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An Initial Estimate Toward Identifying and Numbering Extant Tuatara, Amphisbaena, and Snake Kinds

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An Initial Estimate Toward Identifying and Numbering Extant Tuatara, Amphisbaena, and Snake Kinds Answers Research Journal 7 (2014):31–47. www.answersingenesis.org/arj/v7/tuatara-amphisbaena-snake-kinds.pdf An Initial Estimate toward Identifying and Numbering Extant Tuatara, Amphisbaena, and Snake Kinds Tom Hennigan, Truett-McConnell College, Cleveland, Georgia. Abstract %LRV\VWHPDWLFV LV LQ JUHDW ÁX[ WRGD\ EHFDXVH RI WKH SOHWKRUD RI JHQHWLF UHVHDUFK ZKLFK FRQWLQXDOO\ UHGHÀQHV KRZ ZH SHUFHLYH RUJDQLVP UHODWLRQVKLSV 'HVSLWH WKH ODUJH DPRXQW RI GDWD EHLQJ SXEOLVKHG the challenge is having enough knowledge about genetics to draw conclusions regarding the biological KLVWRU\RIRUJDQLVPVDQGWKHLUWD[RQRP\%DVHGRQWKHDQDO\VHVRIH[WDQWRUJDQLVPPROHFXODUGDWD WD[RQRP\DQGK\EULGL]DWLRQFDSDELOLW\DWHQWDWLYHHVWLPDWHRIRQHWXDWDUDWZRDPSKLVEDHQDDQG snake kinds is proposed as being on the Ark. Keywords: $UN(QFRXQWHUELRV\VWHPDWLFVWD[RQRP\DPQLRWHVUHSWLOHVVQDNHDPSKLVEDHQDWXDWDUD lepidosaurs, squamata, serpentes, kind, baraminology Introduction DQG XQLYHUVDO FRPPRQ GHVFHQW ,Q NHHSLQJ ZLWK Creation research is guided by God’s Word, these assumptions, they are gradually moving ZKLFK LV IRXQGDWLRQDO WR WKH VFLHQWLÀF PRGHOV WKDW away from Linnaean hierarchies and toward DUH EXLOW 7KH $UN (QFRXQWHU 3URMHFW KDV WDVNHG WKH 3K\OR&RGH V\VWHP 9LWW DQG &DOGZHOO creation researchers to investigate several questions SS² ,QFRQWUDVWFUHDWLRQELRORJLVWVUHFRJQL]H VXUURXQGLQJ ZKDW WKH NLQG LV KRZ WR UHFRJQL]H WKH*RGRI6FULSWXUHDVWKH&UHDWRURIDOO´NLQGVµDQG it, and the mechanisms involved with organism DVVXPH´IRUHVWµUDWKHUWKDQ´WUHHµWKLQNLQJZKHQ GLYHUVLÀFDWLRQ %URSK\ DQG .UDPHU Lightner interpreting biological diversity and disparity. HW DO 6DQGHUV DQG :LVH 7XUQHU ,QVWHDGRIWKHWUHH RUWUHHV RIOLIHWKDWUHSUHVHQW :LOOLDPV:LVH:RRGHWDO:RRG evolutionary random processes and universal Woodmorappe 1996). FRPPRQ GHVFHQW WKH FUHDWLRQLVW PD\ YLVXDOL]H In previous papers the numbers of amphibian, individual trees in a forest as the originally created FURFRGLOHDQGWXUWOHNLQGVZHUHHVWLPDWHG +HQQLJDQ NLQGV 7KH VHSDUDWLRQ RI HDFK WUHH UHSUHVHQWV DE+HQQLJDQ 7KHSXUSRVHRIWKLV WKH GLVFRQWLQXLW\ EHWZHHQ NLQGV DQG WKH GHJUHH paper is to use all available information in order to of branching represents limited descent with PDNH DQ LQLWLDO HVWLPDWH RI WKH LGHQWLÀFDWLRQ DQG PRGLÀFDWLRQZLWKLQWKHNLQGRYHUWLPH6SHFLÀFDOO\ QXPEHUVRIH[WDQW/HSLGRVDXUNLQGVH[FHSWIRUWKH creationists are interested in how creatures have ´OL]DUGVµ 7KLV LQFOXGHV WXDWDUDV DPSKLVEDHQDV GLYHUVLÀHG IURP WKH RULJLQDOO\ FUHDWHG EDUDPLQV DQGVQDNHV/L]DUGVZLOOEHWKHVXEMHFWRIDIXWXUH DQGWKHDUFKHW\SHVWKDWOHIWWKH$UN:KLOHJHQHWLF paper. and molecular data will be incorporated in this taxonomic analysis, there is still not enough The State of Biosystematics NQRZOHGJHDERXWELRFKHPLVWU\WRGUDZFRQFOXVLRQV and Taxonomy Today regarding the biological history and taxonomy of Biosystematics is the science of discovering, organisms. Therefore, other variables will also be FODVVLI\LQJ DQG RUJDQL]LQJ ELRORJLFDO GLYHUVLW\ LQFRUSRUDWHGVXFKDVK\EULGL]DWLRQGDWD *HQHVLV The science of identifying taxa and naming *HQHVLV/LJKWQHUHWDOSanders and Wise organisms is taxonomy. There is no universally :RRGDE DFFHSWHG SURFHGXUH IRU RUJDQLVP FODVVLÀFDWLRQ It is important to consider the following precautions DQGFXUUHQWO\WKHVHGLVFLSOLQHVDUHLQJUHDWÁX[DV and perspectives. Baraminologists tend to equate researchers are placing more importance on the NLQGVZLWKWKHIDPLO\DQGIRUPDQ\FDVHVZLWKJRRG accumulating new genetic and molecular data for UHDVRQ :RRGD +RZHYHUZHVKRXOGFDUHIXOO\ SK\ORJHQ\ GHYHORSPHQW PXFK LV EHLQJ FKDQJHG DQDO\]H WKH VWUXFWXUHV EHKDYLRUV DQG SK\VLRORJLHV accordingly. Therefore, how organisms are named RIPHPEHUVRIDSXWDWLYHNLQGDQGORRNDWWKHJHQHWLF DQG RUJDQL]HG WRGD\ PD\ FKDQJH WRPRUURZ UHDVRQVZK\DFHUWDLQPHPEHURIDNLQGGRHVQ·WKDYH depending on the data and assumptions about that FKDUDFWHUVWKDWWKHRWKHUPHPEHUVSRVVHVV :LOVRQ data. For example, naturalists assume randomness 2010). This research is meant to be a foundation ISSN: 1937-9056 Copyright © 2014, 2016 Answers in Genesis, Inc. All content is owned by Answers in Genesis (“AiG”) unless otherwise indicated. AiG consents to unlimited copying and distribution of print copies of Answers Research Journal articles for non-commercial, non-sale purposes only, provided the following conditions are met: the author of the article is clearly identified; Answers in Genesis is acknowledged as the copyright owner; Answers Research Journal and its website, www.answersresearchjournal.org, are acknowledged as the publication source; and the integrity of the work is not compromised in any way. For website and other electronic distribution and publication, AiG consents to republication of article abstracts with direct links to the full papers on the ARJ website. All rights reserved. For more information write to: Answers in Genesis, PO Box 510, Hebron, KY 41048, Attn: Editor, Answers Research Journal. The views expressed are those of the writer(s) and not necessarily those of the Answers Research Journal Editor or of Answers in Genesis. 32 T. Hennigan upon which further research and understanding VLGHRIWKHMDZ DQGIXVHGSHOYLFERQHVRQDGXOWV 9LWW of God’s diverse organisms can be built. Within his and Caldwell 2009, p. 513). What follows are brief Trinitarian character God is diverse and we would GHVFULSWLRQVRIHDFKJURXSWKHHVWLPDWHGNLQGVDQG H[SHFWWKDWKLVFUHDWLRQZRXOGUHÁHFWWKDWGLYHUVLW\ DYHUDJHVQRXWWRYHQWOHQJWK 69/ RUDYHUDJHWRWDO in his creatures in aspects such as genetics, species, OHQJWK 7/ DVFHUWDLQHG IURP 8HW] DQG 9LWW populations, communities, and ecosystems. When we DQG&DOGZHOO better understand what mechanisms are involved in the production of differences, we should be better Tuatara: Order Rhyncocephalia able to infer whether they are traits produced by Suborder Sphenodontida GLUHFW FUHDWLRQ SRVW)ORRG GLYHUVLÀFDWLRQ WKURXJK 1. Tuatara kind— XQNQRZQ GHVLJQHG JHQHWLF PHFKDQLVPV DQGRU Family Sphenodontidae random mutations. Subfamily Sphenodontinae JHQXV Sphenodon)—formerly two species The Non-Avian Reptiles S. punctatus and S. guntheri, but is now Extant reptiles consist of the following taxa: birds, FRQVLGHUHGPRQRW\SLF³69/ FP LQ WXUWOHVWXDWDUDVVQDNHVDPSKLVEDHQDVOL]DUGVDQG FURFRGLOHV 3RXJKHWDOS9LWWDQG&DOGZHOO 2009, p. 24). Currently 9904 species of non-avian UHSWLOHV KDYH EHHQ LGHQWLÀHG ZLWK QHZ VSHFLHV GHVFULEHGWKLV\HDUDORQH 8HW] %LUGVDUHWKH VXEMHFW RI DQRWKHU SDSHU /LJKWQHU 5HSWLOHV along with mammals, are amniotes and have an amniotic membrane that encloses the embryo in D IOXLGILOOHG VDF %DVHG RQ FXUUHQW WD[RQRP\ DOO extant reptiles, with the possible exception of the WXUWOHVDUHFODVVLÀHGLQ'LDSVLGD$OOH[WDQWGLDSVLGV DUHFODVVLÀHGLQWKH6DXULDWD[RQ6DXULDLVIXUWKHU VXEGLYLGHG LQWR WKH $UFKRVDXURPRUSKD FURFRGLOHV dinosaurs, birds, and, depending on the researcher, WXUWOHV DQG /HSLGRVDXURPRUSKD WXDWDUDV OL]DUGV Fig. 1. Sphenodon punctatus6RXUFHKWWSHQZLNLSHGLD DPSKLVEDHQDVDQGVQDNHV>9LWWDQG&DOGZHOO RUJZLNL7XDWDUD p. 19]). The rest of this paper will focus on extant 6XSHURUGHU/HSLGRVDXULDH[FOXGLQJOL]DUGV The word tuatara comes from a Maori word that PHDQV´VSLQ\EDFNµ +HOGHU.LZL&RQVHUYDWLRQ Superorder Lepidosauria &OXE 7KH\DUHNQRZQIRUWKHLUZHOOGHYHORSHG Lepidosaurids, based on Linnaean taxonomy, parietal eye, also referred to as a third eye or DUH FXUUHQWO\ FODVVLÀHG DFFRUGLQJO\ &ODVV 5HSWLOLD SLQHDOH\H DOVRIRXQGLQRWKHUVTXDPDWHV ZKLFKLV 6XEFODVV 'LDSVLGD 6XSHURUGHU /HSLGRVDXULD photoreceptive and associated with biological cycles DQG WZR 2UGHUV 5K\QFRFHSKDOLD 6XERUGHU DQG WKHUPRUHJXODWLRQ 9LWW DQG &DOGZHOO 6SKHQRGRQWLGD³WXDWDUDV DQG 6TXDPDWD ´OL]DUGVµ p. 79). Found only on small islets off the coast of WKDW DOVR LQFOXGH VQDNHV DQG DPSKLVEDHQDV New Zealand, the one species of tuatara is all that Assuming the evolutionary naturalist paradigm, is left of at least 16 genera that are now extinct VQDNHV &ODGH 2SKLGLD³6XERUGHU 6HUSHQWHV 8HW] +\SRWKHVHV YDU\ DV WR ZK\ WKH\ KDYH DQG DPSKLVEDHQDV 6XERUGHU $PSKLVEDHQLD DUH minimal diversity and so few have survived, but FRQVLGHUHG PRQRSK\OHWLF JURXSV RI OL]DUGV DQG DUH VXJJHVWLRQVLQFOXGHOL]DUGVRXWFRPSHWLQJWKHPUDW QHVWHGZLWKLQWKHOL]DUGWD[RQ 6XERUGHU/DFHUWLOLD SUHGDWRUV HDWLQJ ERWK \RXQJ DQG HJJV DQGRU DQ >8HW] @ 6TXDPDWHV KDYH WKH JUHDWHVW UHSWLOH inability to meet changing environmental demands diversity of all reptile taxa and representatives can DIWHUWKH)ORRG$OWKRXJKWKH\ORRNOLNHVTXDPDWHV EH IRXQG RQ DOO FRQWLQHQWV H[FHSW $QWDUFWLFD 8HW] they have several unique characters not shared with 9LWWDQG&DOGZHOOSS² WKHPDQDUURZTXDGUDWHERQH EDFNRIORZHUVNXOO All lepidosaurs share many characters including: ZLWKJUHDWO\UHGXFHGRUODWHUDOFRQFKD VKHOOVKDSHG a transverse cloacal opening, distally notched ERQH VWUXFWXUHV RI WKH VNXOO HQFORVHG RU SDUWLDOO\ tongue used for catching prey, full body ecdysis HQFORVHGWHPSRUDOIHQHVWUD KROHLQWKHVNXOOEHKLQG VNLQ VKHGGLQJ LPSHUIRUDWH VWDSHV WHHWK DWWDFKHG WKHH\H MXJDOERQHRIVNXOOWRXFKLQJWKHVTXDPRVDO VXSHUÀFLDOO\ WR WKH MDZERQH acrodont teeth on the ERQH SRVWHULRUO\ FRURQRLG SURFHVV LV SURPLQHQW RQ VXUIDFH RI WKH MDZ RU pleurodont teeth on the inner WKH PDQGLEOH VHYHUDO HQODUJHG DQWHULRU SDODWLQH An Initial Estimate toward Identifying and Numbering Extant Tuatara, Amphisbaena, and Snake Kinds 33 PDQGLEXODU DQG GHQWDU\ WHHWK DQG SUHPD[LOODU\ 2. Worm Lizard kind WHHWK DUH UHSODFHG ZLWK FKLVHOOLNH H[WHQVLRQV 5 Families: ZKHUHWKHXSSHUEHDNRYHUKDQJVWKHORZHUMDZ WKH $PSKLVEDHQLGDH JHQHUDVSHFLHV UHDVRQ IRU WKHLU ORFDO QDPH WKH ´KDOI EHDNVµ³9LWW %ODQLGDH JHQXVVSHFLHV DQG &DOGZHOO S 8QLTXH WUDLWV LQFOXGH &DGHLGDH JHQXVVSHFLHV the ability to delay hatching for of up to
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