Tempo E Eternidade Na Tradição Do Yoga Clássico

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Tempo E Eternidade Na Tradição Do Yoga Clássico 1 Tomaz Pedrosa de Tassis Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas (FAFICH) O Yoga do Eterno Retorno: Tempo e Eternidade na Tradição do Yoga Clássico Texto apresentado ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em História da Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Mestre em História. Orientador: José Antonio Dabdab Trabulsi BELO HORIZONTE 2018 181.4 Tassis, Tomaz Pedrosa de T213y O Yoga do eterno retorno [manuscrito] : tempo e 2018 eternidade nos Yoga-Sūtras de Patañjali / Tomaz Pedrosa de Tassis. - 2018. 150 f. Orientador: José Antonio Dabdab Trabulsi. Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. Inclui bibliografia 1.História – Teses. 2.Filosofia indiana- Teses.3.Eliade, Mircea, 1907-1986. 4.Tempo - Teses. I. Dabdab Trabulsi, José Antônio, 1958- II. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. III. Título. 2 ‘‘O Sanatana Dharma foi conhecido em várias terras por diferentes nomes. Mas em um estágio ou outro, esteve sob ataque de crenças monolátricas que careciam de internalidade, mas que foram movidas por uma ideia fanática. Muitos países perderam toda sua memória, mas a Índia foi, contudo, capaz de conservá-la de forma gravemente danificada. Assim, a Índia veio para preservar as tradições espirituais que muitas culturas e países antigos perderam. Hoje o Hinduísmo representa não só a Índia, mas todo o antigo conhecimento da humanidade, de forma mais vital do que a própria humanidade atualmente conhece. No Hinduísmo muitos países antigos podem ainda redescobrir seu passado religioso, seus antigos Deuses e suas antigas tradições espirituais. E enquanto revela seu passado, pode ser também um indicador do futuro; pois enquanto conecta com suas raízes, ensina a possibilidade de se desenvolver melhor seguindo sua própria luz interior. Coisas que deuses emprestados, salvadores e profetas não fariam. O dharma Hindu é o Dharma ao saber do qual muitas religiões antigas se tornam conhecidas; é o iluminador, interpretador (bodhaka, prakasaka e vachaka) de muitas religiões do mundo, tanto pretéritas como atuais. Ele também preenche a profunda busca religiosa do homem a qualquer instante.’’ Śri Ram Swarup ‘‘Em verdade, nunca [houve um tempo em que] eu não fui, nem em que tu não foste, [nem em que] estes chefes não foram, nem tampouco nenhum de nós deixara de ser doravante. Pois o homem a quem estes [pares de opostos] (dvandva) não afligem, o sábio [para quem] a dor e o prazer são iguais, ó Touro entre os homens, ele é talhado para a imortalidade Não há vir-a-ser daquilo que não é (asat) nem é desaparecimento daquilo que é (sat). Além disso, o ‘‘fim’’ de ambos é visto pelos que veem a realidade. Este [Si Mesmo, Puruṣa] não nasceu e jamais morrerá, não tendo-vindo-a-ser, tampouco deixará-de-ser novamente. Este Si Mesmo não nascido, eterno, perene, primordial, não morre quando morre o corpo.’’ Śri Kṛṣṇa – Bhagavad-Gītā, 2.12, 15-16, 20. 3 4 AGRADECIMENTOS Dedico esse trabalho a todos aqueles que, de inúmeras maneiras, fizeram-me evoluir como um indivíduo, de debates em fóruns de discussão, passando por retiros de meditação até pobres camponeses nas montanhas eternas do Nepal; todos alargaram minhas perspectivas de uma forma ou de outra. É a eles que este trabalho é devido. Agradeço primeiro aos meus pais, Vinícius De Tassis e Solange Fagundes Pedrosa, que me proporcionaram a possibilidade de viver essa grande aventura humana e, com seus erros e acertos, tornaram-me quem eu sou; a isso sou muito grato. Ao amigo Thomas Filgueiras Bahia devo as primeiras discussões que desembocaram nos interesses discutidos no presente texto, a amizade que mantemos desde a mais tenra infância é um suporte inestimável para mim. Aos amigos Christian, Karl, Irving, Björn, Misha e Andrés agradeço as inúmeras horas de conversa madrugada afora, sem as quais essa dissertação não teria sido completada. Karl, your light shines through me, brother! Ao amigo Henrique Caldeira, sou grato por sua incrível humanidade e auxílio em hora de urgência, o texto da dissertação só está completo por sua causa, agradeço também aos amigos Pedro Henrique Barbosa e Vinicius Tonet. Aos amigos do NIET, Augusto de Carvalho, Walderez Ramalho, Breno Mendes, Marco Girardi, Lorena Lopes da Costa e Bernardo. C. D. A. Vasconcelos, agradeço pela inestimável contribuição intelectual. O professor Antonio Orlando de Oliveira Dourado 5 Lopes teve papel fundamental nesse período de formação, pelas contribuições e discussões sempre muito ricas de seus cursos na faculdade de letras da UFMG. Ao prof. José Carlos Reis, pelo incentivo intelectual no período de graduação e pela disposição de orientar o começo do trabalho. Agradeço especialmente ao prof. José Antonio Dabdab Trabulsi, pela orientação e por ter salvo o meu projeto no momento crucial em que me vi sem orientador, sempre solícito e dedicado, prof. Dabdab é um modelo para qualquer pesquisador. Muito obrigado aos professores Fernando Rey Puente e Giuseppe Ferraro, que fizeram parte da minha banca de qualificação. As sugestões, críticas e indicações de ambos foram especialmente importantes para mudar o rumo do trabalho. Agradeço também aos alunos da disciplina ‘‘Pensamento Oriental e História’’, pelas discussões e participação fundamental na construção da primeira parte do presente texto. Finalmente, agradeço ao CNPq, pelo financiamento da pesquisa e por proporcionar que dedicasse dois anos de minha vida à atividade intelectual; sua existência e resistência, nos tempos sombrios pelos quais passamos, é fundamental. Como última nota deixo minhas saudações a todos os sadhus, aghōris, místicos, pagãos, loucos, poetas, contemplativos e ascetas desse mundo, as inspirações constantes para a quebra do desencanto diário com a humanidade e fonte perene de fascinações. 6 RESUMO Esta dissertação tem por objeto de estudo os textos filosóficos em sânscrito do ‘‘Yoga Clássico’’, também chamados coletivamente de Pātañjala Yogaśāstra. O texto base é constituído pelos Yoga Sūtras e o comentário intitulado Yoga Sūtra Bhāṣya, atribuídos pela tradição a Patañjali e Vyāsa, respectivamente. O objetivo primeiro é a exposição das doutrinas ióguicas sobre o tempo, sua relação com as práticas ascéticas e sua eventual superação através das técnicas de concentração introvertida (samādhi). Para tal fim, adotamos as perspectivas teóricas presentes nas obras de Mircea Eliade e Georg Feuerstein, que buscam acentuar os elementos mitológicos e religiosos no texto dos Yoga Sūtras. Os fundamentos míticos e a relação estabelecida entre os textos do Yoga Clássico e as cosmologias purânicas que os fundamentam, os elementos budistas, upaniṣadicos e Sāṃkhya, serão destrinchados de modo a explicitar com mais acurácia as doutrinas ióguicas sobre a natureza do cosmos, da meditação e dos processos de transformação inerentes à realidade fenomênica. Nossa exposição desembocará numa comparação entre os fundamentos da ontologia exposta no Pātañjala Yogaśāstra e o conceito de ‘‘ontologia arcaica’’, oriundo da obra de Mircea Eliade. PALAVRAS-CHAVE Pātañjala Yogaśāstra; Yoga Sūtras; Ontologia; Filosofia Indiana; Mircea Eliade 7 ABSTRACT This dissertation aims to study the Sanskrit philosophical texts of '' Classical Yoga '', also collectively called Pātañjala Yogaśāstra. The basic text consists of Yoga Sūtras and the commentary entitled Yoga Sūtra Bhāṣya, attributed by tradition to Patañjali and Vyāsa, respectively. The first objective is the exposition of the yogic doctrines about time, its relation to ascetic practices and its eventual overcoming through the techniques of introverted concentration (samādhi). To this end, we adopt the theoretical perspectives present in the works of Mircea Eliade and Georg Feuerstein, who seek to emphasize the mythological and religious elements in the text of Yoga Sūtras. The mythical foundations and the relationship established between the texts of Classical Yoga and the puranic cosmologies that underlie them, the Buddhist, Upanishadic, and Sāṃkhya elements will be unraveled in order to more explicitly explain the yogic doctrines about the nature of the cosmos, meditation, and of transformation processes inherent in phenomenal reality. Our exposition will result in a comparison between the foundations of the ontology exposed in Pātañjala Yogaśāstra and the concept of "archaic ontology", derived from the work of Mircea Eliade. KEYWORDS Pātañjala Yogaśāstra; Yoga Sūtras; Ontology; Indian Philosophy; Mircea Eliade 8 Sumário INTRODUÇÃO..............................................................................................................11 I. Exposição do problema..................................................................................................................11 II. Apresentação material do texto e método hermenêutico................................................18 III. Sobre o uso dos comentários...................................................................................................22 1. OsIV. fundamentosGlossário prático-conceitual do Pātañjala Yoga.................................................................................................................................................................................3038 1.1. O Yoga e a aurora do pensamento bramânico.................................................................38 1.2. Patañjali e a interiorização do ritual védico......................................................................53
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