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Ugaritic Seal Metamorphoses As a Reflection of the Hittite Administration and the Egyptian Influence in the Late Bronze Age in Western Syria
UGARITIC SEAL METAMORPHOSES AS A REFLECTION OF THE HITTITE ADMINISTRATION AND THE EGYPTIAN INFLUENCE IN THE LATE BRONZE AGE IN WESTERN SYRIA The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University by B. R. KABATIAROVA In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND HISTORY OF ART BILKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA June 2006 To my family and Őzge I certify that I have read this thesis and that it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Archaeology and History of Art. -------------------------------------------- Dr. Marie-Henriette Gates Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and that it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Archaeology and History of Art. -------------------------------------------- Dr. Jacques Morin Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and that it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Archaeology and History of Art. -------------------------------------------- Dr. Geoffrey Summers Examining Committee Member Approval of the Institute of Economics and Social Sciences ------------------------------------------- Dr. Erdal Erel Director ABSTRACT UGARITIC SEAL METAMORPHOSES AS A REFLECTION OF THE HITTITE ADMINISTRATION AND THE EGYPTIAN INFLUENCE IN THE LATE BRONZE AGE IN WESTERN SYRIA Kabatiarova, B.R. M.A., Department of Archaeology and History of Art Supervisor: Doc. Dr. Marie-Henriette Gates June 2006 This study explores the ways in which Hittite political control of Northern Syria in the LBA influenced and modified Ugaritic glyptic and methods of sealing documents. -
The Story of a Forgotten Kingdom? Survey Archaeology and the Historical Geography of Central Western Anatolia in the Second Millennium BC
European Journal of Archaeology 20 (1) 2017, 120–147 This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The Story of a Forgotten Kingdom? Survey Archaeology and the Historical Geography of Central Western Anatolia in the Second Millennium BC 1,2,3 1,3 CHRISTOPHER H. ROOSEVELT AND CHRISTINA LUKE 1Department of Archaeology and History of Art, Koç University, I˙stanbul, Turkey 2Research Center for Anatolian Civilizations, Koç University, I˙stanbul, Turkey 3Department of Archaeology, Boston University, USA This article presents previously unknown archaeological evidence of a mid-second-millennium BC kingdom located in central western Anatolia. Discovered during the work of the Central Lydia Archaeological Survey in the Marmara Lake basin of the Gediz Valley in western Turkey, the material evidence appears to correlate well with text-based reconstructions of Late Bronze Age historical geog- raphy drawn from Hittite archives. One site in particular—Kaymakçı—stands out as a regional capital and the results of the systematic archaeological survey allow for an understanding of local settlement patterns, moving beyond traditional correlations between historical geography and capital sites alone. Comparison with contemporary sites in central western Anatolia, furthermore, identifies material com- monalities in site forms that may indicate a regional architectural tradition if not just influence from Hittite hegemony. Keywords: survey archaeology, Anatolia, Bronze Age, historical geography, Hittites, Seha River Land INTRODUCTION correlates of historical territories and king- doms have remained elusive. -
IMPACT of a MILITARISTIC SOCIETY: a STUDY on the HITTITES by Amber N. Hawley Submitted to the Faculty of the Archaeological Stud
IMPACT OF A MILITARISTIC SOCIETY: A STUDY ON THE HITTITES By Amber N. Hawley Submitted to the Faculty of The Archaeological Studies Program Department of Sociology and Archaeology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science University of Wisconsin – La Crosse 2012 Copyright © 2012 by Amber N. Hawley All rights reserved ii THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF A MILITARISTIC SOCIETY: A STUDY ON THE HITTITES Amber N. Hawley, B.S. University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, 2012 The purpose of this study is to better understand the relationship between the military, the economy, and the societal collapse of the Hittites, a militaristic society. The Hittite empire suffered from many problems near the end of its existence, but this research supports the idea that the military‟s demand for subsistence goods was too great for the economy to provide. By analyzing historical documentation, many aspects of the Hittite culture can be examined, such as trade networks as well as military campaign reports. The study also looks at the archaeological excavations of Hattusa, the Hittite capital, and Kaman-Kalehöyük, a supply city that would restock the campaigning military. By examining these cities and historical documentation, better understanding of the economy and military will be attained for militaristic societies; and in the case of the Hittites, their relationship to the societal collapse is determined to be strong. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank my advisors, Dr. David Anderson and Dr. Mark Chavalas for providing me with feedback throughout my research. I would also like to thank my reading group, which consisted of Mitchell Johnson and Maximilian Pschorr for giving me great advice. -
The Storm-God and Hittite Great King
The Storm-God and Hittite Great King Piotr Taracha Warsaw The Storm-God and the Sun-Goddess of Arinna, supreme deities of the Hittite state pantheon, played a special role in the ideology of kingship throughout the history of the Hittite kingdom. However, after a coup of Muwattalli I and the following seizure of the throne by Tudhaliya I, son of Kantuzzili, a new dynasty of Hurrian origin was installed in Hattusa'. Together with this dynastic change, Tesub replaced the Anatolian Storm-God both as the supreme god in the state cult and as a divine patron of kingship. It is the purpose of this paper to consider the iconographic evidence for special reverence of the king for Tdub in the times of the Hittite New Kingdom. Besides, I shall comment on the prominent role of Tesub of Halab in the dynastic cult. A particular attitude of the king to the supreme deities of the state pantheon finds exgression in his titles NARAM DU "beloved of the Storm-God" and NARAM DU (; DUTU UR Arinna "beloved of the Storm-God and the Sun-Goddess of Arinna". These titles occur, first 2 of all, in cuneiform legends of royal seals of the so called Umarmung type • Princes were "beloved of the Storm-God", too, as attested by impressions (Ba 78/56) of a seal of Kantuzzili MAGNUS.HASTARIUS (= GAL MESEDl) and Tudhaliya MAGNUS.LlTUUS from the Upper 3 City in Hattusa • Admittedly, this title may be associated with the iconography of the royal 4 Umarmung seals , with a central scene showing a figure of the king embraced by the god in the iconic type characteristic of Tesub, as we see it, for instance, in the main scene of the gods' procession in Yazlhkaya. -
Anatolia Between the 13 and the 12 Century
Collana di studi sulle civiltà dell’Oriente antico fondata da Fiorella Imparati e Giovanni Pugliese Carratelli diretta da Stefano de Martino Stefano de Martino – Elena Devecchi ANATOLIA BETWEEN THE 13th AND THE 12th CENTURY BCE LoGisma editore 3 Collana di studi sulle civiltà dell’Oriente antico fondata da Fiorella Imparati e Giovanni Pugliese Carratelli editor Stefano de Martino scientific board Mauro Giorgieri, Jared L. Miller, Mark Weeden, Gernot Wilhelm Questa pubblicazione è stata realizzata con il contributo della Università degli Studi di Torino - Dipartimento di Studi Storici Progetto DEMS_PRIN_2015_16_01 “L’Anatolia antica: politiche imperiali e culture locali tra XV e VII secolo a.C. Problemi di etnicità, assetti urbani e territoriali, tradizione e innovazione”. Stefano de Martino – Elena Devecchi (a cura di), Anatolia between the 13th and the 12th century BCE. (Eothen; 23) Copyright © 2020 LoGisma editore www.logisma.it - [email protected] ISBN 978-88-94926-25-5 Printed in January 2020 4 ARE THERE SIGNS OF THE DECLINE OF THE LATE HITTITE STATE IN THE TEXTUAL DOCUMENTATION FROM HATTUŠA? Jared L. Miller While working recently on a general history of the Hittites, I was forced to deal with the question posed in the title of this paper. And my conclusion was, in short: No, there are no signs, or at least no clear signs, of the decline and impending collapse of the Hittite state in the documentation from Hattuša. It should be emphasized at this point that only the question as it pertains to the textual documentation from Hattuša will be discussed in this paper, not the archaeological data and not the textual material from Ugarit, Emar, Amarna or other sites, which, taken all together, result in a somewhat more informative, though still very incomplete, picture.1 Further, as this paper attempts to address a very extensive and complex topic in only a few short pages, it will necessarily be the case that myriad aspects of very many issues raised will remain untouched as I lay out the argument in broad strokes. -
THE KINGDOM of the HITTITES This Page Intentionally Left Blank the Kingdom of the Hittites
THE KINGDOM OF THE HITTITES This page intentionally left blank The Kingdom of the Hittites New Edition TREVOR BRYCE 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With oYces in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York ß Trevor Bryce 2005 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2005 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same -
The 'Cruciform Seal' from Bogazköy-Hattusa
ALi M. DIN<;OL - BELK IS DiN<;OL - J. DAVID HA WKI S - GERNOT WILHELM The 'Cruciform Seal' from Bogazköy-Hattusa Tafel6 l TRODUCTION Thc four authors of this contribution have been friends and colleagues of Peter Neve for many years, and have collaborated with the Bogazköy Expedition in the work on epigraphic material. Peter Neve opened the extraordinarily productive excavations of the Upper City at Hattusa, and has conducted thcm with the most gratifying resu!ts. It thus scemed to us that a joint presentation of our combined efforts on one of the most important finds of these excavations would be an appropriate means of affering to him, on the occasion of his65th birthday, our high regards and gratitude for his achievements. In 1986 Peter Neve reexcavating Temple 3 at Bogazköy found among other epigraphic 1 material some !arge clay lumps bearing remarkable seal impressions • These he deduced from impressions on their reverse sides to be sealings for containers or possibly for door fastenings. They almost all came from the lang ro"om 8 on the north-east side of Temple 3, and were found in a Ievel bclow that of the original floor immediatcly above a layer of yellow filling ! . Neve idcntified this as secondarily deposited building detritus and considered that the sealings would Apart from the usual abbreviations uscd by thc Arcbäologische Bibliographie and the Arcbäologrscher Anzeiger, we note thc following: ChS Corpus der hurririschen Sprachdenkmäler CTH E. Laroche, Catalogue des textes hittites ( 1970) HH E. Laroche, Lcs hicroglrphes hirrircs ( 1960) Kammenhuber, A. Kammenbuber, Orakelpraxis, Träume und Vorzeichenschau bei den Hethitern, THcth 7 (1976) Orakelpraxis KBo Keilschrifttexte aus ßoghazköi KUB Keilschrifturkunden aus ßoghazköi Orten, H . -
A Hatalomgyakorlás Lehetőségei És Korlátai a Hettita Birodalomban
PÉCSI TUDOMÁNYEGYETEM BÖLCSÉSZETTUDOMÁNYI KAR INTERDISZCIPLINÁRIS DOKTORI ISKOLA ÓKORTÖRTÉNETI DOKTORI PROGRAM: A KÁRPÁT-MEDENCE ÉS AZ ANTIK VILÁG NÉPEINEK TÖRTÉNETE, KULTÚRÁJA ÉS KAPCSOLATAIK AZ ÓKORBAN STIPICH BÉLA TAMÁS: A HATALOMGYAKORLÁS LEHETŐSÉGEI ÉS KORLÁTAI A HETTITA BIRODALOMBAN DOKTORI DISSZERTÁCIÓ TÉMAVEZETŐ: †DR. VARGYAS PÉTER DSC DR. CSABAI ZOLTÁN PHD EGYETEMI TANÁR EGYETEMI ADJUNKTUS (2004-2009) PÉCS 2018 TARTALOMJEGYZÉK I. Bevezetés .............................................................................................................. 4 I.1. A téma indoklása és kutatástörténeti kitekintés ............................................. 4 I.2. Módszertani megjegyzések ............................................................................ 8 I.3. Köszönetnyilvánítás ....................................................................................... 9 II. A Hettita Birodalom formatív időszaka .............................................................. 12 II.1. Forráshelyzet ................................................................................................ 12 II.2. Közép-Anatólia politikai berendezkedése az óasszír kereskedelmi hálózat működése idején .............................................................................. 14 II.3. Anum-Hirwe birodalma ............................................................................... 19 II.4. Az óasszír kor kereskedelmi hálózatának emlékezete a hettita szövegekben ................................................................................................ -
Forms of Historical Consciousness in Hittite Anatolia1
Anadolu / Anatolia 44, 2018 A. Gilan IN SEARCH OF A DISTANT PAST: FORMS OF HISTORICAL CONSCIOUSNESS IN HITTITE ANATOLIA1 Amir GILAN* Keywords: Hittites • Forms of Historical Consciousness • Anatolia Abstract: The Hittites of the Old Hittite kingdom could only look back on a relatively short past. With time, however, the kingdom ‘without a past’ could finally look back and relate to a distant past of its own. The following paper will survey some of ways the Hittites came into contact, imagined, and represented their distant past. Hittite historiography, one of the most elaborate and highly developed traditions of its kind in the ancient Near East, was mainly concerned with contemporary history and only marginally engaged with the distant past. The more distant past was the subject of literature rather than of historiography. Both in the form of translated Mesopotamian literature or in local compositions. But it was in ritual action, as documented in the ‘Offering Lists’, that long sequences of past names were preserved and performed, constituting a historical scaffold spanning from the earliest phases of the Old Kingdom to the Empire period. The Old Hittite Kingdom began as a ‘Kingdom without a past’, but with time, the Hittites began to relate and to utilize a distant, sometimes even glorious past of, of their own. UZAK BİR GEÇMİŞİN ARAŞTIRILMASI: HİTİT ANADOLU’SUNDA TARİHSEL BİLİNCİN BİÇİMLERİ Anahtar Kelimeler: Hititler • Tarihsel Bilincin Biçimleri • Anadolu Özet: Eski Hitit krallığının Hititleri, göreceli yakın bir geçmişi hatırlayabiliyorlardı. Ancak zamanla, “geçmişi olmayan” krallık geriye bakıp kendine ait uzun bir geçmişi hikaye etmeye başladı. Bu makale, Hititlerin kendi geçmişleriyle kurdukları bağları ve gözlerinde canlandırdıkları uzak geçmişlerini nasıl ele alıp tasvir ettikleri hakkında çeşitli örnekler sunmaktadır. -
Poetry and War Among the Hittites Mark Weeden
CHAPTER 3 Poetry and War among the Hittites Mark Weeden WHO WERE THE HITTITES? During the nineteenth century European visitors to central Anatolia came upon the ruins of a large ancient city near the village of Bo!azköy, modern-day Bo!azkale. Already during the initial period of investigation that ensued over the next 50 years, links were made with Iron Age (first millennium bc) inscriptions in an as yet undeciphered hieroglyphic script that were known from northern Syria, and the people known to readers of the Hebrew Bible as the Hittites. As it turned out, these indirectly related phenomena were separated by several hundred years from the Late Bronze Age (c.1600–1200 bc) civilisation that had its seat at Bo!azköy.1 At the beginning of the twentieth century joint German and Turkish exca- vations at this site brought to light thousands of clay tablets inscribed with the cuneiform script, many in Akkadian, the lingua franca of the Ancient Near East in the Late Bronze Age, but many others in a language that bore resemblance to an Indo-European dialect already known from two letters found in the cuneiform archive from Amarna, Egypt. The Akkadian docu- ments, especially treaties with the great powers of the time, soon made it clear that this was the ancient city of Hattusa, capital of the Hittite Empire. By 1917 the language, known to its speakers as Nesili (the language of Nesa), was officially deciphered and became known to the modern world as Hittite, the oldest attested member of the Indo-European language family.2 Excavations continue at the site to this day, and the number of cuneiform tablets and fragments recovered thus far amounts to some 30,0003. -
Chapter 21 Kizzuwatna and the Euphrates States: Kummaha, Elbistan, Malatya Philology J. David Hawkins and Mark Weeden SOAS
Chapter 21 Kizzuwatna and the Euphrates States: Kummaha, Elbistan, Malatya Philology J. David Hawkins and Mark Weeden SOAS, University of London 1. Introduction Kizzuwatna is defined in a Middle Hittite letter from Maşathöyük as a “primary watchpost”, a border region, which the writer of the letter explains is just as exposed as Zikkasta in the area of Maşat itself.1 Kizzuwatna itself had only been annexed to the Hittite power-sphere since the reign of Tudhaliya I in the mid 15th century BC as outlined in the treaty with Sunassura.2 Prior to this it had been subject to Hurrian overlordship, with a basically Syrian geo-political orientation.3 Hittite access to Syria is one of the key themes associated with the area of Kizzuwatna. One traditional assumption has been that this passed through the Cilician Gates into Plain Cilicia and then over one of the Amanus passes into Syria. Cogent objections have been made to this view, especially when it involves the passage of armies through difficult terrain involving precarious passes.4 Where exactly its borders lay and where its main cities are to be located have remained problematic issues, although considerable advances have been made in the last 15 years. The identity of the city/land of Kummanni and the city/land of Kizzuwatna was observed early on, as they alternate as readings in duplicate manuscripts of the same texts as well as in the titles of identical people or gods.5 This, along with an alleged textual association of Kizzuwatna with iron on the one hand and the coast on the other, led to an early identification of Kizzuwatna with Comana Pontica on the Black Sea coast. -
The Last Days of Hattusa -- the Mysterious Collapse of the Hittite Empire Trevor Bryce
The Last Days of Hattusa -- The mysterious collapse of the Hittite empire Trevor Bryce From his capital, Hattusa, in central Anatolia, the last-known Hittite king, Suppiluliuma II (1207 B.C.-?), ruled over a people who had once built a great empire—one of the superpowers (along with Egypt, Mittani, Babylon and Assyria) of the Late Bronze Age. The Kingdom of the Hittites, called Hatti, had stretched across the face of Anatolia and northern Syria, from the Aegean in the west to the Euphrates in the east. But now those days were gone, and the royal capital was about to be destroyed forever by invasion and fire. Did Suppiluliuma die defending his city, like the last king of Constantinople 2,600 years later? Or did he spend his final moments in his palace, impassively contemplating mankind’s flickering mortality? Neither, according A helmeted god stands guard over one of the to recent principal entrances to ancient Hattusa. From archaeological the 17th to the early 12th century B.C., evidence, which Hattusa served as the capital of the Hittite paints a somewhat empire. Credit: Gianni Dagli Orti/Corbis. less dramatic, though still mysterious, picture of Hattusa’s last days. Excavations at the site, directed by the German archaeologist Jürgen Seeher, have indeed determined that the city was invaded and burned early in the 12th century B.C. But this destruction appears to have taken place after many of Hattusa’s residents had abandoned the city, carrying off the valuable (and portable) objects as well as the city’s important official records.