- exten sive spoil heaps , but recently the spars which occur in an east a n d- west lead an d zin c - bearing vein in the Wenl ock Shales have been mined . Within the past three years the barytes occurring ni S in veins in the Carbo ferous Limestone , and ilurian ﬂags and

s . The hales , has been mined also near Ruthin and Llangollen output has been small .

Barytes is frequently a bundant in the lead mines of - the lan n ot d s L gynog district , but much work has been one in thi district owin g to difﬁ culties of transport . n i n the n n A small mi e Lley peni sula , which formerly worked f r o two . barytes , has been closed the past years

T I S r MINE S DE A L o .

PENNANT MINE . m L S t A sa n c Lea d a n d a r ta Co a n td . . ph Zi , B y p y , , o on don E Eldon Street H use , L , C .

n of R -huallt on m i to The mi e is near the village , the a n road

of . Holywell , and three miles east St . Asaph

JlIa s — - S 1 07 p . One inch New eries Ordnance , ; Old Series

- 5 Ms 9 h . 7 . S . W . S . W Geological , ; six inch Flints ire , ,

old - k This is an lead mine which has been wor ing intermittently , i d prob ably sin ce Roman times . As a lead mine its activ ty cease 1 8 1 9 1 3 nl 9 . 1 in In it was reopened under new management , mai y t e the n for barytes and wi herit , which form predomi ant spar n s n co tituents of the exte sive dumps . ht li The principal vein courses east and west , with a slig inc na u W s s tion so th , through the enlock Shale . The working extend 5 0 b u can . t along the vein for about 0 yds , the course of the lode of l i s un d be traced for upwards a mi e . Westwards it lost er a d if b n d the Gl cial r t , though it probably does not extend eyo a a t Br nl li thri l r gre t boundary fault y g Hall . An unsuccessfu t ial was 450 ds f . o l . made y east the third mi estone from St Asaph , to trace the eastern course of the vein alon g the south side of the s r a re n t eam . There i dications of bran ches of the m ain vein r h l n ea t e o d workings . n 9 1 0 a The main vei , from to ft . wide , carries galen in the cen a n d a l s i n s u i n an e tre , sm l er quantitie the urro nd g g gu ,

‘ 8 6 BARYT E S AN D WITH E RIT E

The barium minerals are sold chieﬂy to home manufa cturers

n a n d c . of pai t pigment , and a ertain amount is exported Witherite has been mi ned for the last forty years ; i n 1 875 85 t t n about ons were ob ained , while the average yearly output u til

1 8 9 1 ranged from 200 to 300 tons . None was produced between 1 8 9 1 1 9 1 3 1 9 1 3 a n d t and , but the mine was reopened in abou 1 00 n i nl t m t s to s of barium m nerals , mai y witherite wi h so e bary e , for has s was obtained . The output the past few years been lightly 1 1 to 68 9 9 . less , amounting tons in

E YAR TH MINE

Ru t n n es Com a n 302 R o al L er ui ld n s L er ool . hi Mi p y , , y iv B i g , iv p

The mi n e lies on the western side of the Ruthi n - Corwen main du f h d 1 of u 600 . e o E a rt roa , gmiles south R thin , and yds west y

Station .

Al a s - - i dn n 1 2 1 p One nch New Series Or a ce , Old Series

- 1 9 E Ms h . 74 E si x S . . Geological , N inch Denbighs ire , ,

w The Carboniferous Limestone hich forms a bold escarpment , di of i exten ng from the west Ruthin southwards to Llanel dan , the c has a prevalent easterly dip , and is overlain by Triassi sandstones of the Vale of Clwyd .

- e a rth E At Bron y , and to the east of fenechtyd , two inter secti n - - i g, east and west veins carry ng barytes , have been mined

f - intermittently by means o open cast workings . v b m 1 60 These veins , ha e een traced fro a point yds . south of ’ - r- - e a rth n Ty n y onen , eastwards past Bron y Farm to the Ruthi m i . Corwen ain road , a total d stance of yds 4 0 . The two branches , about yds apart on the Ruthin m . e Corwen ain road , have both been worked They both had sli ni n of the ghtly to the north , and appear to u te ear the summit

- 1 8 - 0 . a r ha . h , e t s hill A day level yds due east of Bron y Farm , 40 y been carried for yds . along the more northerl lode , which s w of consists of a series of lense or s ells , the average width 3 ft . being all solid barytes . m n i Along the ore southerly vein , an i clined drift was dr ven ,

1 20 - arth . e about yds east of Bron y Farm , but was abandoned n owi g to water trouble . of i The barytes is crystalline in form and a sl ght pink tinge .

i s m - It sold in lu p form , after being hand picked . n 1 9 1 8 1 00 Si ce about tons of barytes have been sent away .

Twenty years ago these veins were opened out in open - cast i 600 f E . o t work ngs , yds due east fenechtyd Church ; and abou 40 o t 1 2 a t ns of bary es were sold in 90 . but no further work h s e n n n b e do e o them .

L N N F LA GY HA AL .

3 of on tern At Llangynhafal , miles north Ruthin , and the eas s of of rse ide the Vale Clwyd , barytes is abundant along the cou of a no rth and south fault between the Carbon iferous Limestone D E NBIG H S HIRE 87

W ha s n r and the enlock Shales , but ever been wo ked . It is

a the s n - deddw d an d most bundant near farm Tyddy y , Bryn

Cirion .

’ - - I T Y N Y OE LYN M NE .

Ll a n ollen n es Com a n Ltd 302 Ro a l L er u ld n s g Mi p y , , y iv B i i g , L r ool ive p .

’ Mi - - l n ce . s o The ne is alongside Ty n y y Farm , yds ea t f

Pen wern - of g Hall and miles south east Llangollen .

M a s — - 1 2 1 p . One inch New Series Ordnance , ; Old Series

4 - 7 E . . 39 . E . . Geological , N ; six inch Denbighshire , N , Ord

the n - - dduallt s i s On steep orthern slopes of Craig y , baryte the

i predominant constituent of two nearly vertical veins whi ch v l h ’ tra erse the Lud ow ﬂags and s ales . The West Vein follows a

- - r E 70 d s . o north north east di ection while the ast Vein , y t the of the m east for er , trends nearly north and south . The West Vein is well seen on the slopes of the hill a b out ’ 1 00 - - - cel n yds . south east of Ty n y y Farm . i on u n s of The ve ns have been traced the s rface , by mea old

- of 300 400 open cast workings , over a horizontal distance to yds . m a in di They y extend much further a southerly rection , but to n are the orth where they appear to converge , the strata much

l - - disturbed , presumably by a powerfu east and west fault . f r 1 1 8 The lodes were ﬁrst worked o barytes in 9 . From a ’ 40 due of - - cel n a ha t . s s poin yds south Ty n y y Farm , cros cut been

r d n t 8 8 in a t - t rive for a dis ance of ya ds sou h easterly direc ion ,

l W 50 ds . and enters a working leve in the est Vein , about y below The i n the n n for the surface . level West Vei has been drive a f 66 di r s o . di tance yds in a northerly ection , and the barytes has

been mined over this area . The lode has prominent leaders or deﬁni te n orth - and

south cheeks , and a slight hade north . It varies in width con si derab l of a y as it consists a series of lenses or swells , its verage 3 thickness being about ft . It contains almost exclusively white

li nl . highly crystal ne barytes , with o y traces of galena E u t old The ast Vein has not yet been opened p, excep in

- n n d open cast worki gs , but the mai crosscut which has been riven i n 40 . for yds . east of the West Vein , is tended to intersect it

- a - The barytes is hand picked before being sold . H nd jigging

has been tried to clean the remainder but without m uch success . 1 The output has been less than 00 tons . There is a good rea d from the mine to Llangoll en Station 1 — a di stance of about 5 miles .

M R E T S IN PO P N BARY E M E .

Ll e n n es Ltd 2 2 B a si n h a ll S treet E C . 2 . y Mi , , g ,

a d of a 3 Situ te at the mouth stream , Afon Saint , furlongs f west o Aberdaron . 8 8 BARYT E S AND WITH E RIT E

M a s — - i s dn a 1 3 3 r s p . One inch New Ser e Or nce , ; Old Se ie

- 7 6 a r a s e 4 3 S E Ord . Geological , ; six inch C n rvon hir ,

s a s an The barytes occur in fault, which bring Ordovici slates

n s . The e i s against more an cie t chists lode is ten fe t wide , but composed Of a number Of intersecting stringers Of quartz and s ni n or s h a baryte , run ng ge erally n th and out , the m ximum width a The s Of any on e stringer being r rely over a foot . barytes occur or ss e o a an d Of in pockets , which are more le fre fr m qu rtz g ood a h s of l b ut n n d . t qua ity , they are infreque t small Ot er par the Of a n d stringers contain about equal quantities quartz barytes , which are in tergrown . w i The vein runs approximately north and south , ith a sl ght d n o a s t un erlie to the eas t. Its walls are t well deﬁned the bary es

- forms a cement to country rock brecciated by the fault . The method Of working was partly by open - cast and partly ri t by levels d ven along the lode . The dressing plant si uated

di e - Of imme at ly above high water mark in the mouth the valley ,

- e e was worked by water power . A small pier which was er ct d i l to facil tate transport by sea is sti l intact .

2 — E NT AND TH E S . C RAL S O U WAL .

ENE G RAL ACCOUNT .

ae Barytes vein s are found in the Lower Pal ozoic rocks of. C n ni entral Wales , arou d Lla dloes , where they carry witherite ; in South Wales near Carmarthen , and near Bridgend where n s they lie in the Carbo iferous Limestone , the Lia and the Rhaetic (Plate All these veins carry sm all amounts Of li for galena and other metal c ores , which some Of them were i worked n the past . Attention may be called to the Carmarthen M a c n . ines , as their products be shipped directly

E D TAILS O F MINE S .

L N G N G IS TR I LA Y O D CT .

M a — - 1 s . n 3 6 p One i ch New Series Ordnance . ; Old Series

74 W - M S . . 4 E . E . Geological , , six inch ontgomeryshire , N . , S . ;

5 W . . N. , Ord

The Llangynog min es a re situated about a thi rd Of a mile

Of n 6 - i n M . 4 E . south Lla gynog Station ( ontgomeryshire , S )

They were worked in termittently for lead and zi nc - ores in the

1 9 h 1 8 8 7 - - t . a century , but closed in An e st and west fault with on Llandeilo slates and shales its south , and rhyolite and on S i s l associated lavas its north ide , ﬁl ed with quartz conta in ing l a abundant galena and blende , and smal er qu ntities of c opper n d . a u s r pyrites Barytes witherite also occ r , but pa ingly .

Oro - M 4 E The Cwm g mines , (six inch ontgomeryshire , N . . ) are

of r - s f a on the east side the Bala road , gmile no th we t O Ll ngynog . c t s sli r of eas li es ri i n The vein , whi h rend ghtly no th t p ncipally

9 0 BARYT E S A ND WITH E RIT E

d to on the Goo , clean barytes is said have been Obtained

d Of he the of - - h t i s opposite si e t river on slope Pen y Gaer , in w a m probably an extension of the sa e vein . t ru l The bary es , in the c de state , was sent by road to Llanid oes , a distance of 3 miles .

I F A C H W E N M NE .

F a n a r ta Com a n Ltd Li ver chw e . O O B y p y , , p — Situated half - a - mile north east O f Tregyn on and ﬁ ve m iles

Of M . north Newtown , ontgomeryshire

- - 1 5 1 M a s . S p One inch New Series Ordnance , ; Old eries

- M 2 9 l 6 E . 0 . . . S S W . Geologica , ; six inch ontgomeryshire , , Ord

h m T is mine has been working for about a year , although so e had d n i t work been one before the prese t company took over . The vein runs nearly north and south through slaty Silurian

an d or . rocks , is almost vertical with a slight underlie east

- 1 4 0 . 0 f . The Open cast is about 0 ft in length and about t deep . s It has been reopened for a di tance Of about 36 ft . and a 1 5 ft . shaft has been sunk , at the bottom of which the vein is

- 2 3 . t ft Of . , and at the ﬂoor the open cast , ft in wid h . Of Of Some the spar is good white , but much it is mixed with

- quartz and somewhat iron stained . Reserves cannot be estimated as the mine is n ot suffi ci ently

. A 30 developed bout tons a week could be produc ed .

GORN MINE

els Va n n n Com a n Ltd Lla n dloes . W h Mi i g p y , . , i

1 of ni . Situated % miles east Lla dloes C

M — - d 1 64 a s . p One inch New Series Or nance , ; Old Series

- 4 8 . l 6 M N . 0 W . . S . W Geo ogical , ; six inch ontgomeryshire , , Ord

At this mine there are two veins in the Silurian slates . The a l i n princip vein runs approx mately east and west , and has bee worked from a number of Old shafts along the southern ﬂank O f

f - o Gem b len de a n d w . Hill . It yielded galena , zinc itherite

The other vein branches Off south - westwards from the eastern r a i end Of the p incip l ve n , close to a level , and is said to consist

t of s almost en irely witherite and barytes . As far as can be

t . judged from the dump , witherite is the more abundan mineral i s 8 t d ft . The vein sai to be about wide where the level mee s it , ha s but its extent not been proved . two m e The minerals appear to be so ewhat closely int rgrown , b ut are fairly pure when separated . D olwen Station on the Cambrian Railway i s about 2 miles distant . Of n The principal vein has yielded large quantities gale a , but ' 50 a work ceased nearly years gO . Barium spars are not known to a v The e h e been produced commercially from either vein . lev l CARM ARTH E NS H IRE 9 1

— 1 9 1 2 1 3 h a n was opened up in , but nothing furt er was done , d the d entrance is now close .

n i s i - The mi e conveniently s tuated as regards water supply .

PE N - Y - C N IN LY M E .

els Va n ni n Com a n Ltd Lla n d loes. W h Mi g p y , i 2 W . d Situated miles N . Of Llani loes .

- n e - 1 4 M a s . O n 6 p inch New Series Ordna ce , ; Old Series

- . i x M 60 S . W S 4 1 e E . S . . G ological , ; inch ontgomeryshire, , Ord h n T is mine has not bee worked for many years , and the Of the n o thickness and extent vein are t known . Apparently h i Of t ere has been no commerc al production barium minerals . The vein seems to be on e Of the set Of veins which is worked ° - Van M 20 or . f lead ore at the ine ; it courses about W S . through t a n d a n d Silurian sla es grits , is possibly connected with th e lode

— - d h the of Bryn y Tail (p . It is expecte t at levels Of the Van

M the O ld Of - - ine will strike workings the Pen y Clyn Lode . Witherite is abundant in the tips from the Old level and blocks Of considerable size can be Obtained . It is said to have

ni - ni accompa ed the lead ore in large masses , contai ng cavities

- li ned with well developed crystals . The mine was remarkable for the purity Of its galena . A mi neral railway connects the Van Mines with Caers ws on the Cambrian Railway .

O F T Y O R E N T AN D NAN T IN VALE OW B Y OWY M E .

of r l st Of Ca r » On the left bank the Towy Rive , é miles ea m h n art e .

M a s — - n 229 p . One inch New Series Ord ance and Geological , ;

- E Ms . 39 . si x . inch Carmarthenshire , N ,

The vein which has been worked at this m ine crosses a n a of i the nticline Arenig gr ts , its southern extremity entering m n area Of the overlying Arenig shales . It extends from the ai 20 ° E . ro Of di . ad to a point east Nant in a rection S , then

- swings round gradually to the south east . Its surface position Old di is marked by workings , and by a lateral splacement which it effects in the rocks . The main portion Of the lode underli es east at an angle Of ° ° 1 0 30 n n to with the vertical , but to the orth two shafts , su k on ac the western side Of its surf e position , suggest either that it has changed its underlie or has thrown O ff a w esterly branch 1 from a point about 00 yds . north Of Nant . The vein consists Of galena (to a certain extent argentiferous)

a i - with l ttle copper pyrites and zinc blende , in a gangue Of a r hi li b ytes and quartz . The barytes is pure w te and crystal ne , i s s to an d forms a large pro portion Of the gangue . There aid 6 s a f t s a . be Width o ft . Of bary e in pl ce ‘ 9 2 BARYT E S AN D WITH E RIT E

A level has been driven on the vein from a point about 1 of m 00 yds . south the ain road which runs along the south

- on bank of the River Towy , and there are extensive tip heaps di 20 f 0 300 . the ea st side O the vein , exten ng for to yds from O f the main road . In these heaps there are large quantities

t - a barytes m ixed with calci e , vein qu rtz and grit .

About 1 00 yds . W . S . W . Of the Old level the shaft known as ’ t to Of Bon ville s Shaf has been sunk a depth , as supposed ,

- E m m 1 50 . 80 f s . So e yds to the south east , at the ngine House , l 20 . i n the there is another shaft sunk vertical y for fms , and 1 4 lode for 0 fms . There are several small pits on the vein to the south Of this point ; they extend as far as two shafts on the east side Of the i 200 . . vein yds east of Nant , where the lode underl es east The 20 m S . ore northerly haft struck the lode at fms , proving it to hade at 1 in 3 from the vertical . Southwards again there are i f O . a few small pits on the vein , with ind cations much barytes

Of w - m The total length the vein is about t o thirds Of a ile . The di stance from the mine to Carmarthen Railway Station is a m ile and a half on a good read . The River Towy is tidal to a point about a mile above the mine .

- The m ine has been worked solely for lead ore . The ﬁrst authentic records appear under the name Of the Vale Of Towy ” M ni r S w h 1 4 1 8 5 2— 1 8 65 ine , and mi ng retu ns ho t at for the years , , S tons Of dressed ore were old . In the years 1 8 66—1 8 8 1 the mi ne was worked intermittently ” a n d under the name Of Bryn Towy Nant . The last return ( 1 8 8 1 ) gave two tons Of dressed ore with a value at the mine of 1 6 Of n 1 8 66 1 8 8 1 wa s 1. The amount ore raised betwee and i 1 0 i n exceed ngly small , in fact never as much as tons any year ;

‘ 1 m 1 z but i n 8 73 four tons gave three tons Of eta lli c lea d and 8 o s . 1 8 8 1 il e . of S ver . The min has not been worked since It is n ot possible to estimate the amount of the mi nerals

m - n available in the ine , but the tip heaps are large and contai * a high percentage Of barytes .

Y T AN O C IN C S M E .

On the left bank Of the Towy River . two miles east of Car

m arthen . — - 22 M a s . n a 9 p One inch New Series Ord ance and Geologic l, ;

- Ms 3 9 E . n . . six i ch Carmarthenshire , N ,

Two veins have been worked ; both cross an anticline Of Aren ig grits (forming the hill Allt Cystan og) in a genera l southern

direction .

The western vein does not appear to carry barytes . 5 ° . . s The eastern vein runs S W for about half its cour e , and 20 0 then swin gs round to S . E . in a similar mann er to the Va le

‘ s 4 Th e oun tr a rou n a rm a rt en M 1 . 909 em Gaol . C y d C h ( ,

- i 4 1 5 2 5 . pp .

9 4 BARYT E S AND WITH E RIT E

1 i s t t t out No . ceased . It repor ed hat barytes was brough from Of the a n d t level (on the north Side hill) ground for pain , etc , at a mill som e way beyond Carmarthen .

' The lead - ore has probably be en largely wo rked out down to ‘ t the level of the deep adit , but below this here is no doubt much li virgin ground . There is also in all probabi ty a large quantity * of barytes left in the O ld workings .

- LLAN G AN MIN E .

- the . Situa ted i mile S . Of village of Llan gan — M a s - - 1 n ch 2 62 p . One New Series Ordnance and Geological ,

- 4 1 MS . m S . W . six inch Gla organ , ,

The vein here worked is in Lias . ” At Gelli Araul there is a small tip - heap containing fairly

l Of t . pure barytes , crystal ine and in part a viole tint There is l also a little barytes near the O d engine shaft . The m ine was worked by a shaft which passed through Liassic 1 50 c and Rhaetic conglomerates to a depth Of ft . without tou hing the Carboniferous Limestone . It is situated about 4 miles by road from Cowbridge and about the same di stance from B ri dgend . 1 8 77 NO work has been done for many years . In the years

2 - and 1 8 7 8 the returns gave 9 9 and 4 tons of lead ore respectively .

NO barytes seems to have been sold .

— NS H I E E O . 3 . D V R

I TE IG N VALLE Y M NE .

s re a r ta Com a n E eter e on . D v hi B y p y , x

- Of m Of C Situated three quarters a ile west hristow Station , on the north side Of a little valley runn ing from that Of the i River Te gn towards Bridford .

M a s — - 3 25 p . One inch New Series Ordnance and Geological , ; — E . h 9 1 . . six inc Devon , N , Ord

The country - rock is soft black Culm Measure shale with some beds of chert . 1 8 The works were started in 7 6 . The barytes lode was found

i - - dur ng a search for silver lead ore . the of c In face the quarry where the barytes oc urs , the rocks S li are much hattered , and cemented by barytes . The best qua ty ru ni a n d barytes is found , however , in a deﬁnite vein n ng north di t south , and pping at a s eep angle to the west . Here it occurs

t - S s for the mos part in botryoidal form , in kidney haped mas es 6 I . l . t up to ft in diameter is fairly clean , but general y Of varying S Of l a hades yel ow and pale brown . These give a streaky appe r ance to the spar ; which is then known by the workmen as “ T h e Coun tr a roun d Ca rm a rt e M em G ol S m 1 909 n . e . u y h ( ) , , — pp: 1 52 154 . S OM ERS ET 9 5

- e bacon ore . In other parts the baryt s is massive and whiter ” l than the bacon . Crysta s occur sparingly and only on the i Of . m i ri edges the lode Apart from colour ng atter , mpu ties are

f - lead seldom met with . Traces O silver rore are occasionally t found . Barytes , when it occurs as a cemen in brecciated killas , Of is for the most part no commercial value . 1 The mineral is worked from an open quarry some 00 ft . 3 0 i n . . height , the vein being about ft wide Formerly levels d t 40 were riven at various dep hs down to about fms . and a

S 70 . haft sunk to fms At that depth the lode yielded a whit e r n r mi eral than at the surface , but was conside ably narrower . One Of these levels which opens near the grindi ng mill is n ow used for conveying the barytes from the quarry , the mineral S Of being hot down an ore pass , in the ﬂoor the quarry , to this level and trammed out . Before the war the output averaged about tons but i 1 92 this rose to about tons n 0 .

ﬁ n e i - The mineral is crushed to a gravel , in a chil an mill

- Of i worked by a water wheel , and the fragments k llas and other a i mpurities picked out by hand . The cleaned materi l contains 96 Of l on an average per cent . barium su phate . l E The ore The mil s are at xeter . is spread over plates heated by steam , and again picked over by hand . When dry Of it is milled to a ﬁne greyish powder . The bulk the product i n o . n t is sold Bristol Bleaching has bee tried , but was found be unproﬁtable .

4 — OM E S E T . S R .

’ C RI S D AN D T H E N ANN IN GT ON PAR K ( CE WOO BEACO ) .

d a er H am l n C o . r t . B . G . b i , B i gw

i n - Situated at Cann ngto Park , four miles north west of

Bridgwater .

— - dn a n d 295 M a s . p One inch New Series Or ance Geological , ;

- E 4 9 N. . . six inch Somerset , , Ord

The barytes occurs i n many veins intersecting the Carboni 2 ferous Limestone , and varying in width up to ft . The veins V ni n S how a comby stru cture with frequent ugs contai g crystals .

- hi The spar is chieﬂy salmon pink in colour . but is sometimes w te . Where the veins become narrow the crystalline barytes is replaced by redstone which is composed chieﬂy Of quartz with Of calcite and specks of malachite , and usually some fragments

- the country rock . The spar is excavated by narrow opencast workin gs about 3 t the te 0 ft . deep , following the veins , but below this dep h bary s has not been worked .

- th e The ore is hand picked , cleaned wi wire brushes , aft r which the pin k is separated from the white variety . 96 BARYTE S AND WITH E RIT E

e ni The raw mat rial is ground in mills at Can ngton , or at the Spaxton , and product carted by road to Bridgwater Station , a di stance Of 5 miles . i 1 9 1 6 Work was commenced on these deposits early n , and

’

b a r tes a were during the war over tons Of y Obtained . The 1 5 20 output is now between and tons per month . n i The Somerset Spar Company owns adj oi ng property . A large quantity of barytes has been quarri ed and accumulated in a dump from which it is withdrawn at intervals and sent to the i . m lls , but the quarries are not being worked

9 8 ‘ BARYT ES AND WITH E RIT E

day , with varying success , it has been more or less in continuous

operation . The output Of the m ine for the first hundred years or so is he t f t Of m unknown , t firs O ficial men ion the ine being for the year 1 8 95 ; from then the figures published in the Home Office Statistics are as follows

The vein occurs in an area Of almost ﬂat ﬂows Of green ish b i It 1 0 ° 1 5 ° asalt Of Calc ferous Sands tone age . trends to

f N l 1 6 . 6 . . o . t W , is prac ica ly vertical , and varies from ft to ft n in thick ess . The barytes is Of a creamy to pink colour , an d m t so e imes perfectly white when broken open , though the

- e fragments are generally iron stained . In structure the v in stone is comby Or composed Of parall el pri sms growing at right

h - d ﬁ n e di angles to t e walls . There is also a well e d longitu nal di ll ban ng produced by para el white and pink strips . A little v quartz occurs , especially near the cheeks , and se eral horses or

f - inclusions O country rock are distri buted through the vein . The workings extend from the stream known as the Calder e Wat r for a distance Of 60 0 to 700 are evidently Old .

- n w They began as open l east worki gs , and as the vein was follo ed u the 5 —7 pp hill attained individually in places a dep th Of 0 0 ft . a t n The quarries are three levels , the lowest bei g the ﬁrst 5 0 . worked and nearest the stream , the second about ft above

3 . the ﬁrst , and the third about 0 ft . above the second Hence the successive quarries are carried into the hill face as a series

- Of e . At Of a n d e w mi st ps the ends the second third op n orks , nes have been driven into the vein at the level Of the ﬂoor Of the

i - work ngs . The level at the second open cast is about 100 yds . long , and the roof in many places has been stoped out to a 20 Or m height Of ft . ore . That at the South en d Of the top Open e “ " a ' , en a r to cast is somewhat short r _ and the stoping has be c r ie d _ Of 3 0 to 40 o height from ft . There has also been a certain am unt RENFREW 9 9

Of Of i s underhand stoping , and the bottom the level now ﬁlled up with rubbish . Little work has been done during the last few n Of 1 920 b ut years and the mi e was closed for the winter , a S preparations were then being m de to reopen it in a hor t time . Of a n d The amount barytes visible in the face is small , at the r f to second level it thins away to a few feet in the O O . Further the south the vein is said to have been traced for a considerable distance at the surface . The northern extension has n ot been the here proved beyond Calder Water , but a put down to a

7 Of - depth Of 0 ft . below the sole the lowest Open cast is reported to have passed through barytes all the way .

Af di - ter mining the barytes is carted to the grin ng mill , Mui rshi els which is situated at and driven mainly by water , Of e which in winter there is abundanc , but sometimes a shortage m m m in su er . Steam is used to drive the small ills that grind the ﬁnal product , and may also be employed for the rough O f barytes in cases urgency . The mill is ﬁtted with three

- grinders Of the type known as arrastras . These are cast iron 8 m f ni vats about ft . in dia eter and floored with blocks O gra te or whinstone carefully fitted together . Upon this floor , blocks O f ni 2 1 6 1 6 i n gra te measuring ft . by ft . ins . by ft . . , with their ”

r . ore lower surfaces smoothed , are d agged round One ton Of ;

- 2 - b i n . S i n hand roken to ize , is placed the vat with water , where i s for Of 24 i s u it ground a period hours , by which time it red ced di to an impalpable powder . The grin ng is then stopped and ff i nk the charge run O into a settl ng ta . Subsequent treatment depends on whether the p roduct is to be sold as white or “ k r . g ey barytes The grey variety , which is pin ish in r Of i ston eu i s colou , contains all the impurities the or ginal It nk i a pumped out Of the ta in a wet condit on , and dried over

- 7 dr hi . brick work s tove i n a layer 5 to in . t ck When y it is tea m an d ll s . dug out in lumps , passed on to the mi driven by , e t there reduced to an incoherent powder . It is then ﬁll d in o

2 . cwt . bags and sent to Glasgow The white variety is made by treating the groun d material for 24 hours in a leaden cistern r with fairly strong sulphuric acid heated by steam . One cha ge

- Of a cid serves for two or t hree on e ton lots Of barytes . After this treatment the material is washed in another leaden vat on with hot water and passed to a wooden tank , where it is i stirred up w th cold water for some time , then allowed to settle ru n ff Af s and the water O . ter repeating thi process three f TO c times the barytes is free o acid . improve the olour a little

- blue pigment is added to the last washing water . The material “ dr is ied over a stove , but not the same as that used for the dr . W grey variety hen y it is dug out , passed through a " ‘ 1 d Of NO . m l . il , bagged and is ready for sale A special gra e white is made by drying on racks in a hot room for several a re a days . During the process no exact measurements m de

Of the ﬁneness or uniformity Of the powder . This depends entirely upon the skill Of the workman i n charge Of the grindi n g.

The freedom of the ﬁnished barytes from sulphuric a cid i s. judged ‘ 1 00 BARYTES AND WITH E RIT E by the smell of the stea m that i s dri ven O ff when the powder is l n dr . bei g ied over the stove If any acid remains , it can easi y be detected by the pungent Odour it gives O ff when the powder 2 l . is n early dry . The mi l has a capacity Of nearly tons a day n ot in It might be run at three tons a day , but cont uously . The

on e M - bleachin g plant can treat ton per day . ore than one half of the product is sold as grey barytes . c It is probable that the vein ontinues in depth , but to work t m a n d h m i it downwards would necessi ate pu ping aulage ach nery . m f a o On the other hand , the mine ight be worked orward l ng t he . vein , but it would be necessary to prove the ground ﬁrst

N ANN O X MIN A R N GLE S E ( R A ) . The m i ne 1 s situated about half a m ile up the Glen San n ox u n O B r , access to it being btained by an Old cart track which 1 0 f lea ves the rea d about 0 yds . south O the bridge over that u b rn . m h s f ra a . P rop . T e Marq ui O G h rr m C o l s Less ees essrs . a rt n a o a n . a o . M M i B w , G g w

— - dn 2 1 - M a s . p One inch Or ance and Geological , ; six inch

2 8 . Ms E . 3 . Argyll and Bute , N ,

The occurren ce Of barytes at this locali ty ha s been recognised ’k kn ~ P n fOr a 1 20 n Own tO . e n an t bout years , and the vei was T , m dr ck Ma cull ch a Hea i . o O . . J eson . R T, J i , J § and thers W 1 840 n hen Ramsay“visited Arran about , the mi e was n bei g worked , and dressing and washing plant had then recently e He th Of b en erected . describes e process for the manufacture b een ' a lm ost the ﬁnished barytes , which seems to have identical

. Muir hi e with the method now followed at s ls . He also describes a method whereby the barytes wa s stain ed o yell w by means Of chromate of lead . FrOm 1 840 to 1 8 62 the mine appears to have been i n on o s c tinu us operation , but soon afterwards it was clo ed and the i m n e mill d s a tl d . The output Of barytes from 1 85 3 to 1 8 62 was as followsﬂ

Yea r . Y n s T o . ea r .

A T our f S c o tla n O Vol . 1 1 1 d , , 790.

' M n era lo O f th e S c o tt s I l s 1 8 0 s e 0 . j i gy i h , e o f A rra n 1 80 7 I Vi w , . ” W t e s es ern Is l , 1 8 1 9 . R a m sa The Geolo O f th e Isla n of A rra n 1 8 4 5 23—24 w c h i s H y, gy d , , pp . , hi i n co r ora te i n a oo e t tl N lt s n e o e e i n E x er m en ta l c en ce 1 845 . p d b k i d v i p i S i , “ ” Mi n eral S ta t st cs of th e Un te K n om 1] i i i d i gd .

‘ 1 02 BARYT E S AND WITH E RITE

The presence Of veins of barytes at this locality has long the been known . Several years ago main vein was Opened up the m by a trench at a point near where ine is now situated , but little else was done , and the work was soon abandoned . About the beginn i ng Of 1 9 1 7 boring operations were comm enced by the m k Hedworth Barium Co pany at the site Of the Old wor ings , and the position O f the vein at the surface w as proved by a series

- i 1 9 1 8 . Of trenches . Open cast min ng operations started in The output is as follows

Non e sold b ut severa l hun dr ed ton s ra is ed . ton s va lued a t

ton s .

5 00 t on s to a rc a n d 700 ton s i n stoc . M h , k

- O f The country rock consists red , white and yellow sandstones with associated pebbly and marly beds Of Upper Old Red i di i s Sandstone age . The ve n ps to the south west and associated with a line Of Crush which has been traced from the Boghea d

Burn at the north west , to where it crosses the Gass Water

w - i n ﬁ lli n about t o and a half miles to the south east . The g Of the vein is seen to vary along its co urse from a breccia Of sand stone fragments with a few strings Of barytes to a solid mass Of 2 6 i a te . n o bary s ft Width , v rying in colour from pink t white

e - or wat r clear .

200 300 to - e About to ft . the south west a parall l vein is exposed in the beds Of some Of the small burns which ﬂow

- S down the hill ide . When driving the adit level crosscut , it was

n 4 . fou d to be about ft . wide and to consist Of hard pink barytes 4 The vein has been opened up over a distance Of 00 ft . by

- 1 he - t an open cast which varies in width from 3 ft . at t south eas

2 - 4 6 . a and to ft t the north west . The depth averages from to 6 ft . , and the whole working is in barytes . A crosscut adit

h 4 2 - level w ich has been driven from a point 5 ft . to the south west th 8 1 Of meets e vein at a depth Of ft . From the point intersection 6 6 — . ft . a level , ft by , has been driven on the foot wall side in ‘

2 . both directions for a total distance Of 80 ft . all in barytes At o the north end two cr sscuts , which have been driven to the

n - S hangi g wall , how the vein to retain the thickness seen at the Al l surface . the barytes has been sent away in the crude state , but it is proposed to erec t a dressi ng plant near the mine .

R O Y O E IN G M E . I ( dl e. ) The min e is situated on Clyth Shore at Roy Goe about

- one thi rd Of a mile south Of Clyth Smithy— one mile south - east of 1 2 Occumster Station and miles S . S . W . of Wick .

M a s - - a n d 1 1 0 si x - n p One inch Ordnance Geological , ; i ch 4 3 . MS Caithness , S W . . rOf The vein has been known for a considerable numbe years , a on i t 1 9 1 4 e and few trials were made in . It was tak n over by the Hedworth Barium Company i n 1 9 1 5 and was . worked CAITH NE SS AND K IRK CUDBRIGH T 1 03

1 9 1 8 d to by them till when it was aban oned , since all intents for and purposes it was worked out . The output the period l —1 9 1 5 4 0 1 9 1 6 1 9 1 7 9 8 8 is as fo lows , tons ; , tons ; , tons ; 1 9 1 8 8 , tons .

The vein occurs in , an area of Caithness Flags of Old Red

- r Sandstone age . It has a north weste ly trend , dips to the north - east and is associated with a line of weakness which has n given rise to the indentation of the coast line know as Roy Goe . i i 3 4 n ff ft . As seen the cl the thickness varies from to , but in

the mine it increases to 9 ft . The barytes is white i n colour

but tends to weather with a yellowish tint . T a h mine wa s worked by three levels . The lowest is driven 20 from the beach a distance of about 0 ft . The next level is 5 4 . 00 . 2 5 0 . ft above and is ft long , and the top level , ft higher , 2 75 was driven about ft . All the workable ground above the di interme ate level has been removed practically to the surface , i but only a l ttle stoping was done at the beach level .

B AR LO C C O IN M E . I ( dl e. )

i i s of Ba rlocco The m ne situated on the west side the Burn , 2 00 . Ba rl and about yds north of occo farm . The nearest railway K d 7 station is irkcu bright some miles to the W . N . W . Of this dista nce the road is good for about 5 miles and fairly good for the remainder .

—~ - M a - s . 5 p One inch Ordnance and Geological , ; six inch K ld 5 1 M 5 Ms E . s 6 . O . S S . W . irkcudbright , Series , ; New Series , The occurrence Of veins of barytes at this locality has long i “ P r m a r e e n been known . On the shore near o t y th r is a atural o f arch made Of this material , which goes locally by the name i 1 8 5 6 the H a n g t Man . The mine was opened before and the

t 1 8 62 follows - 1 8 56 72 outpu from that time till was as T , tons ; 1 8 57 72 1 8 5 8 1 25 1 8 5 9 1 8 60 1 50 , tons ; , tons ; , tons ; , tons ; 1 6 1 1 75 1 8 62 5 8 0 . , tons ; , 1 tons During this period the barytes was carted a di stance of 5 i 1 62 m les to a dressing plant at Auchencairn . Soon after 8 1 9 1 4 the mine was closed and it remained abandoned until about , when it was reopened and prospected .

‘ 1 9 1 6 the Ba rlocco M ni In it was taken over by i ng Company . i e A new dress ng plant was erect d , and the ﬁnished product was Ki taken to rkcudbright by motor . The output for this last — 1 9 1 6 72 1 9 1 7 5 59 s period of working was as follows , tons ; , ton ; 2 1 9 1 8 700 s 1 9 1 9 4 50 1 920 28 . , ton ; , tons ; , tons

- The country rock consists of Silurian slate . Two parallel 1 ° di 0 8 . v ns 0 . t . ei about yds apar , trend W N and p southwards

' a t o i at high angles . The more southerly is seen the mouth

- 2 the . level on the road side a bout 00 yds . from farm house “ w 4 K r cu b h t N t 1 8 5 l . r The e Sta t s ca l Ac coun t O f Sc otlan vo . i i d , , iv i k d ig s i re . h , p ' ' T T he ﬁ gures p roba bly in clu de those from th e n eighb ou rin g m in e o f c Au hen ca irn . 1 04 BARYT E S AND WITH ERIT E

It is three feet wide at the surface but expands to eight feet in

of . the working , which is small and consists only a short level The bulk of the barytes is pink , but occasional patches are of clear white material . A small quantity of the pink variety was on m wrought and sold . The main operations have been the ore t on e l nor herly vein , which varies from and a ha f feet to seven feet in ﬁ lli n l of s in thickness . The g consists principa ly white baryte

h t - w ich is of en spoilt by numerous fragments of country rock , or by green staining due to ores of copper .

Three levels have been driven along the vein . The top one a d h t 70 . n t e is abou ft above adit , practically all workable ground t The be ween adit level and the surface has been removed . adit

c 700 600 . level has been taken a distan e of ft . About ft in , k 9 m n d 0 . in a winze has been su to a epth of ft barytes , and fro the bottom a level driven back under the adit level for a distance 1 70 r 40 f o S t . of ft . At the oot the haf , and for ft along the level

f . 6 the barytes varied rom 3 % ft to % ft . in thickness . The water from the low level was pumped to adi t by means of a pulsometer .

After m ini ng the clean ba rytes was hand - picked ; the mixed m aterial containi ng a good deal of country - rock was crushed and passed through two jigs which separated a further quantity f of barytes . This materi al was ﬁrst ground by means o a pair f O vertical Scotch mill s and then ﬁni shed in horizontal mills . A bleaching vat and drying kiln to treat three tons were also used .

A N IR N IN UCHE CA M E . Id ( le. l O d . The mine is Situated about one quarter of a mile S . S . W of Airds 1 2 m rea d the farm of and 0 yds . fro the coast . A good Ai rds to exists from a pier at, Auchencairn to , but from there the mine there is only a cart track . — M a - - 8 . 5 h p One inch Ordnance and Geological , ; six inc K 2 M 5 6 E . 5 s N. irkcudbright , Old Series S W ; New Series ,

60 a o The mine appears to have been opened about years g , and 700 tons of barytes are said to have been taken out of on e pocket . The country - rock consists of hard reddish grit of Calciferous

. E n d . E . a d Sandstone age The vein trends . N. ips to the north

2 . of s About ft barytes can be seen at the surface , but the thicknes in i n creases the mine . About 1 9 1 5 the old workin gs were

- re examin ed and a few tons of good platy pin kish - White barytes dr to were raised , but little else was done . A few hun ed yards r an the west there is an old copper mine , which is d ained by

e - m f s adit xtending to the sea coast . A s all quantity O baryte di lies on the dump at the mouth of the a t . In all probability it wa s obtain ed from the westerly extension Of the Auchencairn n w e was out i n the a di vei h n it t .

1 06 BARYT E S AND WITH E RIT E

At the north end of the m ain working the vein branches into a ll d s three parts , which have been trie , especially the one farthe t ll di a e . west , but in a few yards they out f the 40 O . On the slopes the valley to north , and ft or so below m m di the botto of the ain workings an a t level was commenced . It is nearly dry and the debris from it contains practically n o m on t n barytes . Trials have been ade the nor h end of the vei but have failed to prove that it continues in workable thi ckness .

il - The spo heaps contain comparatively little barytes , but some t n Of it is Of excellen quality , although other specimens contai

l Of - l sma l quantities galena , copper ores and quartz . The smal size of the spoil - heap at the main working com pared with that of the trial would indi cate that most Of the material worked i was barytes of good qual ty . Gartloa n i n g Mine is situated on the n orth - east slope of a ° 6 4 0 i n low 00 . . . Ga rtloa n hill about yds W N Of g . The country rock consists of interbedded dark red mudstones and gritty i sandstones of Lower Old Red Sandstone age . The vein wh ch ° - 20 d - h . s as been worked open cast trends W N . and ips south ea t ° 75 - 8 5 at to The open works extend over a distance of yds . and descend the hill towards the north in three stages of 25 to 1 2 1 0 m 30 . . i ft . . , ft and ft in depth The southern ost work ng 4 5 1 n 3 0 a d . is the largest , being yds . long , ft . wide at the top ft m f at the botto . Good barytes o pinkish colour is to be seen on the cheeks of the vein . n i The vei splits up and d es away southwards . On the north ha s it evidently been searched for by trial pits , but not found in n ss workable qua tity . As far as can be seen it seems to be le

- 3 . f s than ft wide at the bottom O these trials . The spoil heap S of how much sandstone with but little barytes , and no idea f the quality o the spar could be formed . Smaller vei ns have been opened up at other locali ties further west , but have proved impersistent . Thin veins of barytes are a l on of so visible the Drum Clashmore , about a mile to the south e w st . B SU S IDIAR Y O C CUR REN CES . E P RTH AND CLACK M ANNAN . Num erous veins in which barytes is found as a gangue min eral occur along the southern slopes Of the Ochil Hills between Bridge A Of llan and Dollar . The positions of these veins are shown

on e - 3 9 i s on on the published inch Geological map , , but it ly near Bla irlogi e and Men stri e that any of them are large enough and sufficiently free from such impuri ties as quartz a n d copper s to of Ore , be Of value as sources barytes . The country - rock consists of a series of interbedded lava flow s ni d t . , ashes , and volca c detritus Of Old Red San s one age The southern flank of the Ochil Hills is bounded by a large fault hi t 5 0 ° E . N. s w ch trends abou Of , and throws down Carboniferou n rocks o the south . Two sets of veins have been noted i n the di s on e d O f trict , trending a few egrees west north and the other n -w n ot e l fi n d ou i s orth est , but it has b en possib e to t which the

O of l v n s wn . lder set , nor is the relation the fau t to the ei kno PERT H AND CLACKM ANNAN 1 07

BLA IR LO G IE IN S VE .

P r olon el H ar op . C e.

- M s - a . i l 39 p One inch Ordnance and Geolog ca , ; six i nch 1 3 . t 3 S . W . Per h and Clackmannan , , P

I M A F F G . 1 . P O T H E B LAIR LO C IE S VEIN .

S c a le Ml le

on th The positions of the veins are shown e map (Fig . The E le ﬁve principal veins , A , , F , G and H , trend whi di O ff i n a the three subsi ary ones , branching from A , trend

W . N. di r n e r W . s ection . The easternmost vein , or A , occur a

m - E E . N . the outh Of an old adi t on the hill side about 600 yds . . 1 0 8 BARYT E S AN D WITH E RITE o B a lo i e s f l ir g . It hades to the west , and consist of about two feet Of intermingled pink barytes and quartz containi ng numerous

- d green stains due to copper ores . The three subsi iary veins , B , C

s . and D , carry the ame minerals , but are thin and not continuous E 2 0 he . The next of t principal veins , , passes 0 yds east of i Blai rlog e . It is not seen at the surface but its presence is in ferred from the occurrence of a narrow gully strewn with blocks of pink barytes . The vein appears to be wide , but it has not hi been opened up . The t rd vein , F , is seen in the crags about

- l i l i e 1 5 B a r o . 0 yds . north east of g It dips to the east , and

a - at the point marked , where it has been worked for copper ores , 6 there are about four feet Of barytes . At it is much broken up and consists of a few small strings of barytes up to one or two feet 0 n S in thickn ess . At it has expa ded and hows twelve feet of

‘ barytes with some quartz . The fourth vein , G , occurs a few yards an tw o further west d consists of about feet of platy pink barytes .

- It has been worked for copper ores . The last vein , H , occurs on S Of Blai rlo i e the west ide the burn immediately behind g House . At d it is from nine to twelve feet in thickness and consists of “ barytes with some quartz . This vein has been worked for copper S 1 00 ores m a level on the ide of the burn about yds . behind

the house .

ME N S TR IE VE IN

— - M a - s . n 39 . p One inch Ordna ce and Geological , ; six inch m 1 E 3 3 N. W . N. . . Perth and Clack annan , , , P

‘ The vein has been traced as a fault fromnear Balquha rn Al di n of in “ one mile west of va , for a sta ce four miles a N . N. W . i l di rect on towards G en tyre Hill . It is known to contain barytes

at two localities . The more southern is in a small burn about

- i l a n e o . Co s ur o f . . n h th rd a mile W N W of Hill , and t e other Of In chn a on the sides the Second Burn , a quarter of a mile r li ‘ n Orth . n 8 further At the ﬁ st loca ty the vei is about ft . wide , an d contains pinkish - White barytes much mixed with quartz

- and copper ores . At the exposure in the Second In chn a Burn the vein form s a wall on the ea St Side of a narrow gorge to which it runs parall el for a considerable dist ance : It contains a good 6 deal Of quartz , and up to ft . of good fairly clean white barytes .

H I ARGYLLS RE .

STR N T I N AN D L NAR T O A OCH S U .

Practically all the lead - ore veins of this area contain barytes m S O of as their principal gangue ineral , but far none them has

been worked for that material . A full account Of the mines of “ Strontian and Lurga is given elsewhere ?

S ec a l R e orts on th e M n era l R esources of G rea t B r t a i n Vol . xvn p i p i i , , T he Lea Z n c o er a n d N c el O res o f S cotla n M 2 82 em . Geol . S um 1 9 1 . d , i , C pp i k d ( ) , , p

1 1 0 BAR YTE S AND WITH ERITE

4 f t a . contains about ft . o good whi e barytes free from galen The m m a inl o f dumps are s all and uch spre d out , but consist ma y

b a rvte s . A I G E CE O IR E R I LL A AR B G .

— - d a d 5 - JIa s . n e 3 p One inch Or nance G ological , ; six inch Ms Ar ll 2 9 N. W . . gy shire , , * s rr e o Mr. Bailey mention the occu enc f a vei n Of barytes that ’ seen i n a small gorge which emp ties i nto All t a Garh Choire

bi t r Tub hai r . i s B g , a ributary Of Coi e an It about ﬁve feet thick ,

i n t of - t b ut n ot occurs the cen re a north west doleri e dyke , does a h u for extend t t e s rface any great dis tan ce .

Y A RSHIR E .

MUIR KIRI; IST I CT D R .

— - JI s 5 - ap . One inch Ordnance and Ge ological 1 ; six i nch

1 W . . A 3 S . yrshire , , P A hi of a e the Gar el e t n vein b rytes is se n in p Wat r , just below the bridge where the old road to Sanquhar crosses the stream M 2 ° t i i r I . and about two miles sou h of u rk k . t trends W 0 N is 9 i n i i n . n nl . about th ck ess , and can be traced for o y a few yards A number of veins Of pin k barytes can be seen crossi ng the Polwhan n on Burn (six - inch Ayrshire 3 7 N about four miles ° s M i . 1 E 0 N . th n outh of u rkirk They all trend . , and are i and e valueless as a source of baryt s .

R N GLEN GA O C K .

31 a a — - i n d e i 22 si x - h p One ch Or nance and G olog cal , ; inc w ri s Ms 8 a n d Ne e . A . W . . S . yrshire , P Se ,

A th a te O ld es t n ow in vein of b ry s occurs in an lim one quarry, ll d te i n thr Crawﬁ eld three ﬁ e with wa r , front of form house of , a er a m l s a an d t qu rt s Of i e eastward from Gleng rnock Station , abou 2 f K . te o 00 yds . east of the ilbi rn i e Branch Railway The bary s is a n d the i 1 feet ds good quality , vein wh ch s about one wide , tren

t - a o d nor h west , and ppears t have been opene up by a trench for a di sho rt stance .

LAN AR x srrIR E .

AU C E IN S TILLO C E D IS TRI CT .

JI - - 23 - n a s . n o p One inch Ord ance and Ge logical , ; six i ch hi 7 3 . a N W . S W . L narks re , , P Several veins of baryte s have been noticed in the An chi n

till och t m - ast M r an d district abou six iles north e of uirki k , the s m i t - m A ess difﬁ Oult a e d stance sou h west fro Lesmahagow . cc is a s t a re n o he l here roads near t loca ity . No 1 n a d s s . t the o km u an n ts vei , lies head f the Poc ui r B rn co i of te t ni n i It pink bary s con ai g numerous stri ngs of heema t te .

t si x eet s an d urn a is abou f wide , hades we t , crosses the b in

- Th - l ri north west direc tion . e country rock consis ts of Si u an mudstone and shale .

The Geolo o f B en N a n l n Il 2 4 e s d G e Coe l em . Gaol S ure 19 1 6 . 3 gy vi ( . ) , , p LANARKSHIRE l 1 1

2 3 a d 4 Nos . n , veins are situated near the head of the River

2 - Netha n . . V n No ei is the most westerly ; it trends north west , 5 an d i i is from 4 to ft . in thickness contains a pecul ar k n d of barytes which is soft and massive . Where it crosses the burn the vein contains about two feet of barytes with specks of galen a . About 1 00 yds ; to the north- west several tons of this materi al

- lie on the spoil heap from a small shaft sunk to the vein . The

- coun try rock is grey Silurian mudstone . 3 No . vein , the middle vein , is much mixed with broken — tw o country rock , though at one place there are feet of pin k

- barytes free from galena . It trends north west . The country u rock con sists of pink felsite intr ded into grey mudston es . 4 No . vein is the most easterly and is about six feet wi de and of nk t much broken up . It con sists pi platy bary es mixed with a large amount of mudstones and grits . Near its centre a thin s e eam of hard massive baryt s occurs , which like the rest of the barytes , carries a little galena .

5 . . n . o No . vein . This vein trends W N W the north slope o I - f Nutb erry Hill . t has been worked open cast on a small t s cale for galena . Barytes occurs only in hin strings and i s pin k in c olour . 6 No . vein lies on the east side of a small burn between sti ll M n kshead Meikle Auchi n o ch and High o . It trends

- w north est through rocks of Old Red Sandstone age . It varies from about six feet of fairly pure pink barytes at the south en d of of the exposure , to broken rock with only thin strings barytes at the north .

6 h on - All the veins except No . are s own the One Inch 2 Geological map , but with the possible exception of No . none is of economic value . E N A H I AU C H S U G H LL .

‘

M a s — - a n d e 1 5 2 p One inch Ordnance G ological , and 3 ;

- 42 . W . N . W . S . six in ch Lanark , , , P

A vein contai ni n g a li ttle barytes and trending north - west o ccurs in a burn runni ng south - westward from near the top } of Auchen sau h l b 2 - of Crawfurd ohn g Hi l , a out 3 miles north west j . In the Bra idkn owe Bur n 1 2- miles north - west of the same place there are a few strings of barytes which course in the same di rection . A trial for barytes wa s made on a small vein exposed i n the o ld whin ston e quarry on the north of Pagi e and on e mile south n east of Douglas . As seen at the surface the vein was about o e foot a n d hi t b ut th e n wide consisted of good w e barytes , worki gs b e f e i t h ved to o . pro it small ext nt , and was soon ex austed

I E LINLIT H GO WSH R .

I D S T N H L ER O E.

— M a a O ne - n c n an 3 1 six - p i h Ord ce and Geological , ; inch w 5 E s in th o S . . M . L li g , , 1 1 2 BARYTE S AND WITH ERITE

The m ine is situated at the south - east corn er of Cairn Papple t m Hill , abou four iles south of Linlithgow and two and a half

E . N. . miles by road N. from Bathgate Station * A full account of this mine is given elsewhere . L In IS7Q] the min e was reopened and a shaft was sun k to a

2 5 t e - on depth of 2 ft . h section of the country rock the hanging wall side of the vein was found to be as follows :

S urfa ce cl a y a n d ston es S a n dston e Fa kes Whin ston e 1 6 Bla es 1 1 Lim eston e 5 4 Ma rl 4 2 Ma r] a n d Whin ston e 3 6 Opposite the top whinstone the vein is about six feet wide and m consists entirely of barytes . The barytes on the du ps ranges from pure white to pin k in colour and is of good quality .

FO RFARS H IRE

F O R B ID D E N C V A E .

— - an d 5 7 - M a s . n p One inch Ordnance Geological , ; six i ch WIS 4 6 . E . N. Forfar , , the ff The vein occurs in the face of cli at Forbidden Cave , which is situated about half - a - mile north - ea st of Ca rli n heugh

- Bay and 3 miles north ea st of Arbroath . There is a good road to Arbroath from a point about on e - third of a mile in land from the vein .

- The vein trends north east. dips south - ea st and varies in 6 t . t hickness from a few inches to ft of good pink pla y barytes . It m the cuts across a s all headland , and the sea working along n At line of weakness has driven caves into it from both e ds . the mouth of the cave on the north side of the headland the ee vein is seen to be about six f t wide . It retains this thickness fo r a to a considerable distance upwards , but ne r the p of the i ff 1 h . cl , w ich is about 00 ft high , the thickness has diminished o 2 3 a t or i t . When followed horizont lly into the cave the barytes thins away again to a foot or so . Where seen at the cave on the south side it consists mainly of broken c ountry - rock (Old Red San dstone) with strings of barytes up to n ine inches o r one fo ot in thickness . Southwards a n d northwards from the headland the vein can b e traced for considerable distances by e t the occurr nce of thin s rings of barytes on the face of the cliffs .

t n th M n S ec a l R e or s o e era l R eso urces o f G rea t B r ta n Vol . x T he p i p i i i , vii , Z n c o er a n d N c el O res o f S co tla n M ea em . Ge l S m 1 92 1 . 6 1 . o . u L d , i , C pp i k d ( ) , , p t n Th e H ilderston c l H . e S er M n e n ea r n l th o T ra n s . F ed . T Ai k , i v i , Li i g w — V l 1 89 3 9 4 - t m E n . o . . 1 9 1 9 8 In s . M 3 . , g , vi , , pp

1 1 4 IND E X .

rst Ra e ei n 4 0 . C s F 1 4 . lo e . w , , Fi k V ,

C l ea sures 2 1 1 1 3 1 5 Fla ss H a ll 1 2 . oa M , , , , , , ” l ts r Coc H ll n e 62 . a a tes i n 1 1 1 3 1 8 2 1 k i Mi , F , b y , , , , — C ou s e a rm 1 3 . 24 3 9 4 0 42 4 6 48 5 2 5 9 62 ookh F , , , , , , , , , 64 6 7 6 db err e n 1 7 . 8 . C ol y V i , , , l n ts re 2 4 4 — 6 2 9 8 8 . C da le . ole , F i hi , , , r Con on le n e 5 8 . luo s a r 2 1 0 1 8 2 4 2 9 4 1 4 7 y Mi , F p , , , , , , , , 4 — — C o Ra e 65 . 5 5 6 6 1 64 67 69 . p k , , , ,

Co er la n c e 69 8 1 . Flush i em ere or Flushi em ea n e pp G , , Mi ,

P r tes 3 2 3 7 5 9 2 2 2 3 . y i , , , , , or dden Ca e Ar roa t 1 2 9 . 1 . 3 F bi v ( b h) ,

H l 7 1 7 7 . orce Cra i n e 24 C orn don l 2 9 30 . i , , F g M , , ,

H ll 69 . or a rs re 1 1 2 oth erc ott . C i , F f hi ,

n e 79 80 . F ri a rfold e n 60 . Mi , , V i , — ow reen n es 1 0 1 8 2 1 . roz en ell 3 4 . C G Mi , , F F , ’ 4 1 r er s In a C r en . t e e n ra e 61 . g G , F y k V i , ’

C R hiw rth n es 8 9 . ul ler s ea rt 1 ra a . ig Mi , F h ,

- - Cra m w n n e 8 9 . ig y y Mi ,

C rib den , 63 . a len r en t erous — a a 9 1 9 . Cr c 68 . 3 i h , G , g if , 2 Ga r el t r 1 1 Cross e n S out 0 . a e 0 . V i h , p W , G r lo n i n e 1 C row sﬁ eld 1 6 . a t a n 06. , g Mi , l r 1 4 a ss ter n e 2 Cro da le Co l e . a 1 0 1 1 0 . x i y , G W Mi , , C ter 2 9 Ga te i l e n rum m oc a . l 3 3 . k W , g V i ,

Cul m ea s ures 94 . a tten n e 70 80 . M , G Mi , , 2 4 24 — 4 2 P ll Ar l 9 C rla n d la te IV e a u 4 . um e . b , , , ; G i ,

C wm O ro n es 8 8 . erm a n a r tes 1 3 . g Mi , G b y , , — l ru 2 2 C sta n o n e 92 94 . c n e 7 8 . y g Mi , Gi x Mi , ,

la m or a n 94 . G g ,

len S a n n ox i n e 9 7 1 00 1 0 1 . G M , , , G en der err 1 ee Ra e 66 . l a t a 3 . D p k , , 1 r s R er 1 2 en rn oc 1 . D ee n es . l a 0 iv , G g k , r 7 r d en s e 8 6 8 . len d n 5 0 . D bigh hi , , G i i g , er s re 1 2 64 — 6 9 Pla te olc on da n e 67 D by hi , , , ; V . G Mi ,

r 2 94 9 o dc ld 4 8 . e on s e 5 . o . D v hi , , , G hi , J G H l te 5 7 G o dsh w 63 . a o . o a ll Di gi , i ,

D i rtl w Ra e 65 rn i n e 9 . o . o 0 k , G M , 6 r 7 rt Ra e 6 . a te 3 . Di y k , G phi , ’

s s e n 4 r h C m m on 1 7 . o on 8 . G a ss ill o D b V i , , l om te 6 6 6 n es 5 5 o 5 7 8 . ra ss n ton . D i , , , G i g Mi , l 2 ou a s 1 1 1 . ra ss n t on oor 6 . D g , G i g M , — D ri ith n e 7 r m n eld 69 . 3 5 3 . a els n gg Mi , G v i i g ﬁ , D r i l n e 4 4 7 l 3 5 . rea t An ill 6 . yg Mi , G g , , — u Si e n e 1 8 2 Ra e n e 68 . 0 . D bby k Mi , k Mi , u ton ll 2 e n es 4 8 . reen ll e n 8 . D f F Mi , G Gi V i , — ur a m 2 4 1 0 24 4 2 Pla te IV Green ea rth or Green h urth in e 1 8 D h , , , , ; . M , ,

20 .

reen a u n e 6 1 . G h gh Mi , E a s t C ow reen M n e 1 8 1 n n e 5 1 9 . ree ou . G i , , G h gh Mi , E t d 6 en ec 8 . reen s de n e 50 . f h y , G i Mi , E l on 67 t . un n ers de 60 6 1 . , G i , , E sh n n n Coll er es 1 3 . Wi i g i i , E tters ill n es 2 1 2 2 g Mi , , .

E x los on s Coa l - d ust 1 3 . H a ll n e 65 p i , , Mi , .

E a m 66 . H l T 1 1 7 F . 0 . a C . y , l , . , ,

E a rth n e 8 6 . H er 1 6 a m st le . y Mi , y ,

H a n ood ll 70 7 1 8 1 . w Mi , , , H a rd Ra e 67 k ,

F a chw en n e 90 . H a re H o m rm 1 3 . Mi , l e Fa ,

- a l ore 93 . H a resc ou h ell 3 8 F h , g F , . F llow ﬁ eld n e 2 5 9 1 H r h a 0 . a t o e H ll 1 7 Mi , , , , p i , . ll T o L m es ton e 1 7 Fe . H a rts de n e 2 5 3 8 39 . p i , i Mi , , , IN E 1 1 5 D X .

H r a ood ell 1 8 . Lon B a ke 67 . w F , g , H ks a w wi ck oor 5 6 . Lon cliff 68 . M , g , H z r d e . 6 a a n 65 Lon m n d 9 . Mi , g y ,

H a dr c 1 0 . L st o E d 66 e 0 on n e e . i k , J g g ,

H em m or te 68 . L n scale Cra s 1 o 3 . i phi , g ,

H e a m 5 . L ou Sl tt ein 40. xh , gh i V , H Hurt E d 22 L i s r e e ow W e l 1 6. igh h g , . y , Ra se e n 4 4 1 udl o eds 7 . L 0 8 . i V i , , w B ,

Ra e 66 . Lum le C l er ol 1 4 . k , y i y , H i hﬁ ld H us es 1 8 Lun eh e d 4 2 4 e a 4 . g h , . , , — H lders ton e 1 1 1 . n e 1 5 52 54 . i , Mi , , H ll H us 1 Lur a e 1 9 o e 3 . n 0 . i , g Mi , H l o n e 4 t n 6 . i Mi , H ll n d T e n e o a n 65 . wi Mi , H ol e H ea d e n 24 M ul h m . a c loc 1 00 V i , , J . H l o e S a es 69 . a e n es 67 p h , M gpi Mi , . H O la n d H l 1 7 M sh a l . a a w Ra e 67 ppy , g k , H Mr 9 7 ouston . . a n ei n 70 . , , M i V , H o lee a e w l L n e 1 5 . a la c t 3 1 3 7 8 1 82 95 , M hi , , , , , . H u li th n e 69 1 s d 70 8 . a n a n e e o de 72 g Mi , , , M g i xi , . ” H us es 2 s 4 7 P 5 . a 1 0 l a tes IV VI see h , M p , , ; , V, ; a lso un der eta ls of es D i Min .

a rr n ton i n le 7 7 . M i g D g , In dustr a l n otes 4 elm er S c r L m s o 1 8 2 3 . a e t n e 0 i , , M by i , , , Ire 2 2 5 . 2 . by , Ire n d r s M s ri e la a te i n en t 1 8 . 3 . 0 , b y , Is e la 1 1 9 M rr ﬁ ld 2 a l n e 8 . e e n e 6 . b Mi , , y Mi , ddl e l 4 9 e l n e . Mi F Mi , Mi d esh o n 1 d l e 09 . p Mi ,

m es n R 1 ddlesm oor 5 6 . a o . 00 . J , , Mi ,

P ddl o - b - r s or 67 68 o n eel n e 25 . et n t . J h Mi , Mi y Wi k w h , , 6 ddleton a le 6 . Mi D ,

- - ddleton i n T eesda le 1 8 24 . Mi , , 66 err a m es 5 9 63 . ddleton oor . K , J , , Mi M ,

es 2 9 4 ddleto n 8 2 . c 3 3 3 . K wi k , , , Mi w ,

M k . r cud r ts re 1 03 1 04 . i llb ec 3 3 Ki k b igh hi , , , — — r r 2 llston e r t 1 1 1 5 1 7 6 1 63 . n a es o ou 6 . K b gh , Mi G i , , ,

T r 1 r l oi l 69 72 7 6 . n e a n 50 5 . n e a K ip , , Mi , , ,

n ts le ell n e 1 4 1 5 tc 80 8 2 . K i y F Mi , , . pi h , ,

H ll 1 7 n sterle 69 7 1 . i , . Mi y , H 7 5 orton . . M , G

os s n e 5 5 . M Mi ,

L n a r s re 1 1 1 1 1 Ra e 65 . a 0 . k hi , , k ,

La n c s re 6 u r r 1 1 0 . a 3 . hi , M i ki k , — La n don ell 2 1 M ui rsh i els n e 9 7 1 00 . g F , . Mi ,

L n th i t 2 9 u er str ct 5 9 . a wa e a te . G , M k Di i , M eds 69 7 1 —73 7 7 L en ses 1 9 tton 5 7 . , . y B , , , , 4 L a s 9 . i , 4 9 L m on te . i i ,

L t on e 2 1 4 4 4 Na n t 9 1 92 . o 5 3 . i h p , , , , , L tle h te e n 2 Nen tsb ur H a s e n 4 0 t 5 5 3 . i W i V i , , y gg V i , .

L de lo eds 75 8 n e 25 40 4 1 . la n 8 . i B , , Mi , , ,

Ll n - a n n e 94 ew ra n ce et 2 4 1 2 a . N g Mi , B p h , , , ,

Lla n ollen 8 7 e n 1 3 . g , . V i ,

Lla n n h a a l New Ra e e n 65 . 8 6. gy f , k V i ,

Lla n n o 8 8 8 9 S out E n d e n 20. gy g , , . h V i ,

Lla n dloes 8 8 Strea e n 2 2 . i , . k V i ,

Lle n Pen n sula e la n d n e 3 1 . 84 . N w y i Mi ,

L ll n e 2 7 1 . o 6 . N c n olls n e y Mi , i k K Mi ,

L n don Lea d C o s r e n 72 . o . 4 8 9 N c n oll o , , 4 i k K ( Big) V i ,

L on a n d E n d e n 1 8 N dderda le 61 . g B V i , , i , l 4 — el 2 4 4 4 6 , i ston e e n 70 . F , , N p V i , 1 1 6 IND EX .

ill n e 5 7 . Nort ra n Bec 1 7 . R a h G i k , yg Mi ,

Nort reen e n 4 0 . R ed ill n e 3 5 . h G V i , g Mi , 1 7 R e 6 Nort La n ton H ea d e n e t 0 . h g V i , h , — — Nort um erla n d 2 4 1 0 Pla te IV. Ren re s re 9 7 1 00 . h b , , ; f w hi ,

Nurser n ot Pla n ta t on 62 . R ha dle i n e 73 . y K i , y M ,

R a et c 94 . Nutﬁ eld 1 . , h i ,

R m n ton 54 . i i g ,

Roc n e Th e 73 . k Mi , ,

O c l H i lls Ro ds n e 1 8 1 9 . hi , Mi , ,

Old a n n e 60 6 1 . Rom a n n n 1 0 61 75 G g Mi , , Mi i g , , , , ’

a n s e n 4 3 . R orri n ton n e 74 . M V i , g Mi ,

oor n e 65 . B ou ten ll 3 1 3 2 . M Mi , gh Gi , , — — Old R ed San ds ton e 1 0 1 1 03 1 05 R ou h ten ill n e 3 3 3 5 . , , , g g Mi , 4 H l n e 7 . 1 06 1 1 2 . Roun d l , i Mi ,

Old S a n or Na ck e n 52 54 . R ow ter a rm 65 . w y V i , , F ,

O rdo c a n 69 8 8 . R o G oe i n e 1 02 . vi i , , y M ,

- O ut ut : ra s s o n Pla tes R uthw a i te n e 24 2 6. p g ph h wi g , Mi , II 8 6 6 a lso un der eta ls r 7 II I R de e n 2 . , ; D i y V i ,

in es . R o e Coll er 1 4 . M yh p i y ,

O ven i e n e 76 . p p Mi ,

O x low Ra e 65 . k , 4 As . St . a 8 ph , ’ ll 7 H 1 . St . o n s a J h ,

Pa i e 1 1 1 . S a llet H ole n e 67 g , Mi ,

Pa r n es 2 5 3 9 . S a n db ed n e 3 4 3 6 3 7 . k Mi , , Mi , , ,

Pa rlour e n 4 3 . S ca r L m eston e 2 1 3 9 4 1 V i , i , , ,

d 6 1 62 . Pa tele r e S ca r err H ll 4 1 . y B i g , , b y i , 2 Peel R . 1 . r , , S c o da le, 4 2 , 4 8 .

Pen ston reen 4 2 4 3 . S c orda le n es 4 6 4 7 . i G , , Mi , , — Pen la n L e els 93 . 7 1 1 2 v , S c otla n d, 9 .

’

Pen n a n t T . 1 00 . S er n s 65 . , , i , — Pen n an t n e 84 8 5 . S ettli n ston es n e 2 5 8 . Mi , , g Mi , ,

Pe n erl n e 72 . n e S eldon 67 . y Mi , h , H l s 2 1 P in e l 4 5 . en n S el e 69 . i , h v ,

- - Pen Cl n n e 9 1 . S le oss a rm 1 5 . y y Mi hip y M F , Per s L e el 7 i n 5 . S ot e n 4 3 . k v , h V i , — I r s 2 V . Pe ki n b ea ch n e 7 73 . S ro s re 2 4 69 8 3 Pla te Mi , , h p hi , , , ;

Perm a n L m eston e S ull R n e 1 5 1 6 . i i , h igg Mi , ,

Pert s re 1 06 1 0 7 . S lur a n Roc s 69 84 90 9 1 . 1 03 h hi , , i i k , , , , , Pi keston e oor 1 7 1 1 1 0 1 1 . M , ,

P es 1 4 64 68 . Si lverb a n d n e 4 9 . ip , , , Mi , Po s 4 67 c et 6 68 . Sin en ll 3 1 3 2 . k , , , Gi , ,

Pom ren n e 8 7 8 8 . Sk eleron n es 54 . p Mi , , Mi ,

Port-a a n e ra d ell oor S dda Sla tes 2 9 3 1 3 3 34 3 7 . w y Mi (B w M ) , ki w , , , , ,

n s ter 67 . Sla ston e S e 1 9 . (Wi ) , p ik , Portm a r 1 03 . Sm a rb er n e 6 1 . y , Mi ,

Pos tl et a te J . 2 9 3 1 3 3 3 4 S n a ilb ea ch n e 4 69 75 7 6 . hw i , , , , , , Mi , , , , P s ll e 24 2 ott n 6 2 7 . Sn a i s ill n e 23 24 . Ghy Mi , , , g Mi , , Pr r s 62 s ou in e . o e o erset 2 9 5 9 6 . p M , S m , , ,

Pro den ce n e 62 . S out ust e n 1 3 1 4 . vi Mi , h B y V i , , s — P lom elan e 2 9 3 0 3 5 3 7 . La n ton H ea d e n 1 7 . i , , , g V i , Pudsa l a m 5 l 5 . S ec c ra t 1 2 . y , Wi i , p iﬁ g vi y , ,

P rolus te 4 9 . S en cer L . 1 1 . y i , p , J

P rom or te 3 6 3 7 . Sta r m 5 6 . y phi , , b otto ,

ti r r z te 69 73 74 . S pe s ton es Qua t i , ,

Stol z te 2 9 . i ,

ueen E l z a et 3 4 5 5 . Ston ecroft n e 5 7 8 . Q i b h , , Mi , , , s d u r 9 7 ueen e . Stron t a n 1 08 1 09 . Q i M i , i , , Stron t 1 a n te 6 . i i , S un a rt L 1 oc 08 . , h ,

Ram s a A . C . 9 7 1 00 . S s d un n e 1 7 . y , , y i ,

R s en ol V. . m d C . . a n e 62 . , J , ii Mi ,

SPE CIAL RE PO RTS ON TH E MINE RAL RE SO URCE S OF GRE AT BRITAIN

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