Wuthering Heights in Context: Hermeneutic Singularity in Traditions of Narrative

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Wuthering Heights in Context: Hermeneutic Singularity in Traditions of Narrative PROGRAMA DE DOCTORADO DE LENGUAS Y CULTURAS TESIS DOCTORAL Wuthering Heights in Context: Hermeneutic Singularity in Traditions of Narrative Cumbres Borrascosas en Contexto: Singularidad Hermenéutica en Tradiciones Narrativas Autora: Director: María Valero Redondo Dr. Julián Jiménez Heffernan Departamento de Filología Inglesa y Alemana Mayo 2018 TITULO: Wuthering Heights in Context: Hermeneutic Singularity in Traditions of Narrative AUTOR: María Valero Redondo © Edita: UCOPress. 2018 Campus de Rabanales Ctra. Nacional IV, Km. 396 A 14071 Córdoba https://www.uco.es/ucopress/index.php/es/ [email protected] 2 AGRADECIMIENTOS / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Me gustaría comenzar esta tesis expresando mi más sincero agradecimiento al Dr. Julián Jiménez Heffernan, director de esta tesis, por su apoyo académico y humano durante estos años. Sus siempre sabios consejos, su confianza en mi trabajo y su capacidad para guiar mis ideas han sido vitales no sólo para el desarrollo de esta tesis, sino también en mi formación como investigadora. Muchas gracias, Julián. Gracias a todos los compañeros del Departamento de Filología Inglesa y Alemana de la Universidad de Córdoba, por acogerme como un miembro más y por ofrecerme su ayuda siempre que la he necesitado. I would like to express my immense gratitude to Dr. Aleksandar Stevic and Dr. Sara Lyons, who have kindly welcomed me to the University of Cambridge and the University of Kent, respectively, and who have generously read parts of this dissertation, providing me with valuable suggestions and insights. A Fran, por su apoyo, su ayuda, sus consejos y su amistad durante esta travesía investigadora (y por aguantarme en mis peores momentos). Gracias de todo corazón. A mis amigos y a mi familia, que siempre han estado ahí aunque no les haya podido prestar toda la atención y tiempo que se merecen. A Álex, por sus palabras de ánimo, su comprensión y su gran ayuda durante esta última etapa. Te quiero. Y a mi madre, por haberme inculcado el amor por la lectura y por su apoyo y cariño. Por último, quedo agradecida al Programa de FPU del Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte por el apoyo financiero otorgado para la realización de este trabajo de investigación. GRACIAS 5 6 A mi madre 7 8 RESUMEN Cumbres Borrascosas en Contexto: Singularidad Hermenéutica en Tradiciones Narrativas A pesar de ser un clásico – o quizás por esta razón – los críticos siempre han considerado Cumbres Borrascosas como un texto con un significado impenetrable. El propósito de esta tesis es combatir el agotamiento hermenéutico en torno a Cumbres Borrascosas. Mi metodología consistirá, por tanto, en hacer un análisis temático-comparativo de la novela con otros textos del siglo dieciocho y principios del diecinueve. En The True Story of the Novel, Margaret Anne Doody afirma que los escritores del siglo diecinueve tenían gran contacto con los escritores del siglo dieciocho. Así, si tiramos de los hilos de una novela del diecinueve, éstos nos llevarán siempre hacia atrás. Según Margaret-Ann Doody, la herencia genética de la novela está siempre presente y toda novela tiene una cadena de relaciones literarias mayor que la indicada por las alusiones explícitas que contiene. Todo novelista (bueno o malo, mejor o peor, fantástico o realista) repite los tropos de la Novela misma (Doody 299), y es precisamente en estos tropos en los que basaré mi análisis comparativo. Por tanto, trataré de identificar las características que Cumbres Borrascosas comparte con Pamela (Samuel Richardson), los cuentos de Heinrich von Kleist, The Monk (Matthew Lewis), Manfred (Lord Byron), Shirley y Jane Eyre (Charlotte Brontë), Barry Lyndon (William Thackeray), y Oliver Twist (Charles Dickens), entre otras. En el Capítulo 2, “An Overview of Wuthering Heights,” resumo los principales análisis críticos que la novela de Emily Brontë ha recibido desde su publicación en 1848 y expongo las lagunas y deficiencias de estas aproximaciones críticas. Con este propósito, organizo estas revisiones críticas en dos grupos: 1) aquellos críticos que postulan la existencia de un significado determinado recuperable que puede ser material/immanente (determinismo sociológico), o espiritual/transcendental (determinismo temático); y, 2) aquellos críticos que postulan la existenica de un significado indeterminado (deconstrucción). Quiero alinearme con los críticos que valoran sobre todo la heterogeneidad y el valor múltiple del texto, pero pretendo hacer algo que estos críticos nunca han intentado deliberadamente: enriquecer esta heterogeneidad examinando la relación dialógica con textos previos. Así, propongo un nuevo grupo crítico que plantea un determinismo intertextual de la novela. Mi objetivo es justificar la extrañeza del texto analizando los posibles precedentes de Cumbres Borrascosas; vencer la parálisis crítica 9 que rodea la novela y su lugar indeterminado dentro de la tradición narrativa inglesa; y demostrar que la novela de Emily Brontë no es sui generis. El crítico Edward Said resume perfectamente mi premisa: “La literatura es un orden excéntrico de repeticiones, no de originalidad” (Beginnings 12, mi traducción). Por tanto: En el Capítulo 3, “Wuthering Heights: “The Housekeeper’s Tale,” argumento que el aspecto más revolucionario de esta novela conecta la teoría marxista con la narratología: es una de las primeras veces en la literatura victoriana que un personaje de clase baja, Nelly Dean, cuenta la historia, violando el código social. En este sentido, la novela adquiere un pedigrí picaresco que sólo puede encontrarse en algunas novelas del siglo dieciocho: Tom Jones, Moll Flanders, Robinson Crusoe, y Pamela. En su papel de consejera en la novela, Nelly Dean adquiere una posición de subalternidad social, pero autoridad moral. La originalidad de la novela reside pues en “la representación vocal de una transgresión social” (Jiménez Heffernan 235, mi traducción). Esto conlleva unas consecuencias éticas: 1) la narración polifónica de Nelly exterioriza las perspectivas que los discursos sociales hegémónicos habían silenciado; 2) el discurso de Nelly constituye una contra-historia; 3) esto permite al lector posicionarse en posiciones ideólogicas dispares, lo que acerca a la novela a la ficción moderna y postmoderna. En el Capítulo 4, “Wuthering Heights and Kleist’s Novellen: Rousseaunian Nature, Implosive Communities and Performative Subversion of the Law,” argumento que Cumbres Borrascosas es bastante consistente con la tradición alemana de la Novelle, y, especialmente, con las narraciones de Kleist. Uno de los temas prevalentes en los cuentos de Kleist y en Cumbres Borrascosas es el ferviente deseo de escapar de una civilización corrupta que frustra los sentimientos más sinceros de los personajes. Con este propósito, los personajes conciben tres estrategias de sabotaje de la comunidad normativa: 1) escapar a un escenario natural que promueve la autenticidad y la confraternidad cristiana; 2) la implosión anómica y erótica de los amantes; 3) la reiteración paródica de la comunidad normativa que comporta una subversión implícita. En el Capítulo 4, “Wuthering Heights: A Gothic Novel,” comparo Cumbres Borrascosas con la novela de Matthew Lewis, The Monk, entre otras novelas. Aquí analizo cómo Cumbres Borrascosas se apropia de motivos Góticos para explorar cuestiones de genealogías fragmentadas y contaminadas, expósitos, venganza, subrogación, violencia, locura, sucesos sobrenaturales, y compulsiones históricas/domésticas. Argumento que la novela de Emily Brontë muestra la inestabilidad 10 de la división artificial entre novelas góticas y domésticas, y que el mayor logro de E. Brontë es poner lo doméstico al servicio de lo gótico. En el capítulo 5, “Wuthering Heights: An Epic Poem” empleo el poema de Lord Byron, Manfred, como co-texto literario que ilumina tanto formal como temáticamente algunas partes de la novela. En este capítulo, intento demostrar que tanto Manfred como Cumbres Borrascosas poseen un componente épico-dramático que tiene su origen en el poema épico de Milton, Paradise Lost. Por ende, me centro en la cualidad poética de los discursos más fervientes y elegíacos de la novela; en la comunión de los personajes con una naturaleza salvaje; en las comunidades transcendentales de amantes; en los lutos elegíacos; en Manfred y Heathcliff, dos héroes fatales; y en cómo Cumbres Borrascosas explota y critica el Byronismo simultáneamente. Finalmente, afirmo que la estructura profunda de la novela es un drama épico cuyo protagonista es un personaje Satánico y Byroniano, y que la novela contiene una constelación de temas que tiene su origen en la tradición Romántica inglesa. En el capítulo 6, “Wuthering Heights: A Social Novel,” trato de desafiar la afirmación de Winifred Gérin de que Cumbres Borrascosas “no expone cuestiones sociales” (42, mi traducción), y hago una lectura materialista de Cumbres Borrascosas que se centra en razones históricas contingentes. Así pues, reformulo la afirmación de Fredrich Jameson de que “Heathcliff es el locus de la Historia” y defiendo que Heathcliff es en realidad el locus de la infraestructura ya que integra cuatro tipos de alteridades infraestructurales: el proletario, el sujeto colonial, el soldado e, indirectamente, la condición de la mujer. Con este objetivo, he dividido el capítulo en cuatro secciones y he seleccionado tres novelas diferentes que me permiten leer Cumbres Borrascosas como una novela social que expone – o no – cuatro tipos de infraestructura. Así, utilizo la novela de Charlotte Brontë, Shirley, como el texto matricial que mejor
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