2013 Air Quality Progress Report for: District Council

In fulfillment of Part IV of the Environment Act 1995 Local Air Quality Management

Date (June, 2013)

Epping Forest District Council

Local Authority Fay Rushby Officer

Department Public Health Environment & Street Scene

Address Council Civic Offices High Street Epping CM16 4BZ

Telephone 01992 564496

e-mail [email protected]

Report WK/201214649 Reference number

Date June 2013

LAQM Progress Report 2013 Epping Forest District Council

Executive Summary

Epping Forest District is an attractive, predominantly commuter area on the north eastern edge of London. The air quality in the district is reasonably good. There are two large motorways in the district; the M25 and the M11 however the main source of air pollution in the district is local road traffic with increased concentrations of vehicle emissions related polutants limited to congested high street areas and busy junctions.

The District Council has completed all rounds of the review and assessment to date, which led to a number of detailed assessments for nitrogen dioxide. Air Quality Management Areas (AQMA) were declared for Epping High Street in 2010, and Bell Vue, Bell Common in 2011. The Epping High Street AQMA was declared solely on the basis of modelling information, but was revoked in 2011 on the completion of diffusion tube monitoring, which confirmed that nitrogen dioxide were below the air quality objective. All other reports judged that it was not necesarry to declare any further AQMA.

This Progress Report builds on previous air quality work, and reports on 2012 monitoring data. The monitoring data and previous air quality work indicates that there is no need to amend the boundaries of the current AQMA, and there is no need to declare any new AQMA.

The AQMA (Bell Vue, Bell common) has an an action plan in place. An update on progress with the action plan is included with this report. 2012 monitoring data indicates an improvement in air quality, such that the hourly average is unlikely to be exceeded, however the annaul average remains above the air quality objective.

The Epping Ongar has also been provisionally assessed using part-year monitoring data. 15 diffusion tubes were located at relevant receptors along the railway line to asses for nitrogen dioxide emissions. Time spent stationary at stations was assessed, and a literature review was undertaken in relation to sulphur dioxide emissions from steam railways because of the prohibitive cost of monitoring.

LAQM Progress Report 2013 1 Epping Forest District Council

The results of the monitoring to date indicates that nitrogen dioxide concentrations are at background levels, and some of lowest levels reported in the district. The literature review indicates that the scale of railway operations are unlikely to result in the Air Quality Objective being exceeded for sulphur dioxide. Time spent stationary at stations is generally under 15 minutes. This Progress Report has not identified the need to progress to a full detailed assessment, however nitrogen dioxide monitoring will continue until the end of 2013, and train waiting times will continue to be assessed.

The proposed actions following this Progress Report are to:

Ø Further the Air Quality action plan for the current AQMA as far as practicable. Ø Continue with the existing nitrogen dioxide monitoring survey. Ø Continue to monitor at the Epping Ongar Railway for nitrogen dioxide and time spent idling at stations.

Ø Consider SO2 monitoring if resources become available to undertake monitoring of a suitable quality for inclusion in the air quality reporting process. Ø Submit a progress report in 2014.

LAQM Progress Report 2013 2 Epping Forest District Council

Table of Contents

1 Introduction 5

1.1 Description of Local Authority Area 5 1.2 Purpose of Progress Report 5 1.3 Air Quality Objectives 6 1.4 Summary of Previous Review and Assessments 7 2 New Monitoring Data 9

2.1 Summary of Monitoring Undertaken 9 2.2 Comparison of Monitoring Results with Air Quality Objectives 16 3 New Local Developments 28

3.1 Road Traffic Sources 28 3.2 Other Transport Sources 28 3.3 Industrial Sources 32 3.4 Commercial and Domestic Sources 33 3.5 New Developments with Fugitive or Uncontrolled Sources 33 4 Local / Regional Air Quality Strategy 34

5 Planning Applications 35

6 Air Quality Planning Policies 36

7 Local Transport Plans and Strategies 37

8 Climate Change Strategies 38

9 Implementation of Action Plans 39

10 Conclusions and Proposed Actions 42

10.1 Conclusions from New Monitoring Data 42 10.2 Conclusions relating to New Local Developments 42 10.3 Other Conclusions 43 10.4 Proposed Actions 43 11 References 44

LAQM Progress Report 2013 3 Epping Forest District Council

List of Tables Table 1.1 Air Quality Objectives Included in Regulations for the Purpose of LAQM in . Table 2.2 Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites Table 2.5 Results of Nitrogen Dioxide Diffusion Tubes in 2012. Table 2.6 Short to Long Term Data Adjustment Table 2.7 Distance Adjustment for Relevant Exposure.

Table 2.8 Results of NO2 Diffusion Tubes 2009 - 2012

List of Figures Figure 1.1 Map of AQMA boundary Figure 2.2a Overview Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites Figure 2.2b Overview Map of Epping/Epping Ongar RailwayNon-Automatic Monitoring Sites Figure 2.2c Overview Map of / Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites Figure 2.4 Trends in Annual Mean Nitrogen Dioxide Concentrations Measured at Diffusion Tube Monitoring Sites

Appendices

Appendix A: Diffusion Tube Data

A1 QA/QC of diffusion tube monitoring A2 Diffusion Tube Bias Adjustment Factors A3 Diffusion tube precision and accuracy A4 Short-term to Long-term Data adjustment

A5 NO2 distance from roads

LAQM Progress Report 2013 4 Epping Forest District Council

1 Introduction 1.1 Description of Local Authority Area

Epping Forest District is an attractive, predominantly commuter area on the north eastern edge of London. The district has a population of around 121,000, of which nearly three quarters live in the suburban towns of Loughton, , , Epping and Waltham Abbey. The remaining quarter live in the surrounding rural areas including large villages such as Roydon, Nazeing, North Weald and . There are two large motorways in the district; the M25 and the M11 and the main source of air pollution in the district is road traffic.

The air quality in the district is reasonably good with increased concentrations of vehicle emissions related polutants limited to congested high street areas and busy junctions.

1.2 Purpose of Progress Report

This report fulfils the requirements of the Local Air Quality Management process as set out in Part IV of the Environment Act (1995), the Air Quality Strategy for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland 2007 and the relevant Policy and Technical Guidance documents. The LAQM process places an obligation on all local authorities to regularly review and assess air quality in their areas, and to determine whether or not the air quality objectives are likely to be achieved. Where exceedences are considered likely, the local authority must then declare an Air Quality Management Area (AQMA) and prepare an Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) setting out the measures it intends to put in place in pursuit of the objectives.

Progress Reports are required in the intervening years between the three-yearly Updating and Screening Assessment reports. Their purpose is to maintain continuity in the Local Air Quality Management process.

They are not intended to be as detailed as Updating and Screening Assessment Reports, or to require as much effort, however they are still a time consuming undertaking.

LAQM Progress Report 2013 5 Epping Forest District Council

1.3 Air Quality Objectives

The air quality objectives applicable to LAQM in England are set out in the Air Quality (England) Regulations 2000 (SI 928), The Air Quality (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2002 (SI 3043), and are shown in Table 1.1. This table shows the objectives in units of microgrammes per cubic metre µg/m3 (milligrammes per cubic metre, mg/m3 for carbon monoxide) with the number of exceedences in each year that are permitted (where applicable).

Table 1.1 Air Quality Objectives included in Regulations for the purpose of LAQM in England Air Quality Objective Pollutant Concentration Measured as Date to be achieved by 16.25 µg/m3 Running annual mean 31.12.2003 Benzene 5.00 µg/m3 Running annual mean 31.12.2010 1,3-Butadiene 2.25 µg/m3 Running annual mean 31.12.2003 Carbon monoxide 10.0 mg/m3 Running 8-hour mean 31.12.2003 0.5 µg/m3 Annual mean 31.12.2004 Lead 0.25 µg/m3 Annual mean 31.12.2008 200 µg/m3 not to be exceeded more than 18 1-hour mean 31.12.2005 Nitrogen dioxide times a year 40 µg/m3 Annual mean 31.12.2005 50 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more than 35 24-hour mean 31.12.2004 Particles (PM10) (gravimetric) times a year 40 µg/m3 Annual mean 31.12.2004 350 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more than 24 1-hour mean 31.12.2004 times a year 125 µg/m3, not to be Sulphur dioxide exceeded more than 3 24-hour mean 31.12.2004 times a year 266 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more than 35 15-minute mean 31.12.2005 times a year

LAQM Progress Report 2013 6 Epping Forest District Council

1.4 Summary of Previous Review and Assessments

The District Council has completed all rounds of the review and assessment to date, including the most recent 2012 Updating and Screening Assessment (USA). Even though a detailed assessment was not required following the 2012 USA, the review and assessment process overall has led to a number of detailed assessments for nitrogen dioxide, including:

Ø Epping High Street (2004) Ø Hainault Road, Chigwell (2005) Ø Waltham Abbey A121 Link Road (2005) Ø Goldings Hill, Loughton (2009) Ø Bell Vue, Bell common (2009) Ø Epping High Street (2011) Ø Loughton High Road (2011)

AQMA’s were declared for Epping High Street in 2010, and Bell Vue, Bell Common in 2011. The Epping High Street AQMA was declared on the basis of modelling information, but was revoked in 2011 on the completion of diffusion tube monitoring, which confirmed that nitrogen dioxide were below the air quality objective. All other reports judged that no other AQMA were necessary.

Only one air quality management area remains, that being for Bell Vue, Bell common. The map of the boundary of the AQMA is shown in figure 1.1. An action plan has been agreed and the local residents were consulted on the proposals. Residents feedback indicated that whilst they considered that the review and assessment of air qualitty was a good thing, they were happy to live by the road and considered that little could be done to achieve any actual improvement in air quaity.

The AQMA Action plan was completed and approved by defra in 2012, and this report details progress with the action plan to date.

This report also details the initial results of the extension of the diffusion tube survey to include the Epping Ongar Railway.

LAQM Progress Report 2013 7 Epping Forest District Council

Figure 1.1 Map(s) of AQMA Boundaries

LAQM Progress Report 2013 8 Epping Forest District Council

2 New Monitoring Data 2.1 Summary of Monitoring Undertaken

2.1.1 Automatic Monitoring Sites

Epping Forest District Council does not operate an automatic monitoring site and has no plans to do so in the near future.

2.1.2 Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites

Non-automatic monitoring undertaken in the district is exclusively via NO2 diffusion tubes. Currently, 64 diffusion tubes are installed at 29 monitoring locations, installed in accordance within the Diffusion Tubes for Ambient NO2 Monitoring Practical Guidance document. Maps showing the monitoring locations are provided as figures 2.2a – 2.2c. Site details are given in table 2.2. Changes to diffusion tube locations were made in July 2012 to include receptors in the vicinity of the Epping Ongar Railway.

For 2012, the diffusion tube supplier was changed from Environmental Scientific Groups (ESG) to Gradko International as part of the EssexAir network of local authorities moving to standardise diffusion tube laboratory and preparation method across the County. This also meant a change of diffusion tube preparation to 20% Triethanolamine (TEA) in water from 50% TEA in acetone. Gradko International are classified as achieving ‘100%’ performance in the Workplace Analysis Scheme for Proficiency (WASP) Report for rounds 116-119 in 2012, and follow the procedures set out in practical guidance. Further details on WASP performance can be found in Appendix A1.

We have not undertaken our own co-location study for the derivation of our own bias correction factor as we no longer have an automatic monitoring site. In the absence of a local bias correction factor, the default bias correction factor for Gradko International analysis using the 20% TEA in water method has been used. This factor, calculated as 0.97 for 2012 is based on 27 studies has been obtained from the defra air quality website (March 2013 release): http://laqm.defra.gov.uk/bias- adjustment-factors/national-bias.html See Appendix A2.

LAQM Progress Report 2013 9 Epping Forest District Council

Figure 2. 2a Overview map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites

LAQM Progress Report 2013 10 Epping Forest District Council

Figure 2. 2b Overview map of Epping Ongar Railway non-Automatic Monitoring Sites

LAQM Progress Report 2013 11 Epping Forest District Council

Figure 2. 2c Waltham Abbey/ Loughton Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites

LAQM Progress Report 2013 12 Epping Forest District Council

Table 2.2 Details of Non- Automatic Monitoring Sites

Grid reference Relevant Distance to Worst case Map ref Site name Site type In AQMA? exposure (m) kerb location? x y 1 Canes Cottages, Urban Background 1 Canes Lane (A414), 547838 206819 No Yes (0m) 15.6m Yes triplicate 13 The Elms, Urban Background Yes 2 Woodbine Close, 541308 200037 No 36.6m Yes triplicate Waltham Abbey (0m) 15 The Elms, Urban Background Yes 3 Woodbine Close, 541320 200020 No 55.8m Yes triplicate Waltham Abbey (0m) 15 High Street, Yes 4 Roadside triplicate 545555 201732 No 13.7m Yes Epping (0m)

Outside Superdrug, Yes 5 202 High Street, Roadside triplicate 546058 202193 No (0m, @ 1st/2nd 4.9m Yes Epping floor only) Yes Ladbrokes, High 6 Roadside triplicate 546196 202355 No st nd 5.6m Yes Street, Epping (0m, @ 1 /2 floor only)

Bell Vue, Bell Yes 7 Roadside triplicate 544928 201281 Yes 1.8m Yes Common, Epping (0m)

18 High Street, Yes 8 Roadside single 540919 209956 No 2.5m No Roydon (0.75m)

Abbeyview Urban Background Yes 9 537808 200644 No 24m No Roundabout single (6.1m) 3 Howse Road, Urban Background Yes 10 537956 199565 No 19m No Waltham Abbey duplicate (0m)

LAQM Progress Report 2013 13 Epping Forest District Council

Grid reference Relevant Distance to Worst case Map ref Site name Site type In AQMA? exposure (m) kerb location? x y 34 Hayden Road, Urban Background Yes 11 538386 199557 No 12m Yes Waltham Abbey duplicate (0m) Burrows Chase, Urban Background Yes 12 538570 199509 No 14.6m Yes Waltham Abbey duplicate (0m) Yes 13 2 Lodge Lane Roadside triplicate 538710 199860 No 0.5m No (7.3m)

Netherhall Lane/Glen Urban Background Yes 14 539711 208662 No 1.7m No Faber Road, Nazeing duplicate (16m)

LC os 5a Goldings Yes 15 Roadside duplicate 543091 197316 No 1m No Hill, Loughton (4.8m)

72 Church Hill, Yes 16 Roadside duplicate 542664 196868 No 12.7m Yes Loughton (0m) Zizzi, 2 Church Hill, 17 Roadside duplicate 542505 196668 No No 4.2m Yes Loughton Possibly Pink, 252 High Road, 18 Roadside duplicate 542373 196478 No st 5.7m Yes Loughton (Bus stop) (0m, @ 1 floor only) Yes Timspons, 249 High 19 Roadside triplicate 542339 196360 No st 6.4m Yes Road Loughton (0m, @ 1 floor only)

Hainault Road – o/s Yes 20 105 Manor Rd, Kerbside triplicate 544234 192236 No 1m No Chigwell (8.5m) Yes 21 Albion Terrace Roadside single 537727 196187 No 4.6m No (3.1m)

LAQM Progress Report 2013 14 Epping Forest District Council

Grid reference Relevant Distance to Worst case Map ref Site name Site type In AQMA? exposure (m) kerb location? x y Yes 22 EOR 1 Residential duplicate 549654 203731 No N/A Yes (0m) Yes 23 EOR 2 Residential duplicate 549901 203653 No N/A Yes (0m) Yes 24 EOR 3 Residential duplicate 549816 203656 No N/A Yes (0m) Yes 25 EOR 4 Residential duplicate 549666 203642 No N/A Yes (0m) Yes 26 EOR 5 Residential duplicate 555118 203531 No N/A Yes (0m) Yes 27 EOR 6 Residential duplicate 555035 2035530 No N/A Yes (0m) Yes 28 EOR 7 Residential duplicate 554925 203538 No N/A Yes (0m) Yes 29 EOR 8 Roadside single 549086 203573 No 1m No (11.6m)

LAQM Progress Report 2013 15 Epping Forest District Council

2.2 Comparison of Monitoring Results with Air Quality Objectives

2.2.1 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

Nitrogen Dioxide monitoring is undertaken in the Local Authority Area. The most significant relevant source is road traffic emissions.

Automatic Monitoring Data

Automatic monitoring for nitrogen dioxide is not currently undertaken in the Local Authority Area.

Diffusion Tube Monitoring Data

Diffusion tube monitoring locations do not indicate any particular upward or downward trend in general air quality for the 2012 calendar year, with nearly an equal number showing a slight increase in nitrogen dioxide as those showing a slight decrease, see figure 2.4. The monitoring location demonstrating the greatest increase in reported levels of nitrogen dioxide was Albion Terrace, Sewardstone. Two construction sites are currently adjacent to this monitoring location and site traffic is thought to be the cause of the increase. The monitoring location demonstrating the greatest decrease in reported levels of nitrogen dioxide was Bell Vue, Bell Common. The reduction in road traffic speed through the forest is thought to be the cause of the decrease. Reported levels of nitrogen dioxide are also now below 60 μg/m3 which would suggest that there is not a risk of exceeding the hourly objective for nitrogen dioxide. In reporting Nitrogen Dioxide monitoring data:

Ø The annual means have been bias adjusted (see table 2.5 and appendix A2). 3 Annual means in excess of the 40 μg/m annual mean NO2 objective have been highlighted in bold. Ø Single, duplicate and triplicate tubes are also indicated in table 2.5. Ø The full mean monthly values are detailed in Appendix A3. Ø None of the existing monitoring locations had data capture of les than 9 months. Annualisation was therefore not required. The 5 months data from the Epping Ongar Railway monitoring locations results was annualised (see table 2.6).

LAQM Progress Report 2013 16 Epping Forest District Council

Ø Five of the existing monitoring locations reported less than 90% data capture, because December diffusion tubes were lost in the mail, however all data capture was greater than 75%. Ø Three sites were adjusted for distance where the receptor was set back from the monitoring location (Hainault Road, Albion Terrace and Goldings Hill) using the published AQ Consultants distance calculator (see table 2.5 and appendix A5).

3 The 40 µg/m annual mean NO2 objective was exceeded at two locations, these being: Ø Bell Vue, Bell Common, Epping (57.2 µg/m3). Ø Superdrug, 202 High Street, Epping (42.6 µg/m3).

Bell Vue, Bell Common are two roadside residential properties with a population of approximately 4 people. This is an existing AQMA for which an air quality action plan is in place.

Superdrug, 202 High Street, Epping is a high street shop. The public are unlikely to be present for periods of up to one hour at this location. Receptors may be present at second storey level which is above the height of the current monitoring location..

Concentrations of 60 µg/m3 or more not occur at any location, including at Bell Vue, Bell Common, Epping, indicating that the hourly objective is unlikely to be at risk of being exceeded. No monitoring in relation to the hourly objective has been undertaken or is planned.

Borderline locations are considered to be 36-39 µg/m3 are as follows:

Ø 252 High Road, Loughton (38.8 µg/m3) Ø Ladbrokes High Street, Epping (37.8 µg/m3) Ø 2 Church Hill Loughton (37.8 µg/m3) Ø 2 Lodge Lane, Waltham Abbey (36.8 µg/m3) however it should be noted that the actual receptor is set back from the monitoring location. No adjustment for distance has been made because the measured result is below the objective.

LAQM Progress Report 2013 17 Epping Forest District Council

Table 2.5 Results of Nitrogen Dioxide Diffusion Tubes in 2012 Annual mean Data with less Confirm if data Triplicate or % Data concentration Within than 9 months has been Site ID Location Site Type Collocated Capture (Bias Adjustment factor = AQMA? has been distance Tube 2012 0.97) annualised (Y/N) corrected (Y/N) 2012 (mg/m3) 1 Canes Cottages, Canes 1 Roadside No Triplicate 91.7 N/A N/A 28.13 Lane (A414), Hastingwood 13 The Elms, 2 Woodbine Close, Roadside No Triplicate 91.7 N/A N/A 33.95 Waltham Abbey 15 The Elms, 3 Woodbine Close, Roadside No Triplicate 91.7 N/A N/A 33.95 Waltham Abbey 15 High Street, 4 Roadside No Triplicate 91.7 N/A N/A 30.1 Epping Outside 42.68 Superdrug, 202 Receptor elevated above 5 Roadside No Triplicate 91.7 N/A N/A High Street, tube height, public Epping exposure at this level Ladbrokes, High 6 Roadside No Triplicate 91.7 N/A N/A 37.8 Street, Epping Bell Vue, Bell 7 Roadside Yes Triplicate 91.7 N/A N/A 57.2 Common, Epping 18 High Street, Urban 8 No No 83.3 N/A No 24.9 Roydon Background Abbeyview 9 Kerbside No No 83.3 N/A No 31.5 Roundabout 3 Howse Road, Urban 10 No Triplicate 87.5 N/A N/A 32.01 Waltham Abbey Background 34 Hayden Road, Urban 11 No Collocated 87.5 N/A N/A 32.01 Waltham Abbey Background

LAQM Progress Report 2013 18 Epping Forest District Council

Annual mean Data with less Confirm if data Triplicate or % Data concentration Within than 9 months has been Site ID Location Site Type Collocated Capture (Bias Adjustment factor = AQMA? has been distance Tube 2012 0.97) annualised (Y/N) corrected (Y/N) 2012 (mg/m3) Burrows Chase, Urban 12 No Collocated 91.7 N/A N/A 28.13 Waltham Abbey Background Urban 13 2 Lodge Lane No Triplicate 91.7 N/A No 36.86 Background Netherhall Urban 14 Lane/Glen Faber No Collocated 91.7 N/A No 17.46 Background Road, Nazeing LC os 5a Urban Measured = 42.68 15 Goldings Hill, No Collocated 87.5 N/A Yes Background Distance adjusted = 34.7 Loughton 72 Church Hill, Urban 16 No Collocated 91.7 N/A N/A 30.1 Loughton Background Zizzi, 2 Church Urban 17 No Collocated 91.7 N/A N/A 37.83 Hill, Loughton Background Pink, 252 High 38.8 18 Road, Loughton Roadside No Collocated 91.7 N/A N/A Public receptors (Bus stop) Timpson, 249 19 High Road Roadside No Triplicate 91.7 N/A N/A 35.89 Loughton Hainault Road – Urban Measured = 45.59 20 o/s 105 Manor No Triplicate 91.7 N/A Yes Background Distance adjusted = 33.5 Rd, Chigwell Measured = 41.7 21 Albion Terrace Roadside No No 83.3 N/A No Distance adjusted = 39.2 Urban 22 EOR 1 No Collocated 41.7 Yes N/A 21.34 Background Urban 23 EOR 2 No Collocated 41.7 Yes N/A 18.43 Background Urban 24 EOR 3 No Collocated 41.7 Yes N/A 19.4 Background

LAQM Progress Report 2013 19 Epping Forest District Council

Annual mean Data with less Confirm if data Triplicate or % Data concentration Within than 9 months has been Site ID Location Site Type Collocated Capture (Bias Adjustment factor = AQMA? has been distance Tube 2012 0.97) annualised (Y/N) corrected (Y/N) 2012 (mg/m3) Urban 25 EOR 4 No Collocated 41.7 Yes N/A 21.34 Background Urban 26 EOR 5 No Collocated 41.7 Yes N/A 17.46 Background Urban 27 EOR 6 No Collocated 41.7 Yes N/A 17.46 Background Urban 28 EOR 7 No Collocated 41.7 Yes N/A 14.55 Background Residential 29 EOR 8 No No 41.7 Yes No 22.01 roadside

Additional diffusion tube locations introduced in July 2012 at receptors along route of the Epping Ongar Railway means that some data is for a period of less than 9 months. Where data has been obtained for less than 9 months, an additional short-term to long-term data adjustment has been undertaken. Three continuous monitoring locations within a 50 mile approximate radius were selected for the short-term to long-term data adjustment, full details of which can be found in Appendix A4. The short-term to long-term data adjustment for the period July to November to correspond with the diffusion tube exposure period , and is shown in table 2.7.

LAQM Progress Report 2013 20 Epping Forest District Council

Table 2.6 Short to Long Term Data Adjustment.

Short to long-term adjusted annual mean concentrations Within Monitoring period Data Capture 3 Site ref Site name (mg/m ) AQMA? data Capture 2012 Adjustment 2012 41.7% 22 EOR 1 No 83.3% 21.34 x 1.12 23.90 (Jul-December) 41.7% 23 EOR 2 No 83.3% 18.43 x 1.12 20.64 (Jul-December) 41.7% 24 EOR 3 No 83.3% 19.4 x 1.12 21.73 (Jul-December) 41.7% 25 EOR 4 No 83.3% 21.34 x 1.12 23.90 (Jul-December) 41.7% 26 EOR 5 No 83.3% 17.46 x 1.12 19.56 (Jul-December) 41.7% 27 EOR 6 No 83.3% 17.46 x 1.12 19.56 (Jul-December) 41.7% 28 EOR 7 No 83.3% 14.55 x 1.12 16.30 (Jul-December) 41.7% 29 EOR 8 No 83.3% 22.01 x 1.12 24.65 (Jul-December)

As detailed in table 2.2, not all of the monitoring locations can be considered as worst case monitoring locations because relevant residential receptors a set back from the roadside/kerbside monitoring location. An excel spreadsheet tool is available to help predict

NO2 concentrations for relevant receptors further from the road than the monitoring location, and this tool has been used for the following sites:

Ø Hainault Road/Manor Road, Chigwell. Ø 5a Goldings Hill. Ø Albion Terrace, Sewardstone.

LAQM Progress Report 2013 21 Epping Forest District Council

These sites are assessed in turn as an estimate of exposure at each relevant receptor façade. All background data is from the Epping Forest Netherhall Road monitoring location (monitoring location #14). The distance adjusted results are shown in table 2.7. The result for 2 Lodge Lane, Waltham Abbey was not distance adjusted although the receptor is set back from the monitoring location because the measured value was below the Air Quality Objective.

Table 2.7 Distance adjustment for Relevant Exposure. Annual mean Data with less Confirm if data Triplicate or % Data concentration Within than 9 months has been Site ID Location Site Type Collocated Capture (Bias Adjustment factor = AQMA? has been distance Tube 2012 0.97) annualised (Y/N) corrected (Y/N) 2012 (mg/m3) LC os 5a Urban Measured = 42.68 15 Goldings Hill, No Collocated 87.5 N/A Yes Background Distance adjusted = 34.7 Loughton Hainault Road – Urban Measured = 45.59 20 o/s 105 Manor No Triplicate 91.7 N/A Yes Background Distance adjusted = 33.5 Rd, Chigwell Measured = 41.7 21 Albion Terrace Roadside No No 83.3 N/A No Distance adjusted = 39.2

The bias adjusted, annualised and distance corrected nitrogen dioxide results from 2012 are presented in table 2.8 along with data from 2009, 2010, and 2011 for the purposes of comparison and the identification of trends.

LAQM Progress Report 2013 22 Epping Forest District Council

Table 2.8 Results of NO2 Diffusion Tubes (2009 to 2012) Annual mean concentration (adjusted for bias) mg/m3 Within Site Site Type 2009 2010 2011 2012 AQMA? (Bias Adjustment (Bias Adjustment (Bias Adjustment (Bias Adjustment Factor = 0.99) Factor = 0.83) Factor = 0.84) Factor = 0.97) 1 Canes Cottages, Canes Roadside No 27 28 Lane (A414), Hastingwood 31 31 13 The Elms, Woodbine Roadside No 31 34 Close, Waltham Abbey 37 38 15 The Elms, Woodbine Roadside No 34 34 Close, Waltham Abbey 37 39 15 High Street, Epping Roadside No 34 32 28 30 Outside Superdrug, 202 Roadside No 39 43 High Street, Epping 45 42 Ladbrokes, High Street, Roadside No 37 38 Epping 43 37 Bell Vue, Bell Common, Roadside Yes 64 57 Epping 68 66 Urban 18 High Street, Roydon No 24 25 Background 26 26 Abbeyview Roundabout Kerbside No 33 30 33 32 3 Howse Road, Waltham Urban No 30 32 Abbey Background 34 37 34 Hayden Road, Waltham Urban No 30 32 Abbey Background 36 39 Burrows Chase, Waltham Roadside No 29 28 Abbey 31 33 Urban 2 Lodge Lane No 38 37 Background 37 32 Netherhall Lane/Glen Faber Urban No 20 17 Road, Nazeing Background 21 19 LC os 5a Goldings Hill, Urban No 36 35 Loughton Background 39 37

LAQM Progress Report 2013 23 Epping Forest District Council

Annual mean concentration (adjusted for bias) mg/m3 Within Site Site Type 2009 2010 2011 2012 AQMA? (Bias Adjustment (Bias Adjustment (Bias Adjustment (Bias Adjustment Factor = 0.99) Factor = 0.83) Factor = 0.84) Factor = 0.97) Urban 72 Church Hill, Loughton No 29 30 Background 32 32 Zizzi, 2 Church Hill, Urban No 36 38 Loughton Background 39 41 Pink, 252 High Road, Roadside No 40 39 Loughton (Bus stop) 47 46 Timpson, 249 High Road Roadside No 38 36 Loughton 46 43 Hainault Road – o/s 105 Urban No 35 34 Manor Rd, Chigwell Background 39 38 Albion Terrace, Roadside No 32 39 Sewardstone 37 38 Urban EOR 1 No - 24 Background - - Urban EOR 2 No - 21 Background - - Urban EOR 3 No - 22 Background - - Urban EOR 4 No - 24 Background - - Urban EOR 5 No - 20 Background - - Urban EOR 6 No - 20 Background - - Urban EOR 7 No - 16 Background - - Urban EOR 8 No - 25 Background - -

LAQM Progress Report 2013 24 Epping Forest District Council

Figure 2.4 Trends in Annual Mean Nitrogen Dioxide Concentrations Measured at Diffusion Tube Monitoring Sites

Trends in Annual Mean Nitrogen Dioxide Concentrations Trends in Annual Mean Nitrogen Dioxide Concentrations

80 1 Canes Cottages, Canes Lane (A414), Hastingwood 13 The Elms, Woodbine Close, Waltham Abbey

70 15 The Elms, Woodbine Close, Waltham Abbey 15 High Street, Epping

Outside Superdrug, 202 High Street, Epping

60 Ladbrokes, High Street, Epping

Bell Vue, Bell Common, Epping

18 High Street, Roydon 50 Abbeyview Roundabout

3 Howse Road, Waltham Abbey 40 34 Hayden Road, Waltham Abbey Burrows Chase, Waltham Abbey

2 Lodge Lane

30 Netherhall Lane/Glen Faber Road, Nazeing

N i t r og e n D o x d ug / m3 LC os 5a Goldings Hill, Loughton

72 Church Hill, Loughton 20 Zizzi, 2 Church Hill, Loughton

Pink, 252 High Road, Loughton (Bus stop)

10 Timpson, 249 High Road Loughton

Hainault Road – o/s 105 Manor Rd, Chigwell

Albion Terrace, Sewardstone 0 2009201020112012 Monitoring Year

LAQM Progress Report 2013 25 Epping Forest District Council

2.2.2 Particulate Matter (PM10)

Particulate monitoring is not undertaken in the Local Authority Area. There are no significant relevant sources.

2.2.3 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)

Sulphur Dioxide monitoring is not undertaken in the Local Authority Area. There are no significant relevant sources.

2.2.4 Benzene

Benzene monitoring is not undertaken in the Local Authority Area. There are no significant relevant sources.

2.2.5 Other Pollutants Monitored

No monitoring for any other pollutant (such as ozone, PAH, PM2.5) is undertaken in the Local Authority Area.

LAQM Progress Report 2013 26 Epping Forest District Council

2.2.6 Summary of Compliance with AQS Objectives

Epping Forest District Council has measured concentrations of nitrogen dioxide above the annual mean objective for Bell Vue, Bell Common. An AQMA has already been declared for this location; therefore we will not proceed to a detailed assessment for this location.

Epping Forest District Council has measured concentrations of nitrogen dioxide at the annual mean objective for 202 High Street, Epping (Superdrug). Exposure is representative of the general public, not residential receptors. Because measured concentrations of Nitrogen dioxide are below 60 µg/m3 at 202 High Street, Epping, we consider that the hourly is not at risk of being exceeded. A detailed assessment has previously been undertaken for this location, and an AQMA was not declared. We will not proceed to a detailed assessment for this location as a result of this progress report in order to avoid the unnecessary use of resources involved in cycling between declaring and revoking AQMAs.

LAQM Progress Report 2013 27 Epping Forest District Council

3 New Local Developments 3.1 Road Traffic Sources

There are no new or newly identified congested streets in the local authority area with a flow above 5,000 vehicles per day and residential properties close to the kerb, that have not been adequately considered in previous rounds of Review and Assessment.

There are no new or newly identified busy streets where people may spend 1-hour or more close to traffic in the local authority area. There are no new or newly identified roads with high flows of buses/HDVs in the Local Authority area.

There are no new or newly identified busy junctions or busy roads in the Local Authority area. There are no new roads in the Local Authority area.

There are no roads with significantly changed traffic flows in the Local Authority area. There are no bus or coach stations in the Local Authority area, only bus stops.

3.2 Other Transport Sources

Air port and shipping ports are not significant contributing factors to the air quality environment in the Epping Forest District, however the 2012 Updating and Screening exercise did however identify the Epping Ongar Railway as a new potential source of nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide emissions from diesel or steam trains being stationary for periods of 15 minutes or more, and with relevant receptors within 15m.

3.2.1 Overview of the Epping Ongar Railway

The Epping Ongar Railway (The Railway) is a heritage railway, operating seasonal services, mostly at weekends between Ongar Station and Coopersale. The Railway is a single track railway line. Two sets of tracks and sufficient points etc area available to allow trains to pass or a locomotive to change ends at North Weald Station (known as run-around). The facility to run-around is also available at Ongar Station. There is no station stop or run-around facility at Coopersale.

LAQM Progress Report 2013 28 Epping Forest District Council

Operational rolling stock includes several steam locomotives, diesel locomotives, diesel multiple units and occasional visiting trains.

Operational rolling stock often comprises:

Ø One single diesel or (e.g. weekday maintenance). Ø One diesel train and one steam locomotive (representative of general service). Ø One locomotive of any type at each end of a train (top and tail service when used where signalling or track space does not permit locomotive run-around).

3.2.2 Nitrogen Dioxide

15 nitrogen dioxide diffusion tubes were rapidly deployed in July 2012 to 8 separate relevant receptor monitoring locations along the route of the railway near North Weald and Ongar stations (7 duplicate sites and 1 single tube site). All of the diffusion tube results (bias adjusted and annualised for short to long term monitoring) indicate nitrogen dioxide at levels well below the Air Quality Objective, ranging from 14.55 mg/m3 to 22.01 mg/m3 (average 19.00 mg/m3), representing some of the lowest concentrations in the district. Monitoring for nitrogen dioxide using diffusion tubes will be continued until the end of the 2013 calendar year in order to provide at least one full calendar year of results.

3.2.3 Sulphur Dioxide

Sulphur dioxide has been considered in the following context: Ø The locations where steam locomotives are brought into steam, and; Ø The proximity of trains to residential receptors, and: Ø The period of time trains spend stationary, and; Ø The work undertaken by other local authorities with steam heritage railways.

Steam locomotives are generally brought into steam in a siding to the platform of North Weald Station. The siding and the station siding are more than 15m away from the nearest residential receptors.

LAQM Progress Report 2013 29 Epping Forest District Council

Residential receptors are present along the line in both North Weald and Ongar. At North Weald Station, residential receptors houses and gardens are within 15 metres of the track. At Ongar Station, residential receptors gardens are within 15 metres of the track.

The time that locomotives spend stationary in a station is dependent on the service operated, the direction of travel, the type of locomotive in use and whether or not a ‘run-around’ system is in use for the steam locomotives. An assessment of train activity and waiting time at stations was undertaken on Saturday 25th May 2013, and the Railway was operating a diesel Ognar to Coopersale service and a Steam North Weald to Ongar service (GWR Prairie No. 4141). The prevailing wind was from the North (i.e. away from receptors). The results were as follows:

North Weald Station

Total Direction of Time Loco Activity Duration stationary Travel time

To Set down and pick up 2 minutes 34 2 minutes 34 10:28 Diesel Coopersale passengers seconds seconds

10:37 To Ongar Steam Leave siding, run-around 3 minutes -

Locomotive coupled to train 13 minutes 16 13 minutes 16 10:40 To Ongar Steam for travel seconds seconds

Set down passengers, train 10:50 To Ongar Diesel 9 minutes 9 minutes shut down

Set down passengers, 9 minutes 26 9 minutes 26 12:36 From Ongar Steam uncouple, depart for siding seconds seconds

Set down and pick up 4 minutes 30 4 minutes 30 12:45 To Ongar Diesel passengers seconds seconds

Leave siding, run-around to 13:06 To Ongar Steam 4 minutes - couple to train for travel

To Set down and pick up 13:25 Diesel 3 minutes 3 minutes Coopersale passengers

Train picks up passengers 13:27 To Ongar Steam 17 minutes 17 minutes and departs

Set down and pick up 15:33 To Ongar Steam 11 minutes 11 minutes passengers

LAQM Progress Report 2013 30 Epping Forest District Council

Ongar Station

Total Direction of Time Loco Activity Duration stationary Travel time

12:04 From North Set down passengers and 4 minutes 55 4 minutes 55 Steam Weald uncouple seconds seconds

5 minutes 17 - - Steam runaround - seconds

12:20 To North Re-couple train and pick up 5 minutes 28 5 minutes 28 Steam Weald passengers & depart seconds seconds

15:55 From North Set down passengers and Steam 5 minutes 5 minutes Weald uncouple

16:00 to - Steam runaround 5 minutes - 16:05

16:10 To North Re-couple train and pick up Steam 5 minutes 5 minutes Weald passengers & depart

The time trains spend stationary at stations is generally less than 15 minutes, however one excursion from this was notes at 17 minutes

The Council has not undertaken any continuous monitoring for sulphur dioxide, and does not currently have the resources available to do so.

3.2.4 The Review and Assessment of other Steam Heritage Railways

A review of work undertaken by other local authorities with steam heritage railways has also been undertaken, including:

Ø Great Central Railway main engine sheds (Charnwood Borough Council). Ø adjacent to Alresford Station (Winchester City Council). Ø Cambrian Railway Society (Shropshire Local Air management Group).

Charnwood Borough Council and Winchester City Council both undertook monitoring for sulphur dioxide using continuous analysers:

LAQM Progress Report 2013 31 Epping Forest District Council

Charnwood Borough Council examined emissions from the Great Central Railway engine sheds, where multiple steam locomotives are brought into steam for the day. The Great Central Railway is the only double track main line heritage railway in the UK operating multiple full sized steam locomotives. An air quality management area was declared for sulphur dioxide but only in relation to the use of the engine sheds. An air quality management area was not declared for trains waiting at or passing through stations or other receptor areas. The Great Central Railway is also considered to be a heritage railway on a more substantial scale than the Epping Ongar Railway.

The Watercress line and Alresford Station in the Winchester City Council area is however more representative of the scale of operations of the Epping Ongar Railway. Winchester City Council examined emissions from steam locomotives using Alresford Station. Their report concluded that it was not necessary to declare an air quality management area for sulphur dioxide emissions from steam locomotives waiting at or passing through Alresford station.

3.2.5 Conclusions

Based on the above, the time trains spend stationary at stations is generally less than 15 minutes it is considered unlikely that emissions from steam locomotives on the Epping Ongar Railway are unlikely to lead to an exceedence of the sulphur dioxide air quality objective. This position will communicated to the railway, however be kept under review, particularly in the event of any significant changes to railway operations or if resources become available to undertake monitoring of a suitable quality for inclusion in the air quality reporting process.

3.3 Industrial Sources

Regulated industrial installations comprise only Part B activities regulated by the Local Authority. Part B activities regulated by the Local Authority have not changed sine the 2012 USA. There are no Part A2 or Part A1 activities in the District. There are no new or proposed industrial installations for which planning approval has been granted.

LAQM Progress Report 2013 32 Epping Forest District Council

3.4 Commercial and Domestic Sources

There are no relevant biomass combustion plant or areas of significant domestic fuel use in the Local Authority area.

3.5 New Developments with Fugitive or Uncontrolled Sources

There are no potential sources of fugitive particulate matter emissions such as quarries (or similar) in the Local Authority area.

Epping Forest District Council confirms that there are no new or newly identified local developments which may have an impact on air quality within the Local Authority area.

Epping Forest District Council confirms that all the following have been considered: Ø Road traffic sources Ø Other transport sources Ø Industrial sources Ø Commercial and domestic sources Ø New developments with fugitive or uncontrolled sources.

LAQM Progress Report 2013 33 Epping Forest District Council

4 Local / Regional Air Quality Strategy

Epping Forest District Council is developing the use of the recently updated Essex Air web site for the development of a local and a regional strategy for air quality. See: http://www.essexair.org.uk/AboutEssexAir/Default.aspx

A screenshot of the web site, and in particular the ‘about Essex Air’ page is shown above.

LAQM Progress Report 2013 34 Epping Forest District Council

5 Planning Applications

No planning applications of any impact to air quality have been applied for or commenced within the Epping Forest District Council area.

LAQM Progress Report 2013 35 Epping Forest District Council

6 Air Quality Planning Policies

Policy RP5a within the Epping Forest District Council Combined Local Plan states that:

The Council will not grant planning permission for:

i) development where it could cause excessive noise, vibration, or air, ground water or light pollution for neighbouring land uses, protected wildlife species and habitats;

or

ii) sensitive development such as housing (or other forms of residential occupation, including mobile homes and caravans), hospitals or schools which could be subject to either excessive noise from adjoining land uses or traffic (road, rail and air), or other forms of adverse environmental conditions such as air pollution; except where it is possible to mitigate the adverse effects by the imposition of appropriate conditions.

LAQM Progress Report 2013 36 Epping Forest District Council

7 Local Transport Plans and Strategies

Epping Forest District is covered by the Essex County Council Local Transport Plan. There are a number of general measures in the Essex LTP which are aimed at reducing the impact of road transport on air quality.

Essex County Council, Epping Forest District Council the City of London and the London Boroughs of Redbridge and Waltham Forest are working in partnership to improve the transport network in and around Epping Forest.

The Strategy proposals fall into 4 categories:

1 Improving the Forest Environment

Many people driving through may not even realise that they are in Epping Forest. Our Forest management proposals include: n Identifying the Forest as a special place by introducing Forest Gateways n Installing cattle grids, to protect and secure the historic rights of grazing n Distinctive, Forest-specific signage to provide a unified image and to reduce clutter with fewer signs on the roads

2 Route Management

The traffic passing through the Forest needs to be slowed down and the traffic volume reduced where possible on some roads to make them safer for everyone. The Forest management proposals include: n Improving the traffic calming zones and considering areas of quiet lanes n Consideration of measures to further discourage HGVs from using unsuitable routes through the forest n Upgrading existing Forest highways and surface features such as traffic calming

3 Site Accessibility and Road Safety

Visitors should be able to cross roads safely. Forest management proposals include: n Improving crossing facilities for Forest visitors n A full review of speed limits within the Essex area of the Forest

4 Sustainable Transport

We would like to encourage more visitors to use sustainable transport, by: n Improving the horse ride, cycle and walking networks n Closing some roads to allow only non vehicular access n Improving public transport links across the whole Forest n Creating fully accessible trails from transport hubs, such as Chingford Station

LAQM Progress Report 2013 37 Epping Forest District Council

8 Climate Change Strategies

Epping Forest District Council has a climate change strategy. It may be viewed on- line at: http://rds.eppingforestdc.gov.uk/Published/C00000611/M00006679/AI00030930/EFD CClimateChangeStrategyFinal.pdf

LAQM Progress Report 2013 38 Epping Forest District Council

9 Implementation of Action Plans

An air quality action plan is in place for the Epping No.2 AQMA for nitrogen dioxide. An Action plan has been developed and submitted to defra. Progress with the action plan is detailed in table 9.1. Additional narrative follows:

Action 1: Diffusion tube monitoring continues but with Gradko rather than Bureau Veritas. A group purchase was entered into as part of the EssexAir working partnership to promote consistency in diffusion tube preparation laboratory and results across the county.

Action 2: No data from Essex County Council to date.

Action 3: Detailed comments forwarded to the planning department as part of the Issues and Options consultation.

Action 4: Essex Air web site updated as far as possible.

Action 5: The reduction of the speed limit through the Forest from the national limit to 40mph appears to have had a marked improvement on air quality in the AQMA itself. This is thought to be due to the reduced waiting time at the traffic signals because traffic has a more controlled flow up to the junction.

Action 6: Traffic signal timings are already considered optimum.

LAQM Progress Report 2013 39 Epping Forest District Council

Table 9.1 Action Plan Progress The proposed measures for the pursuit of improved air quality in relation to the Epping No.2 AQMA and the initial timescales for investigating and achieving them are detailed below.

Summary from Action Plan Progress Report 2013

Target Comments Planning & emission Progress in Estimated Lead Progress to relating to No. Measure Focus implementation Indicator reduction last 12 completion authorities date emission phase dates in the months date reductions AQMA

1 Continue air No. 2 Epping Ongoing, ensure Place order N/A Monitoring in Order Ongoing N/A quality AQMA and Forest resource with tube progress renewed for monitoring the district District provision for supplier 2013 and as a whole Council 2013 exposure reporting year with Gradko

2 Traffic flow No. 2 Essex Data gathering N/A at this N/A at this Traffic data Traffic data 2014 at N/A at this modelling AQMA County 2011/2012 stage stage gathering gathering earliest stage

for junction specifically Council Modelling options 2013/2014 appraisal

3 Further Improved Epping Must be Revised N/A Completed Comments Completed General integrate air air quality Forest completed before local plan forwarded November emissions quality into for the District April 2013 for local plan 2012 reductions the local district as a Council Issues and plan whole options consultations

LAQM Progress Report 2013 40 Epping Forest District Council

Summary from Action Plan Progress Report 2013

Target Comments Planning & emission Progress in Estimated Lead Progress to relating to No. Measure Focus implementation Indicator reduction last 12 completion authorities date emission phase dates in the months date reductions AQMA

4 Continue to Improved Epping Ongoing, update Web hits N/A Web site None Ongoing General raise air quality Forest due and uploaded emissions awareness for the District updates reductions of air quality district as a Council could be via essexair whole used web site

5 Reduced No. 2 County Planning phase Change of Not known, Completed Completed February Bias adjusted speed limit AQMA ad Council 2011 speed limit but 2012 NOx tube

through the general air Implementation reduction data for 2012 forest quality phase 2012 anticipated indicates (40mph) benefits if waiting improvement time at in air quality Reduce 3 emissions junction is to 57 μg/m reduced from 64 by reducing 3 waiting time μg/m . at junction

6 Adjust No. 2 County Planning phase Reduction N/A Completed Completed Completed Not possible. traffic signal AQMA Council 2012 in NO2 January Traffic signal

timings at Reduce Implementation measured 2012 timings the junction emissions phase (if works in the considered of High by reducing are possible) AQMA optimal by Road and congestion 2012 Essex Theydon and County Road improving Council Epping if traffic flow not already optimised

LAQM Progress Report 2013 41 Epping Forest District Council

10 Conclusions and Proposed Actions 10.1 Conclusions from New Monitoring Data

New monitoring data indicates that:

Ø The AQMA declared for NO2 (annual mean and hourly mean) for Bell Vue, Bell

Common remains valid. The measured concentration of NO2 is however now below 60 µg/m3 indicating that the hourly objective is unlikely to be exceeded. The improvement in air quality is thought to be due to the introduction of a 40mph speed limit though the forest, which has reduced queuing time at the junction. Ø 202 High Street Epping (Superdrug) is just above the annual mean objective, 3 for NO2 at 42.6 µg/m . The site is a high street location, and is representative of personal exposure for people walking on the pavement. Receptors are

elevated above this height. Measured concentrations of NO2 are however well below the risk of exceeding the hourly objective. Previous detailed assessments for this location concluded that an AQMA was not required. Ø No further AQMA need be declared for borderline locations in Epping or Loughton High Street/High Road in order to prevent entering into any cycle of declaring and Revoking AQMAs, as this is not considered to be good practice or best use of resources.

10.2 Conclusions relating to New Local Developments

No local developments have the potential to impact on air quality other than the commencement of the Epping Ongar Heritage Railway. Initial investigations have determined that nitrogen dioxide concentrations are at background levels.

The time trains spend stationary at stations is generally less than 15 minutes and surveys undertaken by other local authorities with similar scale heritage railways have not needed to declare air quality management areas for sulphur dioxide.

The impact (if any) of the operation of the railway will continued to be reviewed and monitored until the end of 2013.

LAQM Progress Report 2013 42 Epping Forest District Council

10.3 Other Conclusions

Overall, it is considered that the air quality in the Epping Forest District is generally good, however there are no general upward or downward trends. Some reasonable significant site specific changes have been noted, these being Bell Common and Albion Cottages. The change from laboratory and tube preparation method is not considered to have had any noticeable effect. On diffusion tube results.

10.4 Proposed Actions

The Progress Report has not identified the need to progress to a detailed assessment for any pollutant

The Progress Report has identified that there is no need to declare any new AQMA, nor is there any need to amend the boundaries of the current AQMA.

The proposed actions following this Progress Report are as follows:

Ø Continue with the existing nitrogen dioxide monitoring survey. Ø Maintain communication links with the Epping Ongar Railway, particularly in relation to the time trains spend stationary in stations. Ø Continue to monitor at the Epping Ongar Railway for nitrogen dioxide and time spent idling at stations.

Ø Consider SO2 monitoring if resources become available to undertake of a suitable quality for inclusion in the air quality reporting process. Ø Submit a progress report in 2014.

LAQM Progress Report 2013 43 Epping Forest District Council

11 References

NOX to NO2 calculator http://laqm.defra.gov.uk/tools-monitoring-data/no-calculator.html

Nitrogen Dioxide Bias Adjustment Factor Spreadsheet http://laqm.defra.gov.uk/bias-adjustment-factors/national-bias.html

Local Air Quality Management Technical Guidance LAQM.TG(09) http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/quality/air/air-quality/laqm/guidance/policy/

Diffusion Tubes for Ambient NO2 Monitoring Practical Guidance

Round 2 Detailed Assessment (Charnwood Borough Council), August 2003

Air Quality Progress Report and Round 2 Further Assessment (Charnwood Borough Council), December 2005

Shropshire Local Air Quality Management Group Updating and Screening Assessment 2006 (Bureau Veritas), June 2006

Detailed Air Quality Assessment: Sulphur Dioxide Levels Adjacent to Alresford Steam Railway (Watercress Line) (Winchester Borough Council), February 2005

LAQM Progress Report 2013 44 Epping Forest District Council

Appendices Appendix A: Diffusion Tube Data

A1 QA/QC of diffusion tube monitoring A2 Diffusion Tube Bias Adjustment Factors A3 Diffusion tube precision and accuracy A4 Short-term to Long-term Data adjustment

A5 NO2 distance from roads

LAQM Progress Report 2013 45 Epping Forest District Council

Appendix A: QA:QC Data

A1 QA/QC of diffusion tube monitoring The diffusion tubes are supplied and analysed via Gradko Environmental (a division of Gradko International Ltd), who are a UKAS accredited laboratory.

Diffusion tubes are prepared as 20% Triethanolamine (TEA) in water and are analysed by UV Spectrophotometry according to a documented in-house Laboratory Method.

Gradko Environmental take part in the Workplace Analysis Scheme for Proficiency

(WASP) for analysis of NO2 diffusion tubes, and the percentage (%) of results submitted which were subsequently determined to be satisfactory based upon a z- score of < ± 2 in the summary of Laboratory Performance in Rounds 112 -119 (January 2011 – December 2012) are shown below.

WASP WASP WASP WASP R119 R116 R117 R118 Laboratory October – January – April – June July – December March 2012 2012 September 2012 2012

Gradko Environmental 100% 100% 100% 100%

LAQM Progress Report 2013 46 Epping Forest District Council

LAQM Progress Report 2013 47 Epping Forest District Council

A2 Diffusion Tube Bias Adjustment Factors A local bias adjustment factor is not available, therefore the 03/13 version of the national diffusion tube bias adjustment spreadsheet was used to derive a bias adjustment factor. Diffusion tubes are supplied by Gradko Environmental and are a 20% TEA in water preparation.

The national bias adjustment factor is 0.97.

LAQM Progress Report 2013 48 Epping Forest District Council

A3 Diffusion tube precision and accuracy Chigwell, Hainault Road:

EOR 1

LAQM Progress Report 2013 49 Epping Forest District Council

EOR 2

EOR 3

LAQM Progress Report 2013 50 Epping Forest District Council

EOR 4

EOR 5

LAQM Progress Report 2013 51 Epping Forest District Council

EOR 6

EOR 7

LAQM Progress Report 2013 52 Epping Forest District Council

Epping, 15 High Street:

Epping, Bell Vue:

LAQM Progress Report 2013 53 Epping Forest District Council

Epping, Ladbrokes:

Epping, Superdrug:

LAQM Progress Report 2013 54 Epping Forest District Council

Hastingwood, Canes Lane:

Loughton, 2 Church Hill:

LAQM Progress Report 2013 55 Epping Forest District Council

Loughton, 249 High Road:

Loughton, 252 High Road:

LAQM Progress Report 2013 56 Epping Forest District Council

Loughton, 72 Church Hill:

Loughton, Goldings Hill:

LAQM Progress Report 2013 57 Epping Forest District Council

Roydon, Netherhall Lane:

Single tubes:

LAQM Progress Report 2013 58 Epping Forest District Council

Waltham Abbey, 13 The Elms:

Waltham Abbey, 15 The Elms:

LAQM Progress Report 2013 59 Epping Forest District Council

Waltham Abbey, Burrows Chase:

Waltham Abbey, Hayden Road:

LAQM Progress Report 2013 60 Epping Forest District Council

Waltham Abbey, Howse Road:

Waltham Abbey, Lodge Lane:

LAQM Progress Report 2013 61 Epping Forest District Council

A4 Short-term to Long-term Data Adjustment The long-term locations within a 50 mile radius chosen for the short-term to long-term data adjustment are as follows:

Barnet, Chalgrove School: http://www.airqualityengland.co.uk/site/latest?site_id=BN2

LAQM Progress Report 2013 62 Epping Forest District Council

Waltham Forest, Dawlish Road: http://www.airqualityengland.co.uk/site/latest?site_id=WL1

It should be noted that the data from the Dawlish Road analyser was un-ratified at the time of writing.

LAQM Progress Report 2013 63 Epping Forest District Council

Thurrock 1: Data Direct from Dean Page at Thurrock Council

Dates for period men are July – November 2012 (NB tubes for November 2012 were lost in the post). The AM/PM ratios were calculated as follows:

Period mean July to Site Site type Annual mean Ratio November 2012

Barnet, Chalgrove Urban background 31.58 30.86 1.02 School

Thurrock 1 Urban background 28.69 22.56 1.27

Waltham Forest, Urban background 37.37 35.53 1.05 Dawlish Road*

* un ratified data Average 1.12

LAQM Progress Report 2013 64 Epping Forest District Council

A5 NO2 distance from roads Albion Terrace, Sewardstone:

Chigwell, Hainault Road:

LAQM Progress Report 2013 65 Epping Forest District Council

Loughton, Goldings Hill:

LAQM Progress Report 2013 66