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Urban Spaces of Deviance and Rebellion: Youth, Squatted Houses and the Heroin Scene in West Germany and Switzerland in the 1970S and 1980S

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Urban Spaces of Deviance and Rebellion: Youth, Squatted Houses and the Heroin Scene in West Germany and Switzerland in the 1970S and 1980S URBAN SPACES OF DEVIANCE AND REBELLION: YOUTH, SQUATTED HOUSES AND THE HEROIN SCENE IN WEST GERMANY AND SWITZERLAND IN THE 1970S AND 1980S by JAN-HENRIK FRIEDRICHS Magister Artium, Universität Bremen, 2005 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (History) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) April 2013 © Jan-Henrik Friedrichs, 2013 Abstract Between the late 1970s and early 1980s, Western European societies experienced a deep crisis, involving economic turmoil and youth protest, that became most perceptible in an alleged crisis of the city. This dissertation argues that as a reaction to this crisis a spatialization of the social took place that established urban space as a prime object of governmental policies. It argues further that the transformation of social problems into questions of spatial order was mirrored in a growing reference by non-conforming youth to space as a site of liberation. Both developments supported and influenced each other and were based on the conception of certain socio-geographical spaces as counter-sites that differed entirely from all other spaces. Spaces of non-conforming youth are therefore at the heart of this dissertation. Meeting places of the heroin scene and squatted houses in Zurich and various West German cities, most notably West Berlin, serve as examples of such spaces and their significance for European societies in the early 1980s. This study employs a double perspective. It traces the spaces of youth deviance as an object of governmental technologies and seeks to deconstruct the underlying assumptions about normalcy, deviance, youth, and urban space. At the same time, it explores the practices and imaginations of those youth who were seeking to evade or rebel against the hegemonic order through squatting of, and sojourning at, specific urban spaces. To grasp the perspective of both governmental institutions and non-conforming youth, a combined analysis of their discursive and spatial practices is employed. Making use of Foucault's concept of heterotopia, or “other spaces”, the possibilities and limitations in regulating and creating social change through urban spaces of deviance and rebellion comes into focus. This dissertation therefore contributes to a social and cultural historiography of the 1980s as well as furthers our understanding of the mutually constructed nature of space, youth, normalcy, and deviance. ii Table of Contents Abstract......................................................................................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents....................................................................................................................................................... iii List of Illustrations...................................................................................................................................................... vi Acknowledgements.................................................................................................................................................... vii Dedication.................................................................................................................................................................... ix 1. Introduction.............................................................................................1 1.1. Prologue.....................................................................................................................................1 1.2. Thesis and research approaches...............................................................................................6 1.2.1. Historical background: drug use, squatting, and the crisis of the city...........................................10 1.2.2. Heroin and squatters' scene: related phenomena?...........................................................................17 1.2.3. The crisis of Fordism and the emergence of societies of control..................................................24 1.2.4. Conceiving space as an object of historiography..............................................................................33 1.2.5. Thesis outline......................................................................................................................................... 38 2. Governing (through) spaces of heroin consumption.............................40 2.1. Vice city: spatializing juvenile heroin consumption in the 1970s...........................................44 2.1.1. “...increasingly youth and adolescents”? Heroin use as a youth phenomenon............................45 2.1.2. Youth, nation, and the city in crisis: making sense of teenage drug consumption......................51 2.1.3. Translating social crises into spatial movements: country-side and private space as threatened heterotopias of innocence....................................................................................................................60 2.1.4. Bodies in space: seeing, meeting, and avoiding heroin users in public space...............................67 2.1.5. Conclusion............................................................................................................................................. 74 2.2. Containing heroin through heterotopias of deviation: the West Berlin “Bahnhof Zoo” as a symbolic space........................................................................................................................77 2.2.1. Development of local heroin scenes in West Berlin in the 1970s..................................................78 2.2.2. “We Children from Bahnhof Zoo”: popularizing teenage heroin consumption.........................79 2.2.3. The Bahnhof Zoo as a heterotopia of deviation..............................................................................86 2.2.4. The Bahnhof Zoo as a space of liberation? Contesting the nature of heterotopia.....................90 2.2.5. Conclusion............................................................................................................................................. 97 2.3. Policing local heroin scenes in the 1980s...............................................................................100 2.3.1. Zurich, 1983: the city, the scene, and the governance of youth...................................................104 2.3.2. Moving bodies, moving spaces.........................................................................................................108 2.3.3. Intensified policing and its effects on young heroin users............................................................113 2.3.4. Conclusion........................................................................................................................................... 119 3. A concrete utopia? Squatted houses as “free spaces”..........................124 iii 3.1. Resistance in a concrete desert? The West Berlin squatters' scene.....................................129 3.1.1. “This is war against us!” Urban redevelopment in Berlin-Kreuzberg in the 1970s..................130 3.1.2. History of the Kreuzberg squatters' movement.............................................................................134 3.1.3. Spaces of deviance? The press discourse on squatting..................................................................140 3.1.4. The squatters: a youth movement?...................................................................................................144 3.1.5. Conclusion........................................................................................................................................... 150 3.2. Squatters' use of and perspectives on their houses...............................................................152 3.2.1. Squatting as spatial and emotional practice.....................................................................................156 3.2.2. Life, labour, neighbourhood: the alternatives.................................................................................163 3.2.3. “Only tribes will survive”: the Stadtindianer...................................................................................167 3.2.4. “My skin is my home”: the punks....................................................................................................174 3.2.5. Conclusion........................................................................................................................................... 179 3.3. Rebellious neighbourhoods...................................................................................................186 3.3.1. Neighbourhoods................................................................................................................................. 187 3.3.2. Networks.............................................................................................................................................. 192 3.3.3. Symbolic appropriations of urban space.........................................................................................195 3.3.4. “State – get lost!”................................................................................................................................ 201 3.3.5. Mapping the city: a travel guide to squatted Berlin........................................................................207 3.3.6. Conclusion..........................................................................................................................................
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