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Larval Recruitment and Fisheries of the Spiny Lobster Panulirus Japonicus Coupling with the Kuroshio Subgyre Circulation in the Western North Pacific: a Review

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Larval Recruitment and Fisheries of the Spiny Lobster Panulirus Japonicus Coupling with the Kuroshio Subgyre Circulation in the Western North Pacific: a Review Larval recruitmentJ. Mar. and Biol. fisheries Ass. India, of the 52 spiny (2) lobster: 195 - 207, July - December 2010 195 Larval recruitment and fisheries of the spiny lobster Panulirus japonicus coupling with the Kuroshio subgyre circulation in the western North Pacific: A review *Hideo Sekiguchi and Nariaki Inoue Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan. *E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Panulirus japonicus is an important target for fisheries in Japan. Characteristics of long distance larval transport and recruitment of P. japonicus have been revealed based on drifter studies and larval sampling. Larval recruitment of the lobster is completed within the Kuroshio Subgyre circulation, i.e., early stage phyllosomas that are released in Japanese coastal waters in summer (July-September) are transported into the Kuroshio region; larvae are then transported to the Kuroshio Counter-Current region south of the Kuroshio; these larvae are then transported into the waters east of the Ryukyu Archipelago where subfinal/final-stage phyllosomas and pueruli enter the Kuroshio again and are transported to different locations of Japanese coastal waters through the Kuroshio in the summer of the following year. Using mtDNA sequences for the COI region of P. japonicus juveniles and adults, no significant population subdivision was detected among distant locations. There was no characteristic geographical distribution pattern for haplotypes, supporting the hypothesis that these benthic individuals are sustained by a common pool of phyllosomas through long distance larval transport by phyllosomas within the Kuroshio Subgyre circulation. This scenario is also supported by the examination of long- term variation in P. japonicus catches as follows. Two clusters (A, B) of regions located east (A) and west (B) of the cape Shionomisaki at the southern tip of the Kii Peninsula were identified. There was a significant positive relationship between the Kuroshio index and the catch index two years later for cluster A. This relationship suggests that annual variation in P. japonicus catch may be determined by the variation in puerulus recruitment through the Kuroshio. Relationships between these two clusters varied depending on three periods, which corresponded to the three climate regimes (i.e., years before 1976, from 1977 to 1988, and after 1989). Significant negative relationships were detected between the catch index of these two clusters from 1975 to 2001. Keywords: Spiny lobster, long distance larval transport, recruitment, Kuroshio, genetic population structure Introduction other species (except P. brunneiflagellum confined In Japanese waters, nine Panulirus species have to Ogasawara waters far east of the Ryukyu been reported (Sekiguchi, 2008): P. brunneiflagellum Archipelago, see Fig. 1. for location) are found Sekiguchi and George, 2005; P. femrostriga (von mainly in southern Japan, particularly in the Ryukyu Martens, 1872); P. homarus homarus (Linnaeus, where their annual catch is very low to amount to 1758); P. japonicus (von Siebold, 1824); P. longipes nearly tonnes (Sekiguchi, 1988, 1989). Total annual bispinosus (Borradaile, 1899); P. ornatus, (Fabricius, catch of spiny lobsters in Japan is approximately 1798); P. penicillatus (Olivier, 1791); P. stimpsoni 1,000 t, and is dominated by P. japonicus. The other (Holthuis, 1963) and P. versicolor (Latreille, 1804). palinurid lobsters (the genera of Justitia, Linuparus, Of the nine species of Panulirus in Japanese waters, Palinustus and Puerulus), the Palinurellus of the P. japonicus is found commonly in waters under the Synaxidae as well, have been known in Japan influence of the Kuroshio and its branches. The (Sekiguchi and Inoue, 2002), although these are Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India (2010) 196 H. Sekiguchi and N. Inoue targets for recreational fishing in local areas. This The early life history of P. japonicus have already is also true of large-sized scyllarid lobsters such as been reviewed by Sekiguchi (1997) and Sekiguchi the genera of Ibacus, Parribacus and Scyllarides in and Inoue (2002), this paper reviews the early life Japan. history and larval recruitment of the spiny lobster P. japonicus using the data accumulated since 2001, Fig. 1. Relative abundance of Panulirus species in Japan and its neighbouring waters (modified from Sekiguchi, 1988). Shading areas indicate the habitats of P. japonicus. P. longipes from Ogasawara Islands in the figure have been identified with P. brunneiflagellum and P. longipes bispinosus (Sekiguchi and George, 2005) Panulirus japonicus is one of most the highly adding to previous knowledge and focusing on the valued crustaceans in Japan as compared to the long distance larval transport/dispersal and other sea foods. As a result, there is much interest recruitment completed within the Kuroshio Subgyre in the biology and fisheries management of this circulation (the Kuroshio Current coupling with the species. Japanese scientists have worked to unveil Counter Current south of the Kuroshio) in the western the mysteries of larval dispersal of P. japonicus and North Pacific. This paper deals with geographical several important aspects of its larval biology, distribution of the species as related to the coral reef ecology, and population dynamics have emerged in distribution, current systems around Japanese waters, the last two decades (Sekiguchi and Inoue, 2002). identification of phyllosoma and puerulus, long Sekiguchi has advanced a hypothesis describing the distance larval transport of the species within the path of long distance larval transport that has been Kuroshio Subgyre circulation, genetic population supported by direct evidence in field surveys structure of the species and long-term variation in (Yoshimura et al., 1999; Inoue and Sekiguchi, 2001, catches of the species regulated by puerulus supply 2009; Inoue et al., 2007). variation coupled with the Kuroshio Current. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India (2010) Larval recruitment and fisheries of the spiny lobster 197 Geographical distribution of Panulirus species the Tokara strait between Amami-Oshima and as related to the coral reef distribution in the Yakushima Islands, and the eastern boundary is western North Pacific between Torishima and Ogasawara Islands (Takahashi, 1988). P. japonicus has been found in P. japonicus is the northernmost and temperate waters without coral reefs but with rocky reefs, and species of the genus Panulirus found in tropical the southern boundary of the distribution of P. waters of the world, and the geographical distribution japonicus coincides with the northern boundary of of P. japonicus is confined to coastal waters inshore/ the coral reef distribution in the western north Pacific north of the Kuroshio current (Fig. 1). According and also with the northern boundary of the Kuroshio to Sekiguchi (1988; 1989; 1995), it is probable that (Sekiguchi, 1988; 1989; Fig. 1 and 2). According habitats of either coral or rocky reefs determine the to George (1967; 1974), the two subspecies of P. presence of P. longipes subspecies and P. japonicus longipes are typical inhabitants of coral reef waters, respectively. though they prefer to be in the waters outside of Coral reefs are common in the Ryukyu coral areas. This is also true of P. l. bispinosus in Archipelago, while in Taiwan they are confined to the Ryukyu. On the other hand, P. japonicus typically around its southern tip. The northern boundary of inhabits rocky reefs open to the ocean (George, coral reefs in the western north Pacific is located at 1974; Sekiguchi, 1989). Fig. 2. Current systems in Japan and its neighbouring waters, with notes on geographical distributions of Panulirus japonicus and P. longipes bispinosus (modified from Sekiguchi and Inoue, 2002); shaded areas indicate the habitats of P. japonicus. A, A’, warm Kuroshio Current and Kuroshio Counter Current, respectively; B, B’, B’’, branches of the Kuroshio; C, cool Oyashio Current; D, warm Tsugaru Current; E, warm Soya Current; F, warm Tsushima Current Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India (2010) 198 H. Sekiguchi and N. Inoue Current systems around Japanese waters within computed velocities, it is possible to describe some the Kuroshio Subgyre circulation in the western aspects of the structure of the North Pacific North Pacific Subtropical Gyre and its variability. A complete description of these drifters is found in Kirwan et Current systems in Japan and its neighbouring al. (1978). As indicated in Fig. 3, trajectories of a waters are illustrated in Fig. 2. The Kuroshio located composite of 16 selected drifters launched from east of Taiwan enters the east China sea after passing 1976 through 1980 provided a large-scale description through the strait between northern Taiwan and the of the near-surface circulation in the North Pacific. southern parts of the Ryukyu. After flowing along Trajectories of four drifters which were deployed the continental shelf edge of the east China sea and across the Kuroshio main axis at about 30oN lat., then separating off the Tushima Current that flows 132oE long. during February 1977 traced the in the water west of Kyusyu and passes through the Kuroshio along the southeastern coast of Japan. At Tsushima Strait between Japan and Korea to enter the time, the Kuroshio was in its well-known the Japan Sea, the Kuroshio passes through the meandering configuration (Kawai, 1991, Fig. 4.) Tokara strait between Amami-Oshima and
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