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Groundwater Investigation Using Electrical Resistivity Imaging Technique in and Around the Veeranam Tank, Cuddalore District, Tamilnadu, India

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Groundwater Investigation Using Electrical Resistivity Imaging Technique in and Around the Veeranam Tank, Cuddalore District, Tamilnadu, India INFOKARA RESEARCH ISSN NO: 1021-9056 Groundwater investigation using Electrical Resistivity imaging technique in and around the Veeranam Tank, Cuddalore District, Tamilnadu, India Arunachalam E1 and Srinivasan K2 1PG Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Annamalai University 2Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Annamalai University, Email: [email protected] Email:[email protected] Abstract In all over India groundwater is an important freshwater source for drinking and it is widely used in agriculture and industries. India is essentially an agricultural country two-thirds of its people's lives on agriculture. Cuddalore is one of the primary agriculture districts in Tamilnadu and it was located in the northern part of the delta. Veeranam is a famous lake and the largest water bodies in the Cuddalore district. Nowadays groundwater depletion is increasing highly due to excess groundwater discharge, climate change, population growth, and urbanization. The groundwater potential assessment was done by an electrical resistivity survey method of Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES). 20 VES survey station has been carried out in the study area by using a signal staging resistivity meter (SSR-MP-ATS) model and a common type of Schlumberger array configuration was used for the resistivity survey with the maximum current electrode spacing (AB/2) 100m. Each survey station was located by a global positioning system (GPS). The survey stations were created into four profiles each profile has five electrical resistivity survey stations. The test data were recorded in the field book for further interpretation. Each survey station data were quantitatively analyzed in the IpI2 win computer software and based on the survey station data four profiles were created in the north to the south direction each profile has five (VES) station. In the 20 VES stations, only 6 VES stations have four geoelectrical layers remaining 14 VES stations that have three geoelectrical layers. The range of resistivity values obtained in the survey was 0.147 Ωm to 2621 Ωm. The study area has sedimentary deposits and alluvium, sandstone, clay are the major type of soil layers in all the four profile-I has good groundwater potential comparing with other profiles with the depth of 50m to 72m. Key words: Command area, Groundwater potential, Subsurface characteristics, Veeranam Tank, Vertical Electrical sounding (VES). Introduction Earth has a lot of natural resources in which water is one of the most important in the world. It occurs in both surface water and groundwater, without water we cannot live on. And it is very essential for living things on earth. India is an agricultural country two-third of its population depend on agriculture and also is the main source for agriculture and economic development of our country. In total global water, the major portion is saline water 97% (ocean and sea) and freshwater is 3% in which even only 0.03% is accessible to mankind. This 0.3% of surface water is sometimes scared, sometimes abundant but unevenly distributed in space and time. Groundwater is occurring almost everywhere beneath the earth's surface. All over the world, the main source of drinking water is groundwater. Water enters these formations from the ground surface or bodies of surface water, after which it travels slowly for a varying distance until it returns to the surface by the action of natural flows, plants, or humans. The storage capacity of the groundwater reservoir combined with small flows rate provides large, extensively distributed sources of water supply. Groundwater emerging into surface stream channels aids in sustaining storm flow where surface runoff is low or nonexistent. Similarly, water pumped from wells represents the sole water source in many regions during many years. Particularly all groundwater originates Volume 8 Issue 9 2019 305 http://infokara.com/ INFOKARA RESEARCH ISSN NO: 1021-9056 as surface water. The principal source of natural recharge includes precipitation, stormflow, lakes, and reservoir. Other contributions, known as artificial recharge, occurs from excess irrigation, seepage from canals, and water purposely applied to augment groundwater supplies. Geoelectrical Resistivity methods are also used to reveals the subsurface structures and delineate the contaminated zones of groundwater [1], [5] & [6], [8]. Resistivity methods can be used for groundwater investigations where good electrical Resistivity contrast exists between the water-bearing formations and the underlying rocks [9], [10] and [7] showed that formations containing poor quality water were characterized by low resistivity compared with formations containing fresh water. The rapid rural development in and around the Veeranam Lake, Cuddalore district, Tamilnadu, India and the associated increases in population demand excesses utilization of groundwater. Because of the overexploitation of groundwater, the groundwater level has been declined in recenttimes warrants groundwater assessment for sustainable utilization within the study area. The purpose of this paper is to use the resistivity data and interpreting geoelectrical soundings to study the aquifer conditions, such as depth and nature of the alluvium, boundaries, and location of the aquifer and groundwater quality. [1], [4] used the same method to study groundwater zone in a sedimentary terrain of Ilara-Remo, southwestern Nigeria. Their investigation involved the utilization of vertical electrical sounding (VES) technique with schlumberger array system and the results were interpreted using the spatial curve-matching method and computer assisted iteration technique. also used vertical electrical sounding (VES) for groundwater exploration around Nigerian College of Aviation Technology, Zaria Kaduna State, Nigeria. Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) has been put to effective use in many earlier groundwater studies This study can be used to protect groundwater supplies as a unique source of water for this area. The object of the investigations is to delineate the subsurface lithology and to assess the groundwater resources of the subwatershed. Surface electrical resistivity surveys were conducted at 20 locations to obtain subsurface lithological information, identification of horizontal and vertical disposition of the aquifer system. Study Area The area chosen for this study is Veeranam Lake, System is located in Cuddalore District Tamilnadu and it is one of the major irrigation tank systems. which was created during the Chola period in the tenth century, built from 1011 to 1037AD and is a 16-kilometer (9.9 mi) long dam in northern Tamil Nadu. Veeranam Lake is located 14 km (8.7 mi) SSW of Chidambaram in Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu, India. The lake falls between north latitudes 110 15’ to 110 25’ N and east longitudes 790 30’ to 790 35’ E (Figure 1). It falls in the geological survey of India toposheet no. 58 M/11. The lake is bounded by the Vellar River in the north and the Coleroon River in the south. It has a good network of roads and railways. The Veeranam Tank System is the second largest in terms of tank capacity (1465 Mcft), next only to the Chembarambakkam Tank (3,645 Mcft), which is near [3] and is also a source of drinking water for the Chennai city, the capital of Tamil Nadu (Fig. 1). Fig.1. Study area Map Volume 8 Issue 9 2019 306 http://infokara.com/ INFOKARA RESEARCH ISSN NO: 1021-9056 Materials and Method The geo-electrical methods are to pass current into the ground utilizing two electrodes and to measure the potential difference between a second pair placed in line between them from the value of the potential difference, the current applied and also the electrode separation. A quantity termed the apparent resistivity (ρa) is obtained. The variation of the apparent resistivity with the change in electrode spacing and position gives information about the variation in subsurface layering. A pioneer in hard-rock geology in India estimated the groundwater resources of the Deccan trap using electrical Resistivity methods. The Electrical resistivity method is mainly using in two 1. Schlumberger Array 2. Wenner array The commonly Schlumberger array used for electrical resistivity survey in field. Schlumberger Array This array is most widely used in electrical prospecting four electrodes (A, M, N, and B) are placed along a straight line symmetrically over- center point ‘O’. Current is sent through the outer electrodes AB and potential across MN (the inner electrodes) is measured similar to Wenner array (Fig.2). In the Schlumberger configuration, the separation between potential electrodes (MN) is kept small when compared to the current electrode separation AB. The IGIS instrument called SSR MP AT user for electrical sounding in the field and IPI2WIN software used for interpretation of geophysical data. Subsurface Self-potential and resistivity logging data collected from in around Veeranam Lake Cuddalore district, Tamilnadu. The location map of resistivity sounding and Subsurface SP and resistivity logging is given in the (Fig 2) and their names of the locations are listed in Table 1 and subsurface SP and resistivity log data interpretation is carried and making a profile and lithological strata. Fig.2. Schlumberegr configuration Results and Discussion The pseudo and resistivity section of profile –I (Fig.3 and 4) shows the range of resistivity value is lies between 0.316 Ωm to 10000Ωm. The resistivity value of 10 Ωm to 4217 Ωm indicates the presence of sedimentary deposit
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