RINA (Hendrika Grada) KNOEFF Date and Place of Birth: 26 October 1972, Staphorst, the Netherlands Work Experience October 2012

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RINA (Hendrika Grada) KNOEFF Date and place of birth: 26 October 1972, Staphorst, the Netherlands

Work Experience October 2012 – present: Senior researcher / assistant professor (Faculty of Arts, Department of History, University of Groningen). See: http://www.rug.nl/staff/h.g.knoeff/index October 2008 – October 2012: Postdoctoral Research Fellow (Faculty of Arts, Art History, Leiden University) on the history of anatomical collections. See: http://www.hum.leiden.edu/research/culturesofcollecting/ February 2006 – September 2008: Postdoctoral Research Fellow (Faculty of Arts, Art History, Leiden University) on the history of anatomy in relation to (modern) art (Supervisor: Prof. Dr. R. Zwijnenberg) October 2001 – January 2006: Postdoctoral Research Fellow (Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Maastricht University) on ‘Philosophy, Anatomy and Representation’ in the NWO (Dutch Research Council) funded project ‘the Mediated Body’ (Supervisor: Prof. Dr. R. Zwijnenberg) March 2001 – July 2001: Teacher of English at the Mozaïek College in Arnhem

Education October 1996 – November 2000: Ph.D. in history of medicine (Faculty of History, Cambridge University, UK) on ‘Herman Boerhaave (1668-1738): Calvinist Chemist and Physician’. Supervisor: Dr. A. Cunningham; Examiners: Prof. Dr. H. Cook and Dr. O.P. Grell August 1991 – August 1995: Culture and Science Studies (Maastricht University) with a specialisation in ‘Theory and History of Man and Nature’ October 1994 – April 1995: Visiting M.Phil Student at the Cambridge University Wellcome Unit for the History of Medicine

Scholarships, Prizes and Distinctions 2012: Awarding of a NWO Aspasia grant. 2012: Awarding of a NWO Vidi grant for the project Vital Matters. Boerhaave’s Chemico- Medical Legacy and Dutch Enlightenment Culture. 2007: Awarding of the NWO programme (Free Competition) ‘Cultures of Collecting. The Leiden Anatomical Collections in Context’. I authored the application, but due to NWO regulations I could not be the main applicant. 2006: Awarding of the position of Associate at the Faraday Institute for Science and Religion, St. Edmunds College, Cambridge 1999: The essay ‘The Making of a Calvinist Chemist. Herman Boerhaave on God, Fire and Truth’ (published in Ambix 48 (2001) 102-111) was runner up in the Partington Prize competition and has been given the designation of ‘Highly Commended’ 1996 – 1999: Scholarships of the Wellcome Trust, VSB foundation, Fonds Doctor Catharine van Tusschenbroek, the Raymond and Edith Williamson Fund and the British Federation of Women Graduates Charitable Foundation for undertaking a Ph.D. at Cambridge University 1995: Research Prize of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Maastricht University for Master thesis on ‘Jonathan Goddard (1617-1675): The Five Faces of a Seventeenth- Century Physician’

Teaching and Supervisory Experience 2012 Teaching of courses at the Unviversity of Groningen (Sources and Methods of Cultural History (5ECTS))

2012 Teaching of the MA course ‘Babes in Bottles’ on the history of anatomy and anatomical collections 2008 – present: Supervision of the Ph.D. projects ‘Collections of Perfection’ and ‘Collecting Pathological Anatomy’ in the above mentioned ‘Cultures of Collecting’ project. 2001 – 2006: Participation in the supervision of Ph.D. students in the project ‘the Mediated Body’, Maastricht University 2002 – 2003: Lecturing at Maastricht University 1998 – 2000: Supervision of BA students at the Department of History and Philosophy of Science, Cambridge University

Other relevant academic activities 2012 – present: Member of the core-staff of the Dutch Master trajectory in History of Medicine (Amsterdam, Free University / VU Medical Centre / Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC)) 2012 Co-author of the Leiden Declaration on Human Anatomy / Anatomical Collections (internationally addressing the great importance of good custodian of anatomical academic heritage) 2012 Organizer of an international conference on the history of anatomical collections. The conference will lead to a publication of a collection of essays on the history of anatomical collections in international perspective edited by Knoeff and Zwijnenberg (publisher: Ashgate (series: History of medicine in context) forthcoming 2014. 2010 – 2011: Co-organizer of a historical re-enactment of public arguments between professors of anatomy during a dissection (performance written by Andrew Cunningham) for an international conference of the EAHMH (European Association for the History of Medicine and Health) in Utrecht in September 2011. 2008 – present; organiser of Salon Boerhaave (monthly seminar for the discussion of topics in the history of science and medicine). 2007 – 1012: Organiser of international workshops at Leiden University on anatomical collections 2003 – 2006: Secretary of Gewina, the Dutch Organisation for the History of Science and Medicine 1997 – 1998: Organiser of the ‘Darwin College (Cambridge) Humanities and Social Sciences Group’ (weekly seminar in which students, fellows and visiting students of the College give papers) Invited lectures at the universities of Louvain la Neuve, Cambridge, Leeds, Barcelona, Lisbon and at the California Institute of Technology (MIT) Peer reviewer of articles for Gewina, Medical History, The British Journal for History of Science and Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Reviewer of books for Nature and Times Higher Education. Member of: GeWiNa (the Dutch Organization for the history of science and medicine), The British Society for the History of Science (BSHS), the Society for the Social History of Medicine (SSHM) and the History of Science Society (HSS).

Research statement

In studying the history of medicine I have adopted an Anglo-Saxon and interdisciplinary (humanities) approach. This means that I study the history of medicine in relation to a broader intellectual culture. A recurring theme in my research is the importance of religion in early modern natural philosophy and medicine. Although historians of science and medicine have appreciated the importance of religion in science, they have paid very little attention to interdenominational differences. My research on the contrary analyses the differences between religious denominations and their different shaping effects on natural philosophy. In my Ph.D. thesis – as well as later publications on Boerhaave – I

2 have shown that Calvinism not only determined Boerhaave’s life, but that it was also basic to his natural philosophical investigations. For instance, Boerhaave’s ideas on the working of an all-pervasive divine fire and the effects of heat in the body were rooted in his Calvinist beliefs on the working of divine providence. In several articles I have likewise shown that Anglicanism can explain some of the ‘scientific’ decisions of English physiologist Thomas Willis in his work on the brain and nerves and that Mennonite martyr theology can clarify the outlook of Govard Bidloo’s anatomical atlas.

In recent years I have mainly focussed on the history of anatomy – not from a medical perspective, but from the viewpoint that the body is a ‘cultural artefact’ that takes meaning of its cultural and historical context. I have published in (international) reviewed journals on the Dutch early modern anatomists Govard Bidloo, Frederik Ruysch and Bernard Siegfried Albinus, as well as on the neurology of the English physiologist Thomas Willis. I have thereby not only looked at the interrelations of medicine and religion, but also at medicine as part of broader cultural processes. For instance, I wrote on the early modern phenomenon of people vomiting little animals and in relation to a broad fear of pile worms endangering the safety of the Dutch Republic. At present I am preparing a historiographical monograph on Boerhaave, focusing on medical practices and ideas which we would nowadays call ‘unscientific’. Ultimately the book is aimed at questioning the status of (modern) scientific medicine and its heroes.

Most recently I focused on anatomical collections as public history. This research is part of the NWO-funded project “Cultures of Collecting. The Leiden Anatomical Collections in Context”. I designed and lead the project which also involves the supervision of its two Ph.D. students. I have written on (1) the import of tourism on the making of anatomical preparations and exhibitions; (2) the public representation of female genitals in eighteenth-century anatomical cabinets and (3) the practice of taking anatomical preparations out of their containers as a means of communicating with visitors of anatomical collections. The research which is based on material objects, has taken me away from ‘theoretical’ medicine towards ‘hands-on’ practical medicine of dissections, bedside teaching and the handling of anatomical preparations.

The chemistry and medicine of Herman Boerhaave has remained a theme in my research. In 2012 my VIDI application on the Enlightenment body was awarded. The project, entitled Vital Matters. Boerhaave’s Chemico-Medical Legacy and Dutch Enlightenment Culture, aims at analysing how Boerhaave’s chemistry became pivotal in eighteenth-century Dutch medicine. The import of the project, however, goes much further than writing a reception history of Boerhaave’s ideas. It ties in with current historiographic concerns with the traditional divide between artisanal epistemology and practices on the one hand and academic (scientific) knowledge on the other as well as with ongoing discussions on materiality and the occult powers of nature. A focus on the history of chemistry for medicine allows the researchers to develop new perspectives on the histories of eighteenth-century Enlightenment thought. It particularly analyses the rise of medical vitalism in the eighteenth-century Dutch Republic in relation to Enlightenment culture. With its emphasis on the Boerhaavian vital principles of matter, the project offers a new perspective on the Enlightenment body.

Also, I am currently developing – in cooperation with the museums Boerhaave and Naturalis - a research proposal on ‘Science in the Picture’, on the public history of scientific illustrations in the nineteenth century.

PUBLICATIONS

- International (refereed) journals

Knoeff, R., ‘Sex in Public. On the Spectacle of Female Anatomy in Amsterdam around 1700’, in l’Homme. Europäische Zeitschrift für Feministische Geschichtswissenschaft 23 (2012) 43-58. Knoeff, R., ‘Dutch Anatomy and clinical medicine in 17th century Europe’, online (peer reviewed) article for European History Online (EHO), http://www.ieg- ego.eu/knoeffr-2012-en (2012). Knoeff, R., ‘Animals Inside. Anatomy, Interiority and Virtue in the Early Modern Dutch Republic’, in Medizinhistorisches Journal (2008) 1-19. Knoeff, R., ‘Chemistry, Mechanics and the Making of Anatomical Knowledge. Boerhaave vs. Ruysch on the Nature of the Glands’, in Ambix 53 (2006) 201-220. Knoeff, R. & Roberts, L., ‘Introduction’, in R. Knoeff & L. Roberts, .) ‘The places of Chemistry in Eighteenth-Century England and the Netherlands’, Special issue of Ambix, Journal of the Society for the History of Alchemy and Chemistry 53 (2006) 197-200. Knoeff, R., ‘The Reins of the Soul. The Centrality of the Intercostal Nerves in the Neurology of Thomas Willis and in Samuel Parker’s Theology’, in Journal for the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 59 (2004) 413-440. Knoeff, R., ‘The Making of a Calvinist Chemist: Herman Boerhaave, God, Fire and Truth’, in Ambix. 48 (2001) 102-111.

- National (refereed) journals

Knoeff, R. ‘De “Wonderbaarlijkste Schepselen Gods”. Studies naar de natuur in het Leidse theatrum anatomicum’, in Geschiedenis Magazine 46 (2011) 24-27 Knoeff, R., ‘Het Begrip “Natuur” in Boerhaave’s Oraties’, in De Achttiende Eeuw 36 (2004) 112-122. Knoeff, R., ‘Alchemie. De Fascinatie voor het Verborgene’, in Groniek 163 (2004) 247- 255. Knoeff, R., ‘Tegen een Poldermodel in de Wetenschapsgeschiedenis’, in Mededelingen van de Stichting Jacob Campo Weyerman 27 (2004) 45-47. Knoeff, R., ‘Over “het konstige toch Verderfelijke Gestel”. Een Cultuur-historische Interpretatie van Bidloo’s Anatomische Atlas’, in Gewina 26 (2003) 189-202. The article was reprinted in Doopsgezinde Bijdragen 32 (2006) 123-139. Knoeff, R., ‘Jonathan Goddard (1617-1675), Chemie, Geneeskunde en de Royal Society’, in Gewina 20 (1997) 1-13.

- Books, or contributions to books

Knoeff, R. & Zwijnenberg R. (eds.) The Fate of Anatomical Collections (Farnham: Ashgate, forthcoming 2014). Knoeff, R. & Roberts, L. (eds.) ‘The places of Chemistry in Eighteenth-Century England and the Netherlands’, Special issue of Ambix, Journal of the Society for the History of Alchemy and Chemistry 53 (2006). Knoeff, R. Herman Boerhaave (1668-1738): Calvinist Chemist and Physician (Amsterdam: Edita, 2002).

Knoeff, R. Hendriksen, M., Huistra, H., ‘Recycling Anatomical Preparations’ in S. Alberti & E. Hallam (eds.) Medical Museums. Past, Present, Future (London: Royal College of Surgeons, forthfoming 2013). Knoeff, R. ‘How Newtonian was Herman Boerhaave?’ in A. Maas, E. Jorink (eds.) Newton in the Netherlands (Leiden: LUP, forthcoming, 2012). Knoeff, R. ‘Herman Boerhaave’s Neurology and the Unchanging Nature of Physiology’, in M. Horstmanshoff, H. King, C. Zittel (eds.), Blood Sweat and Tears. The Changing

Concepts of Physiology from Antiquity into Early Modern Europe (Leiden: Brill, 2012) 195-216. Knoeff, R, ‘Unspeakable Blood. On the use of Physiological Argument in a Calvinist- Mennonite Controversy on the Incarnation of Christ’, in C. Santing (ed.) Blood Symbol Liquid. Representations and Interpretations of Blood in the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern Period (Leuven: Peters, 2012) 103-115. Knoeff, R. ‘The Visitor’s View. Early Modern Tourism and the Polyvalence of Anatomical Exhibits’, in L. Roberts (ed.), Centers and Cycles of Accumulation in and around the Netherlands during the Early Modern Period (Münster: LIT Verlag, 2011), pp. 155-175. Knoeff, R., ‘On the Artful, yet Pernicious Body’: Anatomical Books in the Early Modern Dutch Republic´, in P. Fontes da Costa and A. Cardoso, Percursos na História do Livro Médico [Trajectories in the History of the Medical Book], 1450-1800 (Lisboa: Colibri, 2011), pp. 137-154. Knoeff, R., ‘Govert Bidloo (1649-1731). Onbemind maakt Onbekend’, in Touber, J. & Brouwer, M. (eds.) De kaper, de kardinaal en andere markante Nederlanders (Rotterdam: Verloren, 2010) 85-94. Knoeff, R. ‘Albrecht von Haller e a prática do Novo Método de Boerhaave’, in A. Cardoso and P. Fontes da Costa (eds.), Poesia, Corpo e Afectos em Albrecht von Haller (Lisbon: Colibri, 2010) 45-56. Knoeff, R., ‘Boerhaave at Leiden: Communis Europae praeceptor’, in A. Cunningham, O.P. Grell, J. Arrizabalaga (eds.), Centres of Medical Excellence? Medical Travel and Education in Europe, 1500-1789 (Farnham: Ashgate, 2010) 269-286. Knoeff, R., ‘Animals inside. Anatomy, Interiority and Virtue in the Early Modern Dutch Republic’ in R. v.d. Vall & R. Zwijnenberg (eds.) The Body Within. Art, Medicine and Visualization (Leiden: Brill, 2009) 31-50. Knoeff, R., ‘Moral Lessons of Perfection. A Comparison of Mennonite and Calvinist Motives in the Anatomical Atlases of Bidloo and Albinus’, in O.P. Grell, A. Cunningham (eds.) Medicine and Religion in Enlightenment Europe (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007) 121-143. Knoeff, R., ‘Practising Chemistry “after the Hippocratical Manner”. Hippocrates and the Importance of Chemistry for Boerhaave’s Medicine’, in L. Principe (ed.) New Narratives in Eighteenth Century Chemistry (Dordrecht: Springer, 2007) 63-76.

- Other

Knoeff, R. & Richardson, R. Leiden Declaration on Human Anatomy / Anatomical Collections (http://media.leidenuniv.nl/legacy/leiden-declaration.pdf)

Column Knoeff, R., ‘Remembrance of Medicine Past’, in Times Higher Education, From Where I sit, 5 July 2012. (http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=26&storycode=420 434&c=1)

Entries in Lexica Knoeff, R., ‘Herman Boerhaave’, in Bynum, W.F. & Bynum, Helen (eds.), Dictionary of Medical Biography 5 vols (Westport / London: Greenwood Press, 2007) 211. Knoeff, R., ‘Govard Bidloo’, in Bynum, W.F. & Bynum, Helen (eds.), Dictionary of Medical Biography 5 vols (Westport / London: Greenwood Press, 2007) 232-236. Knoeff, R., ‘Herman Boerhaave’, in Bunge, W. (et.al.), Dictionary of Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Dutch Philosophers (Bristol: Thoemmes, 2003) 118-124.

In preparation Knoeff, R. Beelden van Boerhaave. Over de Mythevorming rond Nêerlands meest bekende dokter (in preparation, forthcoming 2012).

Knoeff, R. ‘Kiss of Death. Visiting the Anatomical Workshop of Frederik Ruysch’, to be submitted to the British Journal for the History of Science.

Reviews Knoeff, R. [Review of] Close-Koenig, T. ‘Betwixt and Between Production and Commodification of Knowledge in a Medical School Pathological Anatomy Laboratory, Strasbourgh (mid-19th century to 1939), Science Dissertations Review (September 26, 2012: http://dissertationreviews.org/archives/1687). Knoeff, R. [Review of] Powers, J.C. ‘Inventing Chemistry. Herman Boerhaave and the Reform of the Chemical Arts’, in Isis (forthcoming). Knoeff, R. [Review of] Powers, J.C. ‘Inventing Chemistry. Herman Boerhaave and the Reform of the Chemical Arts’, in Times Higher Education Supplement (7 June 2012, 46-47). Knoeff, R. [Review of] Messbarger, R. ‘The Lady Anatomist. The Life and Work of Anna Morandi Manzolini’, in Social History of Medicine (forthcoming, 2012). Knoeff, R. [Review of] L. Kooijmans, ‘Gevaarlijke Kennis, in Studium 2 (2009) 36-37. Knoeff, R. [Review of] B. Grob, E. Nijhoff, E. Manu Giaccone, ‘Papieren Anatomie’, in Studium 2 (2009) 182-183. Knoeff, R. [Review of] Cook, H.J. ‘Matters of Exchangee. Commerce, Medicine, and Science in the Dutch Golden Age’ In British Journal for the History of Science in BJHS 41 (2008) 278-279. Knoeff, R. [Review of] Driessen– van het Reve, J.J., ‘De Kunstkamera van Peter de Grote. De Hollandse Inbreng Gereconstrueerd uit Brieven van Albert Seba en Johann Daniel Schumacher uit de Jaren 1711-1752’ in Gewina 30 (2007) 4. Knoeff, R., ‘Mysteries of Female Anatomy’. [Review of] Park, K. ‘Secrets of Women. Gender, Generation and the Origins of Human Dissection’ in Nature 446 (2007) 265. Knoeff, R. [Review of] Brouwer, C. ‘Anatomische Sekse als Uitvinding in the Botanie. Hoe Stampers tot Vrouwelijke en Meeldraden tot Mannelijke Geslachtsorganen werden (1675-1735)’ in Gewina 29 (2006) 129. Knoeff, R., [Review of] Kistenmaker, R.E., Kopaneva, N.P., Meijers, D.J., Vilinbakhov, G.V. (eds.), ‘The Paper Museum of the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg c. 1725-1760. Introduction and Interpretation’ in Gewina 29 (2006) 137. Knoeff, R., ‘Renaissance Magic and Mysticism’. [Review of] Ball, P., ‘The Devil’s Doctor. Paracelsus and the World of Renaissance Magic and Science’ in Nature 441 (2006) 152-153. Knoeff, R., [Review of] Kooijmans, L., ‘De Doodskunstenaar. De Anatomische Lessen van Frederik Ruysch’ in Gewina 28 (2005) 154-155. Knoeff, R., [Review of] Zwijnenberg, R. & Egmont, F. (eds.) ‘Bodily Extremities. Preoccupations with the Human Body in Early Modern European Culture’, in Gewina 27 (2004) 179-180. Knoeff, R., [Review of] Marxer, N., ‘”Praxis statt Theorie!” Leben und Werk des Nürnberger Arztes, Alchemikers und Fachschriftsteller Johann Hiskia Cardilucius (1630-1697)’ in, Medical History 48 (2004) 583. Knoeff, R., ‘Soul Searching. What have Advances in the Neurosciences told us about the Mind.’ [Review of] Zimmer, C., ‘Soul made Flesh: The Discovery of the Brain and how it changed the World’, in Nature, 427 (2004) 585. Knoeff, R., [Review of] Debus, A. G., ‘Chemistry and Medical Debate. Van Helmont to Boerhaave’, in Ambix. The Journal of the Society for the History of Alchemy and Chemistry 49 (2002) 252-253. Knoeff, R., [Review of] Hunter, M., ‘Robert Boyle (1627-1691). Scrupulosity and Science’, in Ambix. The Journal of the Society for the History of Alchemy and Chemistry 49 (2002) 198-199.