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Romulus Whitaker 06 | Climate Change 14 | Found in NEMO 18 | Success Stories 22 | Blue Mind 26 Contents 2012 VOL 6 ISSUE 2 Romulus Whitaker 06 |Climatechange 14 |FoundinNEMO 18 |Successstories 22 |Bluemind 26 contents photoframe perspective 03 Arribada at dusk 22 Successful success stories JACK FRAZIER research in translation 26 Outre’ banks of the mind 04 WALLACE J NICHOLS • Context adds depth, underwater • Snails ride on green turtles 31 Turtles left out in the cold MATTHEW GODFREY interview 06 ROMULUS WHITAKER talks to books from the attic Kartik Shanker 34 Ongoing critiques of conservation MATTHEW GODFREY features 14 Too hot for sea turtles? Impact of climate change on sea turtle populations MARIANA FUENTES This issue was produced with support from: 18 Found in NEMO Tracking turtles using telemetry and ocean models REBECCA SCOTT The magazine is produced with support from: Current Conservation carries the latest in research news from natural and social science facets of conservation, such as conservation biology, environmental history, anthropology, sociology, ecological economics and landscape ecology. For more details, visit our website at www.currentconservation.org editor’s note Kartik Shanker Rushikulya photoframe Arribada at dusk Lepiodochelys olivacea, Odisha Marine turtles are amongst the most ubiquitous icons of conservation. More, in 2 E U 2 1 ISS 20 fact, than perhaps whales and dolphins, or tigers or pandas. Most countries with a 6 L O V Romulus Whitaker 06 | Climate change 14 | Found in NEMO 18 | Success stories 22 | Blue mind 26 coastline—even very cold ones—have some species of sea turtle along their coast. And a conservation programme to go with it. The fact that over 1000 participants from nearly 80 countries attend the Annual Symposium on Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation is testimony to both the popularity of these flagships, and the threats they face. In this issue, we take a closer look at some of the concerns in sea turtle conserva- tion today. Sea turtles may be particularly susceptible to climate change as hatch- ling sex is determined by incubation temperature; hence, rise in temperature could lead to changes in sex ratios or to mortality. Moreover, sea level changes could impact the sandy beaches on which they nest. Mariana Fuentes uses a vul- nerability assessment to examine which aspects of climate change will most affect green turtle populations in the Great Barrier Reef. Rebecca Scott examines the oceanic routes of loggerhead turtles using satellite telemetry and ocean models. Jack Frazier asks the critical question: what constitutes success in conservation? Matthew Godfrey takes a closer look at the value of conservation responses to cold-stunned turtles. We also reprint J Nichols’ piece from ‘Catamaran’—where the ocean and the mind and turtles connect. The illustrations were generously contributed by Smitha Shivaswamy and George Supreeth (Pencil Sauce). Editor Magazine Design Advisory Board Kartik Shanker Prachi Kamdar Rohan Arthur, India Brendan Godley, UK Senior Editor Illustration Ferenc Jordan, Hungary Ankila Hiremath Pencil Sauce Harini Nagendra, India Fred Nelson, Tanzania Managing Editor Wallace J Nichols, USA Suneha Mohanty Meera Anna Oommen, India Samraat Pawar, USA Staff Writer Madhusudan Katti, USA Divya Ramesh Javier Arce-Nazario, USA Madhu Rao, Singapore Bram Buscher, The Netherlands Jose Alexandre Diniz-Filho, Brazil Copyright All articles in Current Conservation, unless otherwise noted, are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3 License. You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work, and to remix or adapt the work under the following conditions: • You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). • For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work. Kartik Shanker • Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. Olive ridley turtles are known for their arribadas or mass nesting behaviour. Over 50,000 turtles nested • Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the author’s moral rights. The full text of this license is available at: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ on this particular night in February 2013, the most in the last decade of monitoring at this site. currentconservation.org 03 research in translation Divya Ramesh Divya Ramesh Context adds depth, underwater Snails ride on green turtles An inclusive method to measure impact of noise on marine First evidence of green turtles carrying passengers, piggy- mammals back style oise from ships and coastal indus- includes contextual factors that were not taken Young green turtles on the Uruguayan coast hang measured the length of the carapace and weight tries is capable of traveling miles into account earlier, such as the influence of dis- around all year at the second largest South Ameri- of the turtles, to see if the whelks had detrimental underwater and scientists have tance between the sound source and the animal, can estuary, the Rio de la Plata, as there is plenty effects on their hosts. Most turtles had severe in- found that, in many ways, this af- whether the animal had heard the sound before of food. Once they become adults, these turtles juries on their carapaces caused by the attachment fects marine mammals. They used to and recognised or learnt it and whether the sound recruit to adult populations all the way in UK, of whelks. They found an average of eight to ten Nconsistently record the amplitude of a sound when was similar to natural sounds like that of an Venezuela and Africa. And new evidence suggests whelks on a turtle and up to 49 whelks on a single produced and drew concentric ‘zones of influence’ enemy. They call for similar inclusive assessments they might be carrying several passengers with turtle, causing a 20% increase in weight! It turns around it, thus measuring the potential effects of that will help in more efficient management of all them, riding on their shell! out that the whelks take advantage of the turtles the sound on an animal. However, they had not the noise we create. when the latter hibernate, and easily clamber on taken into account some other equally important Lezama and colleagues in Uruguay counted the because the carapace is a harder substrate than factors (read on to know what they are). Luckily, Ellison W T, Southall B L, Clark C W & A S Fran- number of Rapa whelks, large sea snails, on the the ubiquitous soft sand. some scientists have taken the hint from a few kel. 2012. A new context-based approach to assess carapace (upper shell) of 33 green turtles that earlier studies. marine mammal behavioral responses to anthro- were stranded or captured on the coast. They also The scientists also expected that whelks would pogenic sounds. Conservation Biology 26: 21–28. be harmful to turtles and reduce the latter’s body In one study, harbor seals were played sounds doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01803.x weight. But they were surprised when they found of local fish-eating killer whales, and they barely larger and heavier turtles carried more whelks. shrugged their shoulders. But when migrant May be the healthier a turtle is, the more whelks mammal-eating killer whale sounds were it can support. The scientists now want to see if played, the seals reacted strongly. In another the added weight affects buoyancy, the extent of study, sonar signals were relayed from a damage to the carapace and also how long they stationary ship en route of migrating gray remain on the turtles. Do they take these free rides whales. They moved around the ship and all the way to Africa and the UK remains to be avoided it. But when the ship was moved seen. two kilometers away, even though the sound levels remained the same, the whales didn’t Lezama C, Carranza A, Fallabrino A, Estrades seem affected and continued on their original A, Scarabino F & M López-Mendilaharsu. 2013. path. Clearly there was more to this than just Unintended backpackers: bio-fouling of the inva- the intensity of sound produced. sive gastropod Rapana venosa on the green turtle Chelonia mydas in the Río de la Plata Estuary, So, Ellison and colleagues proposed a new Uruguay. Biological Invasions, 1-5.(2012). method to better assess the effects of sound on marine mammals. This approach Divya Ramesh is a staff writer at Current Conser- vation. [email protected] Harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) pick out familiar resting spots, mostly rocky areas where they are protected from Green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) are found throughout tropi- adverse weather conditions and predation, near a forag- cal and subtropical seas, with feeding and breeding grounds ing area. often separated by thousands of kilometres. Catalina Londono Rafn Ingi Finnsson 04 current conservation 6.2 currentconservation.org 05 interview In 1988, the Students Sea Turtle Conservation Network (SSTCN) was formed and has, for the last 25 years, run a conservation pro- gramme centred around its sea turtle hatchery. Kartik Shanker talks to Romulus Whitaker, the founder of the Madras Snake Park and the Madras Crocodile Bank Trusts (MCBT), not to mention the Agumbe Rainforest Research Station (ARRS) and the Andaman and Nicobar Environment Team (ANET). Best known for his work on snakes and crocodiles, Rom played a crucial role in starting the turtle walks and talks about the early days. KS: I’ve probably asked you about this many times KS: And you didn’t know at that point that ridleys since we first met when I was working with the nested on this coast? SSTCN in Madras in the late 1980s... What was Sea turtle conservation in India started with the scene like in the 1970s? Why did you guys RW: No idea, no idea at all.
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