Timothy Colston Biological Science Harnessing NGS Technologies to Understand Biological Diversification: From Microbes to Macroevolutionary Patterns [email protected] Biodiversity @maddreptiles

Source: International Conference on Biodiversity Motivation & Tools –Molecular [email protected] @maddreptiles (NGS) [email protected] Biodiversity @maddreptiles

Source: International Conference on Biodiversity [email protected] Biodiversity @maddreptiles [email protected] Biodiversity –the “microbiome” @maddreptiles

NGS Sequencing [email protected] Biodiversity –the “microbiome” @maddreptiles

NGS Sequencing [email protected] Biodiversity –the “microbiome” @maddreptiles

• Plants and Animals are “metagenomic organisms” – Co‐evolution • Host‐associated microbial cells ~ 10X number of host cells – Fitness/Selection – Heritable

by Gaby D'Allesandro / © AMNH [email protected] Biodiversity –the “microbiome” @maddreptiles

• Plants and Animals are “metagenomic organisms” – Co‐evolution • Host‐associated microbial genes > 10X number of host cells – Fitness/Selection – Heritable

by Gaby D'Allesandro / © AMNH [email protected] Biodiversity –the “microbiome” @maddreptiles

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Colston, T.J. & Jackson, C.R. (2016) Molecular Ecology @maddreptiles [email protected] spp

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*390 The [email protected] Reptile Tree of Life @maddreptiles

Tonini et al. 2016 [email protected] Reptile Tree of Life – NGS Solutions @maddreptiles

• Museum collections • Next generation phylogenetics • 1000’s of genes [email protected] Reptile Tree of Life – NGS Solutions @maddreptiles

Diplodactylidae Oedura marmorata R37277 Diplodactylidae Oedura luritja CCM5974 Diplodactylidae Hesperoedura reticulata SAMAR23034 Diplodactylidae Nebulifera robusta ABTC3938 Diplodactylidae Amalosia lesueurii SAMAR50436 Diplodactylidae Amalosia rhombifer NTMR22764 Diplodactylidae Strophurus elderi UMMZ 244257 st elde Diplodactylidae Strophurus wellingtonae CUMV 14279 St w ell Diplodactylidae Strophurus ciliaris CUMV 14298 St cili DiplodactylidaeNA Homo sapiens Diplodactylus hg38 granariensis UMMZ 244229 di gran Sphenodontidae Sphenodon tuatara UMFS−10956c Diplodactylidae Diplodactylus pulcher UMMZ 244232 di pulc Sphenodontidae Sphenodon punctatus ISIS373002 Diplodactylidae Diplodactylus conspicillatus CUMV 14335 Di cons NA Gallus gallus galGal5 Diplodactylidae Rhynchoedura ornata UMMZ 244254 rh orna NA Taeniopygia guttataDiplodactylidae taeGut2 Lucasium maini WAMR 151225 Lu main NA Alligator mississippiensis allMis1 Diplodactylidae Lucasium stenodactylum UMMZ 242582 Lu sten NA Chrysemys picta chrPic1 Diplodactylidae Lucasium squarrosum UMMZ 244237 di squa NA Pelomedusa subrufa H20145aSphaerodactylidae Aristelliger expectatus MCZ Herp R190704 SphaerodactylidaeEublepharidae Aristelliger Coleonyx hechti switaki MVZ HerpMVZ Herp193268 189994 EublepharidaeSphaerodactylidae Coleonyx variegatus Pseudogonatodes UMMZ 200325 guianensis UMMZ 245019 SphaerodactylidaePygopodidae Sphaerodactylus Delma ruibali tincta MCZ UMMZ Herp 242601 R189900 De tinc SphaerodactylidaePygopodidae Coleodactylus Delma butleri merUMMZ idionalis 244261 GRCOLLI22107 de butl SphaerodactylidaePygopodidae Lialis Coleodactylus burtonis UMMZ brachystoma 244266 CHUNB58532li burt SphaerodactylidaePygopodidae Gonatodes Pygopus eladioi nigriceps LJVITT09845 CUMV 14267 Py nigr SphaerodactylidaePygopodidae Gonatodes Aprasia hasemani repens WAMR168645 UMMZ 245015 SphaerodactylidaePygopodidae Gonatodes Aprasia albogularis pseudopulchella AEH003 SAMAR46279 SphaerodactylidaeCarphodactylidae Gonatodes 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Gekkonidae Cnemaspis spinicollis MVZ Her p 252459 Gekkonidae Ptenopus garrulus MVZ Herp 226810 Gekkonidae Lygodactylus picturatus CAS 214833 Gekkonidae Lygodactylus klugei CHUNB56575 Gekkonidae Lygodactylus wetzeli CHUNB44780 Gekkonidae Cnemaspis psychedelica LSUHC9244 Gekkonidae Gekko gecko SDSU3896 Gekkonidae Lepidodactylus lugubris UMMZ 244059 Gekkonidae Lepidodactylus manni ABTC32753 Gekkonidae Lepidodactylus magnus ABTC50585 Gekkonidae Nactus pelagicus ABTC136842 Gekkonidae Nactus cheverti SAMAR55841 Gekkonidae Nactus kunan ABTC136604 Gekkonidae Dixonius siamensis SAMAR54799 GekkonidaeGekkonidae Heteronotia Heteronotia binoei planiceps UMMZ CCM1823 244243 he bino Gekkonidae Heteronotia spelea WAM R160145 Gekkonidae Cyrtodactylus tuberculatus QMJ60620 Gekkonidae Cyrtodactylus brevipalmatus CAS 229794 Gekkonidae Hemidactylus aquilonius CAS 208455 Gekkonidae Hemidactylus thayene CAS 213320 Gekkonidae Hemidactylus frenatus SAMAR55834 Gekkonidae Hemidactylus kamdemtohami MCZ Her p 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UMMZScincidae 244408 Morethia ti occi ruficauda UMMZ 244401 mo rufi Scincidae Trachylepis quinquetaeniataScincidae Morethia UMMZ lineoocellata 227725 UMMZ 244393 mo line Scincidae Mabuya spScincidae UMMZ 238155 Pseudemoia entrecasteauxii NMVD59883 Scincidae Manciola ScincidaeguaporicolaScincidae Niveoscincus NiveoscincusCHUNB10472 ocellatus coventryi SAMAR51652 NMVD60521 Scincidae Aspronema dorsivittatumScincidae Harrisoniascincus CHUNB36266 zia ABTC100626 Scincidae Marisora unimarginataScincidae CWL615Anepischetosia maccoyi NMVD62105 Scincidae Brasiliscincus agilisScincidae CHUNB40588 Lampropholis coggeri CONX5113 Scincidae Brasiliscincus heathiScincidae CN1637 Lampropholis mirabilis CCM008 Scincidae CopeoglossumScincidae arajara CHUNB64621 Saproscincus spectabilis ND246 Scincidae Copeoglossum nigropunctatumScincidae Saproscincus CHUNB51999 tetradactylus SEW7669 Scincidae NotomabuyaVarzea bistriata frenata CHUNB09350Scincidae GRCOLLI26598 Saproscincus lewisi SEW6684 Scincidae 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228522 Lacertidae Eremias lineolata CAS 228805 Bipedidae Bipes canaliculatus UMMZ Bipes canaliculatus Bipedidae Bipes biporus MVZ236256 Amphisbaenidae Monopeltis guenther i USNM576222 Amphisbaenidae Amphisbaena microcephalum CHUNB49451 Amphisbaenidae Amphisbaena polystegum LJVITT09244 Amphisbaenidae Amphisbaena infraorbitale LJVITT10237 Amphisbaenidae Amphisbaena cuiabana TMOTT204 Amphisbaenidae Amphisbaena arenaria CHUNB56884 Amphisbaenidae Amphisbaena mensae CHUNB38468 Amphisbaenidae Amphisbaena anaemariae CHUNB38647 Amphisbaenidae Amphisbaena crisae GRCOLLI20644 Amphisbaenidae Amphisbaena silvestrii GRCOLLI22397 Amphisbaenidae Amphisbaena mer tensii TMOTT130 Amphisbaenidae Amphisbaena ridleyi GRCOLLI06458 Amphisbaenidae Amphisbaena gonavensis MCZ Herp R184640 Amphisbaenidae Amphisbaena bilabialata GRCOLLI22387 Amphisbaenidae Amphisbaena brasiliana TMOTT241 Amphisbaenidae Amphisbaena kraoh CHUNB30676 Amphisbaenidae Amphisbaena bedai CHUNB52389 Amphisbaenidae Amphisbaena vermicularis CHUNB57520 Amphisbaenidae Amphisbaena camura TMOTT028 Amphisbaenidae Amphisbaena alba CHUNB52145 Alopoglossidae Ptychoglossus brevifrontalis UMMZ 245044 Teiidae Teius oculatusAlopoglossidae I0874 Teius Alopoglossus oculatus angulatus CHUNB18599 Teiidae ContomastixAlopoglossidae serrana LJVMM4517 Ptychoglossus plicatus MVZ Her p 207360 Teiidae ContomastixGymnophthalmidae vacariensis CHUNB51432 Dryadosaura nordestina CHUNB56711 Teiidae Glaucomastix Gymnophthalmidaelittoralis CHUNB42582 Arthrosaura reticulata GRCOLLI14421 Teiidae Glaucomastix abaetensisGymnophthalmidae CHUNB47668 Loxopholis osvaldoi CHUNB56842 TeiidaeGymnophthalmidae Ameivula jalapensis Neusticurus CHUNB41169 bicarinatus CHUNB57190 Teiidae AmeivulaGymnophthalmidae ocellifera CHUNB37333 Pholidobolus macbr ydei CAS228621 Teiidae AmeivulaGymnophthalmidae mumbuca CHUNB52160 Potamites ecpleopus CHUNB38613 Teiidae Pholidoscelis auberiGymnophthalmidae SBH172879 Cercosaura argula UMMZ 245035 Teiidae Pholidoscelis dorsalisGymnophthalmidae SBH194921 Cercosaura schreibersii CHUNB50667 Teiidae Pholidoscelis chrysolaemaGymnophthalmidae SBH194588 Cercosaura ocellata PHV1022 Teiidae Pholidoscelis taeniuraGymnophthalmidae SBH104391 Cercosaura eigenmanni CHUNB18028 Teiidae Pholidoscelis maynardiGymnophthalmidae SBH192970 Bachia bresslaui CHUNB74029 Teiidae PholidoscelisGymnophthalmidae lineolata SBH194700 Bachia flavescens CHUNB40056 Teiidae Pholidoscelis exsul SBH190726Gymnophthalmidae Bachia trisanale UMMZ 245034 Teiidae PholidoscelisGymnophthalmidae wetmorei SBH190731 Bachia dorbignyi UMMZ 245033 Teiidae Pholidoscelis erythrocephalafuscata GymnophthalmidaeSBH194215 SBH172686 Colobosaura modesta GRCOLLI26643 Teiidae Pholidoscelis griswoldiGymnophthalmidae SBH192785 Iphisa elegans GRCOLLI06954 Teiidae Pholidoscelis pluvianotata SBH192779Gymnophthalmidae Tretioscincus oriximinensis CHUNB32340 Teiidae Pholidoscelis plei SBH266002Gymnophthalmidae Vanzosaura rubricauda CHUNB37303 Teiidae Pholidoscelis corvina SBH269165Gymnophthalmidae Procellosaurinus erythrocercus CHUNB58334 Teiidae Pholidoscelis corax SBH266428Gymnophthalmidae Micrablepharus atticolus GRCOLLI05508 Teiidae Holcosus undulatus FN253909Gymnophthalmidae Micrablepharus maximiliani CHUNB52077 Teiidae CallopistesTeiidae Holcosus maculatus leptophrys MVZHer p233271MVZHerp149848 Teiidae CallopistesTeiidae Holcosus flavipunctatus septemlineatus LGG0003 KU218388 Teiidae SalvatorTeiidae merianae Holcosus I0463 quadrilineatus Salvator merianaeGDC2260 Teiidae TeiidaeDracaena Holcosus guianensis festivus CHUNB15199 HERPET156390 Teiidae CrocodilurusTeiidae Aspidoscelis amazonicus motaguae CHUNB32614 MVZ Herp 264331 Teiidae TupinambisTeiidae Aspidoscelis quadrilineatus deppii CHUNB00461 FN253940 TeiidaeTeiidae Tupinambis Aspidoscelis cryptus opatae USGSTEGU AMNH R148254 TeiidaeTeiidae Tupinambis Aspidoscelis teguixin tesselata MVZ247605 AMNH R148360 TeiidaeTeiidae Dicrodon Aspidoscelis heterolepis tigris SDSU4350 MUSM26148 TeiidaeTeiidae Medopheos Dicrodon edracanthus guttulatum I0872 AGC321 Dicrodon guttulatum TeiidaeTeiidae Ameiva Teius suquiensis ameiva CHUNB51185 LJAMM−CNP13995 Teiidae Ameiva parecis GRCOLLI04330 Teiidae Cnemidophorus murinus CHUNB53309 Teiidae Cnemidophorus gramivagus GRCOLLI00504 Teiidae Cnemidophorus cryptus GRCOLLI25919 Teiidae Cnemidophorus lemniscatus CHUNB1461 Teiidae Kentropyx striata CHUNB30831 Teiidae Kentropyx calcarata CHUNB51969 Teiidae Kentropyx pelviceps UMMZ 245041 Teiidae Kentropyx altamazonica CHUNB11420 Teiidae Kentropyx vanzoi GRCOLLI21749 Teiidae Kentropyx paulensis CHUNB52366 Teiidae Kentropyx sp CHUNB41299 Teiidae Kentropyx viridistriga I0871 Kentropyx viridistriga Shinisauridae Shinisaurus crocodilurus UMFS 10293 VaranidaeLanthanotidae Varanus griseus Lanthanotus UMMZ borneensis 240786 ISIS 393113 Varanidae Varanus niloticus CAS 207622 Varanidae Varanus albigularis UMMZ 227962 VaranidaeVaranidae Varanus Varanus prasinus indicus AMSR124774 UMFS 51525 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Contia tenuis UMFSColubridae 7743 Ninia maculata MVZ Herp 204122 Colubridae Heterodon platirhinosColubridae UMMZ Sibynomorphus 210085 mikanii CHUNB52075 Colubridae Diadophis punctatusColubridae UMMZ 202038 Dipsas catesbyi CHUNB40089 Colubridae Carphophis amoenusColubridae UMMZ 209970Dipsas bucephala GRCOLLI25659 Colubridae Farancia abacuraColubridae UMMZ 205023 Dipsas indica UMFS 23001 Colubridae Synophis Colubridaecalamitus KU197107 Tropidodipsas fischeri MVZ Herp 143527 Colubridae Rhadinella montecristiColubridae KU291245 Tropidodipsas fasciata TJC666 Colubridae Rhadinella godmaniColubridae KU291133 Sibon longifrenis MVZ Herp 215681 Colubridae LeptodeiraColubridae annulata SibonLJVITT09836 anthracops MVZ Herp 215680 Colubridae ImantodesColubridae lentiferus Sibon UMFS annulatus 23131 MVZ Herp 269290 Colubridae ImantodesColubridae tenuissimus Sibon TJCA13 merendonensis MVZ Her p 263880 Colubridae ImantodesColubridae cenchoa Thamnodynastes UMMZ 245056 hypoconia CHUNB61133 Colubridae ConiophanesColubridae imperialisThamnodynastes TJC933 rutilus CHUNB40670 Colubridae ConiophanesColubridae Pseudoeryxschmidti TJC781 plicatilis CHUNB53039 Colubridae ConiophanesColubridae Hydropspiceivittis triangularis MVZ Her p UMMZ263775 209971 Colubridae PliocercusColubridae euryzonus Helicops MVZ trivittatus Herp 215696CHUNB45364 Colubridae RhadinaeaColubridae flavilata Helicops UMMZ angulatus 205993 UMMZ 209972 Colubridae RhadinaeaColubridae pulveriventris Helicops leopardinus MVZ Herp 204129GRCOLLI25255 Colubridae RhadinaeaColubridae taeniata Helicops MVZ Herppictiventris 144487 UMMZ 205992 Colubridae TretanorhinusColubridae nigroluteus Helicops modestusMVZ Herp CHUNB38641 263860 Colubridae AdelphicosColubridae veraepacis Helicops MVZ carinicaudus Herp 264310 CHUNB71348 ColubridaeColubridae Geophis brachycephalusXenopholis undulatus MVZ Herp CHUNB71690 149887 Colubridae ColubridaeGeophis hoffmanni Xenopholis MVZ sp Herp RAB 20410500150 Colubridae ColubridaeGeophis zeledoni Xenopholis MVZ scalaris Herp 149886 UMMZ 245078 ColubridaeColubridae Atractus Hydrodynastes pantostictus CHUNB62578 bicinctus CHUNB38982 ColubridaeColubridae Atractus Siphlophiselaps RAB compressus00141 CHUNB56716 ColubridaeColubridae Atractus Oxyrhopussp RAB 00465 formosus RAB 00421 Colubridae Oxyrhopus occipitalis BPN3573 Colubridae Oxyrhopus petolarius UMMZ 245072 Colubridae Oxyrhopus trigeminus CHUNB32133 Colubridae Oxyrhopus rhombifer CHUNB56895 Colubridae Oxyrhopus melanogenys UMMZ 245065 Colubridae Oxyrhopus guibei CHUNB45390 Colubridae Rodriguesophis iglesiasi CHUNB52066 Colubridae Phimophis guerini CHUNB52151 Colubridae Drepanoides anomalus CHUNB40090 Colubridae Clelia plumbea CHUNB64757 Colubridae Mussurana quimi CHUNB41755 Colubridae Boiruna sertaneja CHUNB51135 ColubridaeColubridae Pseudoboa Pseudoboa coronata nigra CHUNB52149 CHUNB73992 Colubridae Pseudoboa neuwiedii CHUNB52134 Colubridae Taeniophallus occipitalis GRCOLLI26711 ColubridaeColubridae Phalotris Phalotris nasutus matogrossensis CHUNB50862 GRCOLLI24637 Colubridae Apostolepis phillipsae GRCOLLI25663 Colubridae Apostolepis albicollaris CHUNB51429 Colubridae Apostolepis polylepis CHUNB32061 Colubridae Apostolepis ammodites CHUNB62399 Colubridae Apostolepis cearensis CHUNB52060 Colubridae Apostolepis assimilis CHUNB69387 Colubridae Apostolepis flavotorquata CHUNB50311 Colubridae Philodryas argentea CHUNB47072 Colubridae Philodryas olfersii CHUNB52116 Colubridae Philodryas nattereri CHUNB52154 Colubridae Philodryas aestiva CHUNB50793 Colubridae Philodryas patagoniensis CHUNB56862 Colubridae Philodryas psammophidea CHUNB63649 Colubridae Philodryas agassizii CHUNB52406 Colubridae Psomophis joberti CHUNB52071 Colubridae Psomophis genimaculatus CHUNB65027 Colubridae Borikenophis portoricensis FK 2439 Colubridae Ahaetulla pulverulentaColubridae RS Magliophis− exiguum UMMZ 205022 Colubridae Chrysopelea taprobanicaColubridae RAP0538 Lygophis meridionalis LJVITT10291 Colubridae Chrysopelea pelias HERP8135Colubridae Lygophis dilepis CHUNB36556 Colubridae Chrysopelea ornata RAP0433Colubridae Lygophis paucidens GRCOLLI26916 Colubridae Dendrelaphis caudolineatusColubridae FK 2719 Xenodon nattereri GRCOLLI26234 Colubridae Dendrelaphis schokari RAP0477Colubridae Xenodon rabdocephalus CHUNB68346 Colubridae Dendrelaphis subocularisColubridae CAS 214028 Xenodon merremii CHUNB52144 Colubridae Dendrelaphis tristis RAP0492Colubridae Erythrolamprus maryellenae ERAB3001 Colubridae Dendrelaphis bifrenalis RAP0455Colubridae Erythrolamprus almadensis CHUNB52056 Colubridae Dendrelaphis formosus CASColubridae 247798 Erythrolamprus aesculapii CHUNB51438 Colubridae Dendrelaphis gastrostictusColubridae UMMZ 242522 Erythrolamprus ocellatus CAS 245326 Colubridae Dendrelaphis calligaster UMMZColubridae 242524 Erythrolamprus poecilogyrus GRCOLLI23352 Colubridae Dendrelaphis punctulatusColubridae UMMZ 244036 Erythrolamprus typhlus GRCOLLI22519 Colubridae Dendrelaphis cyanochlorisColubridae CAS 221428 Erythrolamprus taeniogaster UMMZ 245064 Colubridae Dendrelaphis kopsteini HERP8136Colubridae Erythrolamprus mossoroensis CHUNB69462 Colubridae Dendrelaphis walli CAS 208429Colubridae Erythrolamprus longiventris CHUNB41104 Colubridae Dendrelaphis striatus CASColubridae 247462 Erythrolamprus reginae UMMZ 245062 Colubridae Gonyosoma oxycephalum I0093Colubridae Liophis sp UMMZ 245061 Colubridae Gonyosoma prasinum FTB2241Colubridae Liophis sp RAB 00226 Colubridae Gonyosoma frenatumColubridae UMMZ Scaphiodontophis 225401 venustissimus MVZ Herp 233297 Colubridae Gonyosoma boulengeriColubridae FTB2307 Sibynophis subpunctatus RAP0491 Colubridae Meizodon coronatusColubridae MVZ Sibynophis Herp 245377 bistrigatus CAS214081 Colubridae RhynchocalamusColubridae melanocephalus Grayia ornata CAS MCZ188643 228723 Colubridae SpalerosophisColubridae arenarius Grayia MVZ smithii Herp MCZ182627248464 Colubridae Hemorrhois hippocrepisColubridae FTB2908 Pseudorabdion taylori KU327215 Colubridae Lytorhynchus ridgewayiColubridae CAS 228566 Calamaria septentrionalis UMMZ 209973 Colubridae Lytorhynchus maynardiColubridae MVZ HerpCalamaria 248463 pavimentata CAS235364 Colubridae Hapsidophrys lineatusColubridae FTB2479 Calamaria lumbricoidea KU309920 Colubridae Philothamnus irregularisColubridae CAS Calamaria168967 gervaisii KU324645 Colubridae Philothamnus macropsColubridae CAS 168833 Calamaria bitorques KU322328 Colubridae ThrasopsColubridae flavigularis Dryophiops MVZ Herp philippina 253440 KU315167 Colubridae RhamnophisColubridae aethiopissa Ahaetulla MVZ nasutaHer p 245384 RAP0517 Colubridae Dispholidus typus SMG 5515 C Colubridae Thelotornis kirtlandii MVZ Herp 252602 Colubridae Dryocalamus nympha RAP0536 Colubridae Stegonotus muelleri KU310178 Colubridae Stegonotus cucullatus SAMAR22597 Colubridae Stegonotus guentheri UMMZ 242526 Colubridae Lycodon osmanhilli RAP0528 Colubridae Lycodon carinatus RAP0447 Colubridae Lycodon subcinctus FK 2774 Colubridae Lycodon rufozonatus UMMZ 190601 Colubridae Lycodon gongshan CAS 241963 Colubridae Dasypeltis abyssina TJC1354 Colubridae Telescopus semiannulatus MCZ38506 Colubridae Telescopus beetzi MCZ Herp R184986 Colubridae Crotaphopeltis hippocrepis HERP5542 Colubridae Dipsadoboa underwoodi CAS 254592 Colubridae Dipsadoboa weileri MVZ Herp 253208 Colubridae Dipsadoboa duchesnii CAS 197901 Colubridae Dipsadoboa brevirostris MVZ Herp 245373 Colubridae Boiga quincunciata CAS 221434 Colubridae Boiga beddomei RAP0450 Colubridae Boiga ceylonensis RS−Y Colubridae Boiga ochracea CAS 205002 Colubridae Boiga trigonata RS−143 Colubridae Boiga drapiezii CAS 247770 Colubridae Boiga irregularis UMMZ 242520 Colubridae Boiga siamensis CAS 215635 Colubridae Boiga forsteni RAP0540 ColubridaeColubridae Boiga Coronella cyanea austriaca CAS 210222 FTB2891 ColubridaeColubridae Boiga Zamenis dendrophila scalaris FTB2917UMMZ 201906 ColubridaeColubridae Coelognathus Zamenis persicus helena I0151 FTB2924 ColubridaeColubridae Coelognathus Zamenis situla radiatus I0152 I0074 ColubridaeColubridae Coelognathus Zamenis lineatus erythrurus I0149 FTB2236 ColubridaeColubridae Coelognathus Zamenis longissimus subradiatus FTB2895 I0071 ColubridaeColubridae Coelognathus Senticolis triaspisflavolineatus FTB2910 UMMZ 201910 ColubridaeColubridae Bogertophis Oligodon waandersi rosaliae MVZFTB2881 Herp 268499 ColubridaeColubridae Bogertophis Oligodon arnensissubocularis RAP0483 FTB2882 ColubridaeColubridae Pituophis Oligodon lineaticollis taeniolatus FTB2878 RS−136 ColubridaeColubridae Pituophis Oligodon deppei calamarius FTB2886 RS−OC ColubridaeColubridae Pituophis Oligodon ruthveni sublineatus I0139 63RAP0504 ColubridaeColubridae OligodonPituophis catenatusmelanoleucus FMNH255565 UMFS 11511 ColubridaeColubridae Pituophis Oligodon catenifer dorsalis ICAS−13525 233295 Colubridae PantherophisOligodon mcdougalli vulpinus CAS UMFS 221086 10145 ColubridaeColubridae Pantherophis Oligodon octolineatus ramspotti FTB2945 UMMZ 201913 ColubridaeColubridae Pantherophis Oligodon albocinctus spiloides FTB622CAS 216636 ColubridaeColubridae Euprepiophis Pantherophis mandarinus bairdi FTB2817FTB2915 ColubridaeColubridae Euprepiophis Pantherophis perlacea obsoletus FTB2871 FTB2167 ColubridaeColubridae Euprepiophis Pantherophis conspicillata guttatus FTB2901 UMMZ 200304 ColubridaeColubridae Orthriophis Pantherophis moellendorffi emoryi FTB2304 FTB2271 ColubridaeColubridae Orthriophis Pantherophis hodgsoni slowinskii FTB2827 FTB2923 ColubridaeColubridae Orthriophis Rhinocheilus cantoris lecontei I0122 FTB1948 ColubridaeColubridae Elaphe Arizona quatuorlineata elegans FTB2889 UMMZ 200299 ColubridaeColubridae Elaphe Cemophora dione FTB2239 coccinea DBS45 ColubridaeColubridae Elaphe Lampropeltis bimaculata FTB2806calligaster FTB2894 ColubridaeColubridae Elaphe Lampropeltis davidi FTB2301 extenuata FTB1193 ColubridaeColubridae Elaphe Lampropeltis quadrivirgata nigra FTB2914 FTB1775 ColubridaeColubridae Elaphe Lampropeltis carinata FTB2818 holbrooki FTB1383 ColubridaeColubridae Elaphe Lampropeltis climacophora splendida FTB2913 FTB1554 ColubridaeColubridae Elaphe Lampropeltis anomala FTB2828 californiae FTB1461 ColubridaeColubridae Elaphe Lampropeltis schrenckii FTB2830elapsoides FTB1756 ColubridaeColubridae Oocatochus Lampropeltis rufodorsatus webbi FTB1560 I0119 ColubridaeColubridae Coronella Lampropeltis girondica ruthveniFTB2884 RB2 Colubridae Lampropeltis mexicana RB3 Colubridae Lampropeltis alter na FTB1567 Colubridae Lampropeltis zonata FTB2775 Colubridae Lampropeltis knoblochi FTB2244 Colubridae Lampropeltis pyromelana FTB2070 Colubridae Liopeltis frenatus CAS 225548 Colubridae Liopeltis stoliczkae FMNH259193 Colubridae Liopeltis tricolor UMMZ 201912 Colubridae Ptyas nigromarginata CAS 215105 Colubridae Ptyas mucosa CAS208434 Colubridae Ptyas dipsas MVZ Herp 253587 Colubridae Symphimus leucostomus MVZ175960 Colubridae Opheodrys vernalis UMMZ 239370 Colubridae Opheodrys aestivus TJC160 Colubridae Drymobius margaritiferus TJC1190 Colubridae Dendrophidion dendrophis CHUNB40088 Colubridae Drymobius chloroticus MVZ Herp 263379 Colubridae Drymobius rhombifer UMMZ 245052 Colubridae Drymobius sp CHUNB47090 Colubridae Leptophis depressirostris FN253772 Colubridae Leptophis mexicanus TJC1023 Colubridae Leptophis ahaetulla CHUNB40092 Colubridae Oxybelis aeneus CHUNB52413 Colubridae Oxybelis wilsoni FN253879 Colubridae Oxybelis fulgidus GRCOLLI26736 Colubridae Chironius scurrulus TJC1166 Colubridae Chironius fuscus CHUNB68954 Colubridae Chironius monticola TJC1654 Colubridae Chironius flavolineatus CHUNB40091 Colubridae Chironius multiventris UMMZ 245049 Colubridae Chironius laurenti CHUNB50782 Colubridae Chironius quadricarinatus GRCOLLI25680 Colubridae Chironius carinatus GRCOLLI26431 ColubridaeColubridae Spilotes Chironius sp exoletusCHUNB44202 GRCOLLI26131 Colubridae Phrynonax poecilonotus TJC285 Colubridae Spilotes sulphureus CHUNB73444 Colubridae Phrynonax poecilonotus CHUNB71126 Colubridae Drymarchon corais RAB 00246 Colubridae Drymarchon melanurus TJC1029 Colubridae Rhinobothryum lentiginosum CHUNB47086 Colubridae Leptodrymus pulcherrimus FN256061 Colubridae Mastigodryas bifossatus CHUNB59040 Colubridae Simophis rhinostoma CHUNB50247 Colubridae Drymoluber dichrous RAB 00524 Colubridae Mastigodryas dorsalis MVZ Herp 263776 Colubridae Mastigodryas dorsalis KU289864 Colubridae Mastigodryas melanolomus TJC971 Colubridae Mastigodryas boddaer ti CHUNB68915 Colubridae Trimorphodon tau MVZ Herp 164978 Colubridae Salvadora intermedia MVZ Herp 164789 Colubridae Coluber bilineatus UMMZ 225436 Colubridae Coluber constrictor UMMZ 240711 ColubridaeColubridae Sonora Ficimia semiannulata publia TJC780 UMMZ 210730 Colubridae Gyalopion canum USNM315524 Colubridae Gyalopion canum COL9 Colubridae Scolecophis atrocinctus UMMZ 209968 Colubridae Tantilla impensa FN253542 Colubridae Tantilla hobartsmithi UMMZ 225397 Colubridae Tantilla coronata FTB2005 Colubridae Tantilla sp Tsp9 Colubridae Tantilla melanocephala CHUNB52118 Colubridae Tantilla vermiformis FN256027 *Collaboration with Pyron, Jetz, Rabosky Colubridae Tantilla armillata FN256487 [email protected] Scales of Biodiversity @maddreptiles

Genotype Phenotype [email protected] Scales of Biodiversity @maddreptiles

Genotype Phenotype