Kingship and Favoritism in the Spain of Philip III, 1598–1621 Antonio Feros Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-56113-6 - Kingship and Favoritism in the Spain of Philip III, 1598–1621 Antonio Feros Index More information

Index

Acevedo, Fernando de, Archbishop of Burgos, Aristotle, 24, 122 President of the Council of Castile, 252, Asti, Peace of (1615), 206, 233–4, 241 256 Acevedo, Juan Bautista de, Bishop of Bacon, Francis, writer, 210 Valladolid, Inquisitor-General, President Balbases, Marquis of Los, see Spinola, of the Council of Castile, 134, 186, 219 Ambrosio Acunã, Juan de, President of the Councils of Barreda, Fray Francisco de, 265 Finance, Indies, and Castile, 133–4, 189, Barros, Alonso de, writer, 178 220 Berrio, Fray Juan de, 261 Agreda, Sor Marıá de, spiritual adviser to Bleda, Fray Jaime, 202–3 Philip IV, 269 Bodin, Jean, writer, 22, 26, 42–3, 267 Alamos de Barrientos, Baltasar, writer, 51–2, Bohemia, rebellion of, 241, 243–5 103, 118–19, 126, 148–9, 150, 202, 205 Borja, Fernando de, Viceroy of Aragon, Alba, Fernańdez Alvarez de Toledo, Duke of, gentilhombre of Prince Philip, Lerma’s favorite of and principal adviser to cousin, 235, 246 Philip II, 16, 27, 38, 201 Borja, Francisco de, Viceroy of Peru, Lerma’s Albert, Archduke of Austria, 29, 31, 114 cousin, 186 and truce with the United Provinces, 192–3 Borja, Juan de, Count of Ficalho, Marquis of alcaldes de casa y corte (Spanish court law Mayalde, Lerma’s uncle, 59, 97, 133, enforcement agency), 187–8, 230 150–1, 176, 217, 218 Alca´zar (royal palace), Madrid, 79, 81, 83, 87, Borja, Toma´s de, Bishop of Ma´laga, Co´rdoba, 93 and Zaragoza, Lerma’s uncle, 186 Alfonso X the Wise, King of Castile, 81–2 Boscań, Juan de, humanist, 36 Aliaga, Fray Luis de, confessor to and favorite Botero, Giovanni, writer, 21–2, 24, 42–3, 55, of Philip III 85–6, 126, 183–4, 200, 225 Inquisitor-General, 129, 247–9 opposition to Lerma, 210–11, 219–21, 226, Cabrera, Fray Alonso de, 71 228, 230, 234–5, 239 Cabrera de Co´rdoba, Luis, courtier and and rebellion of Bohemia, 243–5 historian, 26, 87, 101–2, 186, 214 fall from power, 256 Calderoń, Rodrigo, Marquis of Siete Iglesias, Alpujarras, revolt of (1568–71), 201 Lerma’s favorite Anne of Austria, Queen of France, daughter of and Lerma, 96, 186, 221, 230–1, 233, 235 Philip III, 214, 235, 243 opposition to, 140, 168, 180–1, 226–7 Anne of Austria, Queen of Spain, mother of fall, detention, trial, and execution, 257–8 Philip III, 15, 38, 78 Camos, Fray Marco Antonio, writer, 45 Aquinas, Thomas, 121–2 Carducho, Bartolome´, painter, 102 Aragon, crown of, 15, 33, 40, 51, 55, 143, 148, Carlos de Austria, Don, first son of Philip II, 159, 183 15–17, 19, 37 Aragon, kingdom of, 32–3, 51–2, 129, 159, 183 Carlos de Austria, third son of Philip II, 15 Aranjuez, royal palace of, 90 Carrillo, Fernando, President of the Councils Araque, Fray Fernando, 261 of Finance, and Indies, 173–7, 192 Arias Montano, Benito (attrib.), 224 and anti-Lerma faction, 220 aristocracy, see nobility Carvajal, Luis de, painter, 79

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Index Carvajal and Mendoza, Luisa de, nun, 49–50 and royal patronage, 192 Casa, Giovanni della, writer, 40 and factional conflict, 219, 221, 228–9 Castel Rodrigo, Cristo´bal de Moura, Marquis and the crisis of the monarchy, 250–2 of Finance, 28, 129, 132, 133, 134 favorite and principal adviser to Philip II, reorganization of, 156–7 17, 28, 31–2, 41, 43–6, 114, 133, 144 and juntas of finance, 158, 172, 189–90 sumiller de corps to Prince Philip, 17, 22 accused of mishandling royal finances, and Lerma, 60 169 and Portugal, 217 and political corruption, 178–9 Castiglione, Baldassare, writer and humanist, and the crisis of Castile, 214–17, 223 36, 73 Indies, 132, 133–4, 220 Castile, 148, 190 Inquisition, 59 economic situation, 214, 216 Italy, 239, 246 Castro, Ana de, writer, 266 Military Orders, 131 Castro, Cristo´bal de, writer, 111–12 Portugal, 60, 113, 127, 133, 161, 217, 218, Castro, Rodrigo de, Archbishop of Seville, 230 Lerma’s uncle, 39 State, 28, 36, 48, 49, 50, 60, 61, 87, 132, 145, Castro y Sandoval, Fernando de, Lerma’s 256 nephew, 95 reorganization of, 53, 111 Catalonia, 51, 129, 159, 183, 217 and the government of the monarchy, Cerda, Catalina de la, see Lerma, Duchess of 113–14, 127 Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de, writer and and the financial duties of the kingdomn, playwright, 126–7, 165 154, 218 Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and King of and the crisis of Castile, 250 Spain, 15, 37, 73, 74, 82–3, 145, 149 and royal patronage, 191 Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy, 145, 163, and the expulsion of the Moriscos, 201, 204, 205, 213–14, 249 203 and Mantuan War, 231–4 and the conflict in the Netherlands, 193, Chinchoń, Diego Fernańdez de Co´rdoba, 194, 195, 197 Count of, counselor of state, principal and the war against Savoy, 232–4 adviser to Philip II, 22, 32, 60 and the rebellion of Bohemia, 243–5 Cicero, 23, 121 and Philip III’s international policies, 252 Ciriza, Juan de, secretary of state, 256 War, 52, 132 Cobos, Francisco de Los, private secretary to court Emperor Charles, 74 factional struggles, 15–16, 218, 230–1, comuneros, revolt of the, Castile (1520–1), 37, 235–6, 239, 247–9 102 royal household, 16, 92–3 Contarini, Simeone, Venetian ambassador, 115 palace offices, 16–17, 92–3 Co´rdoba, Fray Gaspar de, confessor of move from Madrid to Valladolid, 86–8 Philip III, 67, 128, 157 currency Cornwallis, Sir Charles, English ambassador, velloń: minting under Philip III, 153 164 Corral y Arellano, Diego de, counselor of Da´vila, Roa, writer, 21 Castile, 251 Diego de Austria, son of Philip II, 15, 16 corruption during Lerma’s government, 140 donativo, 153 Cortes Dutch Republic, see United Provinces Aragon, 143 Castile, 84, 112, 144, 153–6 Eboli, Ruy Go´mez de Silva, Prince of, favorite Costa, Giovanni da, writer, 196 of Philip II, 16, 27, 38, 111 Councils, 12, 24–6, 84, 87 education, of monarchs in early modern Spain, Aragon, 129, 228 11 ff. Ca´mara de Castilla, 56, 132 Elizabeth, Queen of England, 80–1, 163, 201 Ca´mara de Indias, 132 England, 55, 144, 145, 149–50, 152, 163–4, Castile, 16, 27, 45, 59, 131, 132, 134, 186, 177, 193, 196, 197, 200, 205, 225, 232, 221, 223, 228 240, 241, 252

294

Index Enrı´quez de Acevedo, Pedro, see Fuentes, Fuentes, Pedro Enrı´quez de Acevedo, Count Count of of, Governor of Milan, counselor of state, Erasmus, Desiderius, humanist, 17–18, 166, 194 267 FurioĆeriol, Fadrique, writer, 25, 195 Eraso, Francisco de, private secretary of Philip II, 27, 179 Gamboa, Francisco de, 226 Escorial, El, monastery, mausoleum, and Gandıá, Juana de Velasco y de Aragoń, palace of, 84, 90 Duchess of, camarera mayor to Queen Espinosa, Cardinal Diego de, President of the Margaret, 97–8 Council of Castile, favorite of Philip II, Garcıá do Valle, Pedro, agent of the Count of 27, 133 Gondomar, 230 Esquilache, Francisco de Borja, Prince of, Go´mez de Mora, Francisco, architect, 79 Lerma’s cousin, 95 Go´mez de Sandoval y Rojas, Francisco, see Lerma, 1st Duke of favorite ( privado, valido) Go´mez de Silva, Ruy, see Eboli, Prince of and the expansion of royal power, 4–5, Gondomar, Diego Sarmiento de Acunã, Count 125–6 of, minister of finance, ambassador to historiographical debate on, 13–14 England, 134, 230, 233, 239, 248, 250, 252 sixteenth-century theories on, 41–6 Gońgora y Argote, Luis, poet, 103 theories on during Philip III’s reign, 118 ff. Gonza´lez Da´vila, Gil, historian, 49, 55, 100, as the king’s friend, 120–5 124, 266 theories on during Philip IV’s reign, 263–4 Gonza´lez de Cellorigo, Martıń, writer, 146, end of favorite as chief minister, 268–70 148, 202 Ferdinand I, Grand Duke of Tuscany, 80 Gonza´lez de Guzmań, Juan, 169 Ferdinand of Antequera, King of Aragon, 33 Graciań de la Madre de Dios, Fray Jerońimo, Ferdinand the Catholic, King of Aragon, 33–4, writer, 224–5 73, 82, 148 Granada, Revolt of, see Alpujarras see also, Isabel the Catholic Guevara, Antonio de, writer, 38, 40 Feria, Go´mez Sua´rez de Figueroa, Duke of, Guzmań, Fray Diego de, biographer of Queen 48, 57 Margaret, 83 Fernańdez de Medrano, Juan, writer, 84–5, Guzmań, Gaspar de, see Olivares, Count-Duke 119, 123, 126 of Fernańdez de Navarrete, Pedro, writer, 95 Guzmań, Magdalena de, Marchioness of Valle, Fernando de Austria, son of Philip II, 15 96–7 finance, Spanish Crown legacy of Philip II, 151–2 Haller, Richard, confessor to Queen Margaret, proposed economies, 152–3, 189–90 97, 168 proposals for debt redemption (desempenõ), Haro, Luis Meńdez de, favorite of Philip IV, 152, 154–6 269 crisis of, 189–90, 216–17 Henry IV, King of France, 144, 149, 201, 205, see also Councils of Finance; currency; 213–14, 231, 267 juntas:offinance; taxation Henry IV, King of Castile, 33 Flanders, see Netherlands, Spanish Hermosilla, Diego de, writer, 35 Florencia, Fray Gerońimo de, S.J., 227, 246, Herrera y Tordesillas, Antonio de, historian, 264 14 Fonseca, Fray Cristo´bal de, 230–1 Hinojosa, Juan Hurtado de Mendoza, Marquis Fonseca, Fray Damiań, 200, 204 of, Marquis of San Germań and, France, 51, 144–5, 149–50, 163, 197, 200, Governor of Milan, Lerma’s cousin, 95, 213–14, 244, 252 231, 233–4 Francesco II Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua, Holland, see United Provinces 231–3 Huarte de San Juan, Juan, writer, 74 Franqueza, Pedro, see Vilallonga, Count of Frıás, Juan Fernańdez de Velasco, Duke of, Ibań˜ez de Santa Cruz, In˜igo, private secretary counselor of state, 194 of Lerma, 58, 61–2 friendship and politics, 121–2 Ibarra, Diego de, minister, 194

295

Index Idia´quez, Juan de, president of the Council of Lemos, Francisco Ruiz de Castro, 6th Count Military Orders, principal adviser to of, Viceroy of Naples, Lerma’s Philip II and Philip III, 22, 32, 60–1, 97, brother-in-law, 186, 218 116, 128–9, 193, 201–3 Lemos, Pedro Fernańdez de Castro y Andrade, Infantado, Juan Hurtado de Mendoza de la 7th Count of, President of the Councils of Vega y Luna, Duke of, counselor of state, Indies and Italy, Viceroy of Naples, mayordomo mayor of Philip III, 98, 243–5, Lerma’s nephew and son-in-law, 95, 123, 249 133–4, 186, 218, 220–1, 231, 239, 241, Ipenãrrieta, Cristo´bal de, minister of finance, 245–6, 259 189–90, 220 Leoni, Pompeo, artist, 78–9 Ireland, 144, 149–50 Lerma, Catalina de la Cerda, Duchess of, 38, Isabel the Catholic, Queen of Castile, 33–4, 73, 98 82, 148 Lerma, Francisco Go´mez de Sandoval y Rojas, see also Ferdinand the Catholic 1st Duke of Isabella, Infanta (Isabel Clara Eugenia, birth, 32–3 Archduchess), ruler of the Low education, 39 Countries, Philip III’s sister, 114, 145 Sandovals, careers, history, and wealth, see also Albert, Archduke of Austria; 32 ff. Netherlands, Spanish opposition to, 1–2, 95–7, 166–9, 183–5, Isabelle of Bourbon, Queen of Spain, Louis 221–5, 228–9, 236–9 XIII’s sister, 214, 235 death, 261 Italy, 146, 149, 152, 163, 183, 204, 205, 213, compared to Olivares, 262–3 216, 231–3, 236, 241, 244 under Philip II court factions, 38 James VI and I, King of Scotland and England, gentilhombre of Philip II’s household, 80–1, 150 39–40 John II, King Of Castile (1406–1454), 2, 33, lack of wealth and royal patronage 41, 123 under Philip II, 38–9 Juana ‘the Mad’, Queen of Spain, 37 favorite of Prince Philip, 40–1 Ju¨lich-Cleves, Duchy, 213 viceroy of Valencia, 46 Junta de Gobierno (private royal council) caballerizo mayor to Prince Philip, 47 under Philip II, 27–31, 52–3, 114 under Philip III under Philip III, 128–9, 202, 220 rise to power, 49 ff. juntas (committees ad hoc), 27, 113, 131 appointed counselor of state, 49 of finance, 157–8, 169–73, 176, 189–90 measures against Philip II’s favorites, opposition to, 236 58–61 justice, 50, 52, 54–5 behavior at court, 88, 90, 99–100 control of palace and royal household, Khevenhu¨ller, Johann, Count of 93–8 Franquenburg, imperial ambassador to Philip III’s sole valido and chief Spain, 168, 221 minister, 110–14 kingship role in government, 111–14 theories on, 71–4 defender of reason of state theories, and public image, 74–8 126–7 and public ceremonies, 78–86 government of creatures, 127–34 repression of opponents, 164–5 La Roca, Count of, see Roca, Juan de Vera y corruption during his government, Figueroa, Count of 168–9, 177, 180–2 Laguna, Sancho de la Cerda, Marquis of, turns against his creatures, 173–7 mayordomo mayor to Queen Margaret, control of royal patronage, 183–6 Lerma’s brother-in-law, 97, 218 wishes to retire from public life, 187 Laıńez, Fray Jose´, writer, 264 debate over his privanza, 209 Lemos, Catalina de Sandoval, Countess of, fall from power, 210, 246 camarera mayor to Queen Margaret, quits giving public audiences, 229 Lerma’s sister, 98 public defense of his privanza, 239–40

296

Index public image and representation, Mardones, Fray Diego de, confessor of Philip 99–104 III, 169 patron of the arts, 99–101 Margaret of Austria, Queen of Spain, 60, 78–9, wealth and royal mercedes, 181–3 85, 86, 168, 226–7 appointed Cardinal of San Sisto, 241 household, 95–8 and financial crisis, 143, 216–18 Mariana, Juan de, S.J., writer and historian, pacifist policies, 149–51, 195–6, 204–6, 18, 42, 222–3, 236, 249 252–3 Ma´rquez, Fray Juan, writer, 165, 224–5 and non-Castilian kingdoms, 161, Ma´rtir Rizo, Juan Pablo, writer, 264 217–18 Martire d’Angheria, Pietro, humanist, 73 justifies expulsion of Moriscos, Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor, 243–4 203–4 Matthieu, Pierre, writer, 84 and Mantuan War, 232–4 Matute de Penãfiel, Diego, writer and and Prince Philip’s household, 235 historian, 102 and rebellion of Bohemia, 243–5 Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, 82 under Philip IV Mazarin, Cardinal, 270 persecuted, 258–9 Medici, Marie de, Queen of France, 214 public image, 259–60 Medinaceli, Juan de la Cerda, Duke of, self-defense, 260 Lerma’s brother-in-law, 95 Lerma, town of, 90, 101, 240–1 Meńdez de Haro, Luis, see Haro, Luis Meńdez letrados, 36 de Lhermite, Jehan, teacher of Prince Philip, 19, Mendoza, Francisco de, Admiral of Aragon, 41 226 Lipsius, Justus, writer and humanist, 21, 26–7, Mercader, Gaspar, writer, 103 42, 56, 100, 126, 193, 200, 225 mercedes, 35–6, 55–7, 183–5, 190–1, 251 Loaysa Giroń, Garcıá de, counselor of state, Messıá, Agustıń de, counselor of state, 243–5 Archbishop of Toledo, ayo to Prince Milan, 231–4 Philip, 16, 18, 21, 22, 30, 41, 59 military orders, 36 Lo´pez Za´rate, Francisco, poet, 103 millones, 155 Los Balbases, Marquis of, see Spinola, see also Cortes: of Castile; taxation Ambrosio Mira de Amescua, Antonio, playwright, 123, Los Cobos, Francisco, see Cobos, Francisco de 240, 259–60 Los Miranda, Juan de Zuń˜iga, Count of, President Louis XIII, King of France, 235 of the Councils of Castile, and Italy, and Louis XIV, King of France, 80–1, 125, Lerma’s adviser and ally, 59–60, 128–31, 269–70 193, 219 Low Countries, see Netherlands, Spanish monarchy, Spanish Luna, Alvaro de, favorite of John II of Castile, and France, 51, 144–5, 149–50, 163, 197, 2, 33, 41, 123 200, 213–14, 244, 252 and England, 55, 144–5, 149–50, 163–4, Machiavelli, Niccolo`, writer and humanist, 42, 177, 193, 196, 197, 200, 205, 225, 232, 54, 266 240, 241, 252 Madariaga, Fray Juan de, writer, 252 crisis of, 143–5, 146–51 Madrid, 78, 86–8 debate on future of, 249 ff. see also court Moncada, Sancho de, writer, 126 Maldonado, Fray Pedro de, Lerma’s confessor, Moriscos, 119–21, 123, 184 debate on conversion of, 140–1, 198–202 Malvezzi, Virgilio, writer, 263 expulsion of (1609–14), 202–5, 213 Manrique, Fray Luis, almoner of Philip II, 50 Moura, Cristo´bal de, see Castel Rodrigo Manso, Pedro, President of the Council of Muriel de Valdivieso, Alonso, Prince Philip’s Castile, 134, 219, 221, 223 servant and Lerma’s ally, 41 Mantua, Duchy of, see Mantuan Succession, War of Naples, 217–18 Mantuan Succession, War of, 231–4, 241, Neostoicism; see reason of state 243 Netherlands, see United Provinces

297

Index Netherlands, Spanish (‘Flanders’), 51, 144–5, sworn as heir, 15 149–50, 152, 159, 163, 164, 216, 223 education, 17 ff. debates on peace,192–6 Loaysa’s report on Prince Philip’s character, Twelve Years Truce, 197–8 30 Niebla, Juan Pe´rez de Guzmań, Count of, public image and representation of, 78 ff. Lerma’s son-in-law, 95 as inheritor of Philip II’s qualities and nobility, 35 virtues, 76–8 court nobility and monarchs, 35–6 behavior at court, 84–90 Novoa, Matıás de, writer, 185, 263 household, 93–5 Nueva Recopilacioń, 24–5 death, 254 depicted as a rex inutilis after his death, obedience, 72 ff, 165–6 265–6 Olivares, Gaspar de Guzmań, Count-Duke of role in government, 7–8 critical of Philip III and Lerma, 2 continuity regarding international policies, gentilhombre to Prince Philip, 235 145–6 favorite of Philip IV, 254–5 and non-Castilian kingdoms, 161, 217–18 measures against Philip III’s favorites, 255–9 and finance crisis, 216–18 compared to Lerma, 262–3, 268 criticized for ruling with favorites, 1–2, theories on favorites under, 263–5 62–3, 115, 236–9 Onãte, In˜igo Ve´lez de Guevara y Tassis, Count measures against Philip II’s favorites, 58–61 of, ambassador to Vienna, 243–5 public behavior towards Lerma, 108 opposition, political, 164–7 new political attitudes after Lerma’s fall, Ostend, Flanders, 164 247–8 Osuna, Pedro Te´llez Giroń, Duke of, 194, 239 Philip IV, King of Spain, Ottoman Empire, 201 Prince Philip’s household and factional conflicts, 217 Padilla, Luis de, counselor of war, 52 measures against Philip III’s favorites, 254–9 Padilla, Martıń de, Adelantado of Castile and against having a chief minister, 269 Count of Santa Gadea, Commander of Pineda, Fray Juan de, writer, 12 Spanish High Seas Fleet, 144 Pinheiro da Veiga, Tome´, Portuguese courtier, Pantoja de la Cruz, Juan, painter, 104 164, 167, 185 Pardo, El, Palace of, 90, 137 plague, 152 Pascual, Juan, banker, minister of finance, Porrenõ, Baltasar de, writer, 266 Lerma’s ally, 41 Portalegre, Juan de Silva, Count of, 19, 46, 91 Patrizi, Francesco, writer, 18 Portocarrero, Pedro de, Bishop of Cuenca and patronage, see mercedes Inquisitor-General, 59 Paul V, Pope, 241, 258 Portugal, 15, 19, 29, 40, 50, 158, 160–1, 217 Pavia, Peace of (1617), 243 Poza, Francisco de Rojas, Marquis of, pax hispanica, 205 President of the Council of Finance, 133, Pe´rez, Antonio, private secretary to Philip II, 144, 157 27, 179–80 privado, see favorite and advice on favorites, 45–6 Pe´rez, Gonzalo, private secretary to Philip II, Quevedo y Villegas, Francisco de, writer, 1, 27 238–9 Philibert of Savoy, Prince, 249 Philip II, King of Spain, 71 ff. Ramı´rez de Mendoza, Beatriz, Countess of and education of Prince Philip, 11 ff. Castellar, 96 and favorites, 43–5 Ramı´rez de Prado, Alonso, minister of finance, death, 47, 48 28, 58, 59, 134, 140, 151, 158 opposition to, 50–2, 61–2 opposition to, detention and trial, 169 ff. ‘‘messianic imperialism,’’ 145 Ramı´rez de Prado, Lorenzo, writer, 112 corruption during his reign, 178–80 reason of state, 21 ff. Philip III, King of Spain, Renna, Orazio della, Florentine ambassador, 168 as viewed by historians, 2–3 Ribadeneira, Pedro de, S.J., writer, 21, 23, 42, birth, 15 50–1, 54

298

Index Ribera, Juan de, Archbishop of Valencia, 197, Uceda, Cristo´bal de Sandoval Rojas y de La 202 Cerda, 1st Duke of, favorite of Philip III, Richelieu, Armand-Jean Duplessis, Cardinal Lerma’s heir, 95, 124, 176, 247 ff. de, 270 opposition to Lerma, 209–10, 221, 226, Roca, Juan de Vera y Figueroa, Count of La, 230–1, 234–5, 239–41 254–5 fall from power, 254–6 Rojas Villandrando, Agustıń, writer, 224–5 United Provinces, 150–1, 164 Rubens, Peter Paul, painter, 104 debate on peace between Spain and, 192–7 Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor, 219 Urbina, Juan de, agent of the Marquis of Hinojosa, 233 Saavedra y Fajardo, Diego de, writer, 268 Salazar, Juan de, writer, 204, 253 Valencia, kingdom of, 40, 129, 159, 183 Saldanã, Diego Go´mez de Sandoval, Count of, valido, see favorite Lerma’s son, 95, 98, 235, 240 Valladolid, 86–8, 101 Salmeroń, Fray Marcos, writer, 268 Vasari, painter, 209 Salucio del Poyo, Damiań, playwright, 167, Va´zquez de Arce, Rodrigo, President of the 168 Council of Castile, 59–60, 201 Saluzzo, Marquisate, 145, 149 Va´zquez de Leça, Mateo, private secretary to Sandoval, Juan de, Lerma’s brother, 95, 186 Philip II, 16, 27, 28, 39, 55, 128 Sandoval, Luisa, Lerma’s daughter, 176 Vega Carpio, Felix Lope de, playwright, 76, Sandoval, Prudencio de, royal chronicler, 101, 78, 103, 227 102 Velada, Sancho Da´vila y Toledo, Marquis of, Sandoval y Rojas, Bernardo, Archbishop of 32, 60 Toledo, Inquisitor-General, counselor of mayordomo mayor to Prince Philip, 17 state, 95, 186, 243–5 member of the Junta de Gobierno under Santa Marıá, Fray Juan de, writer, 236–8, Philip II and Philip III, 29, 128 255 ff. mayordomo mayor to Philip III, 91 Savoy, Duchy of, Duke of, see Charles Velasco, Juana de, see Gandıá, Duchess of Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy velloń, see currency Sepu´lveda, Fray Jerońimo de, writer and Venice, 243 historian, 63, 115, 167 Vera y Figueroa, Juan de, see Roca, Count of Sessa, Gonzalo Fernańdez de Co´rdoba, Duke La of, 227, 249 Verdu´, Fray Blas, writer, 199 Sidonia Riderer, Marıá, Queen Margaret’s Villafranca, Pedro Alvarez de Toledo, Marquis favorite, 97, 168 of, Governor of Milan, 234 Silva, Diego de, Count of Salinas, minister of Vilallonga, Pedro Franqueza, Count, secretary the Council of Portugal, Viceroy of of state, Lerma’s creature, 98, 128–9, Portugal, 217 140, 158, 186, 192, 217 Silva, Juan de, see Portalegre opposition to, detention and trial, 169 ff. Spain, see Castile; monarchy, Spanish Villamediana, Juan de Tassis, Count of, Spinola, Ambrosio, Marquis of Los Balbases, Lerma’s ally, 41 Commanderof Armyof Flanders,164, 193 Villanueva, Jerońimo de, protonotario of Sua´rez, Fray Francisco, S.J., writer, 117–18 Aragon, 134 Vitriań, Juan de, writer, 238, 262, 267 Tassis, Juan de, see Villamediana taxation, 153–4 Zuń˜iga, Baltasar de, Spanish ambassador in Terrones, Fray Aguilar de, 76 Brussels, France, and Vienna, counselor Tirso de Molina (Fray Gabriel Te´llez), of state, Philip IV’s principal adviser, playwright, 167, 168 143, 210–11, 219, 243 ff., 252–3 Titian (Tiziano Vercelli), painter, 104 Zuń˜iga, Juan de, see Miranda, Count of Toledo, 87 Zuń˜iga, Juan de, Count of Pietrapezia, Torres, Fray Juan de, writer, 21 comendador mayor of Castile, Viceroy of Trejo y Paniagua, Gabriel, Cardinal, 221 Naples and mayordomo mayor to Prince Twelve Years Truce (1609–21), 197 Philip, 16, 28

299