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Analyse Des Transcriptomes Du Cerveau De Souris Analyse des transcriptomes du cerveau de souris : mise en évidence de patrons régionaux d’expression conservés chez l’homme et altérés dans des modèles de maladies neurodégénératives Camille Brochier To cite this version: Camille Brochier. Analyse des transcriptomes du cerveau de souris : mise en évidence de patrons ré- gionaux d’expression conservés chez l’homme et altérés dans des modèles de maladies neurodégénéra- tives. Sciences du Vivant [q-bio]. Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2007. Français. tel-00361207 HAL Id: tel-00361207 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00361207 Submitted on 13 Feb 2009 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITE PARIS SUDSUD----XIXIXIXI FACULTE DES SCIENCES D’ORSAY Année 2007 THESE pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITE PARIS XI SPECIALITE : GENOMIQUE ECOLE DOCTORALE : « GENES, GENOMES, CELLULES » presentée et soutenue publiquement par Camille BBROCHIERROCHIER Le 21 Septembre 2007 Analyse des transcriptomes du cerveau de souris : Mise en évidence de patrons régionaux d’expression conservés chez l’homme et altérés dans des modèles de maladies neurodégénératives JURY Mme Monique BOLOTINBOLOTIN----FUKUHARAFUKUHARA Présidente Mme Brigitte KIEFFER Rapporteuse MMM.M. Gilbert VASSART Rapporteur Melle Tania VITALIS Examinatrice MMM.M. J. JeanJ eanean----MarcMarc ELALOUF Directeur de thèse TABLE DES MATIERES OBJECTIFS DE LA THESE ............................................................................................................. 13 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................... 15 I Génomique fonctionnelle du cerveau........................................................................................ 15 I.1 Les études par puces à ADN..................................................................................................... 16 I.1.1 Principe expérimental...................................................................................................... 16 I.1.2 Applications en neurobiologie......................................................................................... 16 I.2 Les études par SAGE................................................................................................................ 21 I.2.1 Principe expérimental...................................................................................................... 21 I.2.2 Applications en neurobiologie......................................................................................... 21 I.3 Les autres études ...................................................................................................................... 24 I.3.1 L’hybridation in situ ........................................................................................................ 24 I.3.2 Le projet GENSAT.......................................................................................................... 24 I.3.3 Le MPSS.......................................................................................................................... 25 I.3.4 Analyses de l’expression sur cellules isolées .................................................................. 25 I.3.5 La RT-PCR quantitative.................................................................................................. 26 II Choix de la méthode d’analyse : SAGE.................................................................................... 27 II.1 La méthode originale ........................................................................................................... 28 II.2 Les développements de la méthode ...................................................................................... 31 II.2.1 Adaptation à l’étude de petits échantillons...................................................................... 31 II.2.1.1 SADE, miniSAGE et microSAGE.......................................................................... 31 II.2.1.2 SAGE-Lite et PCR-SAGE ...................................................................................... 32 II.2.1.3 Small amplified RNA-SAGE (SAR-SAGE)........................................................... 32 II.2.2 Annotation des tags ......................................................................................................... 32 II.2.2.1 LongSAGE.............................................................................................................. 32 II.2.2.2 SuperSAGE............................................................................................................. 33 II.2.2.3 Generation of longer 3’ cDNA from SAGE tags for gene identification (GLGI) .. 34 II.2.3 Cap analysis of gene expression (CAGE)........................................................................ 34 II.2.4 Paired-end ditag............................................................................................................... 34 II.3 Avantages et limites ............................................................................................................. 34 III Les ganglions de la base ............................................................................................................. 37 III.1 Evolution historique du concept de ganglions de la base.................................................... 37 III.2 Anatomie descriptive des ganglions de la base.................................................................... 38 III.2.1 Le striatum................................................................................................................... 38 III.2.1.1 Subdivisions anatomiques....................................................................................... 38 III.2.1.2 Cytologie................................................................................................................. 39 III.2.1.2.1 Les neurones de projection : les neurones épineux........................................... 39 III.2.1.2.2 Interneurones..................................................................................................... 40 III.2.1.3 Les domaines fonctionnels : matrice et striosomes................................................. 41 III.2.2 Le noyau accumbens................................................................................................... 42 III.2.3 Le Globus Pallidus...................................................................................................... 43 III.2.4 Le noyau subthalamique.............................................................................................. 44 III.2.5 La substance noire et les structures dopaminergiques du mésencéphale .................... 44 III.2.5.1 La substance noire................................................................................................... 44 1 III.2.5.2 Les structures dopaminergiques du mésencéphale ................................................. 45 III.3 Les afférences des ganglions de la base .............................................................................. 46 III.3.1 Les projections cortico-striatales................................................................................. 47 III.3.2 Les projections nigro-striatales ................................................................................... 47 III.3.3 Les projections thalamo-striatales............................................................................... 52 III.3.4 Autres afférences striatales.......................................................................................... 53 III.4 Les voies de sortie et les boucles des ganglions de la base ................................................. 54 III.5 Les circuits internes des ganglions de la base : les voies directe et indirecte..................... 55 III.5.1 Le modèle classique .................................................................................................... 55 III.5.2 La remise en cause du modèle classique..................................................................... 56 III.5.2.1 Structures d’entrée et de sortie................................................................................ 56 III.5.2.2 Voies directe et indirecte ........................................................................................ 56 IV La maladie de Huntington ......................................................................................................... 58 IV.1 Caractéristiques cliniques.................................................................................................... 58 IV.2 Caractéristiques neurochimiques et neuropathologiques.................................................... 60 IV.3 Génétique............................................................................................................................. 61 IV.4 Epidémiologie ...................................................................................................................... 62 IV.5 Huntingtine et physiopathologie .........................................................................................
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