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How the Ford Motor Company Became an Arsenal of Nazism

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How the Ford Motor Company Became an Arsenal of Nazism University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Honors Program in History (Senior Honors Theses) Department of History May 2008 The Silent Partner: How the Ford Motor Company Became an Arsenal of Nazism Daniel Warsh University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/hist_honors Warsh, Daniel, "The Silent Partner: How the Ford Motor Company Became an Arsenal of Nazism" (2008). Honors Program in History (Senior Honors Theses). 17. https://repository.upenn.edu/hist_honors/17 A Senior Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Honors in History. Faculty Advisor: Walter Licht This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/hist_honors/17 For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Silent Partner: How the Ford Motor Company Became an Arsenal of Nazism Abstract Corporate responsibility is a popular buzzword in the news today, but the concept itself is hardly novel. In response to a barrage of public criticism, the Ford Motor Company commissioned and published a study of its own activities immediately before and during WWII. The study explores the multifaceted and complicated relationship between the American parent company in Dearborn and the German subsidiary in Cologne. The report's findings, however, are largely inconclusive and in some cases, dangerously misleading. This thesis will seek to establish how, with the consent of Dearborn, the German Ford company became an arsenal for Hitler's march on Europe. This thesis will clarify these murky relationships, and picking up where the Ford internal investigation left off, place them within a framework of corporate accountability and complicity. Ford's development as a transnational entity provides a perfect subject of study to embark on such a project. Many of the major themes of post-World War I Europe – economic stagnation, nationalism, coping with the aftermath of a devastating conflict, and eventually, the rise of authoritarian states – are all present in Ford's German story, and their consequences not only resonate within the fields of American, urE opean, and business history but also that of corporate responsibility. The lessons are still relevant today. Keywords Ford, Nazi, Hitler, Wehrmacht, Edsel, Research Findings About Ford-Werke Under the Nazi Regime Comments A Senior Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Honors in History. Faculty Advisor: Walter Licht This thesis or dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/hist_honors/17 University of Pennsylvania The Silent Partner: How the Ford Motor Company Became an AArsenalrsenal of NazismNazism A senior thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Honors in History by Daniel Warsh Philadelphia, PA March 24, 2008 Faculty Advisor: Walter Licht Honors Director: Michael Zuckerman For my family TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements....................................................................................................iv Abstract......................................................................................................................v Introduction................................................................................................................1 Chapter 1: International Expansion: Nationalist Germany and Ford-Werke AG (1925-1933)...........................................12 Chapter 2: Enter Hitler and the Nazis: Implications for the German Auto Industry and Ford-Werke AG (1933-1936) ........................................42 Chapter 3: Aiding and Abetting: How Dearborn and Cologne supplied the Nazi War Effort (1936-1939)..................72 Chapter 4: Strict Neutrality Has Its Costs (and Benefits)..........................................102 Conclusion .................................................................................................................134 Bibliography ..............................................................................................................148 iv Acknowledgements I would like to thank the following individuals for all of their help in making this thesis a reality. Their guidance, encouragement, and patience throughout the past year and a half has been much appreciated and contributed to this meaningful and enjoyable endeavor. First, I would like to thank my mother, father, brother, and grandmother, who have always supported me in every venture I have undertaken. My parents set an example for me in teaching me to speak out whenever I witness injustice. My grandmother's experience of fleeing Germany in 1938 gives this story a personal dimension for me. She has inspired me to push myself to my fullest because so many others never lived to have that chance. The close reading and useful commentary on my thesis drafts by Dr. Walter Licht, my thesis advisor, was greatly appreciated. His ability to probe beneath the text is a true gift, and his opinions strengthened this study. I will always be thankful for his wisdom, knowledge, and deep concern for me, along with his insistence that I never forget Ford in the historical context. It has been an honor to work with Dr. Licht and I am grateful for his willingness to take on my project. He helped me organize this information into a coherent and structured argument, leaving an indelible mark on this thesis. Dr. Michael Zuckerman, my Honors director and second reader, encouraged me from our very first class meeting to reconsider how I thought about history. Under his tutelage, my fundamental understanding of historical reality was re-shaped. He instilled in me a real desire to question the past and not take it at its face value. My thesis has engaged the past on this level and has been the most formative experience of my academic career. Without Dr. Zuckerman’s encouragement to break the traditional definitions and boundaries of history, I never would have attempted such a venture. I would like to thank each and every member of my Honors section. They are truly some of the smartest and most talented individuals at the University of Pennsylvania and I am privileged to have had the opportunity to work with each one of them. Their input on my thesis throughout this process kept me focused and challenged me intellectually. Our camaraderie is one of the best memories I have of my time here at Penn. The comments of Professor Daniel Raff of the Wharton School and Professor Jonathan Steinberg of the History Department in the early stages of this project kept me moving in the right direction. Their abilities to point me to relevant literature and resources was invaluable. I would also like to recognize my high school history teacher, Mrs. Karen Lessenberry, for sharing with me her passion for United States history. Through her teaching, I was inspired to pursue my undergraduate studies in history. Finally, I am grateful for the History Department's generosity with regard to my research funding which helped relieve the financial burden of completing this thesis. v ABSTRACT Corporate responsibility is a popular buzzword in the news today, but the concept itself is hardly novel. In response to a barrage of public criticism, the Ford Motor Company commissioned and published a study of its own activities immediately before and during WWII. The study explores the multifaceted and complicated relationship between the American parent company in Dearborn and the German subsidiary in Cologne. The report’s findings, however, are largely inconclusive and in some cases, dangerously misleading. This thesis will seek to establish how, with the consent of Dearborn, the German Ford company became an arsenal for Hitler’s march on Europe. This thesis will clarify these murky relationships, and picking up where the Ford internal investigation left off, place them within a framework of corporate accountability and complicity. Ford’s development as a transnational entity provides a perfect subject of study to embark on such a project. Many of the major themes of post-World War I Europe – economic stagnation, nationalism, coping with the aftermath of a devastating conflict, and eventually, the rise of authoritarian states – are all present in Ford’s German story, and their consequences not only resonate within the fields of American, European, and business history but also that of corporate responsibility. The lessons are still relevant today. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements....................................................................................................iv Abstract......................................................................................................................v Introduction................................................................................................................1 Chapter 1: International Expansion: Nationalist Germany and Ford-Werke AG (1925-1933)...........................................12 Chapter 2: Enter Hitler and the Nazis: Implications for the German Auto Industry and Ford-Werke AG (1933-1936) ........................................43 Chapter 3: Aiding and Abetting: How Dearborn and Cologne supplied the Nazi War Effort (1936-1939)..................71 Chapter 4: Strict Neutrality Has Its Costs (and Benefits)..........................................103 Conclusion .................................................................................................................134 Bibliography ..............................................................................................................148
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