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Answers Research Journal 8 (2015):171–186. www.answersingenesis.org/arj/v8/lizard-kinds-order-squamata.pdf $Q,QLWLDO(VWLPDWLRQRIWKH1XPEHUVDQG,GHQWLÀFDWLRQRI Extant Non-/Non-Amphisbaenian Kinds:

Tom Hennigan, Truett-McConnell College, Cleveland, Georgia.

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,QWURGXFWLRQ today may change tomorrow, depending on the data Creation research is guided by God’s Word, which and assumptions about that data. For example, LVIRXQGDWLRQDOWRWKHVFLHQWLÀFPRGHOVWKDWDUHEXLOW naturalists assume randomness and universal 7KHELEOLFDODQGVFLHQWLÀFFKDOOHQJHLVWRLQYHVWLJDWH FRPPRQGHVFHQW,QNHHSLQJZLWKWKHVHDVVXPSWLRQV VHYHUDOTXHVWLRQVVXUURXQGLQJZKDWWKHNLQGLVKRZ WKH\ DUH JUDGXDOO\ PRYLQJ DZD\ IURP /LQQDHDQ to recognize it, and the mechanisms involved with KLHUDUFKLHVDQGWRZDUGWKH3K\OR&RGHV\VWHP 9LWW RUJDQLVPDO GLYHUVLÀFDWLRQ %URSK\ DQG .UDPHU DQG &DOGZHOO  SS²  6HH 5RVV   /LJKWQHUHWDO6DQGHUVDQG:LVH for an in-depth discussion regarding taxonomic 7XUQHU:LOOLDPV:LVH:RRG hierarchy assumptions and methodologies within :RRGHWDO:RRGPRUDSSH  /LQQHDQDQGFODGLVWLFV\VWHPV,QFRQWUDVWFUHDWLRQ In previous papers, the current understanding biologists recognize the God of Scripture as the of most herptile systematics was overviewed and &UHDWRU RI DOO ´NLQGVµ DQG DVVXPH ´IRUHVWµ UDWKHU QXPEHUVRINLQGVHVWLPDWHG +HQQLJDQDE WKDQ ´WUHHµ WKLQNLQJ ZKHQ LQWHUSUHWLQJ ELRORJLFDO DE 7KHSXUSRVHRIWKLVSDSHULVWRVXUYH\ GLYHUVLW\DQGGLVSDULW\,QVWHDGRIWKHWUHH RUWUHHV  the current understanding of lizard biosystematics of life that represent evolutionary random processes DQGWD[RQRP\ H[FOXGLQJVQDNHVDQGDPSKLVEDHQDV  and universal , the creationist may DQGXVHDYDLODEOHLQIRUPDWLRQWRPDNHDSUHOLPLQDU\ visualize individual trees in a forest as the originally HVWLPDWHRIWKHLGHQWLÀFDWLRQDQGQXPEHUVRIH[WDQW FUHDWHGNLQGV7KHVHSDUDWLRQRIHDFKWUHHUHSUHVHQWV OL]DUG NLQGV 7KH FRQFOXVLRQV EURXJKW IRUWK ZLOO QR WKH GLVFRQWLQXLW\ EHWZHHQ NLQGV DQG WKH GHJUHH RI doubt change with future data as our understanding EUDQFKLQJUHSUHVHQWVWKHGLYHUVLÀFDWLRQRIWKDWNLQG of creation biosystematics improves. RYHUWLPHVLQFHWKHFUHDWLRQ6SHFLÀFDOO\FUHDWLRQLVWV DUHLQWHUHVWHGLQKRZFUHDWXUHVKDYHGLYHUVLÀHGIURP 7KH6WDWHRI%LRV\VWHPDWLFVDQG7D[RQRP\7RGD\ the originally created baramins and the archetypes Biosystematics is the science of discovering, WKDW OHIW WKH $UN :KLOH DQDWRPLFDO JHQHWLF DQG classifying, and organizing biological diversity. The molecular data will be incorporated in this taxonomic science of identifying taxa and naming organisms analysis, and taxonomic categories will be based on is . There is no universally accepted 8HW]   WKHUH LV QRW HQRXJK NQRZOHGJH DERXW procedure for classifying organisms and currently biochemistry to draw universal conclusions regarding WKHVH GLVFLSOLQHV DUH LQ JUHDW ÁX[ DV UHVHDUFKHUV the biological history and taxonomy of organisms. are placing more importance on accumulating Adding to the complexity, little hybridization data new genetic and molecular data for phylogeny is available and statistical baraminology data has GHYHORSPHQW PXFK LV EHLQJ FKDQJHG DFFRUGLQJO\ RQO\EHHQGRQHIRUDIHZVTXDPDWHWD[D %URSK\DQG Therefore, how organisms are named and organized .UDPHU:RRG 7KHUHIRUHLWLVLPSRUWDQW

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The views expressed are those of the writer(s) and not necessarily those of the Answers Research Journal Editor or of Answers in Genesis. 172 T. Hennigan to consider the following precautions and perspectives. information includes average snout to vent length %DUDPLQRORJLVWVWHQGWRHTXDWHNLQGVZLWKWKHIDPLO\ 69/ RUDYHUDJHWRWDOOHQJWK 7/ DVHVWLPDWHGE\ DQGIRUPDQ\FDVHVZLWKJRRGUHDVRQ :RRG  9LWWDQG&DOGZHOO  $WWLPHVGHVFULSWLRQVPD\ However, we should carefully analyze the structures, EH UHPLQLVFHQW RI D KHUSHWRORJLFDO ÀHOG JXLGH WKH\ behaviors, and physiologies of members of a putative are meant to compare and contrast behaviors and NLQGDQGORRNDWWKHJHQHWLFUHDVRQVZK\DFHUWDLQ processes that may be relevant for distinguishing PHPEHU RI D NLQG GRHVQ·W KDYH FKDUDFWHUV WKDW FRQWLQXLW\DQGGLVFRQWLQXLW\EHWZHHQNLQGV RWKHU PHPEHUV SRVVHVV :LOVRQ   :LWKLQ KLV Trinitarian character God is diverse and we would Infraorder Iguania H[SHFWWKDWKLVFUHDWLRQZRXOGUHÁHFWWKDWGLYHUVLW\ 1. Dragon Lizard Kind—)DPLO\$JDPLGDH³ When we better understand what mechanisms are JHQHUD³VSHFLHV³69/ PP LQ involved in the production of differences, we should be better able to infer whether they are traits produced E\GLUHFWFUHDWLRQSRVW)ORRGGLYHUVLÀFDWLRQWKURXJK XQNQRZQNQRZQGHVLJQHGJHQHWLFPHFKDQLVPVDQG or random mutations.

Suborder Squamata: /HSLGRVDXULGV EDVHG RQ /LQQDHDQ WD[RQRP\ DUH FXUUHQWO\ FODVVLÀHG DFFRUGLQJO\ &ODVV 5HSWLOLD 6XEFODVV'LDSVLGD6XSHURUGHU/HSLGRVDXULDDQGWZR 2UGHUV5K\QFRFHSKDOLD 6XERUGHU6SKHQRGRQWLGD³ WXDWDUDV  DQG 6TXDPDWD ´OL]DUGVµ WKDW DOVR LQFOXGH VQDNHV DQG DPSKLVEDHQDV  6TXDPDWHV have the greatest diversity of all taxa and representatives can be found on all continents except $QWDUFWLFD 8HW]9LWWDQG&DOGZHOOSS ²  Based on evolutionary assumptions, squamates Fig. 1. Agama mwanzae 3KRWRJUDSK &KPHKO KWWS HQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL$JDPLGDH have more than 50 shared-derived traits that include a single, fused premaxillary and single parietals, reduced nasals, no vomerine teeth, specialized wrist DQG DQNOH MRLQWV KRRNHG ÀIWK PHWDWDUVDO SDLUHG FRSXODWRU\ RUJDQV KHPLSHQHV  VDFFXODU RYDULHV vomeronasal organ separated from the nasal FDSVXOH ODFULPDO GXFW MRLQHG WR WKH YRPHURQDVDO duct, femoral and preanal glands, and an egg tooth in KDWFKOLQJV 9LWWDQG&DOGZHOOS 7KRXJK DPSKLVEDHQDVDQGVQDNHVDUHQHVWHGZLWKLQOL]DUGV DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH SKLORVRSKLFDOPDWHULDO QDWXUDOLVW paradigm, I infer from the biblical creation paradigm WKDW WKH\ DUH VHSDUDWH NLQGV DQG WKHUHIRUH QRW related to one another. Any traits in common can also be interpreted as sharing a common Creator, rather Fig. 2. Sitana ponticeriana 3KRWRJUDSK -1 *DUJ than a common ancestor. Therefore, for the rest of KWWSHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL$JDPLGDH WKLV SDSHU OL]DUGV ZLOO UHIHU WR WKH QRQVQDNH DQG Found in Africa, , and , dragon non-amphisbaena members of squamata. OL]DUG JHQHUDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV LQFOXGH SOHXURGRQW $V RI $XJXVW  WKHUH DUH  NQRZQ OL]DUG WHHWK 1RWH ZKLOH PRVW QRQDPSKLVEDHQDQRQ VSHFLHV PDNLQJ WKHP WKH PRVW VSHFLRVH H[WDQW VQDNHOL]DUGFODGHVKDYHSOHXURGRQWWHHWKRUWHHWK UHSWLOHJURXSHYHQZLWKRXWFRQVLGHULQJVQDNHVDQG WKDW FRPH IURP WKH VLGH RI WKH MDZ $JDPLGDH amphisbaenas, with new ones being discovered every DQG &KDPDHOHRQLGDH  KDYH DFURGRQW WHHWK ZKLFK \HDU 8HW]  9LWW DQG &DOGZHOO  S  FRQQHFW WR WKH ERQH VXUIDFH  2WKHU GUDJRQ OL]DUG What follows are brief descriptions of each lizard characters include no teeth on the pterygoid bone, JURXS DV SHU 8HW]   WKH HVWLPDWHG NLQGV DV MX[WDSRVHG VFDOHV FRYHU WKH ERG\ GRUVRYHQWUDOO\ WHQWDWLYHO\LGHQWLÀHGDWWKHIDPLO\OHYHODVSHU:RRG DQG LQWUDVSHFLÀF K\EULGV SURGXFLQJ SDUWKHQRJHQLF  /LJKWQHU  DQG5RVV  2WKHU RIIVSULQJ +DUWPDQ*HLVVOHUDQG%|KPH8HW] $Q,QLWLDO(VWLPDWLRQRIWKH1XPEHUVDQG,GHQWLÀFDWLRQRI([WDQW1RQ6QDNH1RQ$PSKLVEDHQLDQ/L]DUG.LQGV 173

 9LWW DQG &DOGZHOO  S ,W KDV EHHQ suggested that some of Phrynocephalus and are viviparous while most are RYLSDURXV 9LWWDQG&DOGZHOOS 9LYLSDULW\ is thought to have evolved from oviparity but some OL]DUGVVXFKDVVNLQNVFDQDOWHUQDWHEHWZHHQELUWK modes depending on environmental conditions +DQGZHUN   $PRQJ WKH PRVW ZHOO NQRZQ members of are the gliding lizards of Draco.

2. Kind³)DPLO\&KDPDHOHRQLGDH³ Fig. 5. Brookesia micra JHQHUD³VSHFLHV³69/ PP LQ 3KRWRJUDSK)*ODZ-.|KOHU 70 7RZQVHQG DQG 0 9HQFHV KWWSFRPPRQV ZLNLPHGLDRUJZLNL)LOH%URRNHVLDBPLFUDBRQBDBPDWFKB KHDGMSJ SUHKHQVLOH WDLOV KHDG FDVTXH ´KHOPHWµ  DURXQG QHFN ]\JRGDFW\ORXVOLNH IHHW IRUPLQJ WZRGLJLWHG PLWWHQOLNH IRUH DQG KLQG IHHW SURMHFWLOH WRQJXHV LQGHSHQGHQWO\ ELQRFXODUOLNH  PRYHDEOH H\HV DQG DELOLW\WRDGMXVWERG\FRORUVZLWKWKHLUHQYLURQPHQWDO VHWWLQJ 8HW]9LWWDQG&DOGZHOOSS²  ,QWUDVSHFLÀFK\EULGVDUHVROGLQWKHSHWWUDGH EXWWKHUHLVOLWWOHLQIRUPDWLRQFRQFHUQLQJLQWHUVSHFLÀF hybridization either in captivity or the wild. Brookesia micra D WLQ\ ´OHDIµ FKDPHOHRQ  PD\ EH RQH RI WKH smallest in the world with lengths as small DVPP LQ  9LWWDQG&DOGZHOOS 

Superfamily Historically, the taxonomy of iguanids has been GLIÀFXOW DQG QRW ZLWKRXW FRQWURYHUV\ )URVW  )URVWDQG(WKHULGJH)URVWHWDO0DFH\ HW DO  6FKXOWH 9DOODGDUHV DQG /DUVRQ   From a baraminological perspective it is important Fig. 3. Bradypodion pumilum 3KRWRJUDSK &KLVZLFN to note that intergeneric hybridization between &KDSKWWSHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL&KDPHOHRQ WKH ODQG LJXDQD Conolophus subcristatus  DQG WKH PDULQH LJXDQD Amblyrhynchus cristatus  minimally connects the two genera into a PRQREDUDPLQ 5DVVPDQQ 7ULOOPLFK DQG 7DXW]  DQGWKHUHIRUHLWLVQRWVXUSULVLQJWKDWLJXDQLG taxonomy and origins has piqued creationist interest +HQQLJDQ  +HQQLJDQ 3XUGRP DQG :RRG  :RRG   :RRG   GLG VWDWLVWLFDO EDUDPLQRORJ\ EDUDPLQLF GLVWDQFH DQG ' 0XOWL 'LPHQVLRQDO 6FDOLQJ DQDO\VLV  RQ GDWD REWDLQHG E\ )URVW DQG (WKHULGJH   DQG )URVW   DQG IRXQG WKDW )URVW·V VXEIDPLOLHV &URWDSK\WLQDH Corytophaninae, Hoplocercinae, Iguaninae, Oplurinae, Phrynosomatinae, Polychrinae, and 7URSLGXULQDH  KDYH VLJQLÀFDQW SRVLWLYH FRUUHODWLRQ Fig. 4. Malagasy giant chameleon. Photograph: Bernard ZLWKHDFKRWKHUDQGVLJQLÀFDQWQHJDWLYHFRUUHODWLRQ Gagnon. KWWSHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL&KDPHOHRQ ZLWKDFURGRQWOL]DUGVZKLFKGHÀQHVWKHJURXSDVD Distributed from the Middle East, Africa, and holobaramin. Wood proposed that Iguanids in Frost’s 0DGDJDVFDUWR,QGLDVRXWKHUQ6SDLQDQG6UL/DQND ELRV\VWHPDWLFV LQFOXGLQJ *DOiSDJRV PHPEHUV RI are unique in many ways. Characters 7URSLGXULGDH HJ ODYD OL]DUGV  DQG WKH ODQG DQG LQFOXGHVWURQJODWHUDOO\FRPSUHVVHGERGLHV PDULQH LJXDQDV  DUH D KROREDUDPLQ DQG FDQ WUDFH 174 T. Hennigan their ancestry from the original pair of iguanids that arboreal niche. Omnivorous, they are active forest GLVSHUVHGIURPWKH$UN ground dwellers and have rapid bipedal running Systemetists that tend to lump taxa would not VSHHG.QRZQDVWKH´-HVXV&KULVWOL]DUGµWKH\FDQ necessarily have a problem with that conclusion, UXQDFURVVZDWHUDWVSHHGVRIPV 1DW*HR  especially since the conclusion was derived by quantitative means. However, there are limits to 4. Collared Lizard Kind³ statistical analysis and one of the most glaring is that )DPLO\&URWDSK\WLGDH³JHQHUD³VSHFLHV³ WKH FKDUDFWHUV WKDW ZHUH DQDO\]HG ZHUH IHZ ZKHQ 69/ PP LQ FRPSDUHGWRWKHWRWDOQXPEHURISRVVLEOHFKDUDFWHUV  and data were not completely holistic. Systemetists who tend to split taxa may argue that more genetic mechanisms for various character expressions need to be better understood before lumping organisms together from limited statistical data. So it is possible that our current understanding may favor these eight families as RQHNLQGEXWZHPD\DOVRKDYHDQ\ZKHUHIURPRQH WR HLJKW RU PRUH NLQGV ZLWKLQ WKH LJXDQLG WD[RQ DQG WKDW DVVXPHV WKH NLQG LV DW WKH )DPLO\ OHYHO There is still much research required to understand LJXDQLGUHODWLRQVKLSVDQGPDQ\RI)URVW·VLGHQWLÀHG subfamilies have been upgraded to families by other Fig. 7. Crotaphytus collaris. Photograph: Daniel Schwen. KWWSHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL&URWDSK\WLGDH UHVHDUFKHUV 8HW] 7KHVHTXHVWLRQVDUHDJRRG LOOXVWUDWLRQ RI WKH GLIÀFXOW\ VXUURXQGLQJ RUJDQLVP Found in the southwestern United States and continuity and discontinuity from both evolutionary northern , collared lizard share characters and creationary perspectives. Below, each iguanid WKDWLQFOXGHSDODWLQHDQGSWHU\JRLGWHHWKSUHVHQW IDPLO\ ZLOO EH WUHDWHG DV D VHSDUDWH FUHDWHG NLQG stout bodies, long and strong limbs, long tails, mostly with the understanding that these categories will diurnal predators, and capable of bipedal running change as our understanding gets better. 8HW]9LWWDQG&DOGZHOOS 

3. Casquehead Lizard Kind³ 5. Anole Kind— 'DFW\ORLGDH³JHQXV )DPLO\&RU\WRSKDQLGDH³JHQHUD³ Anolis ³VSHFLHV³69/ PP LQ VSHFLHV³69/ PP LQ

Fig. 8. Anolis carolinensis. Photograph: DanielCD. KWWSHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL$QROLV Anoles can be found in the southeastern USA, southern South America, and the West Indies. Generally considered monotypic, Anolis is the most Fig.¬6. Basiliscus¬vittatus¬3KRWRJUDSK %HQMDPLQW species rich of the amniote tetrapods. Although KWWSHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL&RU\WRSKDQLGDH they are morphologically similar, they exhibit Casquehead lizards are endemic from southern considerable biochemical diversity, generating 0H[LFRWRQRUWKHUQ6RXWK$PHULFD 9LWWDQG&DOGZHOO considerable discussion of their biosystematics  S  6KDUHG FKDUDFWHUV LQFOXGH ODFULPDO *ORU /RVRV DQG /DUVRQ  8HW]   $V D IRUDPHQRIVNXOOQRWHQODUJHGDEVHQWSDODWLQHWHHWK group they are being used as models for studying pterygoid teeth present, largely arboreal, long limbed adaptive radiation and phenotypic plasticity in the DQGORQJWDLOHG 8HW]9LWWDQG&DOGZHOO context of island biogeography. In island habitats S 7KRXJKWKH\DUHJRRGWUHHFOLPEHUVEDVLOLVNV they tend to partition resources by diversifying Basciliscus sp.  DUH DQ H[FHSWLRQ WR DQ H[FOXVLYHO\ LQWRVHYHUDOHFRORJLFDOQLFKHV6RPHKDYHLGHQWLÀHG $Q,QLWLDO(VWLPDWLRQRIWKH1XPEHUVDQG,GHQWLÀFDWLRQRI([WDQW1RQ6QDNH1RQ$PSKLVEDHQLDQ/L]DUG.LQGV 175 several that could represent different genera, EXW WKLV LV QRW XQLYHUVDOO\ DFFHSWHG 1LFKROVRQ HW DO   7KHUH KDV EHHQ VRPH LQWHUVSHFLÀF K\EULGL]DWLRQ UHSRUWHG LQ 7ULQLGDG +DLOH\ 4XHVQHODQG%RRV &DOOHGHFRPRUSKVUDSLG PRUSKRORJLFDOFKDQJHVPD\WDNHSODFHVXFKDVORQJHU OLPEVRQWKRVHZKRRFFXS\WUHHWUXQNVDQGVKRUWHU limbs on those who live on twigs. Experimental introductions of Anolis to islands have allowed researchers to predict how they will diversify /RVRV HW DO  /RVRV   'LYHUVLÀFDWLRQ Fig. 10. palpebralisKWWSHQZLNLSHGLDRUJ into differing niches is not necessarily based on ZLNL+RSORFHUFLGDH morphological differences but can be based on their America and the upland Amazon basin, wood lizards thermal biology as they have been found to be quite are moderately large and robust, diverse in their adaptable to temperature differences, a unique PRUSKRORJ\ DQG LQVHFWLYRURXV 8HW]  9LWW DQG DELOLW\ZKHQFRPSDUHGWRRWKHUOL]DUGWD[D +HUW] &DOGZHOOS  HWDO/HDODQG*XQGHUVRQ/RVRV  Most are sexually dimorphic and females have a 8. Iguana Kind—)DPLO\,JXDQLGDH³JHQHUD³ unique reproductive physiology. Egg production VSHFLHV³69/ PP LQ is continuous, alternating between left and right ovaries that, when under ideal conditions, will allow a female to lay one egg at a time every 7–20 GD\V 9LWWDQG&DOGZHOOS ,QWKHQDWXUDO world this egg production would not be continuous all year because seasonality and food resources affect egg production.

6. Bush Anole Kind³)DPLO\3RO\FKURWLGDH³ JHQXV Polychrus ³VSHFLHV³ 69/ PP LQ

Fig. 9. Polychrus acutirostris. Photograph: Bolivar 5 *DUFHWH%DUUHWW KWWSHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL . Fig. 11. Iguana iguana. Photograph: Manuel de Corselas. The family used to be considered part of Anolidae, KWWSHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL,JXDQLGDH but recent molecular studies suggest that they Distributed from the southwestern USA, South may not be closely related at all 8HW]   7KLV $PHULFD *DOiSDJRV :HVW &HQWUDO 3DFLÀF ,VODQGV family may be connected to . Until more and the West Indies and, with the exception of the data are available, I distinguish Polychrotidae and marine iguana who feeds on algae under water, most 'DFW\ORLGDHDVWZRNLQGV LJXDQDV DUH ODUJH WHUUHVWULDO KHUELYRUHV Iguana and Brachylophus DUH DOPRVW H[FOXVLYHO\ DUERUHDO  7. Wood Lizard Kind³)DPLO\+RSORFHUFLGDH³ Iguanas are oviparous with many of the larger species JHQHUD³VSHFLHV³69/ PP LQ migrating to special nesting locations to lay their From the isthmus of Panama to northern South FOXWFKHVRI²HJJV 9LWWDQG&DOGZHOOS  176 T. Hennigan

Found throughout the CaribEean, curlytailed lizards have not been studied in depth.

10. Tree Lizard Kind³)DPLO\/HLRVDXULGDH³ JHQHUD³VSHFLHV³69/ PP LQ

Fig. 12. Amblyrhynchus cristatus cristatus. Photograph: ' *RUGRQ ( 5REHUWVRQ KWWSHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL 0DULQHBLJXDQD

Fig. 15. Urostrophus scapulatus. Artist: Peter Smit. KWWSHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL)LOH8URVWURSKXVB VFDSXODWXVMSJ Tree lizards are endemic to South America and PDQ\ DUH NQRZQ IRU WKHLU WULDQJXODU KHDGV DQG VWURQJMDZV

11. Snow Swift Kind—)DPLO\/LRODHPLGDH³ JHQHUD³VSHFLHV³69/ PP LQ Fig. 13. Conolophus subcristatus. Photograph: Snow swifts are distributed throughout South &KDUOHVMVKDUS KWWSHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL*DODSDJRVB America. ODQGBLJXDQD

9. CurlyTailed Lizard Kind³)DPLO\ /HLRFHSKDOLGDH³JHQXV Leiocephalus ³ VSHFLHV³69/ PP LQ

Fig. 16. Liolaemus tentuis PDOH OHIW  DQG IHPDOH 3KRWRJUDSK /\FDRQFO KWWSHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL /LRODHPLGDH 12. Madagascar Iguanid Kind³ )DPLO\2SOXULGDH³JHQHUD³VSHFLHV³ 69/ PP LQ

Fig. 17. Oplurus cuvieri 3KRWRJUDSKHU -LDOLDQJ*DR KWWSHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL2SOXULGDH Fig. 14. Leiocephalus carinatus armouri. Photograph: ,DQDUp 6pYL KWWSHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL&XUO\WDLOHGB These lizards are native to Madagascar and the lizards. Comores. $Q,QLWLDO(VWLPDWLRQRIWKH1XPEHUVDQG,GHQWLÀFDWLRQRI([WDQW1RQ6QDNH1RQ$PSKLVEDHQLDQ/L]DUG.LQGV 177

13. Horned Lizard Kind³)DPLO\ 3KU\QRVRPDWLGDH³JHQHUD³VSHFLHV³ 69/ PP LQ

Fig. 18. Phrynosoma platyrhinos. Photograph: Pierre )LGHQFLKWWSHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL3KU\QRVRPDWLGDH These are the dominant iguanid lizards of Mexico DQG1RUWK$PHULFDDQGKDYHWKHIROORZLQJFKDUDFWHUV xeric environment design, most oviparous with Phrynosoma and Sceloporus being oviviviparous, ELUWKLQJ ² QHRQDWHV 9LWW DQG &DOGZHOO  SS² 7KHGHVHUWKRUQHGOL]DUG Phrynosoma platyrhinos VRPHWLPHVFDOOHGWKH´KRUQHGWRDGµLVD Fig. 20. Gekko 3KRWRJUDSK1LFN+REJRRGKWWS ZHOONQRZQPHPEHURIWKLVWD[RQ HQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL*HNNRQLGDH WRHQDEOHWKHPWRFOLPEDOONLQGVRIHQYLURQPHQWDO 14. Neo-Tropical Ground Lizard Kind³ VXEVWUDWHV *DPEOHHWDO *DPEOHHWDO   )DPLO\7URSLGXULGDH³JHQHUD³VSHFLHV³ hypothesize that the taxon has gained and lost this 69/ PP LQ unique climbing physiology several times throughout its evolutionary history. Though the loss of traits is possibly compatible with a creation paradigm, the complex adhesive design and toe morphology that HQDEOHWKHYDQGHU:DDOVIRUFHVWRJLYHPRVWJHFNRV extraordinary climbing abilities has garnered the DWWHQWLRQRIELRPLPHWLFUHVHDUFKHUV Mahdavi et al.  7KLVJHFNRWUDLWKDVEHHQVWXGLHGLQRUGHUWR improve human adhesive technology which is quite consistent with engineering design predicted within Fig. 19. peruvianus. Photograph: $FDWHQD]]LKWWSHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL7URSLGXULGDH a biblical creation paradigm.

Infraorder 16.Australian Knob Tailed Gecko Kind³ *HNNRWDLVDKLJKO\VSHFLRVHWD[RQDQGPD\EHD )DPLO\&DUSKRGDFW\OLGDH³JHQHUD³ holobaramin because of its strong cognita, anatomy, VSHFLHV³69/ PP LQ behavior, and life histories. Based on genetic and PROHFXODU FKDUDFWHUV , EUHDN WKLV ,QIUDRUGHU GRZQ E\IDPLO\DVSHU8HW]  

15. Gecko Kind³)DPLO\ *HNNRQLGDH³ JHQHUD³VSHFLHV³69/ PP LQ Distributed pantropically on all land masses, they are small to large pleurodont lizards with short to ORQJWDLOVDQGQRRVWHRGHUPRFFXUULQJRQWKHLUWUXQNV 9LWW DQG &DOGZHOO  S  7KH\ DUH XQLTXH among lizards in that 60% of them have complex Fig. 21. Phyllurus platurus KWWSHQZLNLSHGLDRUJ adhesive mechanisms that use van der Waals forces ZLNL3K\OOXUXV 178

17. New Caledonian Gecko Kind³ 20. Croaking Gecko Kind³ )DPLO\'LSORGDFW\OLGDH³JHQHUD³ )DPLO\6SKDHURGDFW\OLGDH³JHQHUD³ VSHFLHV³69/ PP LQ VSHFLHV³69/ PP LQ

Fig. 25. Teratoscincus keyserlingii. Photograph: $QGUHZ 6 *DUGQHU KWWSHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL Fig. 22. lesueurii KWWSHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL . . 21. Pygopod Kind³)DPLO\3\JRSRGLGDH³ 18. Leopard Gecko Kind³ JHQHUD³VSHFLHV³69/ PP LQ )DPLO\(XEOHSKDULGDH³JHQHUD³ VSHFLHV³69/ PP LQ

Fig. 26. Lialis burtonis3KRWRJUDSK6PDFGRQDOGKWWS HQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL3\JRSRGLGDH From Australia and southern New Guinea, FKDUDFWHUVLQFOXGHHORQJDWHVQDNHOLNHERGLHVZLWK QR HYLGHQFH RI IRUHOLPEV DQG ÁDSOLNH KLQG OLPEV ODUJHRYHUODSSLQJVFDOHVIRUVNLQHDUKROHVXQIRUNHG tongues, 2-egg clutches per year, and evidence of FRPPXQDOQHVWLQJ 9LWWDQG&DOGZHOOS  Fig. 23. Eublepharis macularius KWWSHQZLNLSHGLD Pygapods of Genus Delma have unique hearing RUJZLNL(XEOHSKDULGDH apparati that enable them to hear frequencies of 5DQJLQJ IURP 1RUWK $PHULFD 6RXWK $VLD DQG N+] WR JUHDWHU WKDQ N+] PXFK KLJKHU WKDQ VXE6DKDUD$IULFDWKHVHJHFNRVDUHPRGHUDWHO\ODUJH RWKHUUHSWLOHV 0DQOH\DQG.UDXV  DQGXQOLNHPRVWJHFNRVKDYHPRYHDEOHH\HOLGVDQG QRDGKHVLYHSDGSK\VLRORJ\ 8HW]  ,QIUDRUGHU6FLQFRPRUSKD 22. Spinytailed Lizard Kind³ 19. Leaf-Toed Gecko Kind³ )DPLO\&RUG\OLGDH³JHQHUD³VSHFLHV³ )DPLO\3K\OORGDFW\OLGDH³JHQHUD³ 69/ PP LQ VSHFLHV³69/ PP LQ

Fig. 24. Phyllodactylus xanti KWWSHQZLNLSHGLDRUJ Fig. 27. Cordylus tropidosternum. Photograph: deror avi. ZLNL;DQWXVB/HDIWRHGB*HFNR KWWSHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL&RUG\OLGDH $Q,QLWLDO(VWLPDWLRQRIWKH1XPEHUVDQG,GHQWLÀFDWLRQRI([WDQW1RQ6QDNH1RQ$PSKLVEDHQLDQ/L]DUG.LQGV 179

From sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar, 25. Whiptail Lizard Kind³)DPLO\7HLLGDH³ FKDUDFWHUV RI WKLV IDPLO\ LQFOXGH PRVWO\ NHHOHG JHQHUD³VSHFLHV³69/ PP LQ VFDOHVDXWRWRPRXVWDLOV DGHIHQVHWDFWLFZKHUHWDLOV FDQEUHDNRIIDQGPRYHZKHQDWWDFNHGE\DSUHGDWRU  and designed for semi-arid and arid environments 9LWWDQG&DOGZHOOS 

23. Plated Lizard Kind³ )DPLO\*HUUKRVDXULGDH³JHQHUD³ VSHFLHV³69/ PPLQ

Fig. 30. Tupinambis teguixin. Photograph: )DFWXPTXLQWXVKWWSHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL7HLLGDH

Members in the Family range from the southern United States to Chile and Argentina 9LWW DQG &DOGZHOO  SS² ,QWHUVSHFLÀF hybridization has been reported to produce Fig. 28. Gerrhosaurus major KWWSHQZLNLSHGLDRUJ SDUWKHQRJHQLFRIIVSULQJ 5HHGHU'HVVDXHUDQG&ROH ZLNL*HUUKRVDXULGDH   From sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar plated OL]DUGFKDUDFWHULVWLFVLQFOXGHWZRSDULHWDOVFDOHVRQ 26. Wall Lizard Kind³)DPLO\/DFHUWLGDH³ KHDG DQG QRVWULOV HQFORVHG LQ ² VFDOHV 9LWW DQG JHQHUD³VSHFLHV³69/ PP LQ &DOGZHOOS 

24. Spectacled Lizard Kind³ )DPLO\*\PQRSKWKDOPLGDH³JHQHUD³ VSHFLHV³69/ PP LQ

Fig. 31. Lacerta agilis. Photographer: Stanislaw Szydlo. KWWSHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL/DFHUWLGDH

Found in most of Africa, Europe, and Asia they are diverse, mostly oviparous, but a few are viviparous such as Lacerta vivipara from northern Europe, which is capable of surviving six months of freezing WHPSHUDWXUHV 9LWWDQG&DOGZHOOSS² 

Fig. 29. Leposoma rugiceps. Photograph: Esteban Alzate. )DPLO\6FLQFLGDH KWWSHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL*\PQRSKWKDOPLGDH ² 6XEIDPLOLHV RU IDPLOLHV ³GHSHQGLQJ RQ WKH UHVHDUFKHUV³JHQHUD³VSHFLHV Distributed from southern Central America and :LWKDQHDUO\ZRUOGZLGHGLVWULEXWLRQVNLQNVKDYH southern South America east of the Andes, they historically been an extensive group belonging to are also called microteiids and some are capable of RQH IDPLO\ 6FLQFLGDH  PDGH XS RI  JHQHUD DQG SDUWKHQRJHQHVLV 9LWWDQG&DOGZHOOS   VSHFLHV +HGJHV  8HW]   5HFHQWO\ D 180 T. Hennigan

Fig. 34. Egernia stokesii3KRWRJUDSK0DUN0DUDWKRQ KWWSHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL(JHUQLD Fig. 32. Tiliqua scincoides3KRWRJUDSK%HQMDPLQW KWWSHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL6NLQN 29. Eugongylid Kind³ )DPLO\(XJRQJ\OLGDH³JHQHUD³ seven-family FODVVLÀFDWLRQV\VWHPKDVEHHQGHYLVHG VSHFLHV³69/ PP LQ $FRQWLGDH  VSHFLHV  (JHUQLLGDH  VSHFLHV  (XJRQJ\OLGDH  VSHFLHV  /\JRVRPLGDH  VSHFLHV 0DEX\LGDH VSHFLHV 6SKHQRPRUSKLGDH  VSHFLHV  DQG 6FLQFLGDH  VSHFLHV  EDVHG RQ PROHFXODU GDWD +HGJHV  8HW]   7ZR SURSRVHG IDPLOLHV $WHXFKRVDXULGDH (DVW $VLDQ VNLQNV  DQG 5LVWHOOLGDH ,QGR6UL /DQND VNLQNV  have been proposed but are unaccepted taxa at this WLPHDQGQRWFRXQWHGLQWKHOLVWEHORZ 8HW]  Though it is possible they all descend from an RULJLQDO $UN NLQG UHSUHVHQWDWLYHV IURP ´   RI WKH  JHQHUD RI VNLQNV DUH DYDLODEOH LQ WKH public sequence databases and have been placed in molecular phylogenies that support the recognition Fig. 35. Morethia boulengeri. Photograph: Donald RI WKHVH IDPLOLHVµ +HGJHV   8QWLO PRUH GDWD +REHUQ KWWSHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL0RUHWKLDB DUHDYDLODEOH,KDYHWHQWDWLYHO\LGHQWLÀHGWKHVHQHZ boulengeri. IDPLO\WD[DZLWKWKHELEOLFDONLQG 30. Lygosomid Skink Kind— )DPLO\/\JRVRPLGDH³JHQHUD³ 27. Limbless Skink Kind³)DPLO\$FRQWLGDH³ VSHFLHV³69/ PP LQ JHQHUD³VSHFLHV³69/ PP LQ

Fig. 33. Ophiomorus punctatissimus. Photograph: Benny 7UDSSKWWSHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL/LPEOHVVBVNLQN

28. Social Skink Kind³)DPLO\(JHUQLLGDH³ Fig. 36. 8QLGHQWLÀHG VNLQN 3KRWRJUDSK / 6K\DPDO JHQHUD³VSHFLHV³69/PP LQ KWWSHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL/\JRVRPLQDH $Q,QLWLDO(VWLPDWLRQRIWKH1XPEHUVDQG,GHQWLÀFDWLRQRI([WDQW1RQ6QDNH1RQ$PSKLVEDHQLDQ/L]DUG.LQGV 181

31. Mabuyid Skink Kind³)DPLO\0DEX\LGDH³ 33. Typical Skink Kind—)DPLO\6FLQFLGDH³ JHQHUD³VSHFLHV³69/ PP LQ JHQHUD³VSHFLHV³69/ PP LQ

Fig. 39. Eumeces schneideri KWWSHQZLNLSHGLDRUJ ZLNL(XPHFHV Family Xantusiidae 34. Kind³)DPLO\;DQWXVLLGDH³ Fig. 37. Spondylurus powelli. Photograph: U.S. Army JHQHUD³VSHFLHV³69/ PP LQ &RUSV RI (QJLQHHUV KWWSHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL $QJXLOODB%DQNB6NLQNB/L]DUG

32. Sphenomorphid Skink Kind— Family 6SKHQRPRUSKLGDH³JHQHUD³ VSHFLHV³69/ PP LQ

Fig. 40. Xantusia vigilis KWWSHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL 1LJKWBOL]DUG From the western United States, to eastern Mexico, WRQRUWKHUQ6RXWK$PHULFDFKDUDFWHUVLQFOXGHQRQ retractable foretongue, secretive, viviparous, and the tropical, forest dwelling Lepidophyma consist of SDUWKHQRJHQLFDQGELVH[XDOLQGLYLGXDOV 8HW] 9LWWDQG&DOGZHOOSS² 

Infraorder Dibamia Dibamia is a new taxon containing the one family 'LEDPLGDHDVSHU8HW]  

35. Blind Lizard Kind—)DPLO\'LEDPLGDH³ JHQHUD³VSHFLHV³69/ PP LQ 'LVWULEXWHGGLVMXQFWO\IURP0H[LFRWKH:HVW,QGLHV DQG ,QGRFKLQD FKDUDFWHUV LQFOXGH QR IRUHOLPEV IODSOLNH KLQG OLPEV VQDNHOLNH PRUSKRORJ\ VKRUW ZLWKDXWRWRPRXVWDLODQGIRVVRULDO 8HW]9LWW DQG&DOGZHOOS 

Infraorder Diploglossa 36. Glass-Alligator Lizard Kind— Fig. 38. robustus 3KRWRJUDSK 4XDUWO KWWS )DPLO\$QJXLGDH³JHQHUD³VSHFLHV³ HQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL&WHQRWXV 69/ PP LQ 182 T. Hennigan

bodies, welldeveloped limbs, tail autotomy, and can be very small to very large, depending on species 9LWWDQG&DOGZHOOS 

38. American Kind³ )DPLO\$QQLHOOLGDH³JHQXV Anniella ³ VSHFLHV³69/ PP LQ

Fig. 41. Anguis fragilis 3KRWRJUDSK SOXVHU0DUHNB Fig. 43.  KWWSHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL E\GJKWWSHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL$QJXLGDH $PHULFDQBOHJOHVVBOL]DUG

Anguidae used to consist of four subfamilies Found in California characters include, tail $QJXLQDH $QQLHOOLQDH 'LSORJORVVLQDH DQG two-thirds of the body length, small, elongate, *HUUKRQRWLQDH 'LSORJORVVLQDHDQG$QQLHOOLQDHKDYH VQDNHOLNH PRUSKRORJ\ PDLQO\ IRVVRULDO DQG been upgraded to the family level, Diploglossidae capable of accessing interstitial water when soil DQG $QQLHOOLGDH UHVSHFWLYHO\ 8HW]   DQG DUH PRLVWXUH FRQWHQW H[FHHGV  9LWW DQG &DOGZHOO distributed in North America, Eurasia, and western S  3DQDPD *ODVV OL]DUG DQG VORZ ZRUP $QJXLQDH  FKDUDFWHULVWLFV LQFOXGH UREXVW OLPEOHVV DQG WDLO 39. Knob-Scaled Lizard Kind³ OHQJWKWZLFHWKHERG\ 8HW] *ODVVOL]DUGVOLNH )DPLO\;HQRVDXULGDH³JHQXV Ophisaurus sp. get their name not only because they Xenosaurus ³VSHFLHV³69/ PP LQ FDQDXWRWRPL]HWDLOVEXWDOVREHFDXVHWKHWDLOFDQEUHDN LQWR VHYHUDO SLHFHV 9LWW DQG &DOGZHOO  S   $OOLJDWRU OL]DUGV *HUUKRQRWLQDH  FKDUDFWHUV LQFOXGH stout bodies, welldeveloped limbs, heavily armored bodies, and live in variable habitats depending on the VSHFLHV 9LWWDQG&DOGZHOOSS² 

37. Galliwasp Kind³)DPLO\'LSORJORVVLGDH³ JHQHUD³VSHFLHV³69/ PP LQ

Fig. 44. Xenosaurus grandis. Photograph: Tim %XUNKDUGWKWWSHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL;HQRVDXULGDH

:LWK GLVMXQFW GLVWULEXWLRQ IRXQG LQ VRXWKHUQ China and eastern Mexico into Guatemala, FKDUDFWHUV LQFOXGH GRUVDO FRYHULQJ RI JUDQXODU MX[WDSRVHG VFDOHV RVWHRGHUP SUHVHQW YHQWUDOO\ but not dorsally, and requires moist surroundings 9LWWDQG&DOGZHOOSS² 7KH&KLQHVH Fig. 42. Diploglossus monotropis. Photograph: FURFRGLOH OL]DUG Shinisaurus crocodilurus  XVHG 6DKDTXLHO KWWSHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL Diploglossus. to be included in this group and has since been SODFHG LQ WKH ,QIUDRUGHU 3ODW\QRWD 6XSHUIDPLO\ Found in the West Indies, central America, and 6KLQLVDXURLGHD)DPLO\6KLQLVDXULGDH 8HW]  central South America this group has elongate See below. $Q,QLWLDO(VWLPDWLRQRIWKH1XPEHUVDQG,GHQWLÀFDWLRQRI([WDQW1RQ6QDNH1RQ$PSKLVEDHQLDQ/L]DUG.LQGV 183

Infraorder 40. Beaded Lizard Kind— )DPLO\+HORGHUPDWLGDH³JHQXV ³VSHFLHV³69/ PP LQ

Fig. 45. Heloderma suspectum 3KRWRJUDSK /$ 'DZVRQKWWSHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL+HORGHUPD

/RFDWHGLQVRXWKZHVWHUQ1RUWK$PHULFDIURPWKH Sonoran desert south to Guatemala, these are large OL]DUGV DQG WKH RQO\ QRQVQDNH VTXDPDWHV ZLWK ZHOOGHYHORSHG YHQRP JODQGV 9LWW DQG &DOGZHOO Fig. 47. Varanus komodoensis KWWSHQZLNLSHGLDRUJ S 2WKHUFKDUDFWHUVLQFOXGHWKLFNVNLQ ZLNL9DUDQLGDH URZVRIURXQGHGVFDOHVJLYLQJWKHPDEHDGHGORRN and large home ranges where they may move NP PL  SHU GD\ 9LWW DQG &DOGZHOO  SS² 

41. Earless Kind—)DPLO\³ /DQWKDQRWLGDH³JHQXV Lanthanotus ³ VSHFLHV borneensis ³69/ PP LQ

Fig. 48. Varanus komodoensis. 3KRWRJUDSK 0DUN 'XPRQWKWWSHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL.RPRGRBGUDJRQ Fig. 46. Lanthanotus borneensisKWWSUHSWLOHGDWDEDVH UHSWDULXPF]VSHFLHV"JHQXV /DQWKDQRWXV VSHFLHV ERU VPDOOKHDGDQGORQJQHFNORQJDQGUREXVWERGLHV neensis. DQGVWURQJMDZV 9LWWDQG&DOGZHOOSS² /RFDWHG LQ %RUQHR WKLV VSHFLHV ODFNV D SDULHWDO   ,Q WHUPV RI VL]H YDUDQLGV FDQ EH DV VPDOO H\HDQGDKHPLEDFXOXPDGXOWVDQGMXYHQLOHVPD\EH as the pygmy , Varanus brevicauda³ VHPLDTXDWLF 9LWWDQG&DOGZHOOS  7/ PP LQ  WR WKH ODUJHVW NQRZQ OL]DUG the , V. komodoensis³PD[LPXP 42. Monitor Lizard Kind³)DPLO\9DUDQLGDH³ 7/ P IW  9LWWDQG&DOGZHOOS  JHQXV Varanus ³VSHFLHV³ 3DUWKHQRJHQHVLV KDV EHHQ REVHUYHG LQ NRPRGR 7/ PP LQ females and they may produce venom, but further Distributed from sub-Saharan Africa to Asia, research is required to substantiate this as there is $XVWUDOLD DQG LVODQGV LQ WKH VRXWKZHVW 3DFLÀF VWLOOGHEDWHDERXWWKLVWRSLF %UDGIRUG)U\HW characters include distinctive morphology with DO=LPPHU  184 T. Hennigan

Superfamily Shinisauroidea PDWWHUKRZPDQ\ZHUHLQFOXGHGRQWKH$UNUHSWLOH 43. Chinese Crocodile Lizard Kind³)DPLO\ diversity and persistence are a reminder of an all- 6KLQLVDXULGDH³JHQXV Shinisaurus ³ SRZHUIXO&UHDWRUZKRLVERWKMXVWDQGPHUFLIXO VSHFLHV crocodilurus ³69/ PP LQ $FNQRZOHGJPHQWV As this paper brings to a close the most current taxonomic reviews of extant amphibians and reptiles IURPDFUHDWLRQSHUVSHFWLYH,ZRXOGOLNHWRWKDQNWKH $UN (QFRXQWHU 7HDP 'U -HDQ /LJKWQHU 'U *HRUJLD3XUGRP'U0DUFXV5RVVDQG'U$QGUHZ 6QHOOLQJ for the encouragement, expertise, and patience they offered throughout this research process. I would also OLNHWRWKDQN'U*RUGRQ:LOVRQ DQG WKH DQRQ\PRXV UHYLHZHUV IRU WKHLU FULWLFDO IHHGEDFNRQHDUOLHUGUDIWV 5HIHUHQFHV Bradford, A. 2014. Komodo dragon facts. Accessed December 2,  KWWSZZZOLYHVFLHQFHFRPNRPRGRGUDJRQV html. Fig. 49. Shinisaurus crocodilurus. Photograph: %URSK\ 75 DQG 3$ .UDPHU  3UHOLPLQDU\ UHVXOWV 7LHUPRWLYHGH KWWSHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL&KLQHVHB from a baraminological analysis of the mole salamanders FURFRGLOHBOL]DUG &DXGDWD$PE\VWRPDWLGDH Occasional papers of the BSG 10:10–24. A semi-aquatic lizard, it is found in cool montane )URVW '5  3K\ORJHQHWLF DQDO\VLV DQG WD[RQRP\ RI IRUHVWHGVWUHDPVRI&KLQDDQG9LHWQDPWKH\IRUDJH the  JURXS RI OL]DUGV ,JXDQLD 7URSLGXULGDH  RQ ÀVK WDGSROHV DQG RWKHU DQLPDOV DQG UHVW RQ American Museum Novitates 3033:1–68. EUDQFKHV RYHUKDQJLQJ VWUHDPV DW QLJKW 9LWW DQG )URVW '5 DQG 5 (WKHULGJH  $ SK\ORJHQHWLF &DOGZHOOS  DQDO\VLV DQG WD[RQRP\ RI LJXDQLDQ OL]DUGV 5HSWLOLD 6TXDPDWD University of Kansas Natural History Museum Summary Miscellaneous Publication 81:1–65. The challenge of using a biblical worldview to )URVW'55(WKHULGJH'-DQLHVDQG7$7LWXV7RWDO evidence, sequence alignment, evolution of polychrotid GHWHUPLQH $UN NLQGV LV GLVWLQJXLVKLQJ ZKHWKHU OL]DUGV DQG D UHFODVVLÀFDWLRQ RI ,JXDQLD 6TXDPDWD similar characters are products of a common designer ,JXDQLD American Museum Novitates 3343:1–38. RU FRPPRQ DQFHVWU\ ZLWKLQ D NLQG DQG ZKHQ )U\%*6:URH:7HHXZLVVH0-3YDQ2VFK.0RUHQR GLVFRQWLQXLWLHVLQGLFDWHDVHSDUDWHNLQG7KHFKDOOHQJH -,QJOH&0F+HQU\7)HUUDUDHWDO$FHQWUDOUROH of using a philosophical naturalist worldview is the for venom in predation by Varanus komodoensis .RPRGR large amount of discontinuity in reptiles and the GUDJRQ DQGWKHH[WLQFWJLDQWVaranus priscus. GLIÀFXOW\LQGHOLQHDWLQJXQLYHUVDOFRPPRQDQFHVWU\ Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA: 106, The fact that lizards are marvelously designed and QR²$FFHVVHG'HFHPEHUKWWSZZZ are well endowed with structures that surpass QFELQOPQLKJRYSPFDUWLFOHV30& human technology is consistent with a wise and Gamble, T., E. Greenbaum, 75-DFNPDQ, $35XVVHOO and A. M. allpowerful engineer behind their origins. After %DXHU5HSHDWHGRULJLQDQGORVVRIDGKHVLYHWRHSDGVLQ JHFNRHVPLoS ONE 7, no. 6:e39429. Accessed November 28, carefully reviewing the molecular, hybridization, and 2014. KWWSZZZDFDGHPLDHGX5HSHDWHGB2ULJLQB statistical baraminology data, but recognizing that DQGB/RVVBRIB$GKHVLYHB7RHSDGVBLQB*HFNRV. WKHUHLVPXFKWKDWZHGRQRWNQRZRUHYHQXQGHUVWDQG *ORU 5(-% /RVRV DQG $ /DUVRQ  2XW RI &XED ,WHQWDWLYHO\VXJJHVWWKDWH[WDQWOL]DUGNLQGVPD\ overwater dispersal and speciation among lizards in the KDYHEHHQEURXJKWRQWKH$UN6LQFHWKHLUH[LWIURPWKH Anolis carolinensis subgroup. Molecular Ecology 14, no. $UNWKH\KDYHGLYHUVLÀHGLQWRWKHSOHWKRUDRIVSHFLHV ²$FFHVVHG1RYHPEHUKWWSODFHUWLOLD we marvel at today. The data, interpreted within a FRPUHVHDUFK3')*ORUBHWDOBSGI ELEOLFDOZRUOGYLHZVXJJHVWVWKDWGLYHUVLÀFDWLRQZDV +DLOH\ $ 9& 4XHVQHO DQG +($ %RRV  7KH UDSLG /LJKWQHU 7KLVRYHUYLHZLVPHDQWWREHD persistence of Anolis trinitatis as a naturalized lizard starting place for future creationist systematics and in Trinidad against hybridization pressure with Anolis aeneus. Applied Herpetology 6:275–294. LGHQWLÀFDWLRQ RI DPSKLELDQ DQG UHSWLOH EDUDPLQV +DQGZHUN%(YROXWLRQLQDFWLRQ/L]DUGPRYLQJIURP The challenge for future creationist research will be eggs to live birth. National Geographic News. Accessed investigating genetic mechanisms that could produce 1RYHPEHU   KWWSQHZVQDWLRQDOJHRJUDSKLFFRP UDSLG GLYHUVLÀFDWLRQ UHVSRQVHV ZLWK FKDQJLQJ QHZVVFLHQFHDQLPDOVHYROXWLRQ environmental variables as in the case of Anolis. No DXVWUDOLDOL]DUGVNLQNOLYHELUWKHJJV $Q,QLWLDO(VWLPDWLRQRIWKH1XPEHUVDQG,GHQWLÀFDWLRQRI([WDQW1RQ6QDNH1RQ$PSKLVEDHQLDQ/L]DUG.LQGV 185

+DUWPDQQ 7  3 *HLVVOHU DQG : %|KPH  Leiolepis /RVRV-%75-DFNPDQ$/DUVRQ.GH4XHLUR]DQG/ 6TXDPDWD$JDPLGDH IDUPLQJLQVRXWKHUQ9LHWQDPDQGD 5RGULJXH]6FKHWWLQR&RQWLQJHQF\DQGGHWHUPLQLVP QHZVL]HUHFRUGLQEXWWHUÁ\OL]DUGVHerpetological Bulletin in replicated adaptive radiations of island lizards. Science 117:15–18. Accessed on November 24, 2014. KWWSZZZ 279, no. 5359:2115–2118. DFDGHPLDHGX/HLROHSLVB6TXDPDWDB$JDPLGDHB /RVRV-%'HWHFWLYHZRUNLQWKH:HVW,QGLHV,QWHJUDWLQJ IDUPLQJBLQBVRXWKHUQB9LHWQDPBDQGBDBQHZBVL]HBUHFRUGB historical and experimental approaches to study island LQBEXWWHUÁ\BOL]DUGV. lizard evolution. BioScience 57,no. 7:585–597. Hedges, S. B. 2014. 7KH KLJKOHYHO FODVVLÀFDWLRQ RI VNLQNV /RVRV-%Lizards in an evolutionary tree: Ecology and 5HSWLOLD 6TXDPDWD 6FLQFRPRUSKD  Zootaxa 3765, adaptive radiation of anoles. 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KWWSZZZQFELQOP QXPEHULQJDPSKLELDQNLQGVZLWKLQWKHRUGHUVFDXGDWDDQG QLKJRYSPFDUWLFOHV30&. gymnophiona. Answers Research Journal 6:17–34. Accessed 0DQOH\ *$ DQG -(0 .UDXV  ([FHSWLRQDO KLJK 1RYHPEHU   KWWSZZZDQVZHUVLQJHQHVLVRUJ frequency hearing and matched vocalizations in Australian DUWLFOHVDUMYQDPSKLELDQNLQGV S\JRSRG JHFNRV Journal of Experimental Biology 213, Hennigan, T. 2013b. An initial estimate toward identifying QR²$FFHVVHG1RYHPEHUKWWSMHE DQG QXPEHULQJ WKH IURJ NLQGV RQ WKH $UN 2UGHU DQXUD ELRORJLVWVRUJFRQWHQWIXOOSGIKWPO Answers Research Journal 6:335–365. Accessed November 1DW *HR  *UHHQ EDVLOLVN OL]DUG $FFHVVHG 1RYHPEHU   KWWSZZZDQVZHUVLQJHQHVLVRUJDUWLFOHVDUMY   KWWSDQLPDOVQDWLRQDOJHRJUDSKLFFRPDQLPDOV QIURJNLQGVRQDUN UHSWLOHVJUHHQEDVLOLVNOL]DUG Hennigan, T. 2014a. An initial estimate toward identifying 1LFKROVRQ .(%, &URWKHU & *X\HU DQG -0 6DYDJH DQGQXPEHULQJWKH$UNWXUWOHDQGFURFRGLOHNLQGVAnswers ,WLVWLPHIRUDQHZFODVVLÀFDWLRQRIDQROHV 6TXDPDWD Research Journal 7:1–10. Accessed November 29, 2014. 'DFW\ORLGDH  Zootaxa 3477:1–108. Accessed november KWWSZZZDQVZHUVLQJHQHVLVRUJDUWLFOHVDUMYQWXUWOH   KWWSZZZPDSUHVVFRP]RRWD[DI FURFRGLOHNLQGV zt03477p108.pdf. Hennigan, T. 2014b. An initial estimate toward identifying and 5DVVPDQQ.)7ULOOPLFKDQG'7DXW]+\EULGL]DWLRQ QXPEHULQJH[WDQWWXDWDUDDPSKLVEDHQDDQGVQDNHNLQGV EHWZHHQ WKH *DOiSDJRV ODQG DQG PDULQH LJXDQDV Answers Research Journal 7: 31–47. Accessed November Canolophus subcristatus and Amblyrhynchus cristatus RQ   KWWSDQVZHUVLQJHQHVLVRUJFUHDWLRQVFLHQFH Plaza Sur. Journal of Zoology 242, no. 4:729–739. EDUDPLQRORJ\DQLQLWLDOHVWLPDWHWRZDUGLGHQWLI\LQJ 5HHGHU 7: &- &ROH DQG +& 'HVVDXHU  DQGQXPEHULQJH[WDQWWXDWDUDDPSKLVEDHQDDQGVQDNH Phylogenetic relationships of whiptail lizards of the genus NLQGV Cnemidophorus 6TXDPDWD7HLLGDH $WHVWRIPRQRSK\O\ +HUW]3(<$ULPD$+DUULVRQ5%+XH\-%/RVRVDQG UHHYDOXDWLRQRINDU\RW\SLFHYROXWLRQDQGUHYLHZRIK\EULG 5(*ORU$V\QFKURQRXVHYROXWLRQRISK\VLRORJ\DQG origins. 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PDPPDOLDQDUNNLQGV 6FKXOWH -$,, -3 9DOODGDUHV DQG $ /DUVRQ  /LJKWQHU-.$QLQLWLDOHVWLPDWHRIDYLDQ$UNNLQGV Phylogenetic relationships within Iguanidae inferred using Answers Research Journal 6:409–466. Accessed November molecular and morphological data and a phylogenetic   KWWSVDQVZHUVLQJHQHVLVRUJFUHDWLRQVFLHQFH taxonomy of iguanian lizards. Herpetologica 59:399–419. EDUDPLQRORJ\DQLQLWLDOHVWLPDWHRIDYLDQDUNNLQGV 7XUQHU .-  7KH NLQGQHVV RI *RG $ WKHRORJLFDO /LJKWQHU -. 7 +HQQLJDQ * 3XUGRP DQG % +RGJH UHÁHFWLRQ RI mîn ´NLQGµ ,Q CORE Issues in Creation no.  'HWHUPLQLQJ WKH $UN NLQGV Answers Research 5, ed. T. C. Wood and P. A. Garner, 31–64. Eugene, Oregon: Journal ² $FFHVVHG 1RYHPEHU   KWWSV :LSIDQG6WRFN DQVZHUVLQJHQHVLVRUJQRDKVDUNGHWHUPLQLQJWKHDUN 8HW] 3  HG 5HSWLOH GDWDEDVH $FFHVVHG 1RYHPEHU  NLQGV KWWSZZZUHSWLOHGDWDEDVHRUJGELQIRWD[DKWPO 186 T. Hennigan

9LWW /- DQG -3 &DOGZHOO  Herpetology: An :RRG7&.:LVH56DQGHUVDQG1'RUDQ$UHÀQHG introductory biology of amphibians and reptiles. 3rd ed. baramin concept. Occasional Papers of the BSG 3:1–14. Burlington, Massachusetts: Academic Press. Wood, T. C. 2005. A creationist review and preliminary :LOOLDPV3-:KDWGRHVminPHDQ"Creation Ex Nihilo analysis of the history, geology, climate, and biology of the Technical Journal 11, no. 3:344–352. *DOiSDJRV,VODQGV,QCORE issues in creation, no. 1, ed. Wilson, G. 2010. Classic multidimensional scaling isn’t the sine 7&:RRG²(XJHQH2UHJRQ:LSIDQG6WRFN qua non RI EDUDPLQRORJ\ KWWSZZZDQVZHUVLQJHQHVLV Wood, T. C. 2006. The current status of baraminology. Creation RUJDUWLFOHVDLGYQFPGVEDUDPLQRORJ\ Research Society Quarterly 43, no. 3:149–158. Wise, K. P. 1992. Practical baraminology. Creation Ex Nihilo :RRGPRUDSSH-Noah’s Ark: A feasibility study. Santee, Technical Journal 6, no. 2:122–137. &DOLIRUQLD,QVWLWXWHIRU&UHDWLRQ5HVHDUFK Wood, T. C. 2003. Mediated design. Impact Article #363 =LPPHU &  &KHPLFDOV LQ GUDJRQ JODQGV VWLU YHQRP ,QVWLWXWH IRU &UHDWLRQ 5HVHDUFK (O &DMRQ &DOLIRUQLD debate. New York Times. p. D2. Accessed on December 2, Accessed on November 29, 2014. KWWSZZZLFURUJLSGI  KWWSZZZQ\WLPHVFRPVFLHQFHNRPR LPSLPSSGI. html.