THE USE OF TIME BY MEN AND WOMEN IN PORTUGAL Policy Brief

Heloísa Perista Ana Cardoso Ana Brázia Manuel Abrantes Pedro Perista Eudelina Quintal

Funded by the European Economic Area Financial Mechanism 2009-2014 Title The Use of Time by Men and Women in Portugal Policy Brief Authors Heloísa Perista Ana Cardoso Ana Brázia Manuel Abrantes Pedro Perista Eudelina Quintal Publishers CESIS – Centro de Estudos para a Intervenção Social Av. 5 de Outubro, 12-4º Esq. 1150-056 Lisbon, Portugal

CITE – Comissão para a Igualdade no Trabalho e no Emprego Rua Américo Durão, n.º 12-A – 1.º e 2.º andares, Olaias 1900-064 Lisbon, Portugal Design and page layout Diagonal, Lda ISBN 978-972-8399-80-1 Place and date of publication Lisbon, June 2016

This is a publication of the research project “National Survey on Time Use by Men and Women” (Inquérito Nacional aos Usos do Tempo de Homens e de Mulheres, INUT), carried out from October 2014 until September 2016 by the Centre for Studies for Social Intervention (Centro de Estudos para a Intervenção Social, CESIS) in partnership with the Commission for Equality in Labour and Employment (Comissão para a Igualdade no Trabalho e no Emprego, CITE), and funded by the European Economic Area Financial Mechanism, EEA Grants, Programme Area PT07 – Mainstreaming Gender Equality and Promoting Work-Life Balance. THE USE OF TIME BY MEN 01 AND WOMEN IN PORTUGAL Policy Brief Table of contents

Introduction 2 01. Paid working time 3 Time and organisation of paid work 3 Interpenetration of paid work and family and personal life 5 02. Household chores and care work 8 Household chores and care work – shared times? 8 Externalising household chores 15 Perceptions of fairness/unfairness concerning the distribution of household chores 16 03. Motherhood and fatherhood 17 Who cares for the children? 17 Caring for the children – shared times? 19 Parental responsibilities and paid work 22 04. Time and territory 25 Moving between home and work 25 Simultaneous activities at home 27 The clash of times? 29 Perceptions about time 31 Bibliography (selected) 33 THE USE OF TIME 02 BY MEN AND WOMEN IN PORTUGAL Policy Brief Introduction

This policy brief presents the first results of the research project National Survey on Time Use by Men and Women (Inquérito Nacional aos Usos do Tempo de Homens e de Mulheres), carried out by the Centre for Studies for Social Intervention (Centro de Estudos para a Intervenção Social, CESIS) in partnership with the Commission for Equality in Labour and Employment (Comissão para a Igualdade no Trabalho e no Emprego, CITE).

The aim of this project is to collect and analyse data on how men and women in Portugal use their time, especially with regard to paid work and unpaid care work. The diagnosis thereby made shall enable us to, among other things, raise awareness of the need to have a balanced distribution of unpaid care work between women and men, as well as formulate public policy recommendations concerning the articulation of working, family and personal life, as a tool to promote gender equality.

Our research comprises a quantitative component, of extensive nature, and a qualitative component, of intensive nature. Understood as complementary, these two components have informed one another throughout the various stages of the project.

On the one hand, a national time use survey was conducted with a representative sample of the population living in Portugal (mainland Portugal and the two autonomous regions of Madeira and Azores). The survey covered a total number of 10,146 respondents aged 15 years or over. It was applied by Consulmark – Estudos de Mercado e Trabalho de Campo, Lda., under the close guidance of the CESIS.

On the other hand, 50 in-depth interviews were carried out with men and women in various parts of Portugal (Lisbon, Oporto, Faro, Covilhã, Madeira and Azores). For selection purposes, we chose to interview men and women who were employed at the time of the interview and had at least one child below the age of 15. Most of the men and women interviewed lived in a context of different-sex dual-earner couple; a few of the women lived in single-parent households. THE USE OF TIME BY MEN 03 AND WOMEN IN PORTUGAL Policy Brief 01. Paid working time

While the patterns of women’s and men’s participation in paid work have gradually approximated one another, they still show considerable asymmetries. The results of the National Survey on Time Use by Men and Women in Portugal (Inquérito Nacional aos Usos do Tempo de Homens e de Mulheres, hereafter INUT, 2015) confirm the persistence of such asymmetries and enable us to examine them from a time use perspective.

Time and organisation PAID Refers to remunerated WORK activities carried out of paid work in the context of the labour market. For the large majority (92.2%) of those in employment, paid work is organised on a full-time basis.1 Resorting to part-time work is nevertheless more frequent among women, as 10.4% of women state that they Figure 1. People working more than 40 hours work part-time comparing with 4.8% of men. per week in their main remunerated activity by sex (%) In contrast, long working hours – over 40 hours a week – still affect almost one in every three workers, and men in particular: 34.4% of men comparing with 25.6% of women state that they normally work more than 40 hours a week in their main remunerated 25.6 More than 40 activity. hours/week 34.4 The time spent by men on their main remunerated activity is longer than what women spend on theirs. On average, men spend 42 hours and 55 minutes Women Men on this activity while women spend 40 hours and 47 minutes, meaning 2 hours and 8 minutes less. Source: INUT, 2015

1 The results of theINUT , 2015 showed that 4,170 respondents were in employment, of whom 2,206 were women and 1,964 were men. THE USE OF TIME 04 BY MEN AND WOMEN IN PORTUGAL Policy Brief

However, the total time spent on paid work is Figure 3. Main modes of working time organisation not limited to the main remunerated activity: it is by sex (%) necessary to take into consideration also the time spent on any secondary remunerated activity (if this is the case) and the time spent moving to and Rotating from work. Our analysis, be it based on quartiles or shift 9.6 average durations, shows that the time spent on paid work 10.6 work by men, although higher, does not stand very much above the time spent by women. On average, Fixed 3.9 shift the total paid work time of men is 9 hours and 2 work minutes per day while women’s is 8 hours and 35 5.5 minutes per day. The gender gap therefore stands at 27 minutes with respect to paid work. Fixed 74.1 schedule 68.2 Figure 2. Average paid working time 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 by sex (hours:minutes) Mulheres Homens

Fonte: Inquérito Nacional aos Usos do Tempo, 2015. Women Men

I start feeling tired on Wednesday. Sometimes we’re sitting down to have dinner and I already have to make a big 08:35 09:02 effort. […] Only those who do shift work know how this is like: we go to bed at midnight because we’ve just put the child to bed, she doesn’t sleep at all, and at 5 o’clock in the morning we have to get up. I understand very well that after a while people start having doubts about their own capabilities because this happened to me too. We get to work and we hear: ‘Check these numbers again, are these Source: INUT, 2015. the right numbers? Please do check them again…’ And the employer doesn’t want to know about you being tired. The manners in which paid work is organised are It’s very complicated. especially relevant for their impact on the articulation Marisa, of paid work with family and personal life. Fixed 40 years old, biparental, schedules are the predominant mode of organising daughter aged 5 years the working time, both for men (68.2%) and for women (74.1%). Although far less frequently, the second most common mode is shift work: 13.5% of women and 16.1% of men state that they do shift work, particularly rotating shift work. Other ways of organising the working time that might contribute to an improved articulation with family and personal life, such as continuous working day or flexible schedules, are experienced by very small numbers of women and men. THE USE OF TIME BY MEN 05 AND WOMEN IN PORTUGAL Policy Brief

Interpenetration Nevertheless, more than half of the men (51.4%) of paid work and family and almost half of the women (49%) consider that it is easy or very easy to take off one or two hours and personal life during their working time to deal with personal or family affairs. This perception is however less evident Questioned about their preferences if they were in the age group between 25 and 44 years, the stage free to choose the length of their working week and of life in which family constraints tend to be felt more bearing in mind the need to earn their living, 46.1% acutely. of men and 43% of women state that they would choose to keep their current number of working Figure 5. Perception on how easy it is to take hours. Paid work therefore seems to be highly valued off one or two hours during the working time by both men and women. to deal with personal or family affairs by sex and age group (%)

SEX My wife nags me a bit sometimes because I dedicate too much of myself to my professional life. But I tell her: don’t 49.0 forget one thing, this is where our earnings come from, the Very easy / earnings for our home. She respects that. I like to do many Easy things at home but I’m also very much dedicated to my 51.4 job. Very much, 100%. Body and soul. Gabriel, 46 48 50 52 54 28 years old, biparental, Women Men daughter aged 6 years

AGE Still, almost four people in every ten – 38.5% GROUP of women and 36.9% of men – state that their 57.5 49.1 working schedule is not very well adapted, or not Very easy / at all adapted, to their family, personal or social Easy 47.2 commitments beyond the job. 47.5 52.9

Figure 4. Perception on how well the working 44 48 52 56 60 schedule is adjusted to family, personal or social 55-64 45-54 commitments by sex (%) 35-44 25-34 15-24

Source: INUT, 2015. Not very well adapted / 38.5 not at all adapted 36.9 Paid work often overflows its ‘banks’. First of all, it requires in many cases an investment of time that Well adapted / 61.5 goes beyond the working schedule formally arranged. very well adapted 2 63.1 Considering the last 12 months, as many as 34% of men and 28.3% of women have worked at least 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 several times per month during their free time to fulfil Women Men demands of their paid work. Source: INUT, 2015.

The people – especially the women – living in households with children below the age of 15 are those who classify in a most negative manner the adaptation of their working schedule to family, personal and social commitments.

2 Whenever we refer to the last 12 months, this means the 12 months before the survey was applied to the person at stake. THE USE OF TIME 06 BY MEN AND WOMEN IN PORTUGAL Policy Brief

Figure 6. Frequency of working during free time to Figure 7. People who continued to think about fulfil demands of paid work in the last 12 months their paid work when they were not working in the by sex (%) last 12 months by sex (%)3

Every day 45% 46.8

30% Several times 40.6 Never a week 15%

36 38 40 42 44 46 48

0% Women Men

Source: INUT, 2015.

Not Several I don’t like to… but we always take problems home with often times a month us. Sometimes the nurse from the health centre asks us to send a student’s report, sometimes I’m at home and I get

Women Men a call from the school director asking where this or that document is, or asking me to come to school right away. Source: INUT, 2015. Even if we don’t want to, we can’t manage to switch off. We always take work home with us, always. In our job [teaching], it’s impossible not to take work home with us. At the weekend, that’s when I try not to do anything. I’m a subchief now, so I must draw up timetables [for Rosa, other employees]. This is usually something I have to do 40 years old, single parent, at home. I can’t manage to do it at work. They’re always daughter aged 7 years calling me, or some other thing comes up, and so I end up doing it at home, often on Sunday evenings, when everyone has gone to bed. Paid work has stronger implications for family and personal life in the case of women. More women than Filipa, 32 years old, biparental, men state that, at least sometimes during the last 12 son aged 14 years months, they have felt so weary after a day of work and daughters aged 5 and 1 years that they were unable to do some household chores (63.4% comparing with 46.6% of men) or unable to enjoy their personal life (64.2% comparing with 52.4% Besides the time effectively spent on professional men). Also, more women than men feel that paid activities, it is important to take into consideration work prevents them from dedicating to the family as other forms of interpenetration between paid much as time as they would like (51.4% comparing work and family and personal life, namely in more with 43.8% of men). subjective respects. Almost half of the women (46.8%, comparing with 40.6% of men) state that, during the last 12 months, they continued to think about their paid work beyond their working time. At the opposite end of the scale, a larger percentage of men (59.4%, comparing with 53.2% of women) state that during the same period they rarely or never had to think about their job when they were not working.

3 These percentages are the outcome of aggregating the following categories of answers: ‘always’, more often than not’, and ‘sometimes’. THE USE OF TIME BY MEN 07 AND WOMEN IN PORTUGAL Policy Brief

Figure 8. People who consider that paid work had implications on their family and personal life in the last 12 months by type of implication and sex (%)4 I started out as a clerk. Thus, I have worked my way up from the bottom and built my career. I became an auditor; I graduated from university, which allowed me to become Thought that the job financial manager. I worked for 17 years at an economic prevented her/him from 51.4 group, when I left I was a tenured manager, and I left only dedicating to the family the time she/he wanted 43.8 when I was invited to leave because… I didn’t want to Felt too tired say this publicly so as not to create more disturbances… after work to do some 63.4 but I left because I had a son with a disability, because of the necessary household chores this started causing some problems to the way I managed 46.6 my time. I was always available to work and they thought that, because I had a child with a disability, they wouldn’t Felt too tired 64.2 after work to enjoy be able to dispose of my time as they used to. I think that her/his personal life 52.4 they were the ones who felt uncomfortable with it, not me. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Noémia, Women Men 53 years old, biparental, son aged 15 years Source: INUT, 2015.

The incursion of family life into professional life is also more evident among women. At the workplace, it is the women who more often think about the household chores that need to be done, for example what to cook for dinner (50.5% comparing with only 17.1% of men), or sort out any issue related with family or daily life (although the gender gap here is substantially narrower: 52.7% of women comparing with 45.4% of men).

Figure 9. People who usually do simultaneous activities of family and domestic nature while at the workplace by sex (%)

Think of household 50.5 chores that need to be done 17.1 Make phone calls of a family nature, 52.7 deal with family issues and/or organise daily life 45.4 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Women Men

Source: INUT, 2015.

4 These percentages are the outcome of aggregating the following categories of answers: ‘always’, more often than not’, and ‘sometimes’. THE USE OF TIME 08 BY MEN AND WOMEN IN PORTUGAL Policy Brief

UNPAID Refers to chores and 02. WORK responsibilities in the context of private households without Household chores any financial remuneration. It comprises household chores (commonly called housework) and care work and care work (caring for children, young people or adults in need). Families are, still today, spaces of inequality. The men’s degree and type of participation in household chores, but also in caregiving, are not sufficient HOUSEHOLD ‘preparing food: cooking, setting CHORES the table, dish washing, etc.’; to ensure that the time for unpaid work is evenly ‘cleaning: tidying, dusting, distributed between men and women. making beds, putting out the garbage, etc.’; ‘caring for textiles: Another element requiring attention is the capacity to laundry, ironing, etc.’; ‘gardening, including tending indoor and externalise household chores. outdoor plants/vegetables’; tending domestic animals’; Besides common practices, it is also worth analysing ‘repairs at home’; ‘shopping’; ‘commercial and administrative the perceptions of fairness or unfairness concerning services: paying the rent, paying the distribution of household chores, which are also bills, communicating with gendered. insurance companies and banks, etc.’; ‘help to other households: repairs, gardening, animal tending, etc.’. Household chores and care CARE ‘physical care provided to own work – shared times? WORK child, grandchild or other child below 15 years of age: feeding, washing, etc.’; ‘teaching own Considering all respondents and using the last child, grandchild or other child working day as our reference,5 the average time below 15 years of age: helping with homework, studying or spent on household chores and care work exposes other school tasks’; ‘reading, a strong gender gap, in particular with regard to playing and talking with own household chores. Comparing with men, women child, grandchild or other child below 15 years of age’; spend – on a daily basis – 55 minutes more in care accompanying own child, work6 and 1 hour and 12 minutes more in household grandchild or other child below chores.7 The average total time of unpaid work on 15 years of age to activities, daily or not: sports, music, a daily basis is 4 hours and 23 minutes for women, scouts, cinema, parties, while for men it is 2 hours and 38 minutes, that is, doctors, etc.’; ‘helping an adult 1 hour and 45 minutes less. household member who is dependent or has a disability’; and ‘informal help to other households: caring for a child, helping an adult person who is dependent or has a disability…’

5 Whenever we refer to the last working day, this means the last working day before the survey was applied to the person at stake. 6 Considering all activities classified as care work in the survey. 7 Considering all activities classified as household chores in the survey. THE USE OF TIME BY MEN 09 AND WOMEN IN PORTUGAL Policy Brief

Figure 10.1. Average time of unpaid work A quartile analysis confirms the gender gap in on the last working day by sex – care work unpaid work time with regard to both care work and (hours:minutes) household chores. This same analysis shows that, on working days, 25% of the men in employment spend at least 3 hours and 40 minutes on unpaid work, Women Men while 25% of the women in employment spend at least 5 hours and 55 minutes.

Still considering unpaid work as a whole (household 02:19 chores and care work), an analysis by age group shows that, on average, it is in the group between 25 03:14 and 44 years old that both women and men dedicate more time to unpaid work on a weekday.

Figure 11. Average time of unpaid work according to age group on the last working day by sex (hours:minutes) Figure 10.2. Average time of unpaid work on the last working day by sex – household chores (hours:minutes) 65 years 03:37 or over Women Men 02:41

45-64 04:32 years 02:36

01:54 25-44 05:28 years 03:06 03:06

15-24 03:01 years 01:40

0:00 1:12 2:24 3:36 4:48 6:00 Figure 10.3. Average time of unpaid work on the Women Men last working day by sex – total (hours:minutes) Source: INUT, 2015.

Women Men

In all the age groups, women spend more time than men on tasks related with care work and housework. 02:38 The largest gender gap is found in the age group from 45 to 64 years. 04:23

Source: INUT, 2015 THE USE OF TIME 10 BY MEN AND WOMEN IN PORTUGAL Policy Brief

Figure 12. Gender gap in the average time spent A quartile analysis confirms the gender gap in the on unpaid work on the last working day according time spent on unpaid work by men and women in to age group – extra time spent by women employment. On working days, 25% of the men in (hours:minutes) employment spend at least 3 hours and 40 minutes on unpaid household work, while 25% of the women in employment spend at least 5 hours and 50 minutes. 65 years or over 00:56 The average total working time for people in 45-64 employment, that is, considering both paid work years 02:56 (results presented in the previous section) and unpaid work on the last working day, is thus greater among 25-44 years 02:22 women: men spend a total of 11 hours and 39 minutes per day on these different forms of work, while women spend 12 hours and 52 minutes per 15-24 years 01:21 day. This means that the working day for women is on average 1 hour and 13 minutes longer than 0:00 0:30 1:00 1:30 2:00 2:30 3:00 it is for men. Source: INUT, 2015.

Restricting the examination to people in employment, PEOPLE IN People holding a job; people we observe that the average time spent on unpaid EMPLOYMENT doing unpaid work in a family work on the last working day is 4 hours and 17 business, company or farm; paid trainees or apprentices. minutes for women and 2 hours and 37 minutes for men. This means a slight reduction in the amount of unpaid work comparing with the results for all respondents, in particular among employed women. The gender gap considering only people in employment is also slightly lower, at 1 hour and 40 minutes.

Figure 13. Average time spent on unpaid work by people in employment on the last working day by sex (hours:minutes)

Women Men

02:37 04:17

Source: INUT, 2015. THE USE OF TIME BY MEN 11 AND WOMEN IN PORTUGAL Policy Brief

Figure 14.1. Average daily time spent on A quartile analysis confirms the gender gap in average unpaid and paid work by men in employment daily time spent on (paid and unpaid) work. Strikingly, (hours:minutes) 25% of men have a total working day of at least 13 hours while 25% of women have a total working day of at least 14 hours and 45 minutes. Unpaid work Paid work Some characteristics of paid work were examined in detail in the previous section. It is now important 02:37 to shed light on some aspects of unpaid work, often rendered invisible, and question to what extent this type of work is shared between men and women.

09:02 With regard to household chores, and focusing first on the typical routine tasks performed at home (preparing food, cleaning, doing the laundry), we observe that they are still fundamentally ensured by women.8 This high degree of feminisation is especially Figure 14.2. Average daily time spent on unpaid apparent with respect to textiles (washing, ironing, and paid work by women in employment etc.): 10.5% of women and only 1.4% of men state (hours:minutes) that they carry out these chores every day for an hour or more. As to cleaning (tidying, dusting, making the beds, putting out the garbage, etc.), the gender Unpaid work Paid work gap is also evident: there is a difference of nearly 29 percentage points between women and men stating that they dedicate to it an hour or more every day. Concerning the preparation of food (cooking, but also 04:17 setting the table, dish washing, etc.), a large majority of women (74.3%) state they do these tasks every day for at least one hour, comparing with only 22.8% 08:35 of men.

Figure 15. People who carry out routine household chores every day for an hour or more by sex (%)

Figure 14.3. Average daily total time spent on unpaid and paid work by people in employment (hours:minutes) Caring 10.5 for textiles 1.4 Women Men 35.9 Cleaning 7.4

Preparing 74.3 11:39 food 22.8 12:52 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Women Men

Source: INUT, 2015.

Source: INUT, 2015.

8 This analysis is based on the numbers of respondents who state that they carry out a given type of chore every day for an hour or more, regardless of the exact amount of time spent on it. THE USE OF TIME 12 BY MEN AND WOMEN IN PORTUGAL Policy Brief

Figure 16. Average time spent on routine My husband didn’t know how to cook, for example. He household chores on the last working day by sex would take care of some things in the kitchen but only for (minutes) himself. He didn’t know how to set the laundry machine on. When he took a bath, he would leave his clothes lying on the floor. Some adaptations were required here. But he Caring 33 wasn’t used to it. He never folded a single piece of clothing. for textiles Nothing! We had this conversation several times when we 19 started living together: if we want to be with each other, we have to help each other. I think that things are much better 53 now than at the beginning. Also because I do a lot of the Cleaning chores before he comes home. 27 Raquel, Preparing 65 32 years old, biparental, food daughter aged 2 years 47 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Women Men Ironing, my husband doesn’t do it; I do the ironing. Dusting, he does it sometimes, but generally I’m the one Source: INUT, 2015. doing it. Basically, what he does when he is home is… if we use some mugs at breakfast, he washes the mugs right away, things like that. He vacuums the floor so that I don’t have to do it later in the afternoon. It’s the basic, more superficial stuff, what’s on the surface. If there’s a doll lying in the middle of the living room, he takes it and puts it in Washing the clothes, that’s my wife. Hanging them out to the children’s room. It’s like that, that’s what he does. Now, dry and getting them in again, I can do it. But I’ve more the rest, in practice the rest it’s me. Cooking: he also cooks. or less delegated this to her because I think she knows how Thank God he knows how to cook. It depends though. In to do it better. Whenever I hang the clothes to dry she says his day off, he’ll usually cook the dinner. If I’m at home, that I did it wrong, that I stretch everything out… it has then I’ll do it. He helps me, but in practice it’s me. to be done in a particular manner, I don’t know why … Filipa, so I leave things to her. Cooking, that’s me. As to cleaning 32 years old, biparental, the house, I admit that I could do more to help than what son aged 14 years I do, but I also help; I dust, I vacuum, I do everything, a and daughters aged 5 and 1 years real housewife. Rogério, 42 years old, biparental, I think the ideal arrangement would be, in fact, to share daughter aged 9 years and do all things evenly. I may have some duties and the and son aged 1 year other person other duties, but there must be a balance. I think this is not always possible, sometimes owing to the lives that people have as regards their job and even where If someone takes 5 minutes to iron a shirt – I’m speaking they work. A lot of my women friends have everything about my wife here – and I take 15 minutes and even shared and there’s none of that stress, there’s none of that so it’s not well ironed… I’m not being sexist, I’m merely fatigue. trying to explain: the shirt isn’t ironed well, it takes me a Alexandra, lot more time, and three times the amount of electricity is 51years old, biparental, consumed. If I can replace this chore with another – for daughters aged 17 and 14 years example: tonight you iron and I’ll make the dinner and wash up –, then we’ve got an agreement. I think this is the ideal system. On working days, the average time spent on routine Carlos, household chores is also greater among women. 36 years old, biparental, The gender gap stands at 26 minutes in cleaning, 18 daughter aged 16 years minutes in preparing food, and 14 minutes in caring and son aged 10 years for the textiles. THE USE OF TIME BY MEN 13 AND WOMEN IN PORTUGAL Policy Brief

An additional remark must be made in the case of Figure 18. People who usually share the routine clothes: half of the few men who do perform tasks household chores with other people according of this sort do it only for themselves. In other words, to the relationship between them by sex (%) they only take care of their own clothes, while 74% of women take care of both their own and other people’s PREPARING clothes, thus ensuring the overall care of the family’s 1 10.5 FOOD 10.2 clothing. 2 16.5 15.8

With regard to cleaning and preparing food, the 3 1.8 2.8 gender gap in the number of people doing it only for 4 19.8 their own benefit is small – 0.6 and 2.7 percentage 6.0 points, respectively. In any case, it is again men who 5 11.3 4.6 more often perform these household chores only for 6 1.8 themselves. 2.1

7 55.3 72.8 Of all the routine household chores, caring for the 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 textiles is the one respondents tend to share the least with other people. In all of the chores examined, CLEANING women share it in a lesser percentage than men. 1 13.1 12.0

2 17.4 Figure 17. People who usually share the routine 17.2 household chores with other people according to 3 1.4 the type of chore by sex (%) 3.3 4 22.7 6.8

5 12.5 6.1

Caring 26.3 6 3.8 for textiles 3.9 44.1 7 46.7 67.1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 45.8 Cleaning 69.3 CARING 1 15.9 FOR TEXTILES 16.1 45.3 Preparing 2 21.6 food 12.2 66.6 3 1.0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 1.6 4 27.3 Women Men 8,1

5 7.1 Source: INUT, 2015. 4.1

6 6.5 The person with whom household chores are shared 6.3 7 31.5 the most often – regardless of the kind of chore – is 59.5 the spouse/partner. Children come next, especially 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 daughters, and then ancestors, especially mothers. Women Men Women, more often than men, turn to their daughters 1 – Other people or their own mothers for help. 2 – Mother 3 – Father Resorting to a domestic worker – by both men and 4 – Daughter 5 – Son women – is more frequent in the case of caring for 6 – Domestic worker textiles and cleaning. 7 – Spouse/partner

Source: INUT, 2015. THE USE OF TIME 14 BY MEN AND WOMEN IN PORTUGAL Policy Brief

Turning our attention to other household chores, A brief reference should be made to care work we observe that shopping is also a task more often related with co-resident adults requiring special care performed by women. Men nonetheless participate for reasons of illness, age or disability.9 This type of more in this task than in the previous ones: 74% care is provided by only a small proportion of women of women and 59% of men say that they do the and even a smaller proportion of men: 96.7% of shopping at least once a week. men and 93.8% of women state that they never do it.10 Nevertheless, among the people who do spend Another type of household chore, of a more sporadic time on providing care to co-resident adults requiring nature, registers a greater participation by men: special care for reasons of illness, age or disability, dealing with commercial and/or administrative women stand out: 4.3% of women, comparing with services (paying the rent, paying bills, communicating 2% of men, state that do it for at least one hour every with insurance companies or banks, etc.). This is day.11 This suggests a considerable feminisation of done at least once a week by 12% of men comparing care work with regard to adults requiring special care. with 9.9% of women. On the other hand, the male presence is still clearly predominant with regard to repairs of dwelling or equipment. The figures for people stating they never do repairs at home are illustrative: 92% of women comparing with 50% of men.

Figure 19. Frequency of doing sporadic household chores by sex (%)

MEN Dealing with commercial and/or 1.7 administrative services 12.0 55.2 31.1

Repairs 2.6 11.3 36.2 49.9

0 20 40 60 80 100 At least once a week Once or twice a month At least once a year Never

WOMEN Dealing with commercial and/or 9.9 1.0 administrative services 52.6 36.5

Repairs 0.6 1.4 5.9 92.1

0 20 40 60 80 100 At least once a week Once or twice a month At least once a year Never 9 The provision of care to children will be examined in the next section. Source: INUT, 2015. 10 The provision of care to adult people in circumstances of dependence or incapacity shall deserve a more detailed analysis in an upcoming publication of our project, namely considering the ageing trend of the Portuguese society. 11 This analysis is based on the numbers of respondents stating that they do these types of chores every day for an hour or more, regardless of the exact time spent on them. THE USE OF TIME BY MEN 15 AND WOMEN IN PORTUGAL Policy Brief Externalising household chores My partner is the one who usually cooks. He really enjoys Externalising the household chores by paying cooking and I’m not especially fond of it. So when it comes someone outside the household to do them is to the kitchen it’s mostly for him to deal with it. Then we accessible only to a small number of people. It should have a person who comes twice a week to do the heavier also be noted that externalising such tasks does not cleaning, because we simply don’t have the time to do solve the asymmetries in the domestic sexual division it. The laundry, it’s either me or my mother; my partner of labour; it can actually contribute to make it wider. doesn’t interfere much with it. Patrícia, A large majority of people state that they never resort 39 years old, biparental, to any external service to support household chores. son aged 3 years Among the people who do so, the most frequent case is buying ready-to-eat food. Other frequent cases relate to washing and ironing textiles; however, only 4% of the respondents state that they often seek those external services. We have external help. There were times when we didn’t have it, and the house was very dirty. Because the criteria Figure 20. Households resorting to external and the expectations with respect to cleaning didn’t coincide: services to support household chores according my husband thought it wasn’t necessary to clean the to the type of service (%) counters, it wasn’t necessary to sweep the floor… I didn’t like being the one who always had to do the sweeping. Fortunately we were able to have a domestic employee and Cleaning services now we have her help, and our life as a couple is much more 0.8 1.3 1.2 from a company 96.7 peaceful; it prevents a lot of quarrelling. Purchase Ilda, 1.5 3.2 6.2

orders 89.1 46 years old, biparental, Buying daughters aged 13 and 12 years

4.0 and son aged 9 years take-away food 16.6 21.9 57.6

Washing 3.9 5.2 9.3

textiles 81.7 Defining and supervising the tasks performed by the Ironing

4.3 5.7 6.8 domestic worker is a responsibility clearly marked by clothes 83.2 gender: 75.9% of women comparing with 45.1% of 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% men state that they personally assume responsibility Often for it. On the other hand, 28% of men state that their Sometimes domestic worker’s tasks are defined and supervised Rarely by their wife/partner, comparing with only 6.9% of Never women who state that their husband/partner takes Source: INUT, 2015. control.12

On the other hand, 7% of the respondents state that a domestic worker exists in their household. Among these households, 5.9% employ a domestic worker for less than 8 hours (i.e. one working day) a month; 34.5% between 8 and 16 hours a month; 33.5% between 17 and 32 hours a month; and 26.1% for 33 or more hours a month.

12 An overwhelming majority (99.1%) of the respondents who live with their partner state that this partner is of different sex, thus our usage of the terms applying to different-sex couples here. THE USE OF TIME 16 BY MEN AND WOMEN IN PORTUGAL Policy Brief Perceptions of fairness/ unfairness concerning It’s unfair because very often I leave the household chores the distribution to her. Even if I know I could give her a little help… but I of household chores don’t do it. Well, there are some days when I don’t feel like it. […] I accept and divide the domestic chores with her naturally, no problem about it. Even though sometimes Asymmetries in the distribution of tasks at home I end up being unfair because I just don’t go ahead with do not necessarily translate into equivalent it. Do you get it? For example, I should have helped her a perceptions of fairness or unfairness. Still, we can little more with that cleaning but I didn’t do it, I dropped observe that women express feelings of unfairness it and went off to watch a football match. I only did a more often than men. little bit. Tiago, About seven women in every ten consider that their 29 years old, biparental, share of household chores corresponds to what is daughter aged 2 years fair. The same opinion is a little bit more common among men, as 75.6% of them express it. In contrast, 21.6% of women – comparing with only 4.8% of men – consider that they do more than their fair share. On the other hand, almost 20% of men acknowledge The first thing is: the man has to understand that the their awareness of the fact that they do less than their woman is not only a woman, she is a human being. We fair share (comparing with 7.4% women who express are people, we have feelings too, concerns, we also need our this opinion). leisure. Therefore, I think that men should be a little more aware that their wives need help with the children and Figure 21. Perception of fairness/unfairness with the house, it’s not only them who need to relax, we regarding one’s own share of household chores also need to relax. […] The ideal thing would be for men by sex (%) to put themselves in our shoes and think a little bit about what we could split fifty-fifty… the children, the house, the cleaning, everything… not only paying the bills. Just now I was remembering that my father never helped my mother in More than 21.6 my fair share any of these things… but… I didn’t feel it, but my mother 4.8 must have felt it, now I’m thinking that maybe my mother felt it… My fair 71.0 Palmira, share 75.6 38 years old, single parent, daughter aged 5 years and son aged 11 months Less than 7.4 my fair share 19.6 Attention should be paid to the fact that feelings of 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% doing more than their fair share are more prevalent Women Men among women who live in households with children Source: INUT, 2015. below 15 years old (27.2% comparing with 19.5%, respectively). This is not observed among men in the same circumstances. Therefore, the feelings of unfairness with regard to the distribution of household chores as expressed by women seem to be amplified by the existence of children. THE USE OF TIME BY MEN 17 AND WOMEN IN PORTUGAL Policy Brief 03. Motherhood and fatherhood

The conditions and practices in which motherhood and fatherhood are exercised make up one of the key dimensions of an effective equality between women and men.

Who cares for the children, to what extent are care activities shared and how do parental responsibilities interweave with paid work – despite a growing ‘demand’ by men for their right to fatherhood, these are issues that still reflect the persistence of gender inequalities. CHILD Refers to boys and girls under the age of 15 years. For analytical purposes, the Who cares following sub-groups have been considered: under the age of for the children? three; between three and five years old; between six and 14 years old. The children covered in our survey live mostly in households where there is only one child. This is HOUSEHOLD Sociological concept the case of 67% of the households in which a minor designating a group of people under 15 years old lives; in 26.4% of the households living as the same address (common residence criterion) there are two children, while in 6.5% there are three or and who may share resources more children.13 and activities (functional criterion). A household can be With regard to family typology, among households composed of a single person, several unrelated people, or with children the predominant case is that consisting various people connected by of a couple with one or more children (69.5%). blood or relationship. Complex families represent 17.7% of the households with children. The relative weight of single-parent EXTENDED Households composed of a households headed by a woman, 11.5%, should also FAMILY family nucleus and other relatives, be underscored. HOUSEHOLD also called ‘extended families’. The concept also comprises households consisting of two or more family nuclei. According to Statistics Portugal (Instituto Nacional de Estatística, INE), the family nucleus is a set of two or more people belonging to the same family where there is a relationship of marriage, civil partnership, or between parents and offspring. This translates into three possibilities: a couple without children, a couple with one or more children, or a mother or a father with one or more children.

13 The results of the survey concerning households with children refer to 2,223 respondents, which represents 21.9% of the total number of respondents. THE USE OF TIME 18 BY MEN AND WOMEN IN PORTUGAL Policy Brief

Figure 22. Households with children Figure 23. Main types of childcare according to the by type of family (%) child’s age (%)

Person not belonging 9.3 Extended 17.7 to the household family 9.9 (unpaid) 9.5 Couple with 3 10.4 or more children Person not belonging 1.5 to the household 2.5 Couple with 27.1 (paid) 2 children 2.3

Facilities (nursery, 39.8 Couple with 32.0 crèche, kindergarten, 1 child school, extra-mural 47.3 activities 34.9 Single parent 1.3 male 56.3 Person belonging 51.4 Single parent 11.5 to the household female 58.7 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 20 40 60 80 Households with children aged betwen 6 and 14 years Source: INUT, 2015. Households with children aged betwen 3 and 5 years Households with children aged under 3 years

Note: The percentages are not mutually exclusive as there are households In more than half of the households with children, indicating more than one usual way of providing childcare, be it with childcare is provided by people belonging to the respect to the same child or different children. household; this means that during the day children Source: INUT, 2015. are usually taken care by people who live with them. This is especially the case regarding children under The interviews conducted during our project show the age of three. Resorting to a nursery or a crèche how the daily practices of childcare are influenced occurs in the case of about one third of the children by a variety of factors including the child’s age, the below three years old; extra-mural activities or similar household’s composition, the help from relatives, services/facilities after classes cover more than four the vicinity and the cost of childcare facilities and in every ten children who attend a pre-primary or the possibility of hiring a childminder or a domestic basic school. employee.

My children always went to a crèche. Later they attended a private school until the 4th grade. Even when they were bigger and didn’t have any class in the afternoon, they used to go to my parents’. Or to their extra-mural activities. […] They stayed with my parents until they were about two and a half years old. Their grandparents took care of them. Afterwards, when they were already at the nursery school, my parents used to go and fetch them very early… at 4 pm, 4.30 pm… and they would stay with them until I fetched them. Josefina, 48 years old, biparental, son aged 15 years and daughter aged 13 years THE USE OF TIME BY MEN 19 AND WOMEN IN PORTUGAL Policy Brief

Considering only the adult persons in the household who usually look after children during the day, we can observe that they are mostly women – and in When my second daughter was born, my whole life was most of the cases they do it alone, without the help focused on my children and my job. In fact, there was a of another adult. The feminisation of caregiving in time when I moved around like… a zombie. Because my family daily life is especially apparent when it comes husband was away from [name of town]. When they were to smaller children, those under three years old. The still very small, babies, I recall moments when I couldn’t participation of men, although still low in comparison take it any more… we’d arrive by car, one of them was with women’s, increases when children are aged sleeping, I’d go up to the flat and put him inside leaving between three and five years, be it in cases in which the other one in the car… then I’d go down and fetch they provide childcare on their own or share it with an her… sometimes I met a neighbour who asked me if I adult woman. The cases in which an adult male in the needed any help. […] Being a mother and having the household is the only person who usually looks after a kind of job I had was a huge challenge… I could have had child below the age of three is almost negligible. a breakdown. I could have ended up mad. Because, in fact, there were moments in which I felt I was at the Figure 24. Adults in the household who usually very limit. look after children under three years old according Ilda, to the sex of the caregiver (%) 46 years old, biparental, daughters aged 13 and 12 years and son aged 9 years

1 14.2

2 2.6 Caring for the children 3 83.2 – shared times? 0 20 40 60 80 100

Care work with children is still clearly feminised; Figure 25. Adults in the household who usually however, this gender asymmetry is not as strong as look after children between three and five years it is in the case of household chores, a field in which old according to the sex of the caregiver (%) men seem to be more unwilling to enter.

About 17% of women, comparing with only 7.6% of men, state that they provide physical care (feeding, 1 22.2 washing, etc.) to children (their own child, grandchild or other child) every day for an hour or more. This 2 8.2 gender gap, of about 9.3 percentage points, rises to 11.6 percentage points when considering only men 3 69.6 and women in employment.14

0 20 40 60 80 100

1 – Two adults in the household of both sexes 2 – Only one adult in the household – man 3 – Only one adult in the household – woman

Source: INUT, 2015.

14 This analysis is based on the numbers of respondents who state that they carry out this type of chore every day for an hour or more, regardless of the exact amount of time spent on it. THE USE OF TIME 20 BY MEN AND WOMEN IN PORTUGAL Policy Brief

Figure 26. People providing physical care A quartile analysis confirms the gender gap in time (feeding, washing, etc.) to children15 every day spent on childcare. During working days, 25% of men for an hour or more by sex (total population dedicate at least 3 hours to childcare, whereas 25% and people in employment) (%) of women dedicate at least 4 hours.

Looking closer into the different types of care provided, we can conclude that the widest gender People 23.8 in employment gap concerns physical care – feeding children, 12.2 washing children, etc.. In contrast, the gender gap is narrower in activities more associated with leisure Total 16.9 such as reading, playing and talking with children. population 7.6 People providing childcare18 every day 0 5 10 15 20 25 Figure 28. for an hour or more according to the type of care Women Men by sex (%) Source: INUT, 2015.

1 1.0 Expanding our understanding of care,16 men 0.8 and women spend on average different times on childcare. Taking the last working day as a reference 18.9 2 point, the average time spent by women on all of the 12.9 tasks considered is 52 minutes longer than the time spent by men. 9.0 3 Figure 27. Average time spent on childcare17 on 4.7 the last working day by sex (hours:minutes) 16.9 4 Women Men 7.6

0 5 10 15 20

Women Men

02:14 1 – Accompanying to activities, daily or not: sports, music, scouts, cinema, parties, doctors, etc. 03:06 2 – Reading, playing and talking 3 – Teaching: helping with homework, studying or other school tasks 4 – Physical care: feeding, washing, etc.

Source: INUT, 2015. Source: INUT, 2015.

15 This can include children who are not the respondent’s children; they can be grandchildren or other children. 16 This calculation includes the following tasks: ‘physical care: feeding, washing, etc.’; ‘teaching: helping with homework, studying or other school tasks’; ‘reading, playing and talking’; ‘accompanying to activities, daily or not: sports, music, scouts, cinema, parties, doctors, etc.’. 17 This can include children who are not the respondent’s children; they can 18 This can include children who are not the respondent’s children; they can be grandchildren or other children. be grandchildren or other children. THE USE OF TIME BY MEN 21 AND WOMEN IN PORTUGAL Policy Brief

Figure 29. People providing physical care (feeding, bathing, etc.) to children19 who usually share I think we should share. Both of us should drop by the these tasks with other person(s) according to this school to fetch the children. Both of us should get up person’s relationship with the respondent by sex earlier if necessary. I think this should be divided on a (%) daily basis: if one of us takes them, the other should be careful enough to go and fetch them; and the following day we swap, and there you have it. I think that both Other 8.5 person should be involved. But this is not what I do. 4.2 Mother 9.7 Ilda, 5.7 46 years old, biparental, daughters aged 13 and 12 years Father 1.8 and son aged 9 years 1.2 15.4 Daughter 4.3

Son 6.2 2.2 Domestic 0.6 When her father can’t, or when he has his day off, I worker make it easier on him. We have to help each other, right? 0.7 Spouse/ 73.4 I also understand. And since her father has a lot of partner responsibilities at work, I’m a nice girl about it. I care 90.6 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 about my daughter more than anything else. She could stay with me all the time, I wouldn’t mind. Women Men Source: INUT, 2015. Rosa, 40 years old, single parent, daughter aged 7 years

Childcare is often provided with the simultaneous participation of other person(s). The possibility to We don’t want to abuse the grandparents’ good-will share it is not available to everybody, though. Women to look after the grandchildren… I don’t like that very are the ones mainly stating that they do not share the much… only once in a while. My mother-in-law, now and provision of physical care to children with anyone else then, if there’s some occasion when she has to mind one – 33.9% of women comparing with 11.1% of men. of my children… We don’t like to ask them very often, Among the people who can count on sharing these I don’t like asking them because I don’t want to tasks, a large majority of them do it with their spouse/ overburden them. partner. It is mostly men who provide childcare with Rogério, the simultaneous participation of the other member of 42 years old, biparental, the couple. The matrilineal nature of family networks daughter aged 9 years for childcare provision also stands out when we and son aged 1 year observe that women resort mainly to the assistance of a daughter or their own mother when necessary. Childcare is often provided while performing household chores at the same time. A feminised pattern is also observed in this respect, since many more women than men state that they respond simultaneously to these two kinds of unpaid work demand.

19 This can include children who are not the respondent’s children; they can be grandchildren or other children. THE USE OF TIME 22 BY MEN AND WOMEN IN PORTUGAL Policy Brief

Figure 30. People usually providing care to Parental children20 while performing household chores responsibilities according to the type of care by sex (%) and paid work

The implications of parental responsibilities on paid 1 35.1 work are especially felt by women. 20.1 Most of the respondents in employment state that they have not experienced any difficulty in focusing 2 53.7 on their paid work due to family responsibilities over 35.7 the last 12 months. This is more the case of men – 74.2%, comparing with 64.9% of women. In contrast, 3 47.6 more than one woman in every three – comparing 28.0 with 25.8% of men – have experienced this particular difficulty at least sometimes in the last 12 months. 0 20 40 60 Women Men Figure 31. Frequency of difficulty in focusing on 1 – Accompanying to activities, daily or not: sports, music, scouts, paid work due to family responsibilities in the last cinema, parties, doctors, etc. 12 months by sex (%) 2 – Reading, playing and talking 3 – Teaching: helping with homework, studying or other school tasks

Source: INUT, 2015. Never 30.8 42.2

Rarely 34.1 32.0

While the baby is sleeping I always cook his soup, I do the Sometimes 26.4 most urgent tasks… I don’t want them to always see me 19.8 cleaning, doing the housework, and think: ‘When is she More often 6.7 going to interact with us?’ [Before the baby was born] I than not had some more time to play with my older daughter… 4.4 even if I was cooking dinner, dinner was always cooking Always 2.0 while I played with her a little and chatted with her about 1.6 school. But I don’t have that time now, time is very short. 0 10 20 30 40 50 Now I must change her little brother’s nappies while I ask her how school went… Women Men Source: INUT, 2015. Palmira, 38 years old, single parent, daughter aged 5 years and son aged 11 months

20 This can include children who are not the respondent’s children; they can be grandchildren or other children. THE USE OF TIME BY MEN 23 AND WOMEN IN PORTUGAL Policy Brief

Considering the last 12 months, women are again those who more often consider that their family responsibilities prevent them from dedicating I worked for many years in a place where flexible the necessary time to paid work. The differential schedules, freedom and legal compliance regarding leaves between men and women who state that they had of absence for childcare… this was all very complicated. this perception at least a few times stands at 10 I’ll try and explain it the best I can: unfortunately in our percentage points. society people are like masks, that is, companies tell the workers they have such rights but in reality they don’t Figure 32. Frequency of thinking that family have them, because the company arranges a way to stop responsibilities prevented oneself from dedicating the worker from progressing in his career by applying a the necessary time to paid work in the last 12 series of manoeuvres that deny the worker the use of the months by sex (%) rights. When I was working at that place, it was quite complicated in this respect, so it was always my wife… things were easier at her job, and so during the last eight years it has always been my wife who takes care of the Never 41,1 49,9 situation whenever one of our children gets sick. Carlos, Rarely 29,8 36 years old, biparental, 30,9 daughter aged 16 years and son aged 10 years

Sometimes 22,8 13,5 Very few people in employment refer that they have More often 5,3 than not been absent from paid work for some time during the 4,2 last week21 so that they could take care of children 1,0 (excluding cases of respondents who are on parental Always leave). Nevertheless, most of the people who signal 1,4 this reason for missing work are women (seven 0 20 40 60 women and three men). Women Men

Source: INUT, 2015. Likewise, when considering respondents who are unemployed and housewives/househusbands, ‘not having anyone who can take care of the minor children’ (generally speaking but including also those who are sick or have a disability) is a reason almost exclusively presented by women22 to explain why they Some days I have this feeling... I always have have not actively sought work in the last four weeks.23 appointments with the kids and sometimes there are things from work that I must leave half way through. I’m focusing on writing a report or something else, and suddenly I have to go and pick up one of the kids. Well, not always, but sometimes, now and again, I feel that it interferes with work. Josefina, 48 years old, biparental, son aged 15 years and daughter aged 13 years

21 Whenever we refer to the last week, this means the week before the survey was applied to the person at stake. 22 Only two men out of 768 respondents gave this reason. 23 Whenever we refer to the last four weeks, this means the four weeks before the survey was applied to the person at stake. THE USE OF TIME 24 BY MEN AND WOMEN IN PORTUGAL Policy Brief

The interviews clearly illustrate that the birth of children, in particular the birth of the first child, is Men’s leaves, paternal leaves, should be longer. […] Those often a key point for the definition of strengthening 11 days fly past in an instant, and afterwards how are of gender asymmetries. Even if, in most cases, both they supposed to help the mother in this difficult work? I members of the couple kept on working on a full-time don’t have any problem saying this, in fact I think women basis (and even if they assume an equitable sharing should talk and share more among themselves after a of the responsibility for the family’s livelihood), the baby is born, because I’ve noticed with workmates of mine dedication and availability to the family and to paid that when they’re home alone, without any help from their work is far from distributed in a balanced manner, partner who’s at work, disturbances start to come up. starting by the very way in which parental leaves Marisa, are used. In practice, it is typically the mother’s duty 40 years old, biparental, to ensure the child’s well-being during the first few daughter aged 5 years months of life while the father, if present, plays a role of breadwinner together with an ancillary function (‘helping’) in the provision of either physical or I’d bet on both the man and the woman staying at emotional care. home for some six months, because the woman also goes through enormous changes and then suddenly she finds The opinions of the interviewees range from the herself under pressure and sometimes she’s not up to facing acceptance of some differences in parental roles to the challenge on her own; she has to go through everything demands for full equality at work and in the family. In alone. I think the most serious accusation women can both cases, nonetheless, dissatisfaction is expressed make against men is something that really happens: with regard to the duration and distribution of I have to bear the child for nine months and then I’m here maternity and paternity leaves; both among women with the child and the man’s life carries on normally, and men, we find the general acknowledgement isn’t it so? that the present situation contributes to the women’s Carlos, overload. 36 years old, biparental, daughter aged 16 years and son aged 10 years

i: In your opinion, should men, as much as women, enjoy the parental leave due to them after a child has been born? I: My husband was afraid to take the leave. But I know a lot of good people who have done it. They swapped: the woman took less time and the man took more. But I think this can only happen when the man is very secure. I think in this case my husband wasn’t very secure. He anticipated a number of problems if he would take the leave. Raquel, 32 years old, biparental, daughter aged 2 years

To my mind, sharing the parental leave should be compulsory and that’s it! Compulsory because I think it helps bring stability to the labour market. We would stop having what currently happens in job interviews with respect to women; these issues would become normal. Therefore, I do think there should be a break from work, yes. When a child is born, the task is very demanding for both parents. Patrícia, 39 years old, biparental, son aged 3 years THE USE OF TIME BY MEN 25 AND WOMEN IN PORTUGAL Policy Brief 04. Time and territory

Women’s and men’s time use must be understood in the light of the distinct territorial contexts whey they live. In particular, metropolitan areas entail specific constraints such as those pertaining to geographical distance and time required for moving between the different spaces upon which their daily lives are structured.

Moving between home and work

As expected, the time usually required to go from More often in the case of women (12.3%) than men home to work and back from work to home – (7.9%), trajectories to and from work are usually considering, of course, only the respondents in employed to perform other tasks. Women who do employment – varies across territorial regions. not live in the metropolitan areas refer more frequently to the fact that they use commuting itineraries to do Commuting times are especially long in the Lisbon other things (13.3%). Metropolitan Area (LMA), above all for men. A quartile analysis shows that 25% of the people in this region take over 45 minutes to complete their home-work- home trajectory, the average time being 39 minutes for men and 37 minutes for women. In the daily life of people living in the Oporto Metropolitan Area (OMA), average times stand at about 25 minutes for men and 24 minutes for women. The gender gap is slightly wider in the other regions of the country, where men spend on average 23 minutes going to and from work while women spend 20 minutes. Considering the country as a whole, the means are 28 minutes for men, 26 minutes for women. THE USE OF TIME 26 BY MEN AND WOMEN IN PORTUGAL Policy Brief

Figure 33. Main activities undertaken on the way The tasks most often performed to take advantage to and from work according to country region of the home-work-home trajectory consist in by sex (%) taking or fetching children to or from the crèche, kindergarten or school (the gender gap is particularly clear in this regard), and shopping. Considering COUNTRY TOTAL the various regions under study, we can observe 55.1 that taking/fetching the children is more significant Shopping in the OMA, while in the LMA and in the rest of the 50.7 country it is more common to do the shopping. With the exception of shopping when living out of Taking/fetching 52.3 the metropolitan areas, more women than men take children to/from school 34.5 advantage of the journey to and from work to pick up 0 20 40 60 80 the children from the crèche, kindergarten or school and to do the shopping. LISBON METROPOLITAN AREA Shopping 57.5 38.5

Taking/fetching 44.3 children to/from school 34.7 0 20 40 60 80

OPORTO METROPOLITAN AREA Shopping 30.4 20.0

Taking/fetching 75.0 children to/from school 53.3 0 20 40 60 80

OTHER REGIONS OF THE COUNTRY Shopping 57.4 63.6

Taking/fetching 52.8 children to/from school 31.2 0 20 40 60 80 Women Men

Source: INUT, 2015. THE USE OF TIME BY MEN 27 AND WOMEN IN PORTUGAL Policy Brief

Simultaneous activities Considering the different types of activity undertaken at home while performing household chores, studying and/ or dealing with issues related to studying, as well as The LMA is where the time spent at home is making phone calls and/or handling issues related most clearly characterized by the simultaneous with paid work, we find that either the share of men performance of different activities and tasks. who do them is higher than the women’s (in the Comparing with other regions in the country, both OMA) or gender differences are small. In contrast, women and men in the LMA show a greater tendency tasks related to the provision of care to own children, to carry out other activities while doing the household grandchildren or other children are much more chores. Except for ‘reading, listening to radio/music or often done simultaneously with household chores watching television’, which are done at the same time by women than by men, in any of the regions under as household chores in all country regions to a similar analysis. degree, all activities24 are more frequently mentioned by people living in the LMA.

Regardless of the country region, with the exception of activities related with studies and paid work in the OMA, women undertake other activities while doing the household chores more often than men, thus combining various times and roles.

I must always be very focused and distribute the tasks, ‘Do this’, ‘Do that’, and hope that my husband doesn’t get distracted. I don’t know if it’s because he’s a man or for some other reason, he’s very easily distracted. For example, he goes off to the garage to fetch a bottle of olive oil, off he goes ready to please, but on the way he finds his son’s bicycle that either has a flat tyre or it’s something else, the chain’s off… Noémia, 53 years old, biparental, son aged 15 years

24 Apart from the activities mentioned here, the Survey also gave the categories ‘caring for adults who are ill or disabled’. However, the low number in relative terms of respondents stating that they do this sort of caregiving when multi-tasking, does not allow us to correctly analyse the data according to regions. COUNTRY COUNTRY TOTAL 1 15.5 15.3 TOTAL 1 15.5 15.3 2 30.9 31.3 2 30.9 31.3 3 80.5 65.9 3 80.5 65.9 4 35.1 20.1 4 35.1 20.1 53.7 5 53.7 35.7 5 35.7 47.6 6 47.6 28.0 6 28.0 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100

LISBON LISBON METROPOLITAN 1 32.9 31.4 METROPOLITAN 1 32.9 AREA 31.4 THEAREA USE 2 43.2 OF TIME 41.9 28 BY MEN 2 43.2 AND WOMEN 41.9 82.9 IN PORTUGAL 3 66.5 Policy Brief 3 82.9 66.5 4 50.5 34.3 4 50.5 34.3 70.7 Figure 34. People who carry out other activities 5 70.7 48.4 while doing household5 chores according 48.4 72.3 to the type of simultaneous activity and country 6 72.3 46.6 region by sex (%)6 46.6 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100

COUNTRY OPORTO OPORTOTOTAL 1 15.5 METROPOLITAN 1 11.1 15.3 14.5 METROPOLITAN 1 11.1 AREA 14.5 AREA 2 30.9 2 22.1 31.3 28.2 2 22.1 28.2 81.9 3 80.5 3 65.9 63.4 3 81.9 63.4 33.2 4 35.1 4 20.1 33.2 19.5 4 19.5 53.7 56.0 5 5 35.7 56.0 41.0 5 41.047.6 41.8 6 6 28.0 41.8 28.6 6 0 28.620 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100

LISBON OTHER OTHERMETROPOLITAN 1 32.9 REGIONS OF 1 11.6 31.4 10.5 REGIONSAREA OF 1 11.6 THE COUNTRY 10.5 THE COUNTRY 2 43.2 2 28.0 41.9 27.4 2 28.0 27.4 78.9 3 82.9 3 66.5 66.1 3 78.9 66.1 30.4 4 50.5 4 30.434.3 16.2 4 16.2 70.7 47.1 5 5 47.148.4 30.8 5 30.8 72.3 40.6 6 6 40.646.6 22.6 6 0 22.620 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 Women Men OPORTOWomen Men METROPOLITAN 1 11.1 1 – Studying and/or making phone calls / dealing 1AREA – Studying and/or making phone14.5 calls / dealing with issues related to studying with issues related to studying 2 – Making phone calls / dealing with issues related with paid work 2 22.1 2 – Making phone calls / dealing28.2 with issues related with paid work 3 – Reading, listening to music, watching television 3 – Reading, listening to music, watching television 4 – Helping with the homework of children, grandchildren 4 – Helping with the homework3 of children, grandchildren81.9 other children other children 63.4 5 – Reading to, playing or talking with children, grandchildren other children 5 – Reading to, playing or talking 33.2with children, grandchildren If my husband is working, normally I start making the 4 6 – Providing physical care (feeding, washing) to children, other children 19.5 dinner. While it is cooking, I take my two daughters and 6 – Providing physical care (feeding, washing) to children, grandchildren other children grandchildren other children 56.0 put them in the bathtub, taking a bath. School homework 5 41.0 is done next while I finish off preparing dinner. If my other 41.8 son has any doubts about his homework, I also have to 6 28.6 Source: INUT, 2015. 0 20 40 60 80 100 give him a bit of help. If my husband is at home, he gives me some assistance: he makes the dinner while I give them [children] a bath. I’m quietly helping the middle child OTHER REGIONS OF 1 11.6 with her homework and I also help the older boy. I tidy up THE COUNTRY 10.5 whatever needs to be tidied up. I do the laundry. Set the 2 28.0 washing machine to wash. Or I collect the washing in if I 27.4 have something hanging up to dry. Then we have dinner. 3 78.9 66.1 Filipa, 30.4 32 years old, biparental, 4 16.2 son aged 14 years and daughters aged 5 and 1 years 47.1 5 30.8 40.6 6 22.6 0 20 40 60 80 100

Women Men

1 – Studying and/or making phone calls / dealing with issues related to studying 2 – Making phone calls / dealing with issues related with paid work 3 – Reading, listening to music, watching television 4 – Helping with the homework of children, grandchildren other children 5 – Reading to, playing or talking with children, grandchildren other children 6 – Providing physical care (feeding, washing) to children, grandchildren other children THE USE OF TIME BY MEN 29 AND WOMEN IN PORTUGAL Policy Brief The clash of times?

When going about their daily lives and responsibilities, men and women may feel that their activities and the ways in which they organize their time collide with the timetables of either their spouse/partner or services and facilities.

The LMA stands out for having the largest proportion of people who feel difficulties in articulating their daily activities (paid work, household chores, childcare, etc.) with the timetables of the context around them.

The ‘clash’ signalled by many people living in the LMA, especially women, occurs mostly with their spouse’s / partner’s paid work time schedule. In the OMA and in the other regions of the country, more men than women refer to incompatibilities caused by their wife’s / partner’s paid work schedules.

The opening hours of various services, such as post offices, tax offices or banks, are referred as causing one of the biggest clashes with daily occupations in the OMA, mostly among men. Men in the rest of the country also refer to this kind of incompatibility more often than women.

Furthermore, there are difficulties in combining daily activities with school timetables and the opening hours of other kinds of facilities such as nurseries. School timetables are especially mentioned by men, whereas no substantial gender difference can be observed when it comes to complaining about the timetables of childcare facilities.

Men, particularly in the LMA, refer more often than women to the opening hours of leisure and cultural facilities (swimming pools, libraries, gymnasiums) as ‘clashing’ with their other activities. COUNTRY TOTAL 1 14.5 COUNTRY 15.5 TOTAL 1 14.5 15.5 2 11.5 11.9 2 11.5 11.9 3 14.0 15.0 3 14.0 15.0 4 24.2 27.4 4 24.2 27.4 5 16.3 18.2 5 16.3 18.2 6 13.8 13.6 6 13.8 13.6 7 25.5 27.9 7 25.5 27.9 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50

LISBON METROPOLITAN 1 17.7 LISBON 21.0 METROPOLITAN 1 17.7 AREA 21.0 2 9.7 THEAREA USE 13.7 OF TIME 2 9.7 30 BY MEN 13.7 3 13.4 AND WOMEN 16.5 IN PORTUGAL 3 13.4 Policy Brief 16.5 4 31.3 36.8 4 31.3 36.8 5 32.3 36.0 Figure 35. People5 considering that,32.3 in a normal 36.0 6 30.8 day, their daily activities ‘clash’ with the 31.4 6 30.8 timetables of either their spouse/partner31.4 or 7 49.6 45.0 7 49.6 services according to country region by sex45.0 (%) 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50

COUNTRY OPORTO 11.9 TOTAL 1 14.5 METROPOLITAN 1 OPORTO 15.5 13.2 METROPOLITAN 1 11.9 AREA 2 11.513.2 2 8.7 AREA 11.9 6.6 2 8.7 3 6.6 14.0 3 9.9 15.0 11.0 3 9.9 4 11.0 24.2 4 17.9 27.4 21.3 4 17.9 5 16.321.3 5 11.4 18.2 18.0 5 11.4 6 13.818.0 6 11.4 13.6 10.8 6 11.4 7 10.8 25.5 7 12.3 27.9 18.2 7 12.3 0 1018.2 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50

LISBON OTHER 13.4 METROPOLITAN 1 17.7 REGIONS OF 1 OTHER 21.0 13.1 REGIONSAREA OF 1 13.4 THE COUNTRY 2 9.713.1 2 13.5 THE COUNTRY 13.7 12.5 2 13.5 3 12.513.4 3 15.6 16.5 15.4 3 15.6 4 15.4 31.3 4 22.6 36.8 24.4 4 22.6 5 24.4 32.3 5 12.4 36.0 13.1 5 12.4 6 13.1 30.8 6 10.2 31.4 10.5 6 10.2 7 10.5 49.6 7 19.6 45.0 23.1 7 19.6 0 10 23.120 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 Women Men OPORTOWomen Men METROPOLITAN 1 11.9 1 – Opening hours of leisure and cultural facilities 13.2 AREA1 – Opening hours of leisure and cultural facilities (swimming pool, library, gymnasium, etc.) (swimming pool, library,2 8.7 gymnasium, etc.) 2 – Timetables of public transports 2 – Timetables of public transports6.6 3 – Opening hours of commercial establishments 4 – Opening hours of administrative services 3 – Opening hours of commercial3 9.9 establishments 4 – Opening hours of administrative11.0 services (post office, tax office, banks, etc.) (post office, tax office, banks, etc.) 5 – School timetables of children, grandchildren or other children 4 17.9 5 – School timetables of children, grandchildren21.3 or other children 6 – Kindergarten, crèche or childminder timetables for children, 6 – Kindergarten, crèche or childminder timetables for children, grandchildren, other children 5 11.4 grandchildren, other children 18.0 7 – Spouse’s / partner’s paid work time schedules 7 – Spouse’s / partner’s paid work time schedules 6 11.4 10.8

7 12.3 Source: INUT, 2015. 18.2 0 10 20 30 40 50

OTHER REGIONS OF 1 13.4 THE COUNTRY 13.1 2 13.5 12.5

3 15.6 15.4

4 22.6 24.4

5 12.4 13.1

6 10.2 10.5

7 19.6 23.1 0 10 20 30 40 50

Women Men

1 – Opening hours of leisure and cultural facilities (swimming pool, library, gymnasium, etc.) 2 – Timetables of public transports 3 – Opening hours of commercial establishments 4 – Opening hours of administrative services (post office, tax office, banks, etc.) 5 – School timetables of children, grandchildren or other children 6 – Kindergarten, crèche or childminder timetables for children, grandchildren, other children 7 – Spouse’s / partner’s paid work time schedules THE USE OF TIME BY MEN 31 AND WOMEN IN PORTUGAL Policy Brief

Perceptions Although with lower values, the perception of lacking about time time is also experienced on the weekend.26 Again, women in all regions of the country consider more Even though, as mentioned above, women generally often than men that they do not have enough time undertake simultaneous activities more often than to do everything that they would like to do during the men, they also express a greater agreement – in all weekend. Almost one third of the women (32.4%) in of the territorial contexts under consideration – with the country, comparing with 27% of men, feel that the statement ‘In my daily life, I rarely have time time is not enough. to do the things I really like’. Once again, women living in the LMA are the ones who most express Figure 37. People considering that they do not this mismatch between time and the possibility of have enough time to do everything they wanted dedicating it to gratifying, pleasurable activities: more to do during weekdays and the weekend days than 42 in every 100 women living in the LMA state according to country region by sex (%)27 that they rarely have time to do the things that they would really like to do. WEEKDAYS Country 48.9 Figure 36. People agreeing with the statement total 42.0 ‘In my daily life, I rarely have the time to do the things I really like’ according to country region Lisbon 56.6 by sex (%)25 Metropolitan Area 44.5

Oporto 43.1 Metropolitan Area 42.8 Country 37,739.4 total Other regions 47.1 28,030.2 of the country 40.4 0 20 40 60 Lisbon 41,142.2 Metropolitan Area 31.637,9 WEEKEND Country 32.4 total 27.2 Oporto 40.342,3 Metropolitan Area 31,737.7 Lisbon 38.9 Metropolitan Area 29.2 Other regions 37.8 of the country Oporto 23.1 27.0 Metropolitan Area 21.9 0 10 20 30 40 50 Other regions 32.3 Women Men of the country 27.8 Fonte: Inquérito Nacional aos Usos do Tempo, 2015. 0 20 40 60 Women Men The notion that during weekdays time is not enough to do what they would like to do is expressed by 43% Source: INUT, 2015. of the women in the OMA and 47% of the women in other regions of the country. In the LMA, nearly 57% of the women – comparing with nearly 45% men – express this opinion. Considering the whole country, almost half of the women (48.9%) and 42% of the men state they do not have enough time to do all the things that they would like to do during the weekdays.

26 Or on rest days, whenever these do not coincide with the weekend. 25 These percentages are the outcome of aggregating two positions in the 27 These percentages are the outcome of aggregating three positions in a answering scale: ‘I totally agree’ and ‘I agree’. scale of five: ‘Yes, everyday’; ‘Yes, often’ and ‘Yes, sometimes’. THE USE OF TIME 32 BY MEN AND WOMEN IN PORTUGAL Policy Brief

Both during weekdays and weekends, it is the Figure 38. . People feeling that they are in a hurry women in paid employment who most express these every day or often according to country region time constraints. by sex (%)28

It is thus unsurprising that the majority of people, be it men or women, but more often among the latter, state that they rarely or never experience having free Country 37,7 45.4 total time and not knowing how to use it. This happens 28,0 36.6 more often to men than to women in the OMA and especially in the non-metropolitan regions of the Lisbon 41,142.6 country. Metropolitan Area 29.037,9

Porto 42,342.6 Metropolitan Area i: Do you have enough time for yourself? 31,736.5 I: Time for myself… that’s clearly what I gave up. And this left me somewhat unbalanced. […] Reading, Other regions 47.8 of the country craftworks, I like to keep my hands busy, from needle work 41.1 to gardening… All of these things, going to the cinema, 0 10 20 30 40 50 watching television – all of these things were left behind. Women Men Ilda, 46 years old, biparental, Source: INUT, 2015. daughters aged 13 and 12 years and son aged 9 years

Difficulties in managing time may give rise to situations of stress, mainly expressed through feelings of being Everything rushes by. We live in a hurry with everything, in a ‘hurry’. Regardless of the country region, women it’s a daily stress… We have to do everything quickly in experience these feelings (every day or often) more the morning. We have to eat quickly, wash quickly, go to than men. In the whole country, 45.4% of women and work quickly. Even our daily routine at work is stressful, 36% of men state that they are in a hurry. Interestingly, also because every minute counts. We have timetables for the percentage of people with this feeling reaches everything. Then we have to fetch the children in a hurry, the highest value among women not living in a do the homework in a hurry, make dinner in a hurry. metropolitan area; and the lowest among men living in […] We miss a space of our own. I don’t know, taking the LMA. a day off and go out, have lunch at a restaurant, go to the cinema. That’s good for us. Having one day only for ourselves, being with our friends, being by ourselves in silence… only us, with nothing to do. Filipa, 32 years old, biparental, son aged 14 years and daughters aged 5 and 1 years

28 These percentages are the outcome of aggregating two positions in the answering scale: ‘Every day’ and ‘Often’. Bibliography (selected)

Perista, Heloísa (2002), ‘Género e trabalho não pago: os tempos das mulheres e os tempos dos homens’, Análise Social, vol. XXXVII (163), pp. 447-474.

Perista, Heloísa (2013), Living with Science: Time for Care and Career Progression. A Gendered Balance?, Saarbrücken, Lambert Academic Publishing.

Perista, Heloísa (2014), ‘Um olhar feminista sobre os usos do tempo’, in Eduarda Ferreira et al. (eds.), Percursos Feministas: Desafiar os Tempos, Lisbon, UMAR / Feminist University.

Rodrigues, Leonor; Cunha, Vanessa; Wall, Karin (2015), Policy Brief I - Homens, Papéis Masculinos e Igualdade de Género, Lisbon, ICS – Institute of Social Sciences, University of Lisbon, and CITE – Commission for Equality in Labour and Employment.

Wall, Karin; Aboim, Sofia; Cunha, Vanessa (eds.) (2010), A Vida Familiar no Masculino: Negociando Velhas e Novas Masculinidades, Lisbon, CITE – Commission for Equality in Labour and Employment. NATIONAL SURVEY ON TIME USE BY MEN AND WOMEN

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