Ethnic Minority Development Plan
Ethnic Minority Development Plan Draft Project Number: 39149 March 2007
PRC: Western Guangxi Roads Development Project
Prepared by Guangxi Communications Department for the Asian Development Bank (ADB).
The ethnic minority development plan is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.
Contents
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 The Project 1
1.2 Project Components 2
2 OBJECTIVES OF THE EMDP 4
2.1 Objectives 4
2.2 PRC Government Policy, Plans and Programs 4
2.2.1 PRC Policy 4
2.2.2 Government Programs in GZAR 5
2.3 ADB Policy 5
2.3.1 ADB Indigenous Peoples Policy 5
2.3.2 ADB’s Poverty Reduction Strategy 6
3 ETHNIC MINORITIES IN THE PROJECT AREA 6
3.1 Introduction 6
3.1.1 Overview of the Project Area 6
3.1.2 Project Area Population 7
3.2 Ethnic Minority Groups in the Project Area 7
3.2.1 Zhuang People 8
3.2.2 Miao People 9
3.2.3 Yao People 9
3.2.4 Yi, Gelao and Mulao 10
3.3 Poverty in the Project Area 10
3.3.1 Introduction 10
3.3.2 Poverty Among Ethnic Minority People 11
3.3.3 Levels and Sources of Income 13
3.3.4 Education 15
3.3.5 Housing 15
3.3.6 Health Indicators 16
3.4 Local Needs and Perspectives 17
3.4.1 Needs Expressed by Rural Residents 18
3.4.2 Needs Expressed by Women 19
3.4.3 Perspectives on Project Impacts 20
3.4.4 Key Concerns of Ethnic Minority People 22
3.4.5 Summary of Impacts for Ethnic Minorities 23
4 ACTION PLAN 23
4.1 Need for an Ethnic Minority Development Plan 23
4.2 Consultation and Participation 24
4.2.1 Consultation and Participation for the Formulation of the EMDP 24
4.2.2 Project Participatory Consultations 24
4.3 Project Benefits and Enhancement Measures to be Taken by GCD 25
4.3.1 Improved Transport Services 25
4.3.2 Improved Rural Roads 26
4.3.3 Provision of Local Employment and Appropriate Employment Standards 26
4.3.4 Linking Project Road Improvements with Government Poverty Alleviation Programs 27
4.4 Identified Risks and Mitigating Measures 27
4.4.1 Increased Infection From Transmissible Diseases 27
4.4.2 Human Trafficking 30
4.4.3 Community Construction Disturbances 31
4.4.4 Resettlement 31
4.5 Complementary Poverty Reduction Measures 32
4.5.1 Agricultural and Industrial Development 32
4.5.2 Capacity Building: Training and Technologies 33 4.5.3 Promotion of Labourer Migration 33
4.5.4 Micro-Credit 34
5. Tourism Development 34
4.6 Targeting and Culturally Appropriate Interventions 35
4.7 EMDP Implementation Arrangements and Funding 35
4.8 EMDP Monitoring and Evaluation 36
4.8.1 Implementation Agencies 37
4.8.2 Methodology 37
List of Tables Table 1: Project Location ...... 7 Table 2: Selected Project Area Population Statistics (2005) ...... 7 Table 3: Ethnic Minority Populations in the Project Area ...... 8 Table 4: Zhuang People as Percentage of County Population ...... 8 Table 5: Population and Poverty...... 11 Table 6: Poverty Data for Ethnic Minority People ...... 12 Table 7: Poverty Rates by Ethnic Group...... 13 Table 8: Average Per Capita Income by Group ...... 13 Table 9: Sources of Income by Group ...... 14 Table 10: Per Capita Income and Sources by Ethnic Group ...... 14 Table 11: Educational Attainment by Group ...... 15 Table 12: Housing Situation...... 15 Table 13: Selected Health Statistics for the Project Area: 2005 ...... 16 Table 14: Village Health Clinics ...... 17 Table 15: Needs Expressed by Rural Residents (2006)...... 18 Table 16: Needs Expressed by Women ...... 20 Table 17: Expected Positive Impacts from project...... 21 Table 18: Expected Negative Impacts From project ...... 21 Table 19: Ranking of Concerns and Needs ...... 22 Table 20: Ranking of Impacts Specific to Ethnic Minority Peoples ...... 22 Table 21: Summary Ethnic Minority Development Plan...... 39
Figures
Figure 1: Map of Project Components 2
List of Annexes
Annex 1: Consultation and Participation Plan
Annex 2: Terms of Reference for the Ethnic Minority Development Plan Monitoring and Evaluation
CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 1 December 2006)
Currency Unit – Yuan (CNY) CNY1.00 = $0.1274 $1.00 = CNY7.85
ABBREVIATIONS
AP – affected persons AHB – Animal Husbandry Bureau BCDC – Baise Centre for Disease Control DoA – Department of Agriculture DoH – Department of Health EA – Executing Agency EMB – Ethnic Minority Bureau EMDP – Ethnic Minorities Development Plan EPB – Environmental Protection Bureau FYP – Five Year Plan GASS – Guangxi Academy of Social Science GEAB – Guangxi Expressway Administration Bureau GHAB – Guangxi Highway Administration Bureau GCD – Guangxi Communications Department GCIAB – Guangxi Communication Infrastructure Administration Bureau GPSB – Guangxi Public Security Bureau GRG – GZAR Government GZAR – Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region HB – Highway Bureau HCV – Hepatitis C HIV/AIDS – Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome IDU – Injecting Drug Use MOC – Ministry of Communications PADO – Poverty Alleviation Development Office PSA: – Poverty and Social Assessment PRA – Participatory Rural Appraisal PRC: – Peoples Republic of China RP: – Resettlement Plan STI – Sexually Transmitted Infection TA – Technical Assistance VOCs – Vehicle Operating Costs WF – Women’s Federation
mu – Area of land (approximately 0.067 ha, or 670 m2}
NOTES
(i) The fiscal year (FY) of {the Government and its agencies} ends on 31 December. (ii) In this report, "$" refers to US dollars. 1
1 INTRODUCTION
1. This supplementary appendix provides an Ethnic Minority Development Plan (EMDP) as part of the Guangxi Longlin-Baise Expressway Project loan preparation work. As ethnic minorities represent over 80 % of the population in the project area, the Poverty and Social Assessment (PSA) prepared for the project describes the circumstances of ethnic minority peoples and the anticipated poverty and social impacts from the project. Therefore, this EMDP presents only key observations that distinguish ethnic minorities from the Han population and that show differences among ethnic minority groups.
2. Ethnic minorities will benefit along with the minority Han population, however, social risks arising from the project have been identified and mitigating measures are required under the loan agreement. In addition, measures to ensure anticipated benefits accrue to local people and recommendations for measures that would enhance benefits are also included in the EMDP.
1.1 The Project
3. The project is located in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (GZAR). The proposed Longlin-Baise Expressway is an important section of the Shantou-Kunming corridor and is also one of the ‘vertical’ expressways in the GZAR Expressway development program. Map 1 shows the project location in GZAR, the proposed expressway and its relationship to rural roads and the GZAR road network.
4. The proposed expressway will replace the existing national road G324, which runs from Nanning through Baise to the border with GZAR and on to Yunnan. The southernmost end- point of the expressway will be the northern end of the Nanning-Baise Expressway. The northern end of the proposed expressway will link to the Guizhou Expressway system.
5. The proposed expressway will supplant G324 which is mainly a Class III road with 7.5 m wide pavement and no shoulders. The proposed expressway generally follows the corridor of G324, except for 15 km in the northern section where it takes a more direct line by the use of tunnels and bridges to minimize high gradient and also where the expressway bypasses the City of Baise to the east.
6. The Expressway starts at Dabanba village on the GZAR/Guizhou border, passes through Weile and Shali towns in Longlin county, Jiuzhou, Bantao, Lucheng and Le’ye towns in Tianlin county, and Wangdian, Xiatang and Yongle towns in Youjiang district in Baise city, then ends at Sitang Town where it connects with the Tangluo-Baise Expressway which is under construction. Most of the alignment is parallel with the existing national highway, G324. The total length of proposed alignment is 176.722km, a saving of over 15 km compared to G324.
7. The completion of the proposed expressway will relieve traffic and reduce accidents on the existing G324, which will otherwise become very congested within a few years and cause a bottleneck in traffic movements between GZAR and Guizhou and GZAR and Yunnan and between the rural population in the project area and Baise City and beyond. Hence, the project expressway is of vital importance to the effective operation of trade and the movement of traffic and goods between the project area and Guizhou, other areas of GZAR and other regions of PRC. It will also improve accessibility and reduce poverty in the region in the immediate vicinity of the project. The completion of the expressway and of the adjacent Baise-Nanning 2
Expressway will facilitate trade between Guizhou and other provinces with Vietnam and other GMS countries.
8. The project also includes road improvements to four rural roads that provide major arteries for the counties of Tianlin, Le’ye, Xilin, Longlin and Jingxi but where currently road access is poor. These roads have been selected because they will provide good connections for local farmers to major towns and to markets that will ship farm produce using the expressway and will also facilitate trade through land ports with Vietnam.
9. The project’s rural road improvement component also includes construction of 750 km of access roads to a number of poor villages, mainly in mountainous areas. In general these villages are served only by rough tracks which are usable only by foot and animal traffic, and so their current level of accessibility is very low.
1.2 Project Components
1. The components preliminary identified as part of the project are:
• The 176 km Longlin-Baise Expressway and 28 km of connector roads; • Four sections of classified rural road upgrading (Class II, III and IV) comprising almost 310 kms (including rural roads accessing the expressway and improvements to roads at the border with Vietnam) and 750 km of unclassified access roads to natural villages to be constructed or upgraded. The locations of the upgraded rural roads are set out in Map 1, the location of the village roads are still to be determined; and, • 48 rural Class V bus stations and two Class III bus stations. 3 4
2 OBJECTIVES OF THE EMDP
2.1 Objectives
10. The overall objectives of the EMDPs are to ensure that GZAR Longlin-Baise Expressway Project does not cause adverse social and cultural impacts, and that it provides the opportunity for ethnic minority groups impacted by the project to reap project benefits that are equal to, or greater than, the dominant cultural group by ensuring that ethnic minorities participate fully in project planning.
11. Where adverse cultural effects are unavoidable, the EMDP seeks to minimize these affects through identification of appropriate mitigation measures. Furthermore, the EMDP actively strives to incorporate mechanisms into the project subproject planning and design that will ensure the equal or enhanced enjoyment of project benefits by ethnic minority groups. Such an approach recognizes that even programs that are aimed at improving quality of life (i.e. poverty reduction projects) do not necessarily equally reach all sectors of the community.
2.2 PRC Government Policy, Plans and Programs
2.2.1 PRC Policy
12. After 1949 the PRC Government adopted a policy of ethnic equality, in which all nationalities are legally and constitutionally equal. Given the inferior social and economic conditions of most minorities, the government adopted a policy of positive discrimination in favor of the ethnic minorities (minzu) to help them "catch up" with the mainstream population of the Han. To implement this policy, the Government first clarified, enumerated and mapped the identity of ethnic groups. PRC post-1949 policy defines nationalities (minzu) in very precise terms, based on, inter alia, shared language, territory, economic base, and traditions/culture. Under this definition, the Han constitute the dominant nationality in the PRC. Prior to 1949, some minority nationalities (e.g. Hui, Man and Zhuang) had become closely assimilated into the Han language and cultural traditions - but are still recognized as minority groups. Since 1949 there has been a tendency for smaller ethnic groups to fuse and merge in the definition of officially recognized minority groups. Once a minority is recognized officially, the group selects representatives to government bodies at all levels.
13. The 1954 Constitution specified mechanisms for exercising autonomy in minority areas. The 1974 Constitution reduced the financial autonomy, and other powers, of these areas. Some of these powers were restored in the 1978 Constitution and further extended by the State Council (1980) and the National Law of 1984. Since the early 1980s governments of autonomous areas have been able to decide on economic policy, including what to produce, some latitude in allocating government subsidies, and within set guidelines, education and budgeting. In 1982 the formulation of the one child per family directive by the State Council advocated more flexible approaches to family planning amongst the minority nationalities.
14. Minority areas have special access to relief funds, loans, subsidies and tax relief, including a lower tax on grain, to assist in economic development. Minority people also benefit from points score system, which places them in a higher rank than the main stream Han for university admissions. For the 8 provinces where minorities are concentrated (Guizhou, Yunnan and Qinghai provinces and the five minority autonomous regions of Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, GZAR, Ningxia and Tibet) government subsidies in the past have been substantial.
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2.2.2 Government Programs in GZAR
15. As one of the five autonomous regions in PRC, all development programs of GZAR, as well as its counties, have a minority orientation. In the case of project counties where minorities account for a large majority (ethnic minorities are more than 80% of the population in 5 of the project counties and more than 50% in the other three) the county master plans and sector development plans can be considered support for ethnic minorities. In particular, the poverty alleviation programs implemented through the Poverty Alleviation Development Office (PADO) are strongly focused on ethnic minority people living in poorer, more isolated and mountainous areas. These poverty reduction interventions are discussed in more detail in Section V, D of this report.
2.3 ADB Policy
2.3.1 ADB Indigenous Peoples Policy
16. In 1998, the ADB’s Indigenous Peoples Policy and approaches recognized the potential vulnerability of indigenous peoples in development processes. The policy works to ensure that indigenous peoples have opportunities to participate in and benefit equally from development. Accordingly, project activities must ensure that development initiatives affecting indigenous peoples are positive, effective and sustainable. Initiatives should be compatible in substance and structure with the affected peoples' culture and social and economic institutions, and commensurate with the needs, aspirations, and demands of affected peoples. Initiatives should be conceived, planned, and implemented, to the maximum extent possible, with the informed consent of affected communities, and include respect for indigenous peoples' dignity, human rights, and cultural uniqueness. Projects must avoid negatively affecting indigenous peoples, and provide adequate and appropriate compensation when a negative impact is unavoidable. Project strategies and approaches to development that affect indigenous peoples must include clear mechanisms for accurate, objective analysis of their circumstances. Development processes must incorporate transparency and accountability.
17. ADB defines "indigenous peoples" as groups with social or cultural identities distinct from that of the dominant or mainstream society. "Indigenous peoples" is a generic concept that includes cultural minorities, ethnic minorities, indigenous cultural communities, tribal people, natives, and aboriginals.
18. Two significant characteristics of indigenous peoples are (i) descent from population groups present in a given area before modern states or territories were created, and (ii) maintenance of cultural and social identities separate from mainstream or dominant societies or cultures. Additional characteristics include (i) self-identification and identification by others as being part of a distinct indigenous cultural group, and the display of the desire to preserve their cultural identity; (ii) a linguistic identity different from that of the mainstream or dominant society; (iii) social, economic, and political traditions and institutions distinct from the mainstream society; (iv) an economic system oriented more toward a traditional system of production than toward the mainstream production system; and/or (v) a unique tie with and attachment to traditional habitat and ancestral territory and its natural resources. In the PRC, ADB adopts the officially defined ethnic minority nationalities.
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2.3.2 ADB’s Poverty Reduction Strategy
19. In 1999, ADB formally declared poverty reduction as its overarching goal, describing poverty as an unacceptable human condition that can be eliminated through public policy and action and that effective poverty reduction can only be achieved through promoting economic opportunities, social development and good governance. In the context of major changes that have occurred both within the region and globally, ADB reviewed the relevancy of its poverty reduction strategy (PRS) in 2004. The PRS review confirmed that the basic framework for poverty reduction has retained its relevance but to achieve greater effectiveness a greater country focus that aligns ADB operations with a country’s own poverty reduction strategy and the fostering of partnerships around the strategy was needed.
20. This EMDP and the recommendations for social and poverty interventions to complement the construction implementation have been prepared in the context of GZAR’s poverty alleviation and development plans.
3 ETHNIC MINORITIES IN THE PROJECT AREA
3.1 Introduction
21. Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region is one of the PCR’s five Minority Autonomous Regions. There are twelve different EM groups (Zhuang, Han, Yao, Miao, Dong, Hui, Shui, Yi, Jing, Mulao, Maonan and Gelao) living in GZAR accounting for 38% of the population. The project is located in the western region of GZAR where six ethnic groups (Zhuang, Han, Yao, Miao, Yi and Mulao) account for over 80% of the total population.
22. As ethnic minorities represent the large majority of the population in the project area, the Poverty and Social Assessment prepared for the project describes the circumstances of ethnic minority peoples. Therefore, this section of the EMDP presents only key observations that distinguish ethnic minorities from the Han population and that show differences among ethnic minority groups.
3.1.1 Overview of the Project Area
23. The project area consists of the seven counties and one district as follows:
• Youjiang district and the counties of Longlin, Tianlin and Youjiang will be directly impacted and connected by the expressway; • Xilin, Le’ye, Lingyun, Tianyang and Jingxi are directly will be directly impacted by rural road improvements only; and, • Longlin and Tianlin and are impacted by the expressway and rural roads. 7
Table 1: Project Location County Expressway Rural road Youjiang X Tianyang X Rural road 1 Jingxi X Rural road 2 Lingyun X Rural road 3 Le’ye X Rural road 3 Tianlin X X Rural road 3 Xilin X Rural road 4 Longlin X X Rural road 4
24. The project area is mainly mountainous and hilly land, particularly the counties of Longlin, Xilin and Lingyun in which 31, 45 and 40%, respectively are rocky mountains. In most of the project area, due to karst topography, terraced land is scarce making agriculture difficult and only Youjiang, the political and economic center of sub-region, benefits from flatter more easily farmed land.
25. The climate in the project area is classified as a tropical monsoon climate, with an average annual temperature of about 200C. However, the climate is greatly influenced by the topography of the various counties with cooler temperatures and greater rain falls found in the more mountainous areas. Generally, most counties receive about 330 frost free days per year.
3.1.2 Project Area Population
2. As shown in Table 2 the total population of the project area is 2.3 million accounting for 4.8% of the total GZAR population. Overall, 87.4% of the population in the project area are rural residents as compared to 84.2% for the GZAR as a whole. Longlin has the highest proportion of rural population at 93.7% and Youjiang has the lowest proportion at 64.2%.
Table 2: Selected Project Area Population Statistics (2005) Total No. County/ Population Sex Ratio Area (km2) People Female Male Province (1,000 2 (female=100) /km persons) Youjiang 332 3,702 111.5 16.4 16.8 102.4 Tianyang 329 2,387 72.6 16.2 16.6 101.2 Jingxi 588 3,322 56.5 27.9 30.9 110.8 Lingyun 194 2,029 104.6 9.3 10.1 108.6 Le’ye 157 2,620 166.9 7.6 8.0 105.3 Tianlin 241 5,532 229.5 11.8 12.3 104.2 Xilin 135 2,963 219.5 6.5 7.0 107.7 Longlin 366 3,551 97.0 17.7 18.9 106.8 Project 2,342 26,106 111.5 113.5 120.8 106.4 Area GZAR 49,250 23,670,000 208 2,338 2,587 110.7 Source: Guangxi Statistical Yearbook, 2006
3.2 Ethnic Minority Groups in the Project Area 3. The western region has the highest concentrations of ethnic minority groups in GZAR. There are 1.9 million ethnic minority people living in the project area accounting for over 80% of the total population. All of the counties in the project area have significant numbers of ethnic minority peoples ranging from 50% to 98% of county populations with 5 counties have ethnic minority populations of more than 80%. 8
Table 3: Ethnic Minority Populations in the Project Area
Total % of Total County/District Zhuang Miao Yao Yi Gelao Mulao Ethnic Population Population Youjiang District 240,000 1,000 10,000 251,000 75.6 Tianyang 289,882 289,882 88.1 Jingxi I County 547,484 8,732 14,553 5,821 576,590 98.1 Lingyun County 61,223 11 38,358 4 1 99,597 51.3 Le’ye County 75,217 51 2,801 5 21 78,095 49.7 Tianlin County 146,000 1,100 28,383 178 7 175,668 72.9 Xilin County 87,227 24,885 4,785 561 146 8 117,612 87.1 Longlin County 195,744 89,689 14 3,396 2,395 1,511 292,749 80.0 Total Ethnic Minority People in 1,642,777 125,468 98,894 9,960 2,547 1,547 1,881,193 80.3 P.A. Ethnic Group as % of Total 87.3 6.7 5.3 0.5 0.1 0.1 100 Ethnic People in Project Area Ethnic Group as % Project Area 70.1 5.4 4.2 0.4 0.11 0.07 80.3 Population Source: Baise Poverty Alleviation Office, 2005; GASS project Preparation Reports
3.2.1 Zhuang People
26. Zhuang people are the dominant ethnic minority group with a population of over 1.6 million, accounting for 70% of the project area’s population. They have significant numbers in all project counties, representing the majority of the population in all but two counties. Table 4: Zhuang People as Percentage of County Population
Project Area Youjiang Tianyang Jingxi Lingyun Le’ye Tianlin Xilin Longlin 70 72 89 94 32 48 61 65 53 Source: Baise Poverty Alleviation office, 2005; GASS project Preparation Reports
27. When the PRC was established, a number of ethnic minority groups who shared many ethnic characteristics were officially defined as Zhuang. At that time, many Han people from other parts of PRC, mostly from Guangdong, who had settled in the area took Zhuang as their ethnicity.1. Zhuang have also adopted Han customs and festivals and today there are few cultural or socioeconomic differences between the two groups. Only a very few villages in the project area remained 100% Han.2
28. Over time Zhuang people have lost most of their distinguishing features. Although, rural Zhuang people still speak the Zhuang language, most young people are fluent in Mandarin. In the 1960s, a written language was created for the Zhuang, but it has never been accepted and
1 During the field surveys, the Consultant met such Zhuang people whose ancestors were originally from Guangdong, Fujian, Jingxi and Hunan. 2 For example, only one village in the project survey, Da Lan in Longlin county, claimed to be 100%t Han. 9 is mainly used only on government posters and displays, and Mandarin is mainly used for written communication.
29. Zhuang folk songs are still sung at country ethnic fairs, held each year. Traditionally this was the time for young men and young women to find spouses but this custom has gradually died out. Today many young people do not practice traditional singing and knowledge of the old folk songs is decreasing.
3.2.2 Miao People
30. The second largest ethnic minority group in the project area is the Miao people. These people originated from Hunan, migrating first to Guizhou and Sichuan and then, some 500 years ago, the Miao people started to migrate to Longlin and Xilin where large populations remain today.
31. There are 125,468 Miao people in the project area, 90% of who live in Longlin (89,689) and Xilin (24,885). Miao people mainly live in mountainous area where farming conditions are difficult. According to local Poverty Alleviation Development Office (PADO) representatives, poverty rates among Miao people are generally higher as compared to the Han and Zhuang populations.
32. The Miao language belongs to the Miao-Yao group of the Sino-Tibetan language family and they have their own written language. However, due to a long time living with the Han and Zhuang peoples, many Miao people also speak the Chinese and Zhuang languages. Miao people maintain their culture and traditions and normally wear their colorful traditional ethnic costumes and practice traditional handicrafts such as embroidering, weaving, and jewelry casting.
3.2.3 Yao People
33. Currently GZAR has over 60% of the Yao population of the PRC. There is little written record about the Yao but it is believed they have been settled in the project area for about 500 years. During the Ming Dynasty, the Yao fled in order to escape suppression and discrimination and small groups of Yao found homes in the most isolated mountains and deep forests areas of GZAR and Guizhou provinces. It is these small groups of Yao people who remain living in communities scattered in the project area today. 34. There are over 98,894 Yao people in the project area accounting for 4.2% of the total population and 5.3% of the ethnic minority population. They are mainly concentrated in Lingyun (38,358) and Tianlin (24,885) but Jingxi also has a significant size Yao population (14,553).
35. The Yao language belongs to the Miao-Yao sub-group of the Sino-Tibetan language family. Most of the Yao people speak the Yao language, some speak a language similar to the Miao language but many can also speak Han and Zhuang languages. Yao people continue to wear their traditional costumes and practice traditional handicrafts such as embroidery, printing and dying but they celebrate most of the same festivals as Zhuang people.
36. Traditionally, and commonly today, Yao people live in the mountains and are often concentrated in one or two natural villages rather than an administrative village. According to local PADO representatives, Yao people generally have lower farming skills and technology and were noted by local government officials as being among the poorest of the poor. “Some of the 10 local PADO officers believed that the difference in development between the Yao and the Zhuang is 20-30 years.”3
3.2.4 Yi, Gelao and Mulao
4. Together, the Yi, Gelao and Mulao ethnic groups account for less than 0.7% of the ethnic minority population and about 0.6% of the total population. The combined population of these three groups is just over 14,000 and over 50% of them live in Longlin and Xilin.
37. All three groups have their own spoken languages although most would also use Chinese and Zhuang languages. The Gelao and Mulao have no written language and use the Chinese language. Although the Yi people have preserved a written language, Chinese is the predominant written language used. For the most part, these groups live in mixed communities with Zhuang and other ethnic groups.
3.3 Poverty in the Project Area
3.3.1 Introduction
38. All of the project counties are within the city of Baise, a poverty intense area of GZAR; ten of Baise’s 11 counties are designated as national poverty counties.
39. All of the project counties are ‘designated poverty counties’; 6 are national poverty counties (Lingyun, Le’ye, Tianlin, Xilin, Jingxi, and Longlin), and 2 are provincial poverty counties (Tianyang County and Youjiang District).
40. The project area has an overall head count poverty rate of 27.7% with 90% of the poor living in rural areas.4 Although the rural poverty rate for GZAR was only 10.4% in 2005 the rural poverty rate in the project area for that year was 29.6, almost three times as high. With the exception of Youjiang, where the rural population accounts for 64% of the total, the proportion of the population living in rural areas averages about 90%. Rural poverty is highest in Xilin at 55.1% but three other project counties, Le’ye, Lingyun and Tianlin, have poverty rates over 40%. Only Youjiang and Tianyang have poverty rates below 20%.
41. In total, an estimated 649,780 people in the project area are poor (606,861 of which are rural people) and more than 23% of the poor, 7% of the total project area population, are in absolute poverty.
3 EMDP, Guangxi II, 2004. 4 Absolute poverty (also referred to as food poverty) refers to an average annual per capita net income for rural people that is less than 668 Yuan. Income or relative poverty refers to those rural people that have an average annual per capita net income of between 668~924 Yuan. Urban Poverty is set at an annual per capita income of 2,310 Yuan. 11
Table 5: Population and Poverty
Population (1,000) % Rural Head Count Poverty Rates County/Province Total Urban Rural Population Total Urban* Rural Youjiang 332 119 213 64.2 16.5 10.5 19.8 Tianyang 329 38 291 88.4 18.9 15.4 19.4 Jingxi 588 47 541 92.0 21.1 11.1 22.0 Lingyun 194 16 178 91.8 39.3 22.7 40.8 Le’ye 157 14 143 91.1 45.2 16.9 47.9 Tianlin 241 25 216 89.6 39.4 17.4 42.0 Xilin 135 13 122 90.4 53.2 35.0 55.1 Longlin 366 23 343 93.7 26.0 19.3 26.4 Project Area 2,342 295 2,047 87.4 27.7 14.5 29.6 * PADO and Consultant Estimates. Source: GZAR Statistical Yearbook 2006, Poverty Alleviation Development Office.
42. The project area’s remoteness and inadequate road infrastructure are among the main causes of the area’s high incidence of poverty. The existing highway from Baise to Longlin is the G324 which carries a high proportion of long distance heavy goods traffic carrying. With steep slopes, sharp turns, and low allowable speed, congestion is a daily occurrence because of the heavy truck traffic and several stretches are already at the limit of their capacity. Furthermore, the road network is limited due to the mountainous terrain resulting in relatively higher freight charges and restricted market access for local farmers most of whom are ethnic minority peoples.
43. The poor rural road conditions also result in high transport costs for farmers and lack of interest from middle traders. In addition, the poor quality of the roads results in inadequate and unaffordable transport services in the area because they deter licensed bus and truck operators from plying the routes to townships and villages. As a result, many villages in the project area still have no direct bus service. Inadequate road access is an impediment to higher agricultural productivity and prevents the poor from taking advantage of job opportunities in towns. Better roads in GZAR and the project area are needed to promote economic growth and integrate the poor, isolated regions with the economic centers.
3.3.2 Poverty Among Ethnic Minority People
44. Ethnic minority people are disproportionately represented as a proportion of the poor. Ethnic minority people in the project area make up 80% of the total population but comprise 82.8% of the total rural poor population and 87.7% of the absolute rural poor population. 12
Table 6: Poverty Data for Ethnic Minority People
Total Total % of Absolute Poor Total Rural Ethnic Minority Ethnic Population Ethnic Minority County Rural Poverty Poor as a % of Minority in Absolute as a % of Total Poor Rate Total Rural Poor Poor Poverty Absolute Poor % Youjiang 42,134 36,951 19.8 87.7 2.9 87.7 Tianyang 56,381 19,430 19.4 34.5 2.9 87.6 Jingxi 118,782 104,158 22.0 87.7 5.9 87.7 Lingyun 72,547 62,250 40.8 85.8 7.1 87.6 Le’ye 68,542 58,898 47.9 85.9 9.7 87.6 Tianlin 90,640 78,240 42.0 86.3 6.7 87.7 Xilin 67,260 58,975 55.1 92.0 20.6 87.9 Longlin 90,575 83,356 26.4 87.7 3.2 87.7 Project Area 606,861 502,258 29.6 82.8 5.9 87.7 Source: Baise Poverty Alleviation Office, 2006.
45. The project survey results found a poverty rate of 32.8%, slightly higher as compared to an official poverty rate of 28.9%. Due to the surveys emphasis on poverty-stricken villages, survey results captured a greater percentage of absolute poor as well, showing an overall rate of absolute poverty of 15.5% in the project area. Interestingly, the survey also showed higher than average poverty rates among the minority Han population, who make up about 20% of the total population but were slightly over represented in the survey accounting for 23.4% of survey respondents. Zhuang people, who represent over 70% of the total project area population and over 87% of all ethnic minority people in the project area, showed poverty rates of 31%. Poverty rates among the Miao and Yao people were found to be higher at 45% and 33%, respectively5.
5 The project survey included a very small number of Yoa respondents which raises statistical issues concerning the accuracy of the poverty rate estimated for Yao people. According to local government representatives and information gathered during participatory consultations, poverty among the Yao is as high if not higher than Miao people. 13
Table 7: Poverty Rates by Ethnic Group6
Absolute Poverty Group as % of Group as % of Total Poverty Rate Rate Survey Population* Han 31.7 17.1 23.4 19.7 Zhuang 30.8 13.5 60.0 70.1 Miao 45.0 20.0 11.4 5.4 Yao 33.3 22.2 5.1 4.2 Total 32.8 15.5 100 99** * Source: County Statistical data ** 1% are other ethnic groups not captured by the survey Source: Project Survey
3.3.3 Levels and Sources of Income
46. The average rural per capita income in the project area was 1,726 Yuan in 2005. The project survey captured an average per capita income of 1,658 overall and an average per capita income of 1,703 for ethnic minority people. Poor households, those with per capita incomes below 924 Yuan, averaged only 712 Yuan in the project survey. Female headed households showed the highest income levels at 2,104 Yuan per capita most likely reflecting levels of remittances from husbands working away from home.
Table 8: Average Per Capita Income by Group
Total Ethnic Poor Female Headed Households Households Households Households
1,658 1,703 712 2,104 Source: Project Survey.
47. Income sources do not differ significantly across groups in the project area. Almost all rural people are farmers; over 90% of the project survey respondents stated that farming was their main occupation. Nevertheless, almost all rural people rely on a number of income sources to maintain their families. Overall, ethnic minority households, poor households and the survey population as a whole, obtained about 41% of income from crop farming. Only female headed households showed a different pattern with 51% of income earned from crop farming. Similarly, income from raising animals was about 13% for all groups expect for female headed households, who obtain only 9.4% of income from this endeavor.7
48. All groups earned about the same share of income from migration, 16 to 17%, although it is unclear whether migration earnings for female headed households were remittances from husbands away, which is the likely case. Poor households and female headed households
6 The project survey team did not encounter Yi and Mulao people. 7 Increasing incomes through improved animal husbandry practices is a focus of PADO and the Bureau of Animal Husbandry. Improved road conditions will help encourage farmers to the shift production to animal husbandry. 14 obtain a greater percentage of income from wages but a smaller share from business income as compared to ethnic minorities overall and the survey population as a whole.
Table 9: Sources of Income by Group
Income Source Source of Income as Percentage of Total Income Total Ethnic Poor Female Headed
Households Households Households Households Crops 40.6 41.1 41.5 51.1
Animal husbandry 12.9 12.8 12.7 9.4
Industry 1.0 1.0 1.1 0.5
Migrant labor 17.0 16.7 16.4 15.9
Business 15.9 16.1 13.3 8.1
Rent of houses 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.0
Salary 4.8 4.6 7.4 7.0
Others 7.6 7.5 7.4 8.1 Source: Project Survey.
49. Table 10 shows the project survey results for per capita income levels and sources of income among different ethnic groups. Zhuang people had the highest per capital income at 1,784 Yuan followed by Han people at 1,693 Yuan. Miao and Yao people showed the lowest per capita incomes levels at 1,067 Yuan and 1,014 Yuan respectively. Again there are not great differences between sources of income for different ethnic groups, with Han, Zhuang and Miao obtaining between 39 and 43% of income from growing crops but Yao people appear to rely more heavily on crop production, earning 53% of income from this. Yao people appear to earn less from migration (13% as compared to an average of 17% for all other groups) and both Yao and Miao people earn less from business activities (8 and 9%, respectively as compared to 16.5% for Han and Zhuang).
Table 10: Per Capita Income and Sources by Ethnic Group Han Zhuang Miao Yao Average Per Capita Income (Yuan) 1,693 1,784 1,067 1,014 Income Source % of Total Income Crops 39.1 41.4 43.4 53.2 Animal husbandry 13.1 12.3 14.2 12.3 Industry 1.0 1.1 1.7 0.9 Migration 17.4 17.2 16.8 13.0 Business 16.9 16.1 10.5 8.0 Rent of houses 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 Salary 4.9 4.6 4.3 5.0 Others 7.5 7.8 9.0 7.6 Source: Project Survey. 15
3.3.4 Education
50. Table 11 shows education levels among the different groups. Although government statistics indicate that illiteracy in the project area is only about 17%, the project survey picked up significantly higher rates of illiteracy and semi-illiteracy; 23% for total households, 23 for ethic minority households, and 22% for poor households. The only group showing a relatively lower rate of illiteracy was female headed households with only 17% illiterate, and female headed households showed higher education levels overall.
Table 11: Educational Attainment by Group
Total Ethnic Poor Female headed Illiterate and Semi-illiterate 22.9 22.6 22.1 16.7 Primary school 41.4 40.3 43.1 38.9 Secondary school 26.3 26.6 25.5 27.8 High school 5.6 5.6 6.4 0.0 Professional senior school 2.5 3.2 2.5 11.1 Two-year college 1.3 1.6 0.5 5.6 Source: Project Survey.
3.3.5 Housing
51. Housing conditions are a key indicator of poverty. PADO statistics for housing in poverty villages in project areas indicate that around 27% of the residents in the poverty villages live in simple, semi permanent houses, 51% live in houses made of bricks, stones, and woods, and only 24% live in concrete houses. The definitions of housing conditions used for the project survey were not identical to those of PADO, with the project survey including an additional semi- permanent category, “clay and wood”, falling between “simple” and “brick and wood”. Using these categories the project data indicated a much lower proportion of households were living in very simple structures (5% of all households and 9% of poor households) but around 36% of total households and 46% of poor households were living in semi-permanent dwellings made of clay and wood. Thus by either standard, it appears that a large proportion of people in the project area have inadequate housing.
Table 12: Housing Situation
Total Ethnic Poor Female Headed Type of House Households Households Households Households Mixed of bricks and concrete 29.3 25.5 20.6 46.2
Brick and wood 29.0 28.5 24.1 27.4
Clay and wood 36.5 38.9 46.3 26.5
Simple structure 5.2 6.1 9.0 0.0 Source: Project Survey. 16
3.3.6 Health Indicators
52. Overall rural health care conditions are extremely poor and, with the exception of Youjiang, an urban center, health facilities in the project area are limited. The project area has a total of 148 hospitals and 1,774 doctors but, on average, there is only one doctor for every 1,320 people. However, this ratio is as high as 2,473 persons per doctor in Longlin and as low as 460 persons per doctor in Youjiang.
Table 13: Selected Health Statistics for the Project Area: 2005
Youjian Tianyan Project Indicator Jingxi Lingyun Le’ye Tianlin Xilin Longlin g g Area Number of Hospitals8 23 16 26 12 13 22 13 23 148 Number of Hospital Beds 1958 381 651 199 195 235 164 391 4174 Number of Hospital Beds 16.96 86.35 90.32 97.49 80.51 102.55 82.32 93.61 56.11 per 1,000 People Medical and Technical 1843 436 585 252 295 341 188 286 4226 Personnel (person) Doctors 721 197 243 110 131 144 80 148 1774 Population per Doctor 460.5 1670.1 2419.8 1763.6 1198.5 1673.6 1687.5 2473.0 1320.2 Source: GZAR Statistical Yearbook, 2006.
53. Medical resources are mainly concentrated in townships and county towns, hence, road conditions and transport services are important factors for villagers in need of health care. Although administrative villages have health clinics these facilities are simple and out-of-date and there are too few health workers, most of whom are poorly trained. For example, there are only 20 health workers with university backgrounds in all of Xilin. In most villages there is usually a small trader who sells drugs but without medical training.
54. The project survey found that about 19% of respondents stated that their village did not have a health clinic and of those that did about 68 stated that the clinic in their village was below appropriate standards and did not meet their needs. More poor people reported that their village did not have a health clinic and more poor and women considered their local health clinic below acceptable standards.
8 Hospitals refer to medical institutions with permanent hospital beds, which are able to take in patients and provide them with medical and nursing services. These figures do not include health clinics located in administrative villages. Hospitals are located at the county level and in rural townships. Hospitals at or above county level are comprehensive and specialized hospitals. 17
Table 14: Village Health Clinics Female Total Ethnic Poor Type of House Headed Households Households Households Households
% Respondents Without a Health Clinic 19.3 15.2 19.6 0.0
% Respondents With a Health Clinic but Under Standard 68.1 73.9 75.0 100.0 Source: Project Survey
55. Access to health services is a serious concern of the poor. Discussions with women indicated that their health needs are often neglected due to poor local facilities and long distances to better clinics or hospitals. Only about 50% of rural women in the project area gave birth in hospitals9. For example, in Xilin women from Bada village stated that their road was so bad they feared the impact of the trip would be a greater risk than delivering their baby at home. In Tianlin, farmers from a village without a road told the story of carrying a sick man for three days in an attempt to get him to hospital but he died along the route.
3.4 Local Needs and Perspectives
56. As ethnic minority people account for over 80% of the project area population their needs and perspectives express those of the majority population. Hence, the needs and perspectives presented in this section effectively represent those of ethnic minority people even though Han people were included in the survey. However, although all survey respondents were asked a set or core questions the survey also included specific questions for ethnic minorities. These are presented in the EMDP.
57. The communities along the project roads, welcomed the opportunity to express their views provided by the project road user survey activity and stated that they were willing to participate in project preparation and implementation. General awareness among most people living in the project area regarding road improvement plans was low.
58. Overall, people are expecting that the road improvements will bring a high degree of economic benefit to the area. According to local residents, the greatest benefits will be increased economic development in the area resulting in increased income sources and more job opportunities. People also place a good degree of emphasis easier and faster transport in general In many villages medical facilities, schools and other social institutions are not easily accessible and there is anticipation that the easier access will allow an overall better level of social services. Generally, people did expect a decline in transport costs that would benefit them directly from lower freight rates and less damage to vehicles. Specific needs and concerns, ranked by level of importance are discussed below.
9 Information from Women’s Federation in Project counties. 18
3.4.1 Needs Expressed by Rural Residents
59. Although the needs of rural residents differ from county to county and from village to village, the theme of increased incomes and improved infrastructure was common throughout the project area.
Table 15: Needs Expressed by Rural Residents10 (2006)
Rural Residents Poverty Stricken Residents Expressed Need No. % Expressed Need No. % Improving Health Services Increase Crop Yields 573 18.7 and Medical Aid 276 18.2 Intensifying Poverty Increased Job Opportunities 461 15.0 Alleviation Efforts 179 11.8 Reclaiming Waste Land for 438 14.3 Trees & Fruits Technical Training 166 10.9 Expanding Livestock & Arranged Employment 418 13.6 Poultry Breeding Scope Opportunities 162 10.7 Better Business 368 12.0 Environment Credit and Loan Aid 159 10.5 Increased Transport 255 8.3 Services Improving Road Conditions 151 10.0 Granting Basic Living Improving Home Quality 184 6.0 Allowance 137 9.0 Information Services Processing Industries 179 5.8 124 8.2 Opening Shops & Business 144 4.7 Eliminating Illiteracy 114 7.5 Others 46 1.5 Others 49 3.2 Total 3,210 100 Total 1,517 100 Source: Project Survey.
60. Overall, rural residents ranked increased crop yields as the greatest need in terms of raising income levels. The second highest-ranked need was for increased job opportunities. Ranking of off-farm employment as the second highest need clearly indicates that farming alone is insufficient to provide for overall household needs and that diversification of income sources is a necessity among rural farmers.
61. There were noticeable differences between the needs expressed by poverty stricken villagers as compared to non-poor villagers. While non-poor residents were mainly concerned with increasing crop yields through diversification and reclamation of land, poor residents’ needs were clearly focused on assistance required from various government agencies. The primary concern expressed by poverty stricken villagers was the need for improved health care services, particularly health care infrastructure in villages, and the need for medical aid. This need represents a combination of issues related to the lack of and quality of medical clinics in
10 78% of survey respondents were ethic minority people. 19 villages, the distances that must be traveled to better medical services and the poor road conditions.
62. Although a strong general desire to increase poverty alleviation efforts was expressed, the two most important areas stressed by poverty stricken villagers was the need for technical training and for arranged job opportunities. The technical training requested was specific to the crop and livestock breeding undertaken in different villages and the desire to diversify these into more competitive crops and livestock programs.
63. Arranged employment usually refers to organized labor migration. Often a county or township will form a partnership or an arrangement with a factory or industry requiring migrant workers. The local poverty alleviation office and other cooperating agencies will identify the required migrant workers and organize training specifically for the factory or industry where they will be employed.
64. The need for credit and loan aid was also strongly expressed by poverty stricken villagers. PADO has been subsidizing micro-credit by paying the interest charges on Rural Credit Cooperative loans to poor people and there have also been a few international NGO micro credit programs in recent years. Hence, there appears to be is a good deal of micro credit experience among rural residents. Unfortunately, there also appears to be a strong emphasis on maintaining high payback rates which may create restrictions in terms of providing loans to the poorest of the poor who are considered too high a risk. Those rural residents who have obtained micro credit loans complained that the size of the loan is too small and that the payback time frame is too short.
65. Non-poor rural residents expressed the need for increased transportation services while poor residents expressed the need for better road conditions. This reflects the different infrastructure endowment between non-poor villages and poverty-stricken villages; non-poor villages already have roads and therefore desire better passenger and freight services, but poor villages have poor roads or no roads and are focused on improving these basic conditions.
66. Villagers were adamant that if proper road conditions existed transport services would become available. In other words, once a road is built a bus operator will take advantage of the new route and provide bus service on it.
3.4.2 Needs Expressed by Women
67. Overall women were unanimously in favor of the expressway and improved rural roads. The two greatest needs expressed by rural women was the need for technical training and for increased employment opportunities. Again, technical training was mainly focused specifically on crop and livestock breeding. However, women also expressed the need for off farm technical training, which included skills that would allow them to work in factories and service industries. Arranged labor migration was also an important factor for rural women. The needs for improved health care and education to eliminate illiteracy were both strongly expressed by women. 20
Table 16: Needs Expressed by Women Expressed Needs No. % Technical Training 87 19.6 Increased Employment Opportunities 80 18.1 Improved Health Care 63 14.2 Micro-credit 54 12.2 Arranged Employment Opportunities 54 12.2 Eliminating Illiteracy 50 11.3 Information Service 46 10.4 Others 9 2.0 Total 443 100.0 Source: Project Survey.
3.4.3 Perspectives on Project Impacts
3.4.3.1 Positive Impacts
68. People living in the project area were greatly in favor of the expressway and improvement to rural roads and generally understood the impact that a modern transport network would have on their isolated mountain region. People in the project area feel cut off and isolated from Baise and GZAR and believe that highway conditions greatly hamper development of the region. They believe that improving the highway network will open up the region to the outside world and attract investment and accelerate the pace of development in the area.
69. Overall improved roads and traffic conditions were seen as the greatest positive impact from the project. People express the positive nature of this impact in terms of increased access to social services, road safety features, and an improved quality of life. Most people living along the expressway alignment and rural roads believed that the road improvements would create employment opportunities and increase incomes. Although most people believed that improved road conditions would have a positive impact on passenger transport services they did not think that passenger fares would decrease.
70. Farmers had a keen understanding of the role transport costs played in their production and profits. Farmers believed that road improvements would decrease transportation costs and would result in lower freight charges. Time savings were also an important factor not only in direct time savings to farmers but shorter transport times over better roads mean less spoilage and, hence, higher profits. 21
Table 17: Expected Positive Impacts from project Expected Positive Impact No. % Improved Road and Traffic Conditions 673 14.6 Increase Employment Opportunities 656 14.2 Increasing Income 643 14.0 Lower Transport Cost 602 13.1 Tourism Development 600 13.0 Improved Investment Environment 576 12.5 Improved Telecommunication Conditions 573 12.4 Others 285 6.2 Total 4608 100.0 Source: Project Survey.
71. People living in the project area also believed that the improved rural roads and expressway would have a positive impact on the investment environment in the project area and help to boost tourism. In addition, many people believe that improved road conditions would be followed by improvements in other infrastructure such as telecommunications and health services.
3.4.3.2 Negative Impacts
72. Although local residents believed that positive impacts would far outweigh negative impacts, Table 18 presents potential negative impacts as ranked by local residents. By far the most serious concern was resettlement in terms of both the type of compensation and compensation levels. Resettlement issues are described in detail in separate Resettlement Plans.
Table 18: Expected Negative Impacts From project
Expected Negative Impact No. % Resettlement 1233 26.7 Damage to Water and Farm Infrastructure 647 14.0 Increased Noise and Traffic 630 13.6 Inconvenience Of Passing over 610 13.2 Expressway Environment Pollution 607 13.1 Damage left by construction 601 13.0 Others 293 6.3 Total 4621 100.0 Source: Project Survey.
73. Generally speaking negative impacts were expressed in the context of the expressway rather than improvements to rural roads. People were concerned about the potential for damage to irrigation infrastructure and the inconvenience of farmers whose land would be bisected by the expressway. Increased noise and traffic and increase pollution were also raised as potential negative impacts from the project. Although these negative impacts were not of 22 concern to residents along the rural road improvements sections, all villagers agreed that construction teams often leave damage and debris behind.
3.4.4 Key Concerns of Ethnic Minority People
74. All survey respondents were asked a set or core questions but the survey also included specific questions for ethnic minorities. The main concerns and key demands of ethnic minority people are presented below in Table 19. A desire for poverty alleviation activities to be intensified was the most important, followed by the need for technical training as second most important. Improvement to road conditions was important mainly because of the impact transportation costs has on farm profits but access to health and educations services was also a factor. The need for greater access to credit was also voiced.
Table 19: Ranking of Concerns and Needs
Minorities Main Concerns and Needs Households % Intensified Poverty Alleviation 14.4 Technical Training 14.1 Improved Health Care Conditions 13.1 Improved Road Conditions 12.8 Increased Employment Opportunities 12.6 Providing Information Service 11.4 Credit / Loans 10.3 Eliminating illiteracy 9.3 Granting Basic Living Allowance 1.9 Source: Project Survey.
75. Overall ethnic minority people were unanimously in favor of the expressway and improvement to local roads. Improved road and traffic conditions and increased employment opportunities were seen as key benefits. There is certainly an expectation among ethnic minority groups, including women, that they will benefit from employment during the construction of the expressway and rural roads.
Table 20: Ranking of Impacts Specific to Ethnic Minority Peoples
Ranking Impact % Positive Change in Production Pattern 48.5 Positive Change in Life Style 41.8 Decrease in Ethnic Consciousness 4.1 Extinction of Traditional Culture 0.6 Others 5.0 Total 100.0 Source: Project Survey.
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76. Ethnic people believed that the expressway and local road improvements would lower transportation costs and improve farm profits as well as improve the overall environment for investment, particularly tourism. There was a keen understanding, particularly on the part of local road residence, of the constraints placed on farm production and profits due to poor road conditions.
77. The negative impact that ranked the most important to local ethnic minority peoples was the potential for resettlement and concerns for adequate compensation. Damage to water and other farm infrastructure during construction and increased noise and traffic was the second and third most serious concerns.
78. Importantly, ethnic minority people did not believe that the project would impact negatively on ethnic consciousness or lead to extinguish ethnic culture.
3.4.5 Summary of Impacts for Ethnic Minorities
79. The analysis of impacts from the project is presented in Section VI of the Poverty and Social Assessment and all are relevant to the majority of the population who are ethnic minority peoples. Hence, this section presents only a summary of those benefits. These are:
• Increased agricultural production and productivity (cropping structure adjustment included) • Reduced transport, input and marketing costs • Increased non-agricultural activity • Road-related employment • Increased tourism related income • Higher local mobility • Improved safety and environmental conditions along the existing route • Improved access to education and health • Easier access to local government • Improved interaction with the outside world.
Construction Specific impacts
• Employment during construction • Road related commercial activity • Provision of construction materials • Provision of accommodation and other social services to contractors.
4 ACTION PLAN
4.1 Need for an Ethnic Minority Development Plan
80. Ethnic minorities will benefit along with the minority Han population of the project area. However, social risks arising from the project have been identified and mitigating measures are needed. Therefore, this EMDP is a requirement under the loan agreement. In addition, measures to ensure anticipated benefits accrue to local people and recommendations for measures that would enhance benefits are also included in this EMDP.
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4.2 Consultation and Participation
4.2.1 Consultation and Participation for the Formulation of the EMDP
81. Project surveys and secondary data have been used to construct poverty and socio- economic profiles of communities in the project area and identify concerns, needs and desires of ethnic minorities.
82. Two sets of field surveys were undertaken to prepare this EMDP:
• In March 2006, the project (in cooperation with Guangxi Academy of Social Science (GASS)) undertook village and household surveys in counties through which the main expressway corridor will pass and surrounding counties that will benefit. This included the counties of Longlin, Tianlin, Xilin, Lingyun, and Le'ye counties and the Youjiang District of Baise City. • In October 2006, the project undertook additional village and household level surveys in the areas where rural road improvements will take place. These included Longlin, Tianlin, Xilin, Lingyun, Le’ye, Tianyang and Jingxi.
83. Survey priority was given to rural areas, especially ethnic minority and poverty-stricken villages, in order to understand the concerns and constraints facing ethnic minorities, farmers, women and the poor. Both qualitative and quantitative data was collected to investigate and analyze basic conditions, the poverty status and causes of poverty in the project area. In addition, the characteristics of poverty were also surveyed such as household expenditure levels, household size, ethnicity, occupation, education levels and access to infrastructure such as roads, water and electricity.
84. Furthermore, the project surveys gathered information related to ethnic minority views of how road improvements will impact on people living in the project area. Villagers were provided with the opportunity to express transport related concerns and opinions of both positive and negative impacts arising from the project. This provided ethnic minority perceptions of how they would benefit from improved roads and what complementary actions would best help increase these benefits.
85. In total 979 local households living in the project area were surveyed. For further details of the survey results, see the Poverty and Social Assessment.
4.2.2 Project Participatory Consultations
86. Consultations allowed the team to collect qualitative information from both individual households and from government departments at county/district, township and village levels. In particular, representatives of the Poverty Alleviation Development Office (PADO), Ethnic Minority Bureau (EMB), Department of Health (DoH) and Communicable Disease Center (CDC), Women’s Federation (WF), Department of Agriculture (DoA), Animal Husbandry Bureau (AHB) and Public Security Bureau at provincial, county, township and village levels were canvassed for the their knowledge of local issues and opinion on road improvement impacts. A number of participatory village meetings were held that included local ethnic minority people from both administrative and natural villages. Overall these consultations were meant to help:
25
• Understand attitudes at county, township and village levels towards the project with particular attention to the concerns of ethnic minority people; • Understand the poverty status and causes of poverty for ethnic minority people; • Gain a knowledge of local government poverty alleviation programs and activities focused on ethnic minority people and the implementation and reception of these at village level; • Identify both positive and negative impacts for ethnic minority people arising from the project and the need for mitigating measures to reduce potential risks; • Assess the ability of ethnic minority people to benefit from the project and explore potential differential impacts or barriers that could prevent ethnic minority people from benefiting; and, • Solicit comments and suggestions for social interventions to accompany the civil works in order to enhance benefits and the ability of the ethnic minority people to access benefits.
87. In total about 350 people were directly consulted on the formulation of this EMDP (not including survey respondents or resettlement and other consultations that also provided helpful information).
88. A participatory disclosure and planning workshop to present the EMDP to provincial, county and township representatives of key government agencies was held on February 2 of 2007. The Deputy Mayor of Baise City (Mr. Gao Yunlong), together with around 25 line agencies at city and county levels participated in this workshop. The participants gave constructive suggestions on the EMDP, and the workshop allowed fine tuning of the EMDP and gave GCD the opportunity to form partnerships for implementing the EMDP. A consultation and participation plan has been prepared for the implementation of the EMDP and is provided in Annex 1 or this report.
89. Sections C, D and E present the agreed measures to be taken by GCD and the local government to comply with ADB’s Indigenous Peoples Policy. The measures are summarized in Table 21 at the end of Section E.
4.3 Project Benefits and Enhancement Measures to be Taken by GCD
4.3.1 Improved Transport Services
90. The expressway will pass through Youjiang, Tianlin, and Longlin Counties, where the ethnic minority groups account for over 70% of the total population in each county. The benefits of the improved transport services will accrue to the ethnic minority groups naturally. It will be easier for the minorities to sell their agricultural products and purchase agricultural inputs, migrate to urban areas to earn more cash income. The improved transportation situation will also attract more investments and facilitate tourism development, which will generate more business and employment opportunities to local minorities. The establishments of bus stations at township levels and the policies of flexible bus routes and schedules addressing the needs of minority communities will provide more convenient travel for minorities to other places. 26
4.3.2 Improved Rural Roads
91. The upgrading and construction of the rural and village roads will target those areas with poor ethnic minority groups, so that the ethnic minority communities will have improved links to the expressway, and thus enhance the beneficial impact of the project as a whole on ethnic people in the project area. Thus, the two components of the project – expressway and rural roads – act together in reducing poverty in minority areas. The expressway reduces costs and improves access to the markets along the Baise-Longlin corridor; while the rural road improvements help spread the associated economic and social benefits into the poorest minority parts of the region while also improving access to local markets and helping the minorities to directly create income opportunities.
4.3.3 Provision of Local Employment and Appropriate Employment Standards
92. A benefit from the project during construction is employment of local labor, especially for the poor. Construction of the expressway and rural roads will directly create employment for local people. It is estimated that 15,200 laborers will be required for construction of expressway, of which 13,400 are unskilled laborers and 1,800 are skilled laborers. This estimate is made upon the assumption that each unskilled labor will work for one year, and each skilled laborer will work for 2 years during project cycle. It is also estimated that 70% of unskilled laborers can be sourced locally, so 9,380 laborers can be hired locally. In addition, Baise Labor Bureau will be responsible for training 300 skilled laborers (100 in each of Youjiang, Tianlin, and Longlin Counties along the expressway) for expressway construction, so 300 skilled laborers will be hired locally. The wage is about 40 an per day for each unskilled laborer and 2,000 yuan per month for each skilled laborer. By estimate, this will bring a total of CNY135 million to local unskilled laborers and CNY8.6 million for local skilled laborers to build the expressway. Women will benefit from this employment; it is likely that about 70% of landscaping work can employ women. Another 3,70011 local jobs are expected to be created through the construction of rural and village roads and bus stations. Demand for daily necessities and local construction materials will also provide additional opportunities for local traders and businesses and for laborers.
93. There is an expectation among the communities involved that the poor will get work during the construction stage. It is important that people from local communities benefit to the maximum possible from increased earnings resulting from construction employment and that all civil works contractors comply with applicable labor laws. However, this may not arise without explicit attention to this in construction contracts. GCD will ensure that project construction contracts include clauses to encourage local employment for construction. GCD will ensure that employment opportunities are announced to local communities and will also ensure that contractors conform with appropriate labor laws are standards. GCD will monitor the use of local labor and appropriate labor laws and standards within the first 3 months of the commencement of each construction contract and take appropriate action to improve the employment and compliance if needed. Contractors will maintain records of employment (in accordance with ADB/FIDIC contract condition in Clause 6.22) and submit regular reports to GCIAB; this will be summarized and reported to GCD and ADB every 6 months.
11 Bases on 80% of construction employment being unskilled and 70% sourced locally. 27
94. The Baise Labor Bureau will organize the available local unskilled laborers in collaboration with PADO. They will arrange basic training for construction workers and awareness courses in health and safety; BCDC will also participate. The Baise Labor Bureau, GCIAB and the contractors will collaborate in the hiring of local laborers. Nearby Yao and Miao townships will receive preference
95. The local transport bureaus will take similar measures to hire local people for improving rural roads and village roads. They will also promote the hiring of local people for road maintenance.
4.3.4 Linking Project Road Improvements with Government Poverty Alleviation Programs
96. Current government programs to reduce poverty in the project area will be ongoing throughout the life of the project and it is anticipated that the project’s road improvements will complement and work to magnify the poverty reduction impacts of these programs. These complementary programs are described in Section E below. GCD will seek the cooperation of PADO and other agencies to coordinate and harmonize poverty alleviation activities with project road improvements to ensure that the combined impact results in the greatest degree of poverty alleviation possible. Specifically GCD will seek to obtain agreements with PADO and other agencies that poverty alleviation interventions programs will target villages along the project expressway corridor and rural roads. Similarly, GCD will link its selection of village roads to poverty alleviation plans in the project area and will fund the purchase of equipment and training for constructing and maintaining village roads. Preference will be given to improve village access roads in Xilin, Leye and Tianlin counties, especially for the Yao and Miao townships. GCD will also seek an agreement with local agencies to develop markets at the two Class III bus stations at Longbang and Yuexu to enhance small business in the area. GCD will evaluate and report on the degree to which coordination has been achieved and the resulting poverty alleviation impact in the project area. GCD will establish strong working relationships with Baise PADO and other agencies involved in poverty reductions programs to regularly obtain relevant poverty monitoring reports and data.
4.4 Identified Risks and Mitigating Measures
4.4.1 Increased Infection From Transmissible Diseases
97. GZAR ranks the third nationwide for the number of HIV/AIDS cases with 8,625 new HIV/AIDS cases reported in 200512, bringing the total number of people infected to 20,604, a jump of more than 50% over the previous year. There is serious under reporting and the true figure may be as high as 80,000 people. About 70% of GZAR’s HIV/AIDS cases result from injecting drug use (IDU). Co-infection of HIV/AIDS and hepatitis C is also high in GZAR with 95% of HIV-positive and 70% of HIV-negative IDU also showing positive for hepatitis C.
98. The average growth rate of HIV/AIDS cases is as high as 30% each year in Guangxi. The HIV/AIDS rate of infection is speeding up in Guangxi, and is spreading from high risk groups to ordinary groups. 110 counties, cities, and districts of Guangxi have reported the cases of HIV/AIDS infection. Currently, Guangxi has established 28 monitoring stations for
12 GZAR Department of Health. 28
HIV/AIDS, which covers most of cities and counties in Guangxi, including the project counties. The high incidence areas where the cases in each are over 500 include: Nanning, Liuzhou, Hezhou, Baise, and Pinxiang; the latter two cities share borders with Vietnam,. 99. According to the surveys by Guangxi AGAINST HIV/AIDS Committee in 2006, 86% of infected people are among the age of 20-49, and the majority of them are rural people, especially those migration people. 13 The main reasons of HIV/AIDS include: exchange of needles by drug users, less use of condom, lack of HIV/AIDS related knowledge, high infection rate of STD, unbalanced regional development, and poverty. To solve this problem, Guangxi government issued the Approaches on HIV/AIDS Prevention and Treatment in 2005, and appointed 15 city hospitals and 80 county hospitals as the focal centers for treatment of HIV/AIDS. Various international programs are also being implemented in Guangxi, such as the World Bank loan program and the Aus-aid technical assistance program, and the USAID program.
100. In 2006, Guangxi government launched a program on “Information Dissemination and Education on HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control Targeting Toward the Migration Laborers.” This program involves 10 different line agencies .: Health Bureau, Agricultural Bureau, Construction Bureau, Communications Bureau (GCD), Labor Bureau, Family Planning Commission, Commercial Bureau, Labor Cooperative, Women’s Federation, and Industry and Commerce Association. The main objectives of this program include: (1) incorporate the HIV/AIDS education program into the routine jobs of each line agency; (2) identify the cities and counties where migrant laborers are over 5% of local residents; (3) implement various education and information dissemination activities which are suitable for migrant laborers; and (4) increase the knowledge rate on HIV/AIDS among migrant laborers, to 65% in 2006, and 85% in 2010. The World Labor Organization also has a new program in the PRC targeted at providing HIV/AIDS awareness to migrant laborers.
101. Within Baise, HIV/AIDS cases are concentrated in urban centers; mainly Baise but also Tianyang, where drug users tend to migrate. Although there is known to be illicit trafficking of drugs across China’s borders, especially with Burma and Vietnam, the number of reported cases along the border in Jingxi County is still quite small, again because the prevalence is concentrated in larger urban centers.
102. By December 31 of 2006, there is a total of 1,577 cases of HIV/AIDS up to date in Baise14. The number of newly added cases of HIV/AIDS in Baise in 2006 is 279. The distribution of the 279 cases among project counties is as follows: Youjiang (99), Tianyang (61), Jingxi (4), Lingyun (4), Le’ye (1), Tianlin (3), Xilin (6), and Longlin (5). Except for the two project counties in valley (Youjiang and Tianyang), other project counties along the expressway and rural roads, including Jingxi, have few cases of HIV/AIDS. However, according to the expert from Baise Centre for Disease Control, Jingxi County needs to be closely watched for HIV/AIDS control since it shares a border with Vietnam, so Jingxi is also one of the focus areas for HIV/AIDS control in Baise. The Entry and Exit Quarantine Bureau is responsible for AIDS surveillance at border crossings and conducting HIV tests for people coming in and out.
103. The incidence rate of other transmissible diseases in the project area is also high. The main transmissible diseases along the expressway area include typhoid, encephalitis, malaria,
13 http://news.qq.com/a/20041129/000247.htm 14 Data from Baise Disease Control Center 29 tuberculosis and hepatitis C. Longlin is also a noted disease source for rat plague15. Recent experience with construction projects clearly shows that the mobilization of people may cause outbreaks of transmissible diseases. In 2000, at the construction site of Fuluhe Lake Hydrodynamic Station in Nabi Township of Youjiang District, there was an outbreak of typhoid among construction workers. During 2002-2003, there was an outbreak of malaria among construction workers and local communities at a construction site for the Baise to Luochunkou expressway. In 2004, during the construction of Baise Water Resource Facility Project, there were cases of malaria among construction workers. Fortunately, each of these cases were quickly identified and brought control through proper quarantine and treatment.
104. Construction activities associated with the project may affect the spread of HIV/AIDS/STI and HVC. Road workers will be stationed at construction sites along the expressway corridor. These workers will be predominantly young, sexually active people and many of these may be poor migrant workers. The communities bordering the construction sites and interacting with the construction workers will be vulnerable to HIV/AIDS/STI and HVC. After completion of the works, any workers with HIV/AIDS and STI will take them back to their communities of origin. The project survey revealed that knowledge of HIV/AIDS is low.
105. Experience in GZAR indicates that the local sex trade increases in construction areas and, along with the inflow of construction workers, sex workers from outside the area will move to the expressway construction sites and trucking routes. Recent surveys reveal that 63% of prostitutes in GZAR reported never using a condom.
4.4.1.1 Mitigating Measures
106. Control of Transmissible Diseases: There is a risk that the project will increase infections from transmissible diseases. These include HIV/AIDS, sexually transmitted infections (STI), hepatitis C, typhoid, encephalitis, malaria, and tuberculosis. To minimize this risk as much as possible, appropriate mitigating measures will be taken prior to, during construction and after operation of the Project expressway and related components. The following measures for the control of transmissible diseases will be funded by the project or by local government, with some TA grant funds from ADB.
107. GCD will ensure that specific actions for the control transmissible diseases are undertaken for the construction of the expressway and rural roads. GCD will implement this plan through cooperation with the Baise Centre for Disease Control (BCDC) which would take the lead role to plan, coordinate and monitor activities in each county. BCDC has demonstrated strong support for this action plan and has prepared proposals for undertaking the actions. The action plan includes both a component for the control of HIV/AIDS/STI and a component to control outbreaks of typhoid, encephalitis, malaria and hepatitis C during construction activities. Actions for the control of HIV/AIDS/STI include:
15 Rat-borne plague is a disease spread via wild marmots and rats that spreads to humans through contact with infected animals, rat excrement or urine and can also be contracted through breathing in airborne particles. The disease brings initial flu-like symptoms that quickly deteriorate into sever respiratory infection that can be fatal without immediate medical attention. 30
• Baseline surveys; • Advocacy, information and education campaigns; • Provision of HIV/AIDS and STI testing clinics at construction sites; and, • Monitoring of contractor compliance.
108. It is estimated that the total budget of the HIV/AIDS/STI component would be about 550,000 yuan. In accordance with ADB/FIDIC contract conditions in Clause 6.7, each contractor engaged by GCD is responsible for (i) the provision of screening, diagnosis and counseling for their staff and laborers and families, (ii) conducting an awareness program for their staff, hired laborers, family members, sub-contractors and local communities, and (iii) provision of condoms to staff and laborers, as required. Each main contractor will prepare and submit a disease prevention and awareness plan (to comply with the above requirements) to BCDC and GCIAB for their approval and follow-up monitoring. Contractors will bear the associated costs within their contracts, including the engagement of an experienced health facilitator (alternatively, they can pay the local CDC for this service). The costs to be borne by BCDC include the baseline surveys and monitoring of compliance; ADB have agreed to provide grant funds to assist with these costs. BCDC will submit annual monitoring reports to GCD and ADB. The GCIAB supervision engineer(s) will also monitor to ensure contractors comply with the ADB/FIDIC contract conditions and report any issues in progress reports. Implementation of the activities to control HIV/AIDS/STI will begin 3 months prior to the mobilization of civil works contractors and continue until the contractors are demobilized.
109. Since GCD is a member of the HIV/AIDS Steering Committee, they agreed to increase awareness amongst their staff and offices. GCD has already supported the posting of signs along expressways at service centers. In addition, local transport bureaus can provide awareness information in bus stations. This initiative will be expanded with support from ADB under the TA with GCD.
110. Actions for control of typhoid, encephalitis, malaria and hepatitis C would include: • Monitoring for transmissible diseases; • Monitoring of biological media for transmissible diseases (rat types and density, mosquito types and density); • Enhance the management of migration populations and implement quarantine for malaria; and, • Monitoring of drinking water in construction sites and resettlement sites.
111. It is estimated that the total budget of other transmissible disease component would be about 350,000 yuan. Many of the measures will be similar to the measures for HIV/AIDS; therefore, the measures can be implemented in a coordinated manner, where applicable, by contractors, health facilitators, BCDC, GCIAB and GCD. Also, some of the monitoring costs at construction sites can be covered under or at least combined with the EIA costs for sanitation monitoring. This will reduce the burden on the BCDC. Details will be worked out with the local Environmental Protection Bureaus (EPBs) during implementation.
4.4.2 Human Trafficking
112. It is not expected that the expressway will have a notable impact on human trafficking. Human trafficking in the project area is not considered serious with most counties reporting only 3 to 6 cases per year with an estimated total of 50 cases in Baise. Better policing, awareness 31 and improving economic circumstances are working to reduce the problem. Vietnamese official statistics show that about 700 Vietnamese women were trafficked across the border with China last year. It is not expected that the upgrading of rural roads in Jingxi will impact on trafficking numbers but it is possible that the long term improvement of border crossings (not included under this Project) could influence human traffickers to shift their transport routes to this border crossings.
4.4.2.1 Mitigating Measures
113. Prevention of Human Trafficking: GCD will ensure that appropriate information on the risk of human trafficking is provided to the communities along the expressway and rural roads, with special attention to the border area, and to monitor the impact of the project on human trafficking. Some of these activities can be combined with the awareness of transmissible diseases.
114. GCD will implement awareness measures through cooperation with the Public Security Bureaus in each county. Measures to provide awareness and prevent trafficking are being undertaken currently by Public Security Bureaus with support from the Women’s Federations (WF). GCD will seek an agreement with local Public Security Bureaus and WF to ensure that awareness and prevention activities are undertaken in the project area with particular attention to the Jingxi border area. GCD will also cooperate with these agencies to access monitoring information on human trafficking to assess and ensure the project does not negatively impact on human trafficking.
4.4.3 Community Construction Disturbances
115. Some disturbances might occur during project implementation that will upset community life. For example, damage to local infrastructure (roads, electricity, water supply, irrigation and drainage systems) and pollution of surface drinking water caused by construction. In addition, villagers stated that construction teams often left damage and debris behind and that night time construction creates excessive noise for people living close to construction sites.
4.4.3.1 Mitigating Measures
116. Protection of Communities from Construction Disturbances. GCD will ensure that construction contracts contain clauses to prohibit night time construction, ensure the restoration of damaged to local infrastructure caused by construction activity and the building of pedestrian over/under passes and culverts. GCD will ensure that construction contracts contain penalty clauses for contractors that pollute surface drinking water or leave damage or debris behind. GDC will undertake community consultations to ensure that appropriate measures have been taken with regard to damage and pedestrian access. GCIAB will consult with communities to determine the best locations for pedestrian and tractor road under/over passes and other roads required to restore access due to expressway construction. The supervision engineers will monitor conditions and report any pending issues.
4.4.4 Resettlement
117. The expressway will require 22,800 mu (1520 hectares) of land requisition and relocation of about 400 households. About half of the land loss is farmland which is very significant in this mountainous area. Overall, is estimated that 8,703 persons (or about 2,098 households) will be affected by resettlement for the construction of the expressway and 3,095 persons (746 rural 32 households) will be impacted by construction of rural roads. Affected people are mainly ethnic minorities and about 20% are poor or vulnerable. For these reasons, the Resettlement Plans need to provide good compensation and support for house relocation and livelihood restoration.
4.4.4.1 Mitigating Measures
118. Resettlement Plan. Resettlement Plans have been formulated for the project expressway and local roads. These will ensure adequate compensation for affected people. A special fund of 1% of the total resettlement cost will be used to provide necessary help for vulnerable people. Vulnerable people include the elderly, disabled, households headed by women, extremely poor households, and Yao people. In addition, people affected by the land acquisition and resettlement of the project will be offered training for livelihood restoration and agricultural techniques. Resettlement organizations at all levels will include staff that are members of minority nationalities. Ethnic minorities and their representatives have participated in resettlement consultations and this participation will continue throughout the resettlement process (see Resettlement Plans for the resettlement consultation and participation plan). Implementation will be monitored by GCIAB, local government and an independent external monitor.
4.5 Complementary Poverty Reduction Measures
119. Current government programs to reduce poverty in the project area will be ongoing throughout the life of the project. In particular, the Comprehensive Village Promotion Program (CVPP), implemented by the Poverty Alleviation Development Office (PADO) will complement activities undertaken by the project. Specific objectives of the CVPP include improvements to living conditions of rural poor through improved roads and other infrastructure, training, micro credit, access to drinking water, increased arable land, improved housing, and biogas facilities.
120. Results thus far have been good. A total of 1,731 poor villages were targeted in the 2005-2006 phase, 433 villages in Baise. According to PADO representatives the program has helped to increase per capita annual net income of the poor by about 6%, and up to 20% in some villages. Infrastructure has proven to be a key component in CVPP.
121. Poverty villages in most of the rural road project townships and in 5 of the 10 expressway corridor townships are targeted for the CVPP during the 2007-2008 phase. Poverty villages in the remaining 2 rural road project townships and 3 of the expressway corridor townships are targeted for the CVPP in the following 2009-2010 phase.
122. The project’s road improvements and the CVPP will complement each other and work to magnify the poverty reduction impacts anticipated from each intervention. Baise PADO will monitor results and make information and reports available to GCIAB.
4.5.1 Agricultural and Industrial Development
123. A key feature of the CVPP is to help poor areas develop competitive agricultural products focusing on local competitive advantages as a key means of improving income levels. These products include cash/economic crops (tobacco, silkworms, sugarcane), fruit trees, as well as animal husbandry. PADO is providing incentives to local agricultural processing 33 enterprises that are willing to help poor villages develop commercial products. Poverty villages are matched up with these local businesses that provide technical advice and training to poor households before, during, and after the production process. 16 Incentives and preferential policies for companies that participate include building the roads for raw material transportation and subsidized loans for fixed assets and cash flow needs. Both the expressway and rural roads will support this aspect of the CVPP and will encourage more businesses to work directly with local communities.
4.5.2 Capacity Building: Training and Technologies
124. GZAR had launched a large scale training program for poverty alleviation targeting PADO officers (and staff of other departments cooperating in poverty alleviation activities, such as Labor Bureaus), village heads in poverty villages, and the poor population.
125. Training for government staff includes poverty alleviation models, policies and approaches and practical skills on how to develop poverty alleviation plans, project/financial management planning and monitoring plan implementation. The participation of staff, particularly women, from minority areas is emphasized so that specific needs of ethnic minorities and women can be developed and approaches tested.
126. As of 2006, 2,600 village leaders and committee heads in poverty villages had been trained by PADO and similar training will be provided in all of the 4,060 poverty villages by 2007. Although training is area-specific, the common components include:
• New policies and regulations related to poverty alleviation and agricultural economy; • Improving the competence of village leaders; • Implementation and management of the village poverty alleviation plans; • Marketing and sales management; • Adjustment of agricultural structure and industry; • Agricultural technologies related to improving yields, crop diversification and better animal husbandry approaches; and, • Knowledge on agricultural biological environment and health (disease).
127. In addition, around 300,000 poor farming households have received training organized by PADO. Training provides poor farm households with practical knowledge and skills that will improve incomes. For example, how to raise pigs, how to plant and care for fruit trees or cash crops such as tobacco and sugarcane.
128. The project’s road improvements will allow PADO officers to reach more villages more often and will enlarge the potential for villagers to applying their new knowledge with reduced risk because of lower transport costs and increasing access to markets and buyers.
4.5.3 Promotion of Labourer Migration
16 For example, in the project counties of Longlin and Xilin the local tobacco company has provided training for categorizing and separating grades of tobacco, which has improved processing efficiency for the company and translated into higher profits for farmers. 34
5. Promotion of rural labor migration from poor areas is another key measure to increase incomes. In collaboration with local Personnel Bureaus, Labor Bureaus, and vocational schools, PADO provides training for job readiness such as general knowledge about employment behavior and etiquette, labor laws, employee rights and disease prevention. Technical training includes clothing factory skills, electrical technician training, and hotel and restaurant services.
129. A larger proportion of people, up to 30% in some project counties, migrate for short and long term employment. The project will also support the PADO labor migration program and individual migration by improving transport services and thereby reducing costs and travel time for migrants.
130. Over time, local economic development brought about by the project could reduce the need for migration.
4.5.4 Micro-Credit
131. Micro-credit is an important feature of poverty alleviation endeavors in GZAR. In 1998, GZAR launched the “Management of Micro-Credit for Poverty Alleviation Approach”.
132. PADO is currently supporting micro-credit for poor farmers to diversify and expand farming activities and to start up small businesses. Loans are provided though the Rural Credit Cooperative while PADO subsidizes farmers by paying the interest. The local PADO maintains a Micro-Credit Management Office but townships often take the lead role in establishing local Poverty Alleviation Cooperatives, where membership consists of poor micro-credit borrowers and where services can be provided directly to borrowers at the local level. Priority is given to women borrowers with emphasis on providing related training to the borrowers’ use of funds.
133. CVPP micro-credit and technical training programs will target poverty villages along the project’s rural roads and along the expressway corridor over the next four years. Project road improvements will lower the risk of investments made with micro-credit and significantly enhance the impact of these programs on farmer’s incomes and community development.
134. The average loan is only 2000 yuan, however, total funds available for loans are limited and far below fund demand. Increased funding for micro credit loans to poor farmers and to poor women would greatly enhance the project’s poverty reduction impact.
135. Baise City Government has agreed to augment this program to increase the number of loans, especially for poor ethnic women. The construction tax from the project will be paid to each county in accordance with the construction work undertake in each. In total this will amount to CNY242.6 million in additional tax collected at the county level due to the project. To implement this action, Baise City Government will use 10 million (4.2%) of the construction tax as the guarantee fund to motivate local Rural Credit Cooperatives to make more loans available to poor ethnic minority villages, especially along Longbang and Yuexu Cross-Boarder Trade Sites and the G324 Highway . At 2000–5000 yuan per micro-credit loan, this would allow for an additional around 10,000 loans in total. These loans will target Yao and Miao townships where currently the loan repayment is risky.
4.5.5 Tourism Development
35
136. Baise is an area with rich cultural characters and attractions. With the improved transportation situation, it is expected that tourism will develop fast in Baise. The variety of ethnic minority culture is one of key attractions for tourists to Baise. Therefore, the local tourism bureaus will plan the tourism development and tourism routes based upon the proposed expressway and rural road projects, and provide training to local ethnic minorities on how to host the tourists. The local tourism bureau will also disseminate the tourism information in bus stations and expressway service centres to introduce the cultural attractions to potential tourists.
4.6 Targeting and Culturally Appropriate Interventions
137. There are six ethnic groups (Zhuang, Han, Yao, Miao, Yi and Mulao) in the project area accounting for over 80% of the total population. Although Zhuang people represent over 87% of these ethnic minority people, implementation of the EMDP must take into account differences in culture and economic status among the groups, and different gender issues. Indeed, smaller groups such as the Yao, Yi and Mulao are generally poorer and less educated and, therefore, more vulnerable and must be specifically targeted for interventions under the EMDP.
138. All ethnic minority groups have their own spoken language with the Chinese language used as a spoken and written language in varying degrees by different groups. For example, whereas most Zhuang people can speak Chinese many Miao and Yao people speak only their own languages. Therefore, GCD must ensure that the EMDP interventions are implemented in a culturally appropriate manner with specific attention to different language needs for all written information and consultations. Specifically all signage, brochures, leaflets, information sessions, clinics held or other features used for the implementation of the Control of Transmissible Diseases component must take into account language, educational and cultural differences among ethnic minority groups and by gender.
139. Human trafficking interventions will also have to be implemented in a culturally appropriate manner. Furthermore, the human trafficking issues are different at the border areas as compared to those counties in the expressway corridor (at the border Vietnamese women are at risk of being trafficked into PRC). Different information and approaches may be needed, such a close collaboration with counterpart officials in Vietnam for awareness and prevention programs.
140. The EMDP Consultation and Participation Plan (Annex 1) provides further details on targeting by ethnic group and by county. GCD’s implementation progress reports and the independent monitoring and evaluation reports for the EMDP will provide information and data disaggregated by ethnic minority group and gender.
4.7 EMDP Implementation Arrangements and Funding
141. GCD is responsible for the implementation of the EMDP. It is crucial that GCD implement the EMDP in cooperation with a number of local government agencies. Baise City and county governments will play a leading role in implementing the measures previously presented. The GCD/GCIAB will seek agreements with Baise City and county governments to prepare a detailed implementation plan to implement mitigating, enhancement and complementary measures. Key agencies that will be involved in implementing the EMDP include Baise, county and town levels of the governments, local transport bureaus, PADO and Ethnic Minority Bureau, WF, Labor Department, Agricultural Department, Bureau of Animal Husbandry, Public Security, Health Departments and BCDC (see Table 22). 36
142. The actions to be implemented are either included as (i) part of the Project budget (see Table 21, Section I for enhancement measures and Section II for mitigation measures) or (ii) part of local government development budgets (see Table 21, Section III for complementary measures). Local government agencies will also collaborate with actions taken by GCD; it such cases, local government staffing and related costs are covered by the local government administrative budgets. One exception is the monitoring of transmissible disease control because the Project impacts may strain the local government budgets; in this case, contractors will bear the cost awareness and prevention while the BCDC will bear the cost of baseline surveys and compliance monitoring. BCDC will be supported with some ADB TA grant funds (about 250,000 yuan); these funds will be managed under a current ADB TA with GCD for HIV/AIDS and transport projects. Also, GCD will be responsible for the costs of internal monitoring and reported (part of the GCIAB project management cost) and the cost of engaging an external monitor which is estimated to be 400,000 yuan (see Annex 2).
Table 21: Key EMDP Implementing Partner Agencies Mitigating Measures Key EMDP Implementing Partner Agencies Baise and County Level Health Bureaus, BCDC and county CDCs, Control of Transmissible Diseases GCD, GCIAB and contractors Prevention of Human Trafficking Baise and County Level Public Security and WF Protection of Communities from County Public Security, Local Community Organizations, GCIAB, Construction Disturbances and contractors County governments and Resettlement Organizations, GCIAB and Resettlement Plan contractors (for temporary land use) PADO, Ethnic Minority Bureau, Labor Bureau, Bureau of Linking Road Improvements with Poverty Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Husbandry, WF and Transport Alleviation Programs Bureau Augmentation of Micro-Credit Program Baise and County Governments Provision of Local Employment Labor Bureau, PADO, GCIAB and contractors
143. Regarding staffing, GCD will assign a senior officer to be responsible for EMDP implementation and coordination with local government. GCIAB will appoint a full-time staff member(s) responsible for (i) implementation of the EMDP and (ii) coordination of socio- economic monitoring, which is closely related to the EMDP. The Guangxi/Baise Ethnic Affairs Commission will provide oversight and will review the external monitoring and evaluation reports and provide recommendations. Baise City, county and town governments will assign staff to be responsible for implementation and coordination. The Project Leading Group will have a member responsible for EMDP implementation.
4.8 EMDP Monitoring and Evaluation
144. Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of the EMDP is required by ADB to ensure the plan is implemented properly and meets the objectives specified. The objectives of the M&E include:
(1) Assess the project impacts on the livelihood and wellbeing of the local people by minority groups and by gender; (2) Identify the areas for adjustment and changes to enhance project benefits on minorities and women, and (3) Summarize the lessons and experiences on enhancing minority development, which can be replicated in other areas. 37
4.8.1 Implementation Agencies
145. The implementation of M&E should consist of the following agencies: GCD, Guangxi Academy of Social Sciences (or similar research agency), Local Statistics Bureau and PADO. GCD will cover the cost of M&E. BCDC will be responsible for monitoring of HIV/AIDS and other transmissible diseases.
4.8.2 Methodology
146. GCD will undertake internal monitoring of the EMDP and will engage an external monitor to provide an independent assessment of the implementation and impacts of the EMDP. A monitoring framework (see Table 21) has been prepared for the implementation of the EMDP17. EMDP Monitoring and Evaluation Reports will be prepared by the external monitor and provided to GCD, ADB and Guangxi/Baise Ethnic Affairs Commission on an annual basis. The methodology will include both quantitative approaches and qualitative approaches. A sample household survey will be conducted mainly to collect quantitative data and a participatory rural appraisal (PRA) will be conducted to collect qualitative data to understand minority needs, concerns, and problems. For the details of Terms of References for the external monitoring and evaluation of EMDP implementation, please refer to Appendix 2.
147. GCD will also get assistance from local government to monitor some specific components of the EMDP. These include but not limited to:
148. a) BCDC will monitor and evaluate HIV/AIDS/STI prevention programs and transmissible disease detection and prevention programs, including:
• assist GCIAB in developing an appropriate contractor supervision plan to be applied throughout implementation; • prepare a detailed external monitoring plan; • undertake program independent monitoring at regular intervals; and, • report monitoring results and recommendations to GCD and ADB.
149. b) Baise PADO will monitor and evaluate the poverty alleviation programs, micro-credit and human trafficking, including:
• provide an overall external assessment of the implementation and impact of the EMDP on poverty reduction; • assess the degree of cooperation achieved with local agencies; • assess the degree that road improve activities have been linked to poverty alleviation programs and assess poverty reduction impacts; • review implementation of the micro-credit component and determine the scale, use and impact of micro credit; • assess the implementation of human trafficking awareness and prevention activities associated with the project; and
17 GCD will also monitor the socioeconomic and poverty impacts of the project to measure actual benefits. This activity may be coordinated with the monitoring requirements for the EMDP, but the EMDP monitoring will focus more on implementing the action plan. 38
• report results and recommendations to GCD and ADB annually.
Table 21: Summary Ethnic Minority Development Plan 38 Proposed Action Targets Institutional Timing Funding Monitoring Indicators Arrangements Requirements (Yuan) /Source I. PROJECT BENEFITS AND ENHANCEMENT MEASURES 1. Improved Transport Rural households in 26 Overall Coordination: 2008 - 2012 1.1 - 10.1 billion No. of bus stations Services townships, 80% minority GCD No. of new bus services 1.1 Construction of 176 km population and 32%poor Implementing 1.2 and 1.3 - 35.05 Passenger fares and expressway, service centers and Agencies: million - project freight rates interchanges GCIAB/City and Frequency of travel 1.2 48 Class V Bus Stations County 1.4) 0 % of household income 1.3 2 Class III Bus Stations Communication spent on transport 1.4 Policies allowing flexibility in Bureau routes and schedules Supporting Agencies: counties and district government 2. Improvement of Rural Roads Overall Coordination: 2.1 328 km of rural roads (4 Poor and ethnic communities GCD 2007 - 2012 788 million - project No. of roads counties) along the road Implementing improved/constructed 2.2 750 km village roads (Xilin, Agencies: Local road investment Leye and Tianlin counties) 200 to 300 poverty villages, counties and district Villages connected (% especially Yao and Miao villages transport bureaus poor villages and by Supporting Agencies: ethnic group) counties and district government, PADO 3. Local Employment Overall Coordination: 2007 - 2009 3.1 - Y135 million for No. of ethnic minorities 3.1 Expressway construction18 3.1 70% of unskilled laborers GCD unskilled laborers & (by group) and Unskilled and skilled labor including women sourced locally Implementing Y8.6 million for vulnerable employed employment for local ethnic – 9,380, and 300 skilled laborers Agencies: skilled labor in No. of local women through the expressway. building expressway minorities GCIAB and employed 3.2 Construction of local roads Contractors (unskilled labor No. of ethnic minorities and village roads earns 40 Yuan/day, employed for catering 3,700 local jobs including City and county labor and skilled labor 3.3 Training of 300 local labors women through the construction bureaus services and other local earns 2,000 services for construction to advance them to skilled labors of rural and village roads, village Yuan/month) roads, and bus stations No. of local labors trained Supporting Agencies: 3.2 - 80 million for for skilled work
18 Note: total labors needed for expressway: 15,200, of which, 13,400 are unskilled labors, and 1,800 are skilled labors, based upon the assumptions that each unskilled labor will work for 1 year, and each skilled labor will work for 2 years during project cycle 40 Proposed Action Targets Institutional Timing Funding Monitoring Indicators Arrangements Requirements (Yuan) /Source counties and district building local and Provide advanced training to government village roads 300 local labors in Youjiang, 3.3 - local Tianlin, and Longlin counties government 4. Linking Road Improvements Ethnic Minority people in poverty Overall Coordination: 2007- 2012 Project and 5 – Year Agreements between with Government Poverty villages GCD Local Government GCD, PADO and other Alleviation Programs Agreements with relevant Agreements should Plans agencies to maximize project impacts agencies Implementing be in place prior to Harmonization of road Agencies: commencement of Number of improvements with poverty civil works cases/examples of linked City and county programs programs communication Selection of village roads linked bureaus/PADO/Coun GDC Report on to poverty reduction ty of Bureaus of Cooperation interventions Commercial /Coordination and Impact Equipment & training for Management PADO evaluation reports constructing and maintaining PPMS village roads Participatory community Markets established at bus meetings stations II. MITIGATION MEASURES TO ADDRESS SOCIAL RISKS 39
40 Proposed Action Targets Institutional Timing Funding Monitoring Indicators Arrangements Requirements (Yuan) /Source 1. Control of Transmissible All construction camps, villages, Overall Coordination: Action Plan must 1.1 - 0.55 million 1.1- No. of clinics Diseases bus stations, and transport GCD be in place prior to project and local No. of community 1.1 Control of HIV/AIDS/STI: service centers along the road the start of civil government meetings - Advocacy, information & Target to prevent or reduce Implementing works No. of poster/brochures education campaigns at outbreaks of transmissible Agencies: 1.2 - 0.35 million - No. of TV/radio construction camps, diseases as compared to past Guangxi and Baise 2007 – 2012 project and local announcements communities, bus stations, and construction projects Center for Disease government No. tests transport service centers Control (BCDC), No. of HIV/AIDS - Inform workers of the GCIAB, Contractors ADB will provide /STI/HVC infections availability of HIV/AIDS and STI (refer to bidding grant funds of about Independent monitoring testing clinics documents), cross- 0.25 million from the report - Voluntary free testing border vaccination current TA with - Monitoring by BCDC centers GCD. 1.2- No. of monitoring 1.2 Control of typhoid, sites encephalitis, malaria, Supporting agencies: Frequency of monitoring tuberculosis & hepatitis: WF, Health Bureaus No. of cases of typhoid, - Screening and testing for and EPBs encephalitis, malaria and transmissible diseases hepatitis - Monitoring of biological media No. of community for transmissible diseases (rat meetings types and density, mosquito types and density). - Advocacy, information & education campaigns for migrant workers, and implement Install vaccination equipments in quarantine for malaria border areas, as required, to 2008 - 2012 1.3 local - Monitoring of drinking water in keep pace with increased border Agriculture Bureau government construction and resettlement trade 1.3 – Number of installed sites vaccination equipments 1.3 Animal disease control 2. Prevention of Human All counties with special Overall Coordination: Action Plan must 0.5 million - PSB, Agreement with PSB Trafficking attention to Jingxi GCD be in place prior to WF PSB monitoring reports Appropriate information on the Target to reduce the number of Implementing the start of civil Reduction in number of risk of human trafficking is trafficking cases Agencies: works reported cases of provided to communities Special targeting toward women Public Security trafficking and to Yao and Miao villages Bureau (PSB) and 2007 - 2012 No. of community Women’s Federation meetings/ awareness (WF) session Supporting agencies: GCIAB, PADO 3. Protection of Communities All construction camps and Implementing 2007 - 2010 3.1 - 0 GCIAB monitoring reports from Construction villages along the expressway Agencies: 3.2 - 30 million Working hours 42 Proposed Action Targets Institutional Timing Funding Monitoring Indicators Arrangements Requirements (Yuan) /Source Disturbances and rural roads GCIAB and Monitoring must 3.3 - 40 million No. of pedestrian 3.1 Prohibit night time Contractors begin within first 3 3.4 – monitoring crossing and over/ under construction Include clauses in all months of cost is covered in passes 3.2 Restoration of damaged construction contracts commencement of the EIA Quick restoration of local civil works local infrastructure infrastructure 3.3 Build pedestrian crossing, No. of instances of over/under passes and culverts. pollution, damage & 3.4 Fines for polluting surface debris left drinking water or leaving damage No. of fines or debris behind No. of community meetings 4. Resettlement Resettlement affected people Overall Coordination: 2007 - RP must be 4.1 - 474.8 million – No. of persons affected 4.1 Full compensation City Resettlement agreed and RP by ethnicity 4.2 Special fund for vulnerable Coordination Group implemented prior 4.2 - 10 million – No. of vulnerable APs people Implementing to commencement RP Amount of funding of civil works 4.3 Forestry recovery Agencies: 4.3 - 41.3 million – disbursed No. of 2007- 2009 - 4.4 Arable land recovery GCIAB/City and RP vulnerable APs provided Support plan must with funding 4.5 Income recovery for county governments 4.4 – 29.85 million- be agreed and RP No. of ethnic minority resettlement affected people Supporting Agencies: implemented (e.g., agricultural and non- Agricultural Bureau. 4.5 – training budget APs provided with agricultural training for livelihood Livestock Bureau, provided by local assistance restoration) Forestry Bureau, government Types of training Labor Bureau, Land available Resource Bureau, No. of attendees in PADO, Ethnic courses Minority Affairs No. of community Bureau meetings for training Gender disaggregated data III. LOCAL GOVERNMENT COMPLEMENTARY POVERTY REDUCTION MEASURES 1. Agricultural and Industry Poor ethnic villages in Baise Overall Coordination: On-going Funded under local PADO and other Development GCD government 11th government agency Implementing FYP plans, reports and Agencies: evaluations PADO/Ethnic Affairs Bureau, Bureau of
Agriculture, Bureau 41 of Animal Husbandry
42 Proposed Action Targets Institutional Timing Funding Monitoring Indicators Arrangements Requirements (Yuan) /Source
2. Micro-Credit Agreement with Counties to use Overall Coordination: 2007 – 2012 10 million of No. of loans Micro-Credit loans to poor ethnic construction tax for guarantee of Baise City Agreements should guarantee (4.2% of No. of loans to poor minorities micro credit Government be in place prior to 242.6 million) – women 10,000 additional loans for poor commencement of construction tax No. of loans to Yao and ethnic minority people, focused Implementing civil works Miao on poor women, the loan size is Agencies: % increase incomes of around 2,000-5,000 Yuan each, loan beneficiaries targeting toward the small City RCC business in Longbang and Yuexu, and the alignment of Supporting Agencies: G324, especially Yao and Miao PADO, Ethnic Affairs villages 3. Capacity Building Provide technical trainings in the Overall Coordination: On-going Funded under local PADO and other poor villages, including women Baise City and government government agency county government programs plans Implementing No. of persons trained in Agencies: poverty villages, by PADO, Bureaus of ethnicity and gender Labor, Training Institutions 4. Promotion of Labor Poor villages and individuals, Overall Coordination: On-going Funded under local PADO and other Migration including women City and county government government agency government programs plans Implementing No. of new migrant Agencies: laborers by ethnicity and PADO, Bureaus of gender Labor, Training Institutions 5. Tourism Development Overall Coordination: Funded under local Tourism Bureau and 5.1 Provide trainings to ethnic Make local ethnic groups can City and county On-going government other government minorities on hosting tourists generate income from tourism government programs agency plans 5.2 Planning the tourism routes development Implementing 5.3 Disseminate tourism Agencies: information at bus stations City and County Tourism Bureau
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ANNEX 1
EMDP CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION PLAN
The purpose of Consultation and Participation Plan of EMDP is to disclose and disseminate the EMDP to all stakeholders concerned with this project, especially the ethnic minority groups. The disclosure and dissemination process will ensure that specific needs and concerns of different ethnic minority groups in different counties can be incorporated in the EMDP, and that enhancement and mitigation measures in the EMDP can be implemented and monitored with participation of affected groups.
Consultation and Participation Plan of EMDP
Activity Purpose and Activities Participants Approaches Time Planning Phase of EMDP Forming EMDP Collect information on the GCD Surveys March 2006- socio-economic status, GCIAB Meetings Feb. needs and concerns of GASS Workshops 2007 related line agencies and PPTA Community local beneficiaries in project visits area, assess the potential Related Line Agencies at positive and negative project Guangxi, Baise, and impacts, and form the draft Project Counties EMDP Villages in project areas Formal Workshop Formal discussion of the ADB Formal Feb. 2 at Baise EMDP among ADB, GCD, GCD, GCIAB Workshop at 2007 GCIAB, and various levels of PPTA Baise concerned line agencies, to Related Line Agencies at obtain agreement on the Baise, and Project master EMDP and the Counties (Key agencies commitments from line include PADO and the agencies to implement the Ethnic Minority Bureau, master EMDP WF, Labor Department, Agricultural Department, Bureau of Animal Husbandry, Public Security, Health Departments and BCDC) Consultation at Each county PMO will hold a County PMO Workshop at March County and consultation workshop at the County 2007 Township Level county level to disseminate Concerned County the master EMDP at County Line Agencies and Township Levels, to obtain feedback and Concerned Township commitment from related Agencies county and project township agencies
Draft of County Each project county will draft County PMO and Meetings and March 2007 Township EMDP the County EMDP based township PMO. The Office Work upon the master EMDP. EMDP should target the key ethnic minority groups Based on the County EMDP, in project areas, more each project township will specifically: draft a township EMDP targeted toward specific Longlin County: ethnic minority groups. Miao in De’e, Zhuchang, 45
Activity Purpose and Activities Participants Approaches Time Kechang Townships, and Yi and Gelao and Mulao in De’e Township.
Tianlin County: Yao in Le’li, Lucheng, and Lizhou Townships
Xilin County: Miao and Yao in Bada, Puhe, and Xiping Townships
Jingxi County: Zhuang in project townships
Dissemination Dissemination of the EMDP Township government Village March – May and Confirmation at the Community Level by and community people meetings, about 2007 of EMDP at Township Government. half day Community Level meeting in each Each project county will village select 2-3 townships (targeting smaller ethnic minority groups), and two villages in each township to hold consultation meetings to discuss the EMDP. Each consultative meeting should include village committee representatives, representatives from each minority group in that area, women and the poor and vulnerable
Preparation of Based upon community Baise, County, and Office work and May – July County and confirmation, the township Township PMO meetings 2007 Township EMDP and county will prepare implementation EMDP implementation plans plans including the annual work plans and present it to Baise Government and PMO Finalization of Baise PMO will finalize the GCD, GCIAB, Baise Office work and August Master EMDP master EMDP annual Government and County meetings 2007 implementation implementation plan by PMOs plan counties and present it to ADB EMDP The finalized EMDP Disseminated through BCAB, City, Sept. 2007 implementation implementation plan should local TV programs, radios, County, and plan be disseminated from the and newspapers, and Township dissemination city down to the villages. announced at the PMOs information board of each project township. Each village affected by the project will be informed of the EMDP by the township government. 46
Activity Purpose and Activities Participants Approaches Time Implementation of EMDP Monitoring and GCD will contract an GCD, GCIAB, and Field surveys Each year in Evaluation of independent institute to Contracted monitoring project cycle, EMDP conduct the external and evaluation team including a monitoring and evaluation of baseline the progress and impacts of survey at the EMDP. GCD will also beginning of undertake internal the project monitoring of the EMDP.
Monitoring and evaluation reports will disaggregate project impacts by different ethnic groups and gender. In-depth surveys should be conducted in 10 villages19 selected for monitoring and evaluation. The reports will be sent to ADB annually. Annual Meeting to GCD will hold an annual GCD, GCIAB, Baise and Meetings Annual during Review meeting at Baise with key county governments and project cycle Implementation of partner agencies to review PMOs EMDP the implementation of EMDP and propose adjustments (if needed). Outcomes of these meetings will be included in the monitoring and evaluation reports to ADB Participatory The beneficiary villages will Village committees, Village visits Ongoing Community-based be encouraged to conduct GCIAB, Baise City and during project Monitoring participatory monitoring to county governments provide feedback to GCIAB and local government
19 Miao and Gelao in De’e Township of Longlin County, Yao in Jiuzhou Township of Tianlin County, Zhuang in Longbang Township of Jingxi County, and Zhuang in Tongle Township of Le’ye County, as well as other ethnic minority groups should they be encountered. 47
ANNEX 2
TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR THE ETHNIC MINORITIES DEVELOPMENT PLAN MONITORING
88. Terms of Reference
1. The ethnic minorities development plan (EMDP) for the Longlin-Baise Project consolidates all specific actions that target ethnic minorities from different documents so that it forms a stand-alone document to ensure compliance with ADB’s Policy on Indigenous Peoples. Measures to enhance the economic conditions of ethnic minorities have either been integrated into project design or specified separately in the EMDP. The EMDP includes actions for ethnic minorities in the Project Area (PA). The PA is the area through which the expressway, rural roads, and village roads under the project traverses, and includes Youjiang, Tianlin, Le’ye, Longlin, Xilin, Tianyang, Lingyun, and Jingxi counties under Baise Prefecture.
2. The objectives of the external monitor are to: (i) ensure the action plan of EMDP is implemented according to PRC regulations and Asian Development Bank (ADB)’s Indigenous Peoples Policy; (ii) assess the impacts of the action plan of EMDP on ethnic minority welfare; (iii) assess the overall efficiency, effectiveness of the EMDP; (iv) suggest necessary adjustments to the actions in the EMDP; and (iv) deduce lessons for future expressway projects in Guangxi and/or local governments’ efforts on minority development.
3. The EMDP includes three kinds of action: (i) project benefits and enhancement measures, (ii) mitigation measures to address social risks, and (iii) complementary measures. See Table 21 for the detailed EMDP action plan.
89. Methodology and Content
4. The general methodology will involve secondary data collection, key informants interview household survey, and participatory rapid appraisal techniques (PRA) repeated on a yearly basis before, during, and after the EMDP, associated with the project, is implemented.
5. The secondary data will cover statistic data, annual implementation plans and review reports related to EMDP done by various agencies involved. The team will also interview responsible persons in GCD, GCIAB, Ethnic Affairs Bureau, Poverty Alleviation Office, Labor Bureau, Tourism Bureau, Forestry Bureau, Agriculture Bureau, Health Bureau, All China’s Women Federation, and other related institutions at the prefecture and county level. Guangxi or local nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) will also be interviewed to learn the achievements, experience and recommendations.
6. Household survey will use the household questionnaire for the poverty and social assessment. This survey will selectively target certain number of ethnic minority households over the whole monitoring period and constantly record the household activities, such as Zhuang, Miao, Yao, Yi, and Gelao. The selection of villages and households will be based on consultation of with the local authorities and villagers themselves. The selection of villages and households will also cover the different components of the project: construction of expressway, rural roads, village roads, and bus station. This could enable analysts to have systematic data to detect the project impacts.
48
7. Participatory assessments should cover a wide range of issues that arise during the implementation process. The monitoring team will conduct the participatory assessment once every year in relevant locations according to needs. The target populations include government agencies and their staff, transport providers, market managers, rural people especially rural women, and members of ethnic minority communities. The outcome of participatory assessments would be of critical importance in future planning.
8. The tasks of external monitoring and evaluation will include:
(i) Regular monitoring of social and economic activities of ethnic minority households; (ii) Conducting participatory assessments in villages; (iii) Collection of secondary data of provincial, county and township levels; (iv) Monitoring the impact of tourism development on sensitive minority cultures; (v) Assessing the induced social impacts of the Project on ethnic minorities in the project areas; (vi) Annual investigation and reporting of monitoring and evaluation results to GCD, GCIAB, and ADB; and (vii) Suggestions and feedback to GCD and local governments for improving theimplementation or revising the EMDP.
9. The baseline survey will focus mainly on household survey and second data collection. The survey team will select sample villages and householders with consultation of GCD, GCIAB, and local authorities. The sample villages and householders will be surveyed in future surveys so that monitoring and evaluation team can analyze the EMDP impacts properly. The secondary data will include statistic and each bureau’s plan for activities of EMDP.
10. The subsequent survey will collect second data, key information, and household survey and PRA survey. The survey will focus on effects of each EMDP activity and impacts on minority livelihoods. The team will also learn lessons and experiences regarding EMDP implementation. The recommendations will be drawn from the survey, interviews and field observations.
11. The final evaluation will also collect secondary data, key information, and household survey and PRA survey. The survey will focus on overall impact of EMDP on minority livelihoods, capacity of implementing organizations engaged, and policy of ethnic minority. The team will also summarize the key lessons learned and experiences.
90. Sampling
12. It is suggested to select 10 villages as sample villages, covering different ethnic minorities and different project components in project area. The types of ethnic minorities include: Zhuang, Yi, Miao, Yao, and Gelao. The project components include: construction of expressway, rural roads, village roads, and bus station.
13. Around 20 households should be sampled in each selected village. The sample will be chosen according to their economic status at the beginning of the project. In general, two (6) households will be in good conditions, 6 in average condition and 8 in poor condition. Of the 49
20 households, about 4 should be vulnerable households, where applicable. At least 6 households should represent the smallest minority group20 in the village. The criteria used to determine “good” “average” and “poor”, and the “vulnerable households” should be clearly stated in the baseline report. In order to improve comparability, households selected for the baseline survey will be interviewed in all subsequent annual surveys.
91. Survey Timing
14. The schedule has been designed to provide, as required, six investigations throughout the implementation of the project (one baseline survey, four yearly evaluation surveys, and a final evaluation survey). The household surveys would be repeated every year starting with the baseline survey implemented just before construction. All selected villages would be visited in February or March annually because this time the statistic data are available and household data are easily collected.
15. The baseline survey will establish the pre-project socio-economic conditions of villages as well county statistic data against which subsequent changes can be evaluated.
16. Yearly evaluation surveys will provide a quantification of the changes in the social and economic conditions of ethnic minorities together with a more qualitative assessment of these changes and the reasons for them.
17. Yearly evaluation survey will also provide interim assessments of the changes taking place in the sample villages. Village level indicators will be collected but the emphasis will be on qualitative information.
18. The final evaluation survey should take place approximately one year after the construction is completed. Its main objective is to assess whether the objectives of the EMDP were achieved, i.e. whether the measures taken in EMDP will enhance the potentials or mitigate negative impacts. This survey will also probe sample households and key informants on how the whole process might be better done next time.
E. Reporting and Distribution
19. The results of the M&E survey shall be reported to the Ministry of Communication, GCD, GCIAB, project city, counties, townships, and the ADB on an annual basis. Copies sent to the ADB should be in English.
20. The baseline survey should be reported in full to GCD and ADB. Subsequent reports should provide summaries of principal findings, tabulations of key indicators, qualitative and quantitative descriptions of main changes in socio- economic changes of minorities and conclusions and implications, if any, for additional action/ assistance.
21. The report on the final survey will constitute a final assessment report on the EMDP process and detail the extent to which the EMDP contributes to welfare of minorities in project areas.
F. Qualificaiton of Contracted Institute to Implement the M & E
20 Other than Han. 50
22. The qualification of the contracted institute to carry out this external M & E includes:
• At least five years of working experiences in similar tasks with international development projects • Sound knowledge background on ethnic minorities in Guangxi, social sciences, and participatory development • Knowledge and skills with the designing of instruments for data collection, especially at the community level • Experiences and skills in using participatory rural appraisal (PRA)
G. Estimated Budget
23. A total of $50,000 (CNY400,000) is estimated to cover the costs of external monitoring and evaluation. A total of six surveys will be conducted. The total cost includes remuneration, per diem, travel expenses, report preparation, and other administrative expenses.
Budget for External M&E on EMDP Implementation
Item No. Unit Unit Cost Amount (USD) Remuneration 100 Days 100 10,000 Per Diem 120 Days 100 12,000 Land transportation/Vehicle Rental 120 Days 100 12,000 Survey Assistants 120 Days 9,000 Reports and translation 5,000 Management Overhead 2,000 Total 50,000