Index

Note: numbers in italics refer to images. archives, 22, 27, 36, 127, 180, 214, 300–1, 350, 374, 377 Abbasid caliphate, 314–15, 317, 323–8, 332–4 Aristotle, 240, 318 Achaemenid empire, 2, 4, 187–204, 305 Artaxerxes III, 202–3 Acts of the Apostles, 276–81, 286 Ashurbanipal, 192–3, 199, 202 Aeschylus, 240 Aśoka, 62, 69–70, 99, 101, 103–6, 108–9 Akhenaten, 127–9 Assyrian, 121, 151, 169–71, 173, 189, Akkadian 193–5, 198–9, 203, 213, 215, 305 history, see Mesopotamian history inscriptions, 195, 198, 203, 215 empire, 144, 150–2, 156–7, 162, 198–9 rulers, see Ashurbanipal language, 156, 159, 162–3, 180, 189 audiences, 223–5, 240, 242, 280, 286, rulers, see Naram-Sin; Sargon 298, 322, 340, 372, 381–2 writing system, see cuneiform broad, 68, 88–90, 102, 148, 182, ‘Ali, 321, 325–6 203–4, 238, 298, 382 Ammisaduqa, 156 elite, 67, 71, 94, 148, 176, 179–80, Anatolia, 1, 169–71, 176, 315, 328–9 238, 300 ancestors, worship of, 23, 27, 156, 193–5, future generations, 23, 26, 119, 145–6, 197, 366 148–51, 153–4, 164, 174, 181, 195, Anishinaabe, 393–4,COPYRIGHTED 398, 404 221–2, MATERIAL 224, 245, 264–5, 340, 354, 394 annals, 20–4, 28–37, 62, 82–3, 120, gods as, 148, 150, 180–1 122–3, 130, 172, 176–7, 179–82, local, 182, 189–91, 203 224, 261, 263, 269, 303, 324, multiple, 83–5 333–4, 349, 377–8, 383–5 scholarly, 83–4, 302–3, 316 Annals of Tudhaliya I, 182 Augustus, 257–60, 268 Apology of Hattusili III, 172, 181–2 authority, creating, 84–5 Arabic language, 314, 322, 324, 329, 334 Ayyubid caliphate, 321, 328, 332–3

Thinking, Recording, and Writing History in the Ancient World, First Edition. Edited by Kurt A. Raaflaub. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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Aztec rulers, see Han Dynasty; Qin Dynasty; history, 373–4 Shang Dynasty; Zhou Dynasty language, see Nahuatl 373–4, 377, 382, 393 writing system, 19, 84, 87–8 rulers, see Itzcoatl; Motecuhzoma II Chronicles, Books of, 218–19 writing system, 372, 374, 376–7, 378–81 chronography, 21, 119–20, 127, 134, 303–4 chronology, Babylon(ian), 153–4, 170–1, 187, 189–97, in historical texts, 21, 66, 69, 80, 151–2, 199–200, 202–4, 216–17, 220, 196, 261, 383–4, 386–7 305; see also Old Babylonian Period lack of, 161–2, 235–7, 239, 241 epics, see The Ballad of Early Heroes systems of, 66, 69–70, 72, 83–4, 119, history, see Mesopotamian history 131, 151–2, 261, 276, 301, 317, language, see Akkadian 378; see also calendar, Aztec; rulers, see Ammisaduqa; Hammurabi; calendar, Chinese; calendar, Mayan Nabonidus; Nebuchadnezzar; Cicero, 2, 263, 266–7 Samsuiluna Claudius, 260, 265, 270 writing system, see cuneiform Codex Mendoza, 376, 379, 380, 384 Bacchylides, 244 Codex Mexicanus, 383, 386 The Ballad of Early Heroes, 165 conceptions of history Ban Biao, 22, 27–8 Aztec, 372–8, 381–8 Ban Gu, 20–3, 28 Buddhist, 97–110 Bible, Hebrew, 2, 4, 9, 213–29; see also Byzantine, 297–308 Chronicles, Books of; Deuteronomy; Chinese, 19–37 Esther; Exodus; Ezra; Genesis; Isaiah; Christian, early, 276–87 Joshua; Judges; Kings, Books of; Egyptian, 122–35, 189 Psalms; Ruth; Samuel, Books of Greek, 234–46 biography, 62, 71, 100–1, 261, 265–6, Hittite, 171–83 269, 282, 301, 322, 326, 329, 331–4, Indian, 41–55, 61–75, 97–110 352–7 Islamic, 314–35 al-Biruni, 74–5, 317 Israelite, 213–29 Bisitun inscription, 195–200, 202–4 Jain, 97–100, 107–10 Bra‐hmaṇas, 43–4, 47, 49, 64–5, 67–70, 75 Japanese, 79–95 Brahmins, 43–4, 47–9, 52–5, 99, 104 Maya, 340–1, 346–66 Buddhism, 43–4, 62, 67, 69–70, 75, 93, Mesopotamian, 144–65, 177, 182, 97–110 189–93, 203–4 bureaucracy, 23 Native American, 393–413 Buyid caliphate, 319, 321, 328, 332 Persian, 187–9, 323–4 Roman, 256–70 Cahokia, 396–7, 399–401, 406, 411–12 Confucius and Confucians, 20–1, 24–8, 30–6 calendars Constantine, 3, 276, 287, 298 Aztec, 377–9, 383–7 Constantine VII, 303 Chinese, 27, 30–1 Constantinople, 298, 301–2, 305, 307 Mayan, 341–6, 350, 360 contingency, 8, 50, 55, 98, 228, 236–7, caliphate, 321, 323–6, 328, 334 239–41, 245–6 Cambyses, 187, 189, 191, 193–4, 196–7 continuity between past and present, 22–3, Cassius Dio, 259 90–1, 132, 173, 202, 284, 321 Cato the Elder, 260–4 1 Corinthians, 282–6 Chimalpahin, 375 2 Corinthians, 278 Chinese Corn Mother, 391, 397–402, 404–13 history, 19–20 figurines, 399–402, 400–1, 405–6 inscriptions, 19–20, 23 narratives, 397–9, 405–12 language, 24, 27, 79, 82, 84, 87–8, 92, Correspondence of the Kings of Ur, 155, 101, 105 158–60

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cuneiform, 145–6, 162, 173–4, 182, 189, Firishtah, 75 192–3, 195, 214, 223 Fronto, 259–60 Curse of Agade, 155–8, 164 Cyrus, 187, 189–94, 196, 202 Galatians, 277 Cyrus Cylinder, 189–94, 200 Gebel el-Silsila, 124–6, 125–6 genealogies, 217–18 damnatio memoriae, 120, 361, 365 establish legitimacy, 68, 71, 90, 191, Darius I, 187, 193–202, 204 235–6, 258, 357, 365, 384–5 David, 218–20, 223, 227, 229 historical texts, included in, 23, 73, 81, Death of Gilgamesh, 158, 161, 163 86, 90, 191, 193–5, 197, 202, Death of Ur-Namma, 155, 158, 161, 163 257–8, 346, 350, 357, 365, 384–5 Deeds of Suppiluliuma, 130, 172–3, 176–8, Genesis, 214, 216–18, 220–2 180–2 genre, 3–4, 63, 99–103, 123, 133–5, 153, Demosthenes, 242, 300 163, 172–3, 182, 188, 235, 238, Deuteronomy, 215, 225–6 242, 244, 246, 263, 269, 282, 286, dharma, 45, 51, 97–8, 101–5, 108–10 329, 331, 365; see also annals; dharmacakra, 64, 97–9, 101, 105, 108–9 biography; chronography; itiha‐sa; divination, 19, 23–4, 135, 171–2 history, contemporary; history, local; Dos Pilas, 342, 355–6 history, military; history, universal; stairway text, 356 prosopography; pura‐ṇas drama, 119, 123, 239–41 Gilgamesh, see Death of Gilgamesh; Durán, Diego, 375, 382 Epic of Gilgamesh; Gilgamesh and Huwawa Eanatum, see Stele of the Vultures Gilgamesh and Huwawa, 161 Egypt(ian), 1–2, 8, 117–35, 146, 170–2, Great Law of Peace, 395–6, 406–7, 412 176, 178, 189, 196, 204, 214, 221–2, Great Law narrative, 395–6 224–5, 314–15, 317, 319, 328, 332 Great Papyrus Harris, 129, 133 history, 127–9, 131 Greek language, 134, 177 inscriptions, 243 rulers, see Akhenaten; Hatshepsut; language, 204, 262, 297, 299, 301, 324 Horemheb; Thutmose III poetry, see Hesiod; Homer; Mimnermus; writing system, see hieroglyphics, Egyptian Simonides; Tyrtaeus Elegy on the Death of Naram-Sin, 163 Gregory of Nazianzus, 300, 307 Epic of Gilgamesh, 214 Gupta Empire, 62, 68–9 epic, 2, 44–50, 53–4, 67–9, 74, 119, 121, Gutians, 157–8, 190 134, 147, 161, 214, 236–40, 243–5; see also The Death of Gilgamesh; Epic hadith, 319–21, 324, 326 of Gilgamesh; Gilgamesh and hagiography, 69, 97, 100–2, 106, 109–10 Huwawa; Hesiod; Homer; Hammurabi, 144, 153–4, 170, 199 Maha‐bha‐rata; Ra‐ma‐yanạ Han Dynasty, 20 Esther, 222, 226 Han Historical Records (Hanshu), 20–3, 28 Euripides, 240 Hatshepsut, 129 Eusebius, 276, 287, 302 Hattusa, 170, 174, 177–8, 183 exegesis, 21, 23–4, 70, 84 Hattusili I, 170, 172, 176–7, 180, 182–3 exemplarity, 26 Hattusili III, 170–2, 181–2 Exodus, 221–2, 225, 228 Haudenosaunee, 394–8, 402, 404–7, Extensive Annals, 130, 172, 176–7, 180–1 410, 412 Ezra, 218, 223 Hebrew, 220–1, 223 Hegel, Georg, 7, 12–13, 64 Fatimid caliphate, 317, 319, 321, 328 Heidegger, Martin, 10–11, 16 festival, history as, 117, 121–4, 126–8, Herodotus, 41, 120, 188, 204, 214, 216, 130, 132–3 234–5, 244–6, 263, 300

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Hesiod, 237–8, 246 focus on decline, 22–3, 66, 73, 93, 98, Hiawatha Belt, 395–6, 396 105, 236–8, 267–9, 325 hieroglyphics as historical sources, 30, 36–7, 42, 51–2, Aztec, 378–9 74, 80, 120, 145, 156, 158–9, 172, Egyptian, 146, 214 188, 226–7, 347 Luwian, 182 Hittite, see Annals of Tudhaliya I; Mayan, 340–1, 343–7, 349, 351, 356, Apology of Hattusili III; Deeds of 359, 363–4 Suppiluliuma; Extensive Annals; Historia ecclesiastica, see Eusebius Plague Prayers; Proclamation of historians Telipinu; Ten-Year Annals Aztec, see Chimalpahin Indians, 41–55, 62–75, 97–110; see also Chinese, see Ban Biao; Ban Gu; Sima Qian itiha‐sa; pura‐ṇas Byzantine, see John of Damascus; influenced by Manasses, Konstantinos; Psellos, contemporary society, 28, 42, 63, Michael; Skylitzes, Ioannes; Synkellos, 94–5, 103, 200, 214, 225–6, 261, George; Theophanes the Confessor 269, 316 Christian, see Eusebius; Origen foreign cultures, 2, 4, 79, 82–5, 91, Greek, see Herodotus; Polybius; 103, 177, 182, 189–93, 199, Thucydides; Xenophon 203–4, 214, 261–4, 267, 269, Hittite, see Hattusili I; Hattusili III; 323–4, 373–6, 378, 388, 397–9 Mursili II; Telipinu other genres, 33, 267; see also epic; Roman, see Cato the Elder; Cassius Dio; oratory; philosophy; poetry Fronto; Livy; Orosius; Sallust; Islamic, see al-Biruni; al-Isfahani; Ibn Suetonius; Tacitus al-Kalbi; Ibn Khayyat; Mamluk historical texts dynasty; al-Tabari; al-Ya‘qubi; Akkadian, see Babylonian historical texts al-Zubayri Aztec, 374–8, 381–8; see also Codex Israelite, see Bible, Hebrew; Chronicles, Mendoza; Codex Mexicanus; Tira de Books of; Deuteronomy; Esther; Tepechpan; Tlaxcala Lienzo Exodus; Ezra; Genesis; Isaiah; Babylonian, 134, 190, 199, 203; see also Joshua; Judges; Kings, Books of; Cyrus Cylinder; Elegy on the Death of Psalms; Ruth; Samuel, Books of Naram-Sin; Naram-Sin and the Enemy Japanese, see Kojiki; Nihon shoki Hordes; Sumerian Sargon Legend lack of, 41–2, 63–4, 132, 145 centralized control of, 36, 80–2, 86–9, loss of, 349–51, 365 94–5, 121–4, 148–54, 171–81, Maya, 340–1, 347–66; see also Dos Pilas 189–202, 347–8, 365–6, 372, 374, stairway text; Palenque Temple XXI; 376–7, 382–3 Piedras Negras stelae; Tikal stele 31 Chinese, see Ban Biao; Confucius and Mesopotamian, 134, 177, 182, 189–91, Confucians; Han Historical Records 195; see also Akkadian historical (Hanshu); Records of the Historian; texts; Babylonian historical texts; Ritual of Zhou; Spring and Autumn Stele of the Vultures; Sumerian Annals historical texts Christian, see Acts of the Apostles; 1 Native American, see Corn Mother Corinthians; 2 Corinthians; Galatians; figurines; Corn Mother narratives; John, Gospel of; Luke, Gospel of; Mark, Great Law narrative; Hiawatha Belt Gospel of; Matthew, Gospel of; 1 Persian, see Bisitun inscription; Cyrus Thessalonians; 2 Thessalonians Cylinder; Verse Account continue previous histories, 27–8, 93, Sumerian, see Sumerian King List; Curse 264, 269–70, 333–4 of Agade; Death of Ur-Namma; Egyptian, see Gebel el-Silsila; Great Correspondence of the Kings of Ur; Papyrus Harris; Horemheb decree; Lamentation over the Destruction of Palermo Stone; Speos Artemidos Sumer and Ur

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historiography Ibbi-Sin, 159–60 definitions of, 118–21, 145–6, 188–9, Iliad, see Homer 215–16, 224, 299–301, 340, 348–9, Indian 391–3 history, 61–3, 104–5 development of, 19–20, 23–4, 43, inscriptions, 62, 65–6, 69, 71–4, 100–1, 79–82, 227–8, 235, 244–6, 278–86, 104, 106–8 322–4, 329–30 languages, see Pali; Prakrit; Sanskrit history literature, see Maha‐bha‐rata; Ra‐ma‐yaṇa; and art, 243–4, 257–8, 358–9, 358, Vedas 399–402, 400–1, 405–6 rulers, see Aśoka; Gupta Empire; contemporary, 71, 189–97, 201, 203, Mauryan Empire 239, 244, 301, 307, 328–9, 331, Indo-Greek, 99, 105, 107, 109; see also 334, 340, 346, 352, 375–6, Menander 386, 388 inscriptions, see also Assyrian inscriptions; as entertainment, 2, 110, 134, 223–4, Chinese inscriptions; Greek 303, 305, 327 inscriptions; Hittite inscriptions; and etiology, 9, 43, 102, 108–9, 172, Indian inscriptions; Israelite 216–18 inscriptions; Mayan inscriptions; exemplary, 2, 26, 36, 48–9, 51, 98, 100, Mesopotamian inscriptions; Persian 102, 108–10, 236, 239–41, 245–6, inscriptions; Roman inscriptions 263–70, 320, 332–3, 362; see also bronze, 1, 23, 179–81, 257 purposes of historical writing, as creating legitimacy, 62, 69, 149, 182, didactic 189–93, 196–204, 354 of families, 218, 257–8 dedicatory, 100, 129, 147, 104, 107, local, 42, 46, 52, 62–3, 70, 72–3, 100, 182, 348–9 239–41, 244, 263, 328–31, 373–6, develop historical consciousness, 23, 382, 385–7 70–2, 261 military, 1, 92, 120–2, 134–5, 147–52, as historical sources, 74, 99, 109, 164 162–4, 177–8, 199, 354–7, 361–2, monumental, 118, 153–4, 176–7, 365 196–204, 257 objects, tied to, 69, 98, 199, 298–9, and religion, 19, 23, 128–9, 131, 148, 399–402 153–4, 193 regional, see history, local royal, 1, 62, 69, 101, 104, 128–9, 131, retrospective, 19, 21–2, 122, 133, 191, 135, 147–54, 163–4, 176–7, 182, 213, 349, 357, 374 188–93, 195–204, 226, 257, 346, ritual, commemorated by, 221–2, 284, 348, 353–64, 358–9, 363–4 297, 321–2, 335 and warfare, 1, 147–52, 195–202, 226, universal, 45, 97, 99–100, 120, 301, 243, 354–7 303–4, 317, 322, 324, 326–7, 334 Iran, 105–7, 118, 147, 149–50, 152–3, Hittite(s), 4, 118, 121, 129–30, 169–83 159–60, 195, 314–15, 323–4, history, 169–71 327–8, 330–1, 334; see also Persia inscriptions, 176–7, 181–2 Iraq, 150, 314–15, 318–19, 321, 323, language, 169, 173 327–9, 331 rulers, see Hattusili I; Hattusili III; Iroquois, see Haudenosaunee Mursili II; Suppiluliuma I; Telipinu; Isaiah, 182, 282 Tudhaliya I; Tudhaliya IV Islam, 2–4, 9, 42, 74–5, 306, 314–35 writing system, see cuneiform; Shi‘i, 314, 317, 319, 321, 323, 325–8 hieroglyphics, Luwian Sunni, 314–15, 319–21, 325–8, 331, Homer, 236–40, 243–4 334 Horemheb, 124–32, 125–6, 134–5 Islamic Horemheb decree, 130–1 history, 314–15 Husserl, Edmund, 10–11 languages, see Arabic; Persian; Turkish

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Islamic (cont’d) Maha‐bha‐rata, 42, 44–50, 53–4, 62, 66–8, rulers, see Abbasid caliphate; Ayyubid 104 caliphate; Buyid caliphate; caliphate; Mamluk dynasty, 315, 328, 332–3 Fatimid caliphate; Rashidun caliphs; Manasses, Konstantinos, 303–5 Seljuk sultanate Manetho, 127, 134 Isocrates, 234, 242–3 Mark, Gospel of, 277, 281–7 al-Isfahani, 318, 326 al-Mas‘udi, 326–8, 334 Israel(ite), 1, 118, 213–29, 241 268, 287; Matthew, Gospel of, 281 see also Bible, Hebrew Mauryan Empire, 54, 62, 68–70, 72, 104–5; inscriptions, 226 see also Aśoka language, see Hebrew Maya rulers, see David; Saul; Solomon history, 341–3 itiha‐sa, 42–9, 53–5, 66–9 inscriptions, 340–65 Itzam K’an Ahk, 358–60, 359 language, 340–1, 343–4, 349, 351, 393 Itzcoatl, 374, 379, 383–4 rulers, 347; see also Itzam K’an Ahk; Kan dynasty; K’inich Janab Pakal; K’inich Jainism, 44, 62, 67, 69–70, 97–100, 104, Yo’nal Ahk; Lady Winikha’b Ajaw; 107–10 Yaxuun Bahlam; Yopaat Bahlam Japan(ese), 1, 3–4, 8, 109 writing system, see hieroglyphics, Mayan history, 79 memory, social, 14, 48, 69, 90–1, 93, 98, Jerusalem, 213, 221–2, 225, 280–5 105, 108–9, 120, 145, 147–8, 161, Jesus, 268, 277–8, 281–7, 318 227, 234–5, 238–9, 241–6, 256–9, John the Baptist, 282 264, 277–87, 297–303, 307–8, John of Damascus, 298–9 319–21, 352, 357, 377, 403 John, Gospel of, 277 Menander, 99, 105, 109 Josephus, 221, 287 Mesopotamia(n), 1, 4, 21, 118, 120, 134, Joshua, 217, 225–6 144–65, 170, 172, 177, 182, 187–91, Judges, 223–4, 226 195, 202, 213–14, 217, 331 Julius Caesar, 260 Early Dynastic Period of, 144, 146–50; see also Lagash, Lugalzagesi, Ur-Nanshe Ibn al-Kalbi, 327 history, 144–6, 150–3 Kan dynasty, 350, 357 inscriptions, 146–54, 162–4, 190, 192–3, Ibn Khayyat, 326–7 198–9, 202–3 Kings, Books of, 214, 220, 222–3, 225–6 rulers, see Akkadian rulers; Assyrian K’inich Janab Pakal, 346–7, 362–3 rulers; Babylonian rulers; Sumerian K’inich Yo’nal Ahk, 353–4, 358 rulers Kish, 146, 156–7 Mississippian(s), 391, 402–4, 406–7, 412; Kojiki, 79–80, 86, 89–91, 93–4 see also Cahokia Iconographic Interaction Sphere (MIIS), Lady Winikha’b Ajaw, 353–4, 358, 363 396–9, 402, 405, 412 Lagash, 144, 148–50, 152, 158 iconography, 396, 402–8, 403, 409, 412 Lamentation over the Destruction of Sumer Mittani, 170–1 and Ur, 155, 160–62 Mongols, 315 Latin, 262, 267 Motecuhzoma II, 375, 384 literacy, restricted scope of, 145, 148, 154, Muhammad, 317–19, 321, 325–7 174, 214–15 biographies of, 322, 326, 332 Livy, 260, 262–4, 266–8, 270 Mursili II, 129, 170–3, 176–83; see also Lugalbanda, 147, 160 Deeds of Suppiluliuma; Extensive Lugalzagesi, 144, 149–50, 190 Annals; Ten–Year Annals Luke, see Acts of the Apostles; Luke, mythology, 146–7, 154, 176, 215, Gospel of 239–41, 282, 305; see also epics Luke, Gospel of, 277, 280–1, 284, 286 and history

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historical events narrated as, 155–8, 226, 235–6, 244, 257–8, 281, 320, 162–5, 228–9, 238–9, 243–4 322–3, 327, 379–81, 391–9, 402–4, historical texts, included in, 19, 21, 30, 406–7, 409–10, 412–13 62, 66, 79–80, 84–6, 89–93, 215, oratory, 234–5, 241–5, 259, 264, 267, 237–8, 242–4, 262–3, 300, 349, 302–3, 305, 358, 382; see also 352, 363–5, 383–7, 397–9, 406–13 Isocrates history, distinguished from, 19, 155, organization of historical texts, 21–2, 188, 302 28–30, 81, 173–6, 183 history, not distinguished from, 52, around a central principle, 282–6, 324 79–80, 84–6, 215, 235–6, 242–4, chronologically, 21, 63, 80, 93, 101, 262, 300, 305, 363–4, 177, 261, 322; see also annals legitimizes contemporary institutions, geographically, 101, 377–8 79–80, 85–6, 89–90, 93–4, 133, Origen, 287 383–7 Orosius, 268

Nabonidus, 189–90, 192–4, 199 Palenque, 342, 345–7, 355–7, 362–4 Nahuatl, 373–4, 377, 382, 393 Temple XXI, 362–4, 363–4 Naram-Sin, 144, 151–2, 157, 162–4, 199 Palermo Stone, 123 Naram-Sin and the Enemy Hordes, 163–4 Pali, 62, 69, 100–5 Native American Paul, 277–87 history, 395–7, 406–7 performance, languages, 393, 396–7; see also of historical texts, 86–91, 102, 110, 235, Anishinabe 239–41, 244, 257, 379–82, 387 writing system, 393–5; see also history as, 122, 221–2, 299 Mississippian iconography Persia(n), see also Achaemenid empire; Near East(ern), 117–21, 128–30, 132, Sasanian empire; Teispid dynasty 146–7, 169, 188–9, 193, 195, history, 187 197–8, 203, 213–16, 218, 220, inscriptions, 188–204 227, 229, 237, 347; see also Islamic, 74, 317, 321–4, 328–9, 331, Mesopotamian; Akkadian; Assyrian; 334; see also Iran Babylonian; Sumerian language, 74, 195–8, 200, 202, 204, history, see Mesopotamian history; 322–4, 328–9, 334 Hittite history rulers, see Artaxerxes III; Cambyses; languages, see Akkadian; Hittite; Cyrus; Darius I; Xerxes Sumerian Persian Wars, 234, 239–40, 242–5 rulers, see Akkadian rulers; Assyrian rulers; phenomenology, 9–13, 17 Babylonian rulers; Hittite rulers; philosophy, 145, 266, 279, 284, 323, 333 Persian rulers; Sumerian rulers Chinese, see Confucius and Confucians, Nebuchadnezzar, 192, 220 20–1, 24–8, 30–6 Nihon shoki, 79–95 Greek, 36, 318; see also Aristotle; Plato Nippur, 150–2, 154, 161–2 of history, 6–17, 110 Indian, 48, 50–1, 110 objectivity, 2, 93, 98, 100, 117, 134, 173, Piedras Negras, 340, 342, 352–4, 357–61 179–82, 245, 302, 374–5, 387 stelae, 353–4, 358–61, 358–9 Odyssey, see Homer Plague Prayers, 129–30, 171–2 Ojibwe, see Anishinaabe Plato, 242, 300 Old Babylonian Period, 144, 153–6, Plutarch, 105 159–65; see also Ammisaduqa; poetry, 20, 42–6, 84, 87, 145, 147, 152, Hammurabi; Samsuiluna 156–8, 163, 165, 188, 235–45, oracles, see divination 303, 331, 382, 387; see also epic; oral tradition, 2, 29, 35, 49, 61–2, 65, Hesiod; Homer; Maha‐bha‐rata; 67–8, 103, 108, 121, 134, 214, Ra‐ma‐yaṇa; Simonides

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polemic, 27–30, 36, 220, 223, 235–6 121–4, 126–8, 131–4, 172, 176, against outsiders, 220, 223, 263 191, 193–4, 306, 348–9 against writers, 27–30, 36, 235–6 Roman Polybius, 2, 37, 257, 282, 286 inscriptions, 257–8, 261, 265 Popol Vuh, 345, 393, 398 language, see Latin Prakrit, 62, 69, 71, 100 rulers, see Augustus; Claudius; priests, 89, 120, 123–4, 129, 133–5, 148, Constantine; Julius Caesar; Tiberius 151, 180, 218; see also Brahmins Ruth, 223, 229 as historians, 43, 72–3, 134, 258, 261, 269 Proclamation of Telipinu, 172 Sallust, 262, 266–8, 286 propaganda, 9, 173, 176, 181, 192, 220, Samsuiluna, 144, 154 316, 323, 328, 333, 347–8 Samuel, Books of, 214, 218–20, 225–6 prosopography, 322, 326–7, 329, 331–3 Sanskrit, 44–5, 54, 63–4, 69, 71–5, 100–4, Psalms, 215, 222, 224–5 106–8 Psellos, Michael, 300, 304–7 Sargon, 144, 150–1, 156–7, 162–4, 177, 199 pura‐ṇas, 42, 44–7, 49–55, 62, 64, 66–9, Sasanian Empire, 107, 323–4, 330 73–4 Saul, 218–20 purposes of historical writing, 2, 23, 30, scribes, 23–5, 83–4, 120, 146–7, 152, 41–2, 53–4, 88–9, 176, 196, 229, 161–3, 213, 225, 315, 317, 333, 245, 262 328, 334, 347–8, 372–6, 340–1, 345–6, 349, 351–2, 354–5, 381–2 360–1, 364, 366, 376–7 antiquarian, 22, 161, 224, 262 Seljuk sultanate, 314–15, 321, 328–9, 332 creates harmony, 383–7 Senate, Roman, 257, 259–62, 265–6 didactic, 2, 21, 48, 97–8, 100, 108–9, Septuagint, 219, 282, 287 146, 164, 220–1, 223, 276–7, 280, Shahnama, 324, 328–9 305; see also history, exemplary Shang Dynasty, 19–20 for its own sake, 8–9, 134, 172–3, 182, Shulgi, 144, 159, 193 224, 327, 366 Skylitzes, Ioannes, 302–3 ideological, 2–3, 9, 36–7, 67, 70–1, Sima Qian, 19–23, 28–31, 35 123–5, 154, 156, 196–8, 202, Simonides, 238–9 218–20, 227, 302, 348, 354, 362, Sippar, 154, 194 375–6 Solomon, 219, 222, 225, 227 kerygmatic, 277–86 Sophocles, 240, 246 legitimizes the present, 156, 222, Speos Artemidos, 129 372–6, 385 Spring and Autumn Annals, 20–1, 24, 31–6 legitimizes rulers, 71, 91, 120, 125–6, Spring and Autumn Period, 20, 22 189–92, 196–7, 321–2, 328, Sri Lanka, 62, 69–70, 102–3, 108–9 332–4, 354, 362 Stele of the Vultures, 148–50 patriotic, 79, 90–2, 373–6, 381–2, 385–7 Suda, 299 Suetonius, 260–1, 266 Qin Dynasty, 20–3, 26, 28, 30 Sumer(ian), 121, 148–50, 152–3, 176; see Qur’an, 318–33, 335 also Lagash; Ur; Ur, Third Dynasty of; Uruk; Ra‐ma‐yaṇa, 44–6, 48, 53–4, 62, 66, 68 epics, see Death of Gilgamesh; Gilgamesh Rashidun caliphs, 325–6 and Huwawa rationalization, 24 history, see Mesopotamian history Records of the Historian, 19–23, 28–31, 35 language, 145, 154, 162 rhetoric, see oratory rulers, see Ibbi-Sin; Lugalzagesi; Shulgi; Rig Veda, see Vedas Ur-Namma; Ur-Nanshe Ritual of Zhou, 27 writing system, see cuneiform rituals, 1, 3, 8, 23, 26–7, 30–1, 33–7, Sumerian King List, 120, 155–8, 160–1, 45–6, 62–3, 66–7, 88, 91, 103, 165

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Sumerian Sargon Legend, 156 Tlaxcala Lienzo, 412 Suppiluliuma I, 129, 170–1, 176; see also Triple Alliance, 354, 373–4, 381, 385 Deeds of Suppiluliuma Tudhaliya I, 170; see also Annals of Susa, 147, 199, 202–3 Tudhaliya I Synkellos, George, 303–4 Tudhaliya IV, 170–2, 179–80 Syria, 128, 130–1, 135, 146, 150, 170–1, Turk(s), Turkish, 61, 74, 307, 314–15, 173, 226, 297, 315, 328, 332–3 321, 329 Syriac, 323–4 ‘ulama, 315–16, 319–23, 325–31, 334–5 al-Tabari, 317, 324–6, 333–4 Umma, 144, 148–50, 158, 190 Tacitus, 259, 261–3, 265, 270, 286 Ur, 148, 154, 161–2 Tacuba, 373, 375 Third Dynasty of, 144, 152–6, 158–62; Teispid dynasty, 187–93, 199, 202 see also Ibbi-Sin; Shulgi; Ur-Namma Telipinu, 170, 174, 182 Ur-Namma, 144, 152, 158 Ten-Year Annals, 130, 172, 176–7, Ur-Nanshe, 144, 148–9 179–81 Uruk, 146–7, 157–8, 160, 193–4 Tepechpan, 375, 385–7 Texcoco, 373–5, 385 Vedas, 44, 47, 50, 54, 62, 64, 67, 73 Theogony, see Hesiod Verse Account, 192–3 Theophanes the Confessor, 302–4, 324 1 Thessalonians, 277–81, 285 Wabanaki, 391, 393–4, 396–7, 405 2 Thessalonians, 278 wampum, 392–5, 396 Thucydides, 2, 214, 216, 234–6, 244–6, Warring States Period, 20, 22–3, 26 264, 287, 300–1 Works and Days, see Hesiod Thutmose III, 123, 130–1 Tiberius, 259, 265 Xenophon, 264, 300 Tikal, 342, 343, 348–9, 356, 362 Xerxes, 194–5, 200–3 Stele 31, 362 time, views of al-Ya‘qubi, 324, 326 cyclical, 45, 50, 52–3, 66, 72, 93, 97–8, Yaxchilan, 342, 355, 357–61, 366 317, 343–6, 353, 357, 365, 378, Yaxuun Bahlam, 355, 359–61, 65 384–7 Yellow Emperor, 19, 21, 30 linear, 66, 97, 316–18, 344–6, 350, Yopaat Bahlam, 358–61, 65 357, 365 scales of, 341, 343–6, 352–5, 357 Zhou Dynasty, 19–23 timeless, 50, 55, 97, 195, 200–2 al-Zubayri, 326–7 Tira de Tepechpan, 375, 378, 384–7, 386 Zuo Commentary, 20–1, 23–4, 26–7, 31–5

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