Data gaps and opportunities for comparative and conservation biology

Type Article

Author Conde, Dalia A.; Staerk, Johanna; Colchero, Fernando; da Silva, Rita; Schöley, Jonas; Baden, H. Maria; Jouvet, Lionel; Fa, John E.; Syed, Hassan; Jongejans, Eelke; Meiri, Shai; Gaillard, Jean- Michel; Chamberlain, Scott; Wilcken, Jonathan; Jones, Owen R.; Dahlgren, Johan P.; Steiner, Ulrich K.; Bland, Lucie M.; Gomez-Mestre, Ivan; Lebreton, Jean-Dominique; Vargas, Jaime González; Flesness, Nate; Canudas-Romo, Vladimir; Salguero- Gómez, Roberto; Byers, Onnie; Berg, Thomas Bjørneboe; Scheuerlein, Alexander; Devillard, Sébastien; Schigel, Dmitry S.; Ryder, Oliver A.; Possingham, Hugh P.; Baudisch, Annette; Vaupel, James W.

Title Data gaps and opportunities for comparative and conservation biology

Journal title Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

URI http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12634/37

Rights link https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

Download date 24/09/2021 06:16:48 Proceedings of the National Academy of Science

Appendix

Supplemental Information

Data gaps and opportunities for comparative and conservation biology

Authors: Dalia A. Conde, Johanna Staerk, Fernando Colchero, Rita da Silva, Jonas Schöley, H. Maria Baden, Lionel Jouvet, John E. Fa, Hassan Syed, Eelke Jongejans, Shai Meiri, Jean-Michel Gaillard, Scott Chamberlain, Jonathan Wilcken, Owen R. Jones, Johan P. Dahlgren, Ulrich K. Steiner, Lucie M. Bland, Ivan Gomez- Mestre, Jean-Dominique Lebreton, Jaime González Vargas, Nate Flesness, Vladimir Canudas-Romo, Roberto Salguero-Gómez, Onnie Byers, Thomas Bjørneboe Berg, Alexander Scheuerlein, Sébastien Devillard, Dmitry S. Schigel, Oliver A. Ryder, Hugh P. Possingham, Annette Baudisch, and James W. Vaupel

Index

SI Figures

Figure S1. The landscape of demographic knowledge for ………………………………… 2 Figure S2. The landscape of demographic knowledge for Mammals………………………………. 3 Figure S3. The landscape of demographic knowledge for Aves……………………………………… 4 Figure S4. The landscape of demographic knowledge for Amphibia………………………………. 5 Figure S5. Origin of information across the 22 data repositories analyzed…………………….. 6

SI Tables

Table S1. Number of species per Demographic Species Knowledge Index category according to the IUCN Red List …...... …………………………………………………………………….. 7 Table S2. Number of species that have information on the eight demographic measures in the 22 databases (DB) analyzed. ……………………………………………………………………………... 10 Table S3. Number of species by taxonomic class indicating the origin (captive, wild or/and unknown) of the information reported in the 22 databases………………………………. 11

www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1816367116 1 Replia

12 12 13 16 18 14 15 17 19 20 21 22 23

3 Homalopsidae

Crocodylia 24 25 26 Gerrhopilidae

27 Blanidae 4 5

Cylindrophiidae Xenodermatidae 6 7 9 Pareatidae

8 Leiocephalidae 10 11 Xantusiidae Trionychidae Lamprophiidae Kinosternidae

Gymnophthalmidae Chamaeleonidae Chelidae

Typhlopidae Testudines Dactyloidae Geoemydidae

Agamidae Emydidae

Scincidae Testudinidae

1: Gavialidae, 2: Alligatoridae, 3: Crocodylidae, 4: Carettochelyidae, 5: Platysternidae, 6: Dermatemydidae, 7: Dermatemydidae, 8: Chelydridae, 9: Cheloniidae, 10: Cheloniidae, 11: Pelomedusidae, 12: Aniliidae, 13: Cadeidae, 14: , 15: Lanthanotidae, 16: Loxocemidae, 17: , 18: Xenophidiidae, 19: Xenotyphlopidae, 20: Anomochilidae, 21: Bolyeridae, 22: Xenopeltidae, 23: Anniellidae, 24: Helodermatidae, 25: Acrochordidae, 26: , 27: Trogonophiidae Taxononomic Rank Order Family

0 0 1 37 None: No demographic knowledge Low: Single variable (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.4%) Fair: Multiple variables High: Population Matrix/Lifetable 0 2 64 (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.7%)

83 691 580 (0.8%) (7.1%) (5.9%)

6,358 1,878 91 Knowledge of Survival of Knowledge (65.0%) (19.2%) (0.9%)

None Low Fair High Knowledge of Fertility Figure S 1. The landscape of demographic knowledge for Reptilia 2 Mammalia 1 4 6 7 8 Cingulata 1819 20 22 Tarsiidae 23 24 29 30 9 Ochotonidae Cteno- 2 5 Dasypodidae 21 2528 Vombatidae 10 Didelphimorphia 26 31 33 myidae 3 Aotidae Sirenia Pilosa 27 Monotremata Hominidae 32 Abrocomidae Lorisidae 12 Burramyidae Potoroidae 11 13 Didelphidae Lagomorpha Indriidae Anoma- 34 Chin- Manidae 14 Atelidae luridae chilli- Erethi- zontidae Pholidota 15 16 Petauridae Capro- Sciuridae Peramelemorphia Leporidae dae Pseudocheiridae Macroscelidea myidae Gliridae Macroscelididae Peramelidae Lepilemuridae Hylobatidae Spala- Hystri- Diprotodontia Dasy- procti- dae cidae cidae Caviidae Scandentia Phalangeridae Bathy- Tupaiidae 35 36 37 Nesomyidae ergidae Echimyidae Tapiridae Equidae 38 39 Erinaceomorpha

Dasyuromorphia Monodontidae Iniidae Galagidae Perissodactyla Octodontidae Balaenidae Erinaceidae Cheirogaleidae Lemuridae 17 Phocoenidae

Dasyuridae Balaenopteridae

Hyperoodontidae Afrosoricida Cetacea Macropodidae Chrysochloridae Delphinidae Geomyidae Tenrecidae Dipodidae 40 42 44 Cebidae 43 41 45 Heteromyidae Camelidae Primates

Soricomorpha Moschidae Tragulidae Cervidae Suidae Pitheciidae Cricetidae Callitrichidae Talpidae Soricidae Artiodactyla Bovidae Rodentia

46 4748 Mephi- Felidae Mustelidae Hyae- tidae nidae Carnivora Ursidae Muridae

Euple- ridae Viverridae Canidae Phocidae Procyonidae Otariidae Herpestidae Cercopithecidae 49 50 51 56

52 5455 Nycteridae 53 Mormo- Mini- Chiroptera Natalidae opidae opteridae

Hipposideridae Vespertilionidae Emballonuridae Rhinolophidae Molossidae Pteropodidae

Phyllostomidae

1: Microbiotheriidae, 2: Orycteropodidae, 3: Elephanne, 4: Cynocephalidae, 5: Notorycdae, 6: Procaviidae, 7: Caenolesdae, 8: Cyclopedidae, 9: Megalonychidae, 10: Myrmecophagidae, 11: Tachyglossidae, 12: Dugongidae, 13: Trichechidae, 14: Bradypodidae, 15: Chaeropodidae, 16: Thylacomyidae, 17: Rhinocerodae, 18: Hypsiprymnodondae, 19: Tarsipedidae, 20: Acrobadae, 21: Phascolarcdae, 22: Daubentoniidae, 23: Diatomyidae, 24: Dinomyidae, 25: Petromuridae, 26: Aplodonidae, 27: Calomyscidae, 28: Pededae, 29: Heptaxodondae, 30: Cuniculidae, 31: Myocastoridae, 32: Thryonomyidae, 33: Castoridae, 34: Ctenodactylidae, 35: Neobalaenidae, 36: Eschrichidae, 37: Physeteridae, 38: Kogiidae, 39: Platanisdae, 40: Solenodondae, 41: Nesophondae, 42: Anlocapridae, 43: Giraffidae, 44: Hippopotamidae, 45: Tayassuidae, 46: Ailuridae, 47: Nandiniidae, 48: Odobenidae, 49: Cistugidae, 50: Myzopodidae, 51: Thyropteridae, 52: Furipteridae, 53: Mystacinidae, 54: Noclionidae, 55: Rhinopomadae, 56: Megadermadae Taxononomic Rank Order Family No demographic knowledge 0 1 82 137 None: Low: Single variable (0.0%) (0.0%) (1.5%) (2.5%) Fair: Multiple variables High: Population Matrix/Lifetable 0 1 59 (0.0%) (0.0%) (1.1%)

199 555 1,543 (3.6%) (9.9%) (27.6%)

1,988 811 210 Knowledge of Survival of Knowledge (35.6%) (14.5%) (3.8%)

None Low Fair High Knowledge of Fertility 3 Figure S2. The landscape of demographic knowledge for Mammalia Aves

1 3 Bucorvidae 9 10 11 42434445 46 47 78 79 Musophagiformes Numididae Cardinalidae 4 Musophagidae 12 Alcedinidae 48495051 52 Timaliidae 2 Todidae 53 56 Upupiformes 54 55 80 Gaviiformes Sulidae Momotidae Odontophoridae Sphenisciformes Spheniscidae 57 Formicariidae Phoenicopteridae 59 60 61 62 Gaviidae Ciconiiformes 58 81 Climacteridae Prunellidae Psophodidae Dicruridae Trogonidae

63 65 Prionopidae Pteroclidiformes Coraciidae 64 66 Ciconiidae 82 Melanocharitidae Pteroclididae Trogoniformes

Meropidae 67 68 69 Platysteiridae Bucerotiformes 70 Podicipediforme Bucerotidae 83 Pipridae Podicipedidae Sylviidae 5 7 71 72 73 74 75 84 Aegithalidae Dicaeidae

Coraciiformes Cinclidae

8 Artamidae 6 Apterygidae 76 77 13 Certhiidae Suliformes Galbuliformes Tinamiformes 14 Pelecanidae Campephagidae Monarchidae

Galbulidae Meliphagidae Phalacrocoracidae Ardeidae Regulidae Stenostiridae

Threskiornithidae Conopophagidae Petroicidae Remizidae Tinamidae Bernieridae Cracticidae Bucconidae Vangidae Macrosphenidae Viduidae Mimidae Estrildidae Falconiformes Pelecaniformes Eurylaimidae Craciformes Polioptilidae Pachycephalidae Megapodiidae Pelecanoididae Ptilonorhynchidae Hydrobatidae Rhipiduridae Galliformes

Cracidae Phasianidae Falconidae Oriolidae Pittidae Cettiidae Maluridae Motacillidae Procellariiformes Paridae Cuculiformes Diomedeidae Cuculidae Procellariidae Sittidae Malaconotidae Paradisaeidae Laniidae 15 16 17 Parulidae 18 Grallariidae 19 20 Gruiformes Anseriformes Pellorneidae Locustellidae Passeridae Rhinocryptidae Acrocephalidae Acanthizidae 21 Gruidae Otididae Rallidae Anatidae

Vireonidae Corvidae Columbiformes Phylloscopidae Troglodytidae Columbidae Zosteropidae Icteridae Alaudidae Hirundinidae Sturnidae

22 25 23 24 Strigiformes Accipitriformes Tytonidae Strigidae Caprimulgidae Accipitridae Passeriformes Ploceidae Leiothrichidae Nectariniidae Piciformes Pycnonotidae Cisticolidae Turdidae Ramphastidae Picidae

Indicatoridae Thamnophilidae Fringillidae Psittaciformes Psittacidae Thraupidae

26 27 28 29 30 32 37 39 40 31 Furnariidae 33 34 35 38 36 41

Apodiformes Laridae Emberizidae Muscicapidae Trochilidae Alcidae Charadriidae

Apodidae Charadriiformes Scolopacidae Tyrannidae

1: Phaethondae, 2: Coliidae, 3: Upupidae, 4: Phoeniculidae, 5: Dromaiidae, 6: Rheidae, 7: Struthionidae, 8: Casuariidae, 9: Anhingidae, 10: Fregadae, 11: Leptosomidae, 12: Brachypteraciidae, 13: Scopidae, 14: Balaenicipidae, 15: Aramidae, 16: Eurypygidtae, 17: Cariamidae, 18: Rhynochedae, 19: Psophiidae, 20: Heliornithidae, 21: Mesitornithidae, 22: Steatornithidae, 23: Aegothelidae, 24: Nycbiidae, 25: Podargidae, 26: Aegothelidae, 27: Hemiprocnidae, 28: Dromadidae, 29: Pedionomidae, 30: Pluvianellidae, 31: Pluvianidae, 32: Rostratulidae, 33: Chionidae, 34: Thinocoridae, 35: Jacanidae, 36: Turnicidae, 37: Burhinidae, 38: Stercorariidae, 39: Recurvirostridae, 40: Haematopodidae, 41: Glareolidae, 42: Calcariidae, 43: Eupedae, 44: Hylocitreidae, 45: Paramythiidae, 46: Chaetopidae, 47: Mohoidae, 48: Pityriaseidae, 49: Sapayoaidae, 50: Donacobiidae, 51: Irenidae, 52: Machaerirhynchidae, 53: Dulidae, 54: Panuridae, 55: Menuridae, 56: Dasyornithidae, 57: Hypocoliidae, 58: Peucedramidae, 59: Coerebidae, 60: Buphagidae, 61: Picathardae, 62: Nicatoridae, 63: Arcanatoridae, 64: Cnemophilidae, 65: Oreoicidae, 66: Orthonychidae, 67: Melanopareiidae, 68: Philepidae, 69: Pnoepygidae, 70: Neosidae, 71: Promeropidae, 72: Atrichornithidae, 73: Erythrocercidae, 74: Callaeadae, 75: Acanthisidae, 76: Chloropseidae, 77: Tephrodornithidae, 78: Hyliodae, 79: Bombycrllidae, 80: Aegithinidae, 81: Pardalodae, 82: Plogonadae, 83: Corcoracidae, 84: Pomatostomidae Taxononomic Rank Order Family None: No demographic knowledge 1 14 80 248 Low: Single variable (0.0%) (0.1%) (0.8%) (2.4%) Fair: Multiple variables High: Population Matrix/Lifetable 1 63 258 (0.0%) (0.6%) (2.5%)

42 528 600 (0.4%) (5.1%) (5.8%)

3,637 4,740 123 Knowledge of Survival of Knowledge (35.2%) (45.9%) (1.2%)

None Low Fair High Knowledge of Fertility Figure S3. The landscape of demographic knowledge for Aves 4 Amphibia 3 1 26784 5 15

10 9 16 11

12 13 14 Hylodidae Alytidae

Brevicipitidae Pipidae Aromobatidae Brachycephalidae Phrynobatrachidae Pyxicephalidae Gymnophiona Ceratophryidae

Caeciliidae Ptychadenidae Limnodydstidae Strabomantidae 17 18 22 Craugastoridae

19 20 Megophryidae

21 Leiuperidae Dendrobatidae Ceratobatrachidae Hynobiidae Mantellidae

Hemiphractidae Hyperoliidae Ranidae Salamandridae Myobatrachidae Leptodactylidae Cycloramphidae Arthroleptidae Anura Centrolenidae

Dicroglossidae Bufonidae Eleutherodactylidae

Caudata Rhacophoridae

Microhylidae Plethodontidae

Hylidae

1: Rhinatrematidae, 2: Ichthyophiidae, 3: Rhinophrynidae, 4: Calyptocephalellidae, 5: Pelodytidae, 6: Heleophrynidae, 7: Pelobatidae, 8: Ranixalidae, 9: Sooglossidae, 10: Leiopelmatidae, 11: Hemisotidae, 12: Micrixalidae, 13: Scaphiopodidae, 14: Bombinatoridae, 15: Nyctibatrachidae, 16: Petropedetidae, 17: Rhyacotritonidae, 18: Amphiumidae, 19: Cryptobranchidae, 20: Sirenidae, 21: Proteidae, 22: Ambystomatidae Taxononomic Rank Order Family 0 0 2 10 None: No demographic knowledge Low: Single variable (0.2%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) Fair: Multiple variables High: Population Matrix/Lifetable 0 42 72 (0.0%) (0.7%) (1.1%)

31 37 40 (0.5%) (0.6%) (0.6%)

5,632 552 20 Knowledge of Survival of Knowledge (87.5%) (8.6%) (0.3%)

None Low Fair High Knowledge of Fertility Figure S4. The landscape of demographic knowledge for Amphibia 5 Reptilia Mammalia

0 2 30 4 5 (0.0%) 253 (0.9%) (0.1%) (0.1%) (7.0%)

41 825 (1.2%) (22.9%) 887 189 148 1000 (25.8%) (5.5%) (4.1%) (27.8%)

2276 1365 (66.4%) (37.9%)

Aves Amphibia

0 1 1 12 30 (0.1%) 3 (0.0%) (0.2%) (3.7%) (0.4%)

98 9 (1.5%) (1.1%) 237 1076 85 28 (3.5%) (16.1%) (10.5%) (3.5%)

5274 650 (78.4%) (80.7%)

Captive Wild Unknown

Figure S5. Origin of information across the 22 data repositories analyzed. Diagrams show all possible combinations of the number of species with data from populations with different origins

(captive (left), wild (right), and unknown (bottom)).

6 Table S1. Number of species per Demographic Species Knowledge Index category and IUCN Red List

categories (LC: least concern, NT: near threatened, VU: vulnerable, EN: endangered, CR: critically

endangered, EW: extinct in the wild, DD: data deficient, and NE: not evaluated).

a) Reptilia

Demographic Species Knowledge Index Mortality Fertility LC NT VU EN CR EW EX DD NE Total None None 2090 228 264 316 173 2 15 864 2406 6358 None Low 951 54 77 80 27 1 0 68 620 1878 None Fair 49 8 5 9 6 0 0 0 14 91 Low None 27 0 7 3 5 0 0 3 38 83 Low Low 297 29 33 34 15 0 1 11 271 691 Low Fair 325 33 43 17 21 0 1 4 136 580 Fair None 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fair Low 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 Fair Fair 30 2 9 3 3 0 0 0 17 64 High None 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 High Low 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 High Fair 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 High High 20 3 6 3 1 0 0 0 4 37 Total 3791 357 444 465 251 3 17 950 3507 9785 b) Aves

Demographic Species Knowledge Index Mortality Fertility LC NT VU EN CR EW EX DD NE Total None None 2007 380 315 172 91 2 63 32 575 3637 None Low 3451 270 201 117 54 1 8 8 630 4740 None Fair 86 8 9 6 3 0 0 0 11 123 Low None 22 6 5 2 2 0 0 0 5 42 Low Low 382 34 28 23 8 0 2 0 51 528 Low Fair 372 38 48 26 6 1 7 0 102 600 Fair None 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Fair Low 48 3 2 0 1 0 0 0 9 63 Fair Fair 187 16 9 10 4 0 0 0 32 258 High None 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 High Low 9 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 14 High Fair 59 3 6 3 0 0 0 0 9 80 High High 174 21 14 9 7 0 0 0 23 248 Total 6798 779 639 368 176 4 80 40 1451 10335

7 c) Mammalia

Demographic Species Knowledge Index Mortality Fertility LC NT VU EN CR EW EX DD NE Total None None 754 93 160 177 73 0 43 393 295 1988 None Low 514 44 57 35 12 0 5 63 81 811 None Fair 128 14 9 20 5 0 1 9 24 210 Low None 100 12 23 12 5 0 2 23 22 199 Low Low 329 36 55 31 12 0 5 40 47 555 Low Fair 872 92 144 134 54 2 6 71 168 1543 Fair None 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fair Low 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Fair Fair 34 5 8 6 0 0 0 0 6 59 High None 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 High Low 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 High Fair 60 5 5 4 3 0 0 0 5 82 High High 81 9 18 11 5 0 0 1 12 137 Total 2872 311 479 431 169 2 62 600 660 5586 d) Amphibia

Demographic Species Knowledge Index Mortality Fertility LC NT VU EN CR EW EX DD NE Total None None 1758 276 481 666 434 1 11 1195 810 5632 None Low 390 26 28 46 14 0 1 7 40 552 None Fair 11 3 3 2 0 0 0 0 1 20 Low None 20 2 4 2 1 1 0 0 1 31 Low Low 23 6 1 1 2 0 0 0 4 37 Low Fair 32 3 0 2 1 0 0 0 2 40 Fair None 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fair Low 20 4 7 7 1 0 0 2 1 42 Fair Fair 54 8 5 1 1 0 0 0 3 72 High None 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 High Low 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 High Fair 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 High High 6 1 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 10 Total 2315 329 531 727 456 2 12 1204 862 6438 See main manuscript methods section on measures of demographic knowledge for further

information about the Demographic Species Knowledge Index (D-SKI).

8 Table S2. Number of species that have information on the eight demographic measures in the 22 databases (DB) analyzed. In parenthesis we show the number of species that are in the Species360’s zoo and aquarium network that can help to close the knowledge gap for each demographic measure. For the threatened categories we included CR, VU, EN, and EW; in the non-threatened categories we included the LC, NT, and DD species from the IUCN Red List.

Reptilia Mammalia Aves Amphibia

% of % of # Non- % of % of # # Non- # # # Non- # # Non- species in species in threatened species in species in Demographic Threatened threatened Threatened Threatened threatened Threatened threatened in the 22 the 22 DB the 22 DB the 22 DB measure DB Fertility Age at first 1117 123 (121) 634 (546) 7.7 (6.8) 426 (44) 1545 (165) 35.7 (3.8) 155 (171) 12.4 (16.3) 35 (80) 164 (231) 3.1 (4.8) reproduction (1502) Inter-litter/Inter- 12 (185) 50 (820) 0.6 (10.3) 283 (94) 878 (317) 21.0 (7.4) 20 (236) 55 (2092) 0.7 (22.7) 1 (91) 1 (323) 0 (6.4) birth interval Litter/Clutch size 392 (38) 2946 (129) 34.2 (1.7) 616 (24) 2731 (35) 60.6 (1.1) 597 (33) 6038 (237) 64.7 (2.6) 105 (71) 605 (149) 11.0 (3.4) Proportion of reproductive 0 (193) 0 (849) 0 (10.7) 0 (248) 0 (734) 0 (17.8) 6 (240) 38 (2103) 0.4 (22.8) 0 (91) 0 (324) 0 (6.5) females Recruitment 0 (193) 0 (849) 0 (10.7) 0 (248) 0 (734) 0 (17.8) 3 (242) 19 (2116) 0.2 (23.0) 0 (91) 0 (324) 0 (6.5) Mortality/Survival Maximum recorded 1438 199 (84) 1229 (303) 14.6 (4.0) 531 (11) 2028 (31) 46.3 (0.8) 194 (141) 15.9 (14.1) 39 (73) 187 (208) 3.5 (4.4) lifespan (1306) Mean age of (adult) 0 (193) 0 (849) 0 (10.7) 0 (248) 0 (734) 0 (17.8) 0 (243) 0 (2126) 0 (23.1) 22 (85) 92 (273) 1.8 (5.6) population Crude mortality 22 (177) 81 (800) 1.1 (10.0) 49 (213) 187 (595) 4.3 (14.6) 72 (217) 736 (1725) 7.9 (18.9) 2 (91) 20 (305) 0.3 (6.2)

9

Table S3. Number of species by taxonomic class indicating the origin (captive, wild or/and unknown) of the information reported in the 22 databases

(as shown in SI Appendix, Fig. S5). A single species may have data from populations of different origins.

Demographic measure Origin/Number of Species Reptilia Mammalia Fertility Wild Captive Unknown Wild Captive Unknown Age at first reproduction 18 1 758 808 42 1910 Inter-litter/Inter-birth interval - - 62 402 10 1117 Litter/Clutch size - - 3340 1970 31 3038 Proportion of reproductive females ------Recruitment ------Age- or stage-specific fertility rates 32 1 6 131 6 6 Mortality/Survival Maximum recorded lifespan 176 957 896 399 953 2536 Mean age of (adult) population ------Crude mortality 55 - 72 190 12 105 Age- or stage-specific death rates 33 1 6 205 31 9

Aves Amphibia Fertility Wild Captive Unknown Wild Captive Unknown Age at first reproduction 396 - 1247 - - 199 Inter-litter/Inter-birth interval - - 75 - - 2 Litter/Clutch size 443 - 6646 - - 711 Proportion of reproductive females 44 - - - - - Recruitment 22 - - - - - Age- or stage-specific fertility rates 243 7 10 10 0 0 Mortality/Survival Maximum recorded lifespan 882 325 1586 26 123 110 Mean age of (adult) population - - - - - 114 Recruitment 804 - 31 6 1 21 Age- or stage-specific death rates 331 15 11 11 1 0

10