Kawasaki Completes 145000M3 LNG Carrier Energy Frontier
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Chapter 17. Shipping Contributors: Alan Simcock (Lead Member)
Chapter 17. Shipping Contributors: Alan Simcock (Lead member) and Osman Keh Kamara (Co-Lead member) 1. Introduction For at least the past 4,000 years, shipping has been fundamental to the development of civilization. On the sea or by inland waterways, it has provided the dominant way of moving large quantities of goods, and it continues to do so over long distances. From at least as early as 2000 BCE, the spice routes through the Indian Ocean and its adjacent seas provided not merely for the first long-distance trading, but also for the transport of ideas and beliefs. From 1000 BCE to the 13th century CE, the Polynesian voyages across the Pacific completed human settlement of the globe. From the 15th century, the development of trade routes across and between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans transformed the world. The introduction of the steamship in the early 19th century produced an increase of several orders of magnitude in the amount of world trade, and started the process of globalization. The demands of the shipping trade generated modern business methods from insurance to international finance, led to advances in mechanical and civil engineering, and created new sciences to meet the needs of navigation. The last half-century has seen developments as significant as anything before in the history of shipping. Between 1970 and 2012, seaborne carriage of oil and gas nearly doubled (98 per cent), that of general cargo quadrupled (411 per cent), and that of grain and minerals nearly quintupled (495 per cent) (UNCTAD, 2013). Conventionally, around 90 per cent of international trade by volume is said to be carried by sea (IMO, 2012), but one study suggests that the true figure in 2006 was more likely around 75 per cent in terms of tons carried and 59 per cent by value (Mandryk, 2009). -
Ship Design Decision Support for a Carbon Dioxide Constrained Future
Ship Design Decision Support for a Carbon Dioxide Constrained Future John Nicholas Calleya A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of University College London. Department of Mechanical Engineering University College London 2014 2 I, John Calleya confirm that that the work submitted in this Thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources I confirm that this has been indicated in the Thesis. Abstract The future may herald higher energy prices and greater regulation of shipping’s greenhouse gas emissions. Especially with the introduction of the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI), tools are needed to assist engineers in selecting the best solutions to meet evolving requirements for reducing fuel consumption and associated carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. To that end, a concept design tool, the Ship Impact Model (SIM), for quickly calculating the technical performance of a ship with different CO2 reducing technologies at an early design stage has been developed. The basis for this model is the calculation of changes from a known baseline ship and the consideration of profitability as the main incentive for ship owners or operators to invest in technologies that reduce CO2 emissions. The model and its interface with different technologies (including different energy sources) is flexible to different technology options; having been developed alongside technology reviews and design studies carried out by the partners in two different projects, “Low Carbon Shipping - A Systems Approach” majority funded by the RCUK energy programme and “Energy Technology Institute Heavy Duty Vehicle Efficiency - Marine” led by Rolls-Royce. -
Journal of KONES 2013 NO 2 VOL 20
Journal of KONES Powertrain and Transport, Vol. 20, No. 2013 DIMENSIONAL CONSTRAINTS IN SHIP DESIGN Adam Charchalis Gdynia Maritime University Faculty of Marine Engineering Morska Street 83, 81-225 Gdynia, Poland e-mail: [email protected] Abstract The paper presents general rules for calculations of ship’s hull principle dimensions at preliminary stage of design process. There are characterized and defined basic assumptions of design process and limitations for calculations of dimensions and some criteria numbers. Limitations are an outcome of shipping routes what is related to shipping restrictions, diminishing of hull drag, achieving of required strength of hull and safety of shipping requirements. Shipping limitations are because of canals and straits dimensions or harbours drafts. In order to diminish propulsion power, what is related to economically justified solution, selected form and dimensions of hull must ensure minimizing of resistance, including skin friction and wavemaking resistance. That is why proper selection of coefficients of hull shape and dimensional criteria according to ship owner’s requirements i.e. deadweight (DWT) or cargo capacity (TEU), speed and seakeeping. In the paper are analyzed dimensional constraints due to shipping region, diminishing of wavemaking and skin friction resistance or application of Froude Number, ships dimensional coefficients (block coefficient, L/B, B/T, L/H) and coefficients expressing relations between capacity and displacement. The scope of applicability above presented values for different modern vessels construction were analyzed. Keywords: ship principal dimensions, hull volumetric coefficients, hull design 1. Methodology of ship’s principal dimensions selection at early design stage Process of ship design consist of several subsequent stages. -
Port Developments
UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT REVIEW OF MARITIME TRANSPORT 2012 Report by the UNCTAD secretariat Chapter 4 UNITED NATIONS New York and Geneva, 2012 PORT DEVELOPMENTS :RUOGFRQWDLQHUSRUWWKURXJKSXWLQFUHDVHGE\DQHVWLPDWHG}SHUFHQWWR}PLOOLRQ IRRWHTXLYDOHQWXQLWV 7(8V LQLWVKLJKHVWOHYHOHYHU7KLVLQFUHDVHZDVORZHU WKDQWKH}SHUFHQWLQFUHDVHRIWKDWZDVLWVHOIDVKDUSUHERXQGIURPWKHVOXPS of 2009. Chinese mainland ports maintained their share of total world container port WKURXJKSXWDW}SHUFHQW 7KH81&7$'/LQHU6KLSSLQJ&RQQHFWLYLW\,QGH[ /6&, VKRZHGDFRQWLQXDWLRQLQ of the trend towards larger ships deployed by a smaller number of companies. Between 2011 and 2012, the number of companies providing services per country went down E\ } SHU FHQW ZKLOH WKH DYHUDJH VL]H RI WKH ODUJHVW FRQWDLQHU VKLSV LQFUHDVHG E\ }SHUFHQW2QO\}SHUFHQWRIFRXQWU\SDLUVDUHVHUYHGE\GLUHFWOLQHUVKLSSLQJ connections; for the remaining country pairs at least one trans-shipment port is required. This chapter covers container port throughput, liner shipping connectivity and some of WKHPDMRUSRUWGHYHORSPHQWSURMHFWVXQGHUZD\LQGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV,WDOVRDVVHVVHV how recent trends in ship enlargement may impact ports. 80 REVIEW OF MARITIME TRANSPORT 2012 A. PORT THROUGHPUT HFRQRPLHV IRU LV HVWLPDWHG DW } SHU FHQW signifying a return to previous year-on-year growth Port throughput is usually measured in tons and by levels. Developing economies’ share of world FDUJR W\SH IRU H[DPSOH OLTXLG RU GU\ FDUJR /LTXLG throughput continues to remain virtually unchanged at cargo is usually measured in tons -
Tendency Toward Mega Containerships and the Constraints of Container Terminals
Journal of Marine Science and Engineering Article Tendency toward Mega Containerships and the Constraints of Container Terminals Nam Kyu Park 1,* and Sang Cheol Suh 2 1 Department of International Logistics, Tongmyong University, Busan 48520, Korea 2 Institute of Port & Logistics Industry, Busan 48520, Korea; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-010-3575-1004 Received: 25 February 2019; Accepted: 17 April 2019; Published: 6 May 2019 Abstract: This paper focuses on the coping ability of the existing container terminals when mega containerships call at a port. The length of 30,000 TEU (Twenty Equivalent Unit) ships are predicted to be 453 m and occupy 498 m of a quay wall. As a result, the length of berth should be more than a minimum of 500 m. If a 25,000 TEU ship or 30,000 TEU ship call at a terminal, the outreach of QC (Quay Crane) should be a minimum 74.3 m or 81.0 m respectively. As mega ships are calling at the port, the ship waiting time, the available stacking area, and the number of handling equipment can be limited. The analysis reveals that larger ships wait for longer than the smaller ones because they have difficulty allocating the proper seat on berth. As a result of the survey in a terminal, the average occupancy is shown to be 60.4%, the minimum is 52.4%, and the maximum is 73.3%. Surveying the monthly equipment operation rate for 3 years, the average is 85.8%, the minimum is 80.1%, and the maximum is 90.1%. -
The Impact of Mega-Ships
The Impact of Mega-Ships Case-Specific Policy Analysis The Impact of Mega-Ships Case-Specific Policy Analysis INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT FORUM The International Transport Forum at the OECD is an intergovernmental organisation with 54 member countries. It acts as a strategic think tank with the objective of helping shape the transport policy agenda on a global level and ensuring that it contributes to economic growth, environmental protection, social inclusion and the preservation of human life and well-being. The International Transport Forum organises an Annual Summit of ministers along with leading representatives from industry, civil society and academia. The International Transport Forum was created under a Declaration issued by the Council of Ministers of the ECMT (European Conference of Ministers of Transport) at its Ministerial Session in May 2006 under the legal authority of the Protocol of the ECMT, signed in Brussels on 17 October 1953, and legal instruments of the OECD. The Members of the Forum are: Albania, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China (People’s Republic of), Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Republic of Moldova, Montenegro, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom and United States. The International Transport Forum’s Research Centre gathers statistics and conducts co-operative research programmes addressing all modes of transport. Its findings are widely disseminated and support policy making in Member countries as well as contributing to the Annual Summit. -
Review of Maritime Transport 2011
UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT REVIEW OF MARITIME TRANSPORT 2011 Report by the UNCTAD secretariat Chapter 2 UNITED NATIONS New York and Geneva, 2011 2 STRUCTURE, OWNERSHIP AND REGISTRATION OF THE WORLD FLEET CHAPTER 2 The year 2010 saw record deliveries of new tonnage, 28 per cent higher than in 2009, resulting in an 8.6 per cent growth in the world eet. The world merchant eet reached almost 1.4 billion deadweight tons in January 2011, an increase of 120 million dwt over 2010. New deliveries stood at 150 million dwt, against demolitions and other withdrawals from the market of approximately 30 million dwt. Since 2005, the dry bulk eet has almost doubled, and the containership eet has nearly tripled. The share of foreign- agged tonnage reached an estimated 68 per cent in January 2011. This chapter presents the supply-side dynamics of the world maritime industry. It covers the structure, age prole, ownership and registration of the world eet. The chapter also reviews deliveries, demolitions, and tonnage on order. 36 Review of MaRitiMe tRanspoRt 2011 A. structure of the world fleet The share of dry bulk tonnage has gone up from 27 per cent to 38 per cent since 1980, while the share of 1. world fleet growth and principal oil tankers has decreased from almost 50 per cent to vessel types 34 per cent. The world fleet in 2011 Long-term trends in vessel types In January 2011, there were 103,392 seagoing The composition of the world fleet reflects the demands commercial ships in service, with a combined tonnage for seaborne trade of different commodities, including of 1,396 million dwt. -
Liquid Bulk / Quantity Measurements and Other Challenges
Liquid Bulk / Quantity Measurements and other challenges Prepared by Jorge Pecci, SafeWaters UM Disclaimer: AIMU is committed to advancing the educational, governmental, regulatory and technical interests of the ocean marine insurance industry. One of the services AIMU provides for its members is the provision of education and publishing of information for use by underwriters, loss control and claims specialists, and other interested parties. Volunteer members of a committee and/or staff of AIMU have produced this information. Committee members abide by antitrust restrictions and all other applicable laws and regulations while compiling information. It is generally not possible to treat any one subject in an exhaustive manner, nor is it AIMU’s intent to do so. No representations or warranties are made regarding the thoroughness or accuracy of the information. Introduction: Quantity of crude oil or petroleum product(s) loaded, assessed by measurements done ashore at the terminal and afterwards shippers enter these figures in the bill of lading. On the other hand ship’s figures ascertained on board by way of measurement of ship’s tanks and concomitant calculations done by especially appointed surveyor together with responsible for cargo operations ship’s officer, normally Chief Mate. These figures obtained ashore and on board of tanker, as a rule, differ from each other. There are many factors contributing to these discrepancies such as superseded tables used by the terminal in the calculation of Bill of Lading quantities, inaccurate vessel experience factor, Cargo Custody transfer practices and the competency of Cargo Inspectors and crew. These discrepancies product of errors in calculation eventually evolve in what is normally called in insurance “paper loss”. -
The Global Maritime Security and the Japan‐U.S. Alliance
The Global Maritime Security and the Japan‐U.S. Alliance Report of the Study Project Challenges and Prospects of Japan‐U.S. Cooperation in Non‐Traditional Security: Focusing on Anti‐Piracy Cooperation May 2010 Supported by The Japan Foundation Center for Global Partnership (CGP) Published by The Japan Forum on International Relations (JFIR) Table of Contents Preface..………….……………………………………………………………………………………1 Executive Summary.…………………………………………………………………………………3 Part I: Promoting Japan‐U.S. Cooperation Chapter 1 The Establishment of U.S.‐Japan Comprehensive Approaches to Counter‐Piracy……………...7 Chapter 2 Safety and Security in the Malacca Straits: The Limits of Collaboration…………………………18 Part II: Lessons and Challenges of Counter Piracy Chapter 3 The Challenge of the Jolly Roger: Industry Perspectives on Piracy………………………………39 Chapter 4 Dangerous Sea Areas Where Many Cases of Piracy Take Place…………………………………...54 Chapter 5 Japan’s Role in Strengthening Maritime Security in Southeast Asia………………………………63 Part III: Counter Piracy and the Japan‐U. S. Alliance Chapter 6 Japan’s Counter‐Piracy Policy and The U.S.‐Japan Partnership……………………………………77 Chapter 7 United States Strategic Interests and Cooperative Activities in Maritime Southeast Asia………85 Chapter 8 Fusing U.S’s New Maritime Strategy & Japan’s Maritime Defense Strategy…………………….103 Appendix Contributors………..………….……………………………………………………………………………………120 Secretariat………..………….………………………………………………………………………………………122 Introduction to JFIR……………………………………………………………………………………………...123 Preface In the wake of the Cold War period, globalization and the information revolution have widened the areas of security, where diverse range of issues, including terrorism, pandemics, climate change and environmental destruction, have emerged as new threats, known as non‐traditional security issues. Especially, piracy has now become a global problem that requires global effort to counter. -
Infosheet No
Infosheet No. 30 Modern ship size definitions ULCC: Ultra Large Crude Carriers PANAMAX: The largest acceptable 300,000 - 550,000 tonnes deadweight. size in order to transit the Panama Used for carrying crude oil on long Canal. Ships’ lengths are restricted haul routes from the Arabian Gulf to to 275m, and maximum permitted Europe, America and the Far East, via width is slightly more than 32m. the Cape of Good Hope normally Average deadweight of such a ship is discharging at custom built terminals. about 65,000 to 80,000 tonnes, cargo intake usually restricted to VLCC: Very Large Crude Carriers approximately 52,500 tonnes on the 200,000 - 299,999 tonnes deadweight. Panama Canal draft. On similar routes to ULCCs but with greater flexibility in discharging port SUEZMAX: Before its closure in options owing to their smaller size, 1967 the Suez Canal could only cope and for this reason also employed ex with 80,000 tonne deadweight Mediterranean, West African and tankers, though larger vessels could even North Sea Terminals. They can go through in ballast, and the be ballasted through the Suez Canal. maximum draft available was 37 feet. An enlargement to enable the canal AFRAMAX: A tanker of maximum to take 200,000 ton tankers was 79,999 tonnes deadweight, or the proposed. largest tanker size in the Average Freight Rate Assessment Scale. CAPESIZE: 100 – 180,000 tonnes deadweight, draft approx. 17m. To MALACCAMAX: The maximum govern the design of large ships built hull form using the maximum to serve deepwater terminals draught permissible to pass through handling raw materials, such as iron the Strait of Malacca, Malaysia. -
Special Seminar Port Authority Board Members and Commissioners June 3-5, 2014 Port of Seattle Welcome !!
American Association of Port Authorities Special Seminar Port Authority Board Members and Commissioners June 3-5, 2014 Port of Seattle Welcome !! 30th Annual Session Introductions ! Diversity…. 1985: Trend is “Change” 2014 Trend is ……… 2014 Trend is “CHANGE” Faithful “Local” Followers In A Carriers’ Drive Industry…… Faithful “Local” Followers In A Carriers’ Shippers’ Driven Industry…… 2014 Trend is “CHANGE” Quicker, Dramatic, Risky, Capital Intensive, Policy Dependent… Very Risky ! 2014 Trend is “CHANGE” A stark reminder that Port Authorities are single port-principals in an industry of increasing flexibility. Carriers have multi- port options, port authorities do not. Liner Service Dominant 2014…Trend is “CHANGE” A time for mission audits, risk assessments, capital planning updates and, most importantly, expectations reviews. xp Industry of Trend-Defining Acronyms And Abbreviations Suezmax Seawaymax Panamax Post Panamax Super Panamax Malaccamax Malaccamax… the largest size of ship capable of fitting through the 25-metre-deep (82 ft) Strait of Malacca Bulk carriers and supertankers have been built to this size, and the term is chosen for very large crude carriers (VLCC). CKYHE CKYHE Cosco, “K” Line, Yang Ming, Hanjin and Evergeen G-6 American President Lines, Hapag Lloyd AG/USA, Hyundiai Merchant Marine, Mitsui OSK Lines, Nippon Yusen Kaisha, Orient Overseas Container Line P 3 Maersk CMA-CGM Mediterranean Shipping Co. P 3 40 Per Cent Market Share Monopoly? Similar to airline code-sharing deals… the P-3 alliance will allow the three to cut costs by using each other's ships and port facilities. It will also play on each shipper's geographic strengths to move cargo faster and more cheaply. -
Maritime Commerce and Security: the Indian Ocean
Maritime Commerce and Security: The Indian Ocean Amit A. Pandya and Rupert Herbert-Burns with Junko Kobayashi February 2011 Maritime Commerce and Security: The Indian Ocean Amit A. Pandya and Rupert Herbert-Burns with Junko Kobayashi February 2011 Copyright © 2011 The Henry L. Stimson Center 978-0-9845211-6-6 Cover and book design by Shawn Woodley All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written consent from the Stimson Center. Stimson Center 1111 19th Street, NW, 12th Floor Washington, DC 20036 Telephone: 202.223.5956 Fax: 202.238.9604 www.stimson.org Contents Preface.............................................................................................................................................vi Ellen.Laipson,.President.and.CEO.of.the.Stimson.Center Acknowledgements........................................................................................................................ viii Abbreviations.and.Acronyms...........................................................................................................ix Glossary..........................................................................................................................................xii Maritime.Commerce.and.Security....................................................................................................1 . Purpose.of.the.Current.Volume.................................................................................................2 . The.Geographical.Contours.....................................................................................................5