Lisbon, Portugal, 5 July 2007

Council of Europe Campaign to Combat Violence against Women, including Domestic Violence It starts with screams and must never Data Collection as a Prerequisite for effective end in silence. Policies to combat Violence against Women, including Domestic Violence Lisbon, Portugal, 5 July 2007

Gender Equality and Anti-Trafficking Division Proceedings of the Regional Seminar Directorate General of Human Rights and Legal Affairs Council of Europe organised by the Gender Equality and Anti-Trafficking Division of the F-67075 Strasbourg Cedex Directorate General of Human Rights and Legal Affairs in co-operation with the Commission for Citizenship and Gender Equality of Portugal 3rd Regional Seminar

www.coe.int/stopviolence Proceedings Proceedings

Serie Seminaire - Campaign to Co1 1 30/01/08 16:19:36

EG-VAW-SEM3

Council of Europe Campaign to Combat Violence against Women, including Domestic Violence

Data collection as a prerequisite for effective policies to combat violence against women, including domestic violence

Lisbon, Portugal, 5 July 2007

Proceedings of the regional seminar

organised by the Gender Equality and Anti-Trafficking Division, Directorate General of Human Rights and Legal Affairs, in co-operation with the Commission for Citizenship and Gender Equality (Portugal)

Directorate General of Human Rights and Legal Affairs Council of Europe 2008 Gender Equality and Anti-Trafficking Division Directorate General of Human Rights and Legal Affairs Council of Europe F-67075 Strasbourg

Printed at the Council of Europe Contents

Introduction Summary, Seminar proceedings ...... 7

Programme

Opening addresses Mr Hanno Hartig, Head of Department, Directorate of Ms Hilary Fisher, Chairperson, Council of Europe Task Standard-Setting, Directorate General of Human Rights Force to Combat Violence against Women, including and Legal Affairs, Council of Europe...... 17 Domestic Violence ...... 19

The role of data in combating violence against women Keynote speaker: Ms Carol Hagemann-White, Professor, Faculty of General Pedagogy and Gender Studies, University of Osnabrück, Germany ...... 25

Collecting population-based data

Issues to consider in collecting population-based data Practices in collecting population-based data: the Keynote speaker: Ms Henrica Jansen, Epidemiologist, Portuguese experience WHO Multi-country Study on Women’s Health and Ms Elza Pais, President of the Commission for Domestic Violence, Department of Gender, Women and Citizenship and Gender Equality, Portugal ...... 46 Health, World Health Organization...... 31 Mr Manuel Lisboa, Professor, Department of Sociology, New University of Lisbon, Portugal...... 55 International standards in collecting population-based data Other national experiences Keynote speaker: Mr Sami Nevala, Seconded Finnish Mr Constantinos Veis, Superintendent, Domestic Expert for Statistics, European Union Agency for violence and child abuse office of the Cyprus Police Fundamental Rights ...... 40 Service, Cyprus ...... 61 Ms Olena Aleksandrova, Department of International Co-operation, State Committee of Statistics, Ukraine . . 65

Collecting service-based administrative data

Methodology and international standards in collecting The Portuguese experience service-based administrative data Mr João Redondo, Psychiatrist, Director of the Service of Keynote speaker: Ms Liz Kelly, Roddick Chair on Family Violence at the Hospital Sobral CID, Founding Violence against Women, London Metropolitan member of the group “Violence: Information, University, United Kingdom ...... 71 Investigation, Intervention”, Coimbra, Portugal ...... 75

Other national experiences Ms Lili Sidamonidze, Ministry of Internal Affairs, Georgia ...... 97

Regional seminar, Lisbon, Portugal, 5 July 2007 3 Stop domestic violence against women

Mr Albert Bell, Member of the Commission on Domestic Mr Filiberto Casali, Expert on Data Collection in the Violence and Lecturer, Department of Youth and Field of Violence against Women, Department of Health, Community Studies, University of Malta, Malta...... 99 San Marino...... 101

Data as a knowledge base for effective policies to combat violence against women

The Nordic experience Other national experiences Ms Helena Ewalds, Senior Officer, Department for Ms Anahit Safyan, Head of International Statistical Family and Social Affairs, Ministry of Social Affairs and Co-operation Division, National Statistical Service, Health, Finland, and member of the Council of Europe Armenia ...... 107 Task Force to Combat Violence against Women, including Ms Francesca Tei, Sociologist, Team ARIANNA Project, Domestic Violence ...... 105 Department for Rights and Equal Opportunities, Italy 110

Closing address Mr Hanno Hartig, Head of Department, Directorate of Standard-Setting, Directorate General of Human Rights and Legal Affairs, Council of Europe...... 115

Participants

Recommendation Rec (2002) 5 Recommendation Rec (2002) 5 of the Committee of Ministers to member states on the protection of women against violence, adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 30 April 2002 at the 794th meeting of the Ministers’ Deputies ...... 125

4 Data collection as a prerequisite for effective policies to combat violence against women Introduction

Background to the seminar mestic Violence, will present its con- Summary clusions and assessment of measures During the Third Summit of the and actions taken at national level to Council of Europe in May 2005, the combat violence against women, in- Heads of State and Government of the Seminar proceedings cluding domestic violence as well as Council of Europe reaffirmed their its recommendations to the Council commitment to eradicating violence of Europe for future action in this against women, including domestic field. violence. In adopting an Action Plan envisaging the launch of a Campaign The intergovernmental Campaign to Combat Violence against Women, activities carried out by the Council of including Domestic Violence, and the Europe include five regional seminars institution of a Task Force on the same – in co-operation with the requesting topic, they defined future activities by member state – devoted to one of the the Council of Europe in this field. Campaign objectives as laid out in the The Task Force, consisting of a Campaign Blueprint. group of eight international experts in The Seminar on Data collection as the field of preventing and combating a prerequisite for effective policies to violence against women, developed combat violence against women, in- the Blueprint for the Campaign. This cluding domestic violence was the document serves as a roadmap for the third such seminar. It was held on implementation of the Campaign and 5 July 2007 in Lisbon, Portugal. was approved by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe. It Around 170 government and NGO contains a definition of violence representatives from Austria, Arme- against women, as well as aims, objec- nia, Cyprus, Georgia, Italy, Malta, tives, messages and activities to im- Portugal, San Marino, Slovakia and plement the Campaign. Ukraine gathered in Lisbon to share information on and discuss the role of Following the approval of the Cam- data in informing and shaping effec- paign Blueprint by the Committee of tive policies to combat violence Ministers, the Campaign was against women. launched at a high-level conference on 27 November 2006 in Madrid. The Keynote speeches explained the Campaign incorporates three closely type of data that can be collected: linked dimensions: governmental, surveys on violence against women as parliamentary and local/regional. It is population-based data or administra- carried out by the Council of Europe tive data from organisations, institu- as well as its member states, in part- tions and agencies that provide serv- nership with international intergov- ices for victims of such violence. ernmental organisations and NGOs Presentations on national experi- involved in the protection of women ences in collecting either type of data against violence. highlighted difficulties, but also the The Campaign will end with a usefulness of this exercise. How to go closing conference to be held in June about collecting such data and how to 2008. On this occasion, the Council of use it was explored as were interna- Europe Task Force to Combat Vio- tional developments in harmonising lence against Women, including Do- the collection of data.

Regional seminar, Lisbon, Portugal, 5 July 2007 7 Stop domestic violence Introduction against women

The role of data in combating Collecting population-based that the most reliable form of collect- violence against women data and international standing data is is population-based surveys and that methodologies ards in this field The role of data in shaping, imple- should be harmonised to a certain menting and monitoring policies to As more and more victimisation degree. However, the danger of stand- combat violence against women is es- surveys on violence against women ardising such surveys was pointed out sential. Population-based prevalence and/or domestic violence are being by several participants because that data showing rates of victimisation is conducted, good practices in method- would not allow for national specifici- useful to design effective policies. ology, survey design and interviewing ties to be respected. Violence against Service-based administrative data of are beginning to emerge. At the same women surveys should form part of government agencies and institutions time, the desire to draw lessons from the national statistical system and on the other hand shows how the other countries reveals differences in should be carried out by national sta- police, judiciary and social welfare approach that often make comparison tistics offices to ensure greater conti- system are serving victims of violence or adaptation impossible. Interna- nuity. and is therefore essential in monitor- tional efforts are therefore underway ing the effectiveness of laws, policies to analyse existing surveys with the ul- Collecting service-based ad- and goals set out in national plans of timate aim of arriving at harmonised 1 ministrative data and inter- action. indicators. Due to national and international national standards in this Even though more and more projects devoted to furthering the field Council of Europe member states are knowledge-base on violence against Government agencies and institu- carrying out population-based sur- women through surveys, challenges tions as well as NGOs providing serv- veys, they are neither comparable and pitfalls, but also factors that ices for women victims of violence across countries nor necessarily enhance the success of such surveys, dispose of a wealth of information carried out on a regular basis to allow have come to light. Both the Multi- which, if systematically collected, for comparison over time. This means country study on women’s health and could reveal vital information on how that while important work is being domestic violence of the World the police and criminal justice system, done to assess the scale of victimisa- Health Organisation and the Interna- the public health system and the social tion, harmonised standards in this tional Violence against Women welfare system serve the needs of vic- respect are lacking. Survey Project are important sources tims. Levels of confidence in the of information on what works and Service-based administrative data, police forces and the criminal justice what does not. As surveys on violence system could be detected through on the other hand, is a form of data against women are a highly sensitive that – despite the benefits of informa- monitoring rates of reporting, prose- matter and the data quality largely cution and conviction of cases of all tion technology – is rarely collected. depends on the level of sensitivity of Government agencies such as the forms of violence against women methodology and interviewer, the (rape, domestic violence, sexual har- police, the judiciary, the public health World Health Organisation has issued sector or child or social welfare serv- assment, honour killings, etc). The methodological and ethical recom- public health sector could support ices do not have administrative data mendations for research on this topic. systems in place that go beyond inter- efforts to reach out to women victims Applying great care in designing ques- of violence by screening and record- nal recording needs of the agency. As tions and training interviewers to ad- a consequence, violence against ing cases of violence, as some public equately pose sensitive questions will hospitals are already doing. women becomes invisible because it is result in higher data quality. However, lack of agreed indicators difficult to track cases even across the Participants agreed that across and model data collection systems as criminal justice system. Similarly, it is Europe, official data is inadequate in well as diverging definitions of vio- difficult to assess whether any im- relation to all forms of violence lence against women make the sys- provements in reporting and prosecu- against women – rape, stalking, do- tematic collection of such data diffi- tion have occurred. Furthermore, the mestic violence, forced marriage – cult and the available information effectiveness of multi-agency strate- and that much more needed to be patchy. gies to improve intervention is weak- done. Common opinion seemed to be ened by failing to give a minimum of Nonetheless, the national experi- feedback about interlocking proce- 1. For detailed information on the work of ences presented during the seminar dures when other agencies take over. the UNECE Task Force on the Measurement showed that promising steps are being While it is important to take issues of of Violence against Women please see their taken. Participants and keynote data protection into consideration, report “Analysis of national surveys carried speakers pointed out that the collec- this does not represent insurmounta- out by the countries of the conference of Eu- tion of systematic data has been re- ropean statisticians to measure violence ble obstacles when discussing en- against women”, UN Economic and Social peatedly called for in various interna- hanced collection of administrative Commission, ECE/CES/GE.30/2006/6 of tional documents and is therefore data. 8 September 2006. more than a mere academic exercise.2

8 Data collection as a prerequisite for effective policies to combat violence against women Stop à la violence Summary domestique faite aux femmes

Data as a knowledge-base for lence against women and how they are effective policies to combat being dealt with by government agencies, it is impossible to develop the violence against women services that victims of such violence Without adequate information on really need. Participants therefore con- the number and types of cases of vio- sidered it important that cases of violence against women be identified and 2. Council of Europe Recommendation recorded as such by the relevant public (2002) 5 of the Committee of Ministers to sectors which encounter and deal with member states on the protection of women them in order to draw conclusions on against violence, point V (see appendix, the multiple needs of victims and page 126); United Nations Beijing Platform design corresponding policies. for Action, Strategic Objective H3, no. 206j and no. 207b; United Nations Study of the Because in the end, the common goal is Secretary-General on “Ending violence to eliminate violence against women against women: From words to action”. and not just measure it.

Regional seminar, Lisbon, Portugal, 5 July 2007 9

Programme Stop domestic violence Programme against women

Thursday, 5 July 2007

9:00 Registration of participants

9:30 Opening of the Seminar

Opening addresses Mr Fernando Rocha Andrade, Under-State Secretary of Internal Affairs, Govern- ment of Portugal Ms Alda Maria Carvalho, President of the National Institute of Statistics, Portu- gal Mr António Rendas, Dean of the New University of Lisbon, Portugal Ms Elza Pais, President of the Commission for Citizenship and Gender Equality, Portugal Mr Hanno Hartig, Head of Department, Directorate of Standard-Setting, Direc- torate General of Human Rights and Legal Affairs, Council of Europe Ms Hilary Fisher, Chairperson of the Council of Europe Task Force to Combat Violence against Women, including Domestic Violence Mr José Mendes Bota, Vice-Chairperson of the Committee on Equal Opportu- nities for Women and Men of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe

Introduction: The role of data in combating violence against women

Chair Mr Hanno Hartig, Head of Department, Directorate of Standard-Setting, Direc- torate General of Human Rights and Legal Affairs, Council of Europe

10:15 Keynote speaker: Ms Carol Hagemann-White, Professor, Faculty of General Ped- agogy and Gender Studies, University of Osnabrück, Germany Questions and discussion

10:45 Coffee break

Collecting population-based data

Chair Mr Hanno Hartig, Head of Department, Directorate of Standard-Setting, Direc- torate General of Human Rights and Legal Affairs, Council of Europe

Issues to consider in collecting population-based data

11:15 Methodology and ethical recommendations for data research on violence against women Keynote speaker: Ms Henrica Jansen, Epidemiologist, WHO Multi-country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence, Department of Gender, Women and Health, World Health Organization Questions and discussion

12 Stop à la violence Programme domestique faite aux femmes

International standards in collecting population-based data

11:45 International developments on indicators and methodology

Keynote speaker: Ms Maria Guiseppina Muratore, Chief of Research, ISTAT, Italy, and member of the UNECE Task Force on Measurement of Violence against Women

Questions and discussion

12:15 International Violence against Women Survey

Keynote speaker: Mr Sami Nevala, Seconded Finnish Expert for Statistics, Euro- pean Union Agency for Fundamental Rights

Questions and discussion

12:45 Lunch hosted by the Commission for Citizenship and Gender Equality, Portugal

Practices in collecting population-based data

14:00 The Portuguese experience

Ms Elza Pais, President of the Commission for Citizenship and Gender Equality, Portugal

Mr Manuel Lisboa, Professor, Department of Sociology, New University of Lisbon, Portugal

14:30 Other national experiences

Mr Constantinos Veis, Superintendent, Domestic Violence and Child Abuse Office of the Cyprus Police Service, Cyprus

Ms Olena Aleksandrova, Department of International Co-operation, State Com- mittee of Statistics, Ukraine

Questions and discussion

Collecting service-based administrative data

Chair

Ms Maria de Belém Roseira, Member of the Portuguese Parliament, Member of the Parliamentary Committee on Constitutional Affairs, Rights, Liberties and Guarantees, President of the Parliamentary Committee on Health, Portugal

Methodology and international standards in collecting service- based administrative data

15:00 Keynote speaker: Ms Liz Kelly, Roddick Chair on Violence against Women, London Metropolitan University, United Kingdom

Questions and discussion

15:30 Coffee break

13 Stop domestic violence Programme against women

Practices in collecting service-based administrative data

16:00 The Portuguese experience Mr João Redondo, Psychiatrist, Director of the Service of Family Violence at the Hospital Sobral CID, Founding member of the group “Violence: Information, In- vestigation, Intervention”, Coimbra, Portugal Ms Maria João Costa, Jurist, Directorate General of Justice Policy, Portugal

16:15 Other national experiences Ms Lili Sidamonidze, Ministry of Internal Affairs, Georgia Mr Albert Bell, Member of the Commission on Domestic Violence and Lecturer, Department of Youth and Community Studies, University of Malta, Malta Mr Filiberto Casali, Expert on Data Collection in the Field of Violence against Women, Department of Health, San Marino Questions and discussion

Data as a knowledge base for effective policies to combat violence against women Chair Ms Maria de Belém Roseira, Member of the Portuguese Parliament, Member of the Parliamentary Committee on Constitutional Affairs, Rights, Liberties and Guarantees, President of the Parliamentary Committee on Health, Portugal

16:45 The Nordic experience Ms Helena Ewalds, Senior Officer, Department for Family and Social Affairs, Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, Finland, and member of the Council of Europe Task Force to Combat Violence against Women, including Domestic Vio- lence

17:00 Other national experiences Ms Anahit Safyan, Head of International Statistical Co-operation Division, Na- tional Statistical Service, Armenia Ms Francesca Tei, Sociologist, Team ARIANNA Project, Department for Rights and Equal Opportunities, Italy Ms Viera Hanuláková, Director of Gender Equality and Equal Opportunities, Ministry of Labour, Social Affairs and Family, Slovakia Questions and discussion

17:45 Closing addresses Mr Mário Dias Comes, Vice-Attorney General, Portugal Mr Jorge Lacão, Secretary of State of the Presidency of the Council of Ministers of Portugal, Government of Portugal Mr Hanno Hartig, Head of Department, Directorate of Standard-Setting, Direc- torate General of Human Rights and Legal Affairs, Council of Europe

18:15 End of seminar

14 Opening addresses

Dear Minister of the Presidency, Since its successful launch last No- Mr Hanno Hartig dear participants, vember in Madrid, the Campaign has Every day, women in all Council of been implemented by many different Europe member states experience actors and through many different Head of Department, physical violence at the hands of men means. Directorate of in their immediate social environ- Governments of 40 member states ment, most often by partners and ex- and national parliaments of 38 Standard-Setting, partners. member states have appointed focal Directorate General of Every day, women suffer sexual vi- points and/or high-level officials for Human Rights and olence involving the use of force. the campaign, who make sure that Every day, women who have left combating violence against women Legal Affairs, Council abusive relationships are continu- remains high on the national political of Europe ously threatened with physical and agenda. sexual violence from former partners. I am pleased to welcome both the Portuguese high-level official, Ms Elsa Women suffering such violence are Pais, and the Portuguese contact par- not only victims of abuse, they are also liamentarian, Mr Mendes Bota, who victims of silence, victims of indiffer- are present here today. ence and victims of neglect. To share expertise among member To change this, the Council of states and to discuss new develop- Europe has made the fight against vi- ments, the Council of Europe is or- olence against women a political pri- ganising multilateral governmental ority. seminars on the four core objectives of The Heads of State and Govern- the Campaign Blueprint. ment of the Council of Europe The first such seminar held in The member states affirmed their com- Hague, Netherlands, focused on legal mitment to eradicate violence against measures to combat violence against women, including domestic violence women and the second in Zagreb, during the 3rd Summit of the Council Croatia, on the role of men. The ones of Europe (Warsaw, 16-17 May 2005). to follow will be held in the coming Not only did they decide to set up a months in “the former Yugoslav Re- Task Force to Combat Violence against public of Macedonia” and Finland and Women, including Domestic Violence, will focus on the provision of services whose Chairperson is present today. for women victims of such violence. They also decided to conduct a pan- The seminar we are attending here European Campaign to Combat Vio- today is therefore the third such lence against Women, including Do- seminar and covers a topic that is mestic Violence. equally important but maybe less ob- The Campaign consists of three viously so: data collection as a prereq- different dimensions: parliamentary, uisite for effective policies to combat governmental and local and regional. violence against women. Representatives of all dimensions, Data informs policies, because if supported through the Council of we do not know what we are talking Europe, are working closely together about we do not know how to address to drive home the message that vio- it. At the same time, data lies at the lence against women is a human rights heart of any attempt to evaluate poli- violation. cies, and without such evaluation it is

Regional seminar, Lisbon, Portugal, 5 July 2007 17 Stop domestic violence Opening addresses against women unclear whether the policies in place a way in which it could reveal further member states which have responded are actually changing the lives of insight into the problem of domestic to the questionnaire. women. violence. It also shows, however, that a lot Data therefore plays an important This seminar will therefore explore more needs to be done to arrive at ef- role in combating violence against important issues to consider in col- fective policies based on valid data to women. But what kind of data is lecting both types of data. A strong combat violence against women. needed and what is the best way to emphasis will be placed on develop- For this reason, one of the objec- collect it? ments to harmonise data through tives which the Council of Europe Across Council of Europe member common indicators and methodolo- hopes to achieve during this Cam- states, two different approaches are gies. The aim of this seminar is to find paign is the systematic collection of currently employed: solutions to difficulties in collecting data based on a methodology that ` population-based data, meaning data and in making it comparable. allows for gender analysis and com- surveys on prevalence of domestic The Council of Europe has contrib- parison. This seminar will lay the violence uted to the collection of data by mon- foundation for any such work and and itoring the Council of Europe Recom- aims at sparking action in member ` administrative data, meaning data mendation (2002) 5 of the Committee states. It will be followed up by the collected by government agencies, of Ministers to member states on the publication of “Harmonised guide- institutions and organisations protection of women against vio- lines for collecting administrative which provide services for victims. lence.1 This recommendation was the data on victims of domestic violence”, Both approaches offer room for first legal instrument to propose a which is currently being prepared by variation. As a result, existing surveys comprehensive strategy to prevent vi- the Council of Europe. differ significantly from one member olence and to protect victims, cover- state to another as far as the sample ing all forms of gender-based violence. Since all of you present are experts population is concerned, the defini- The monitoring framework based in this field, you are probably very fa- tion of violence used and the time on indicators was developed to evalu- miliar with much of what I have said frame, to mention only a few varia- ate progress in its implementation. and would agree with me that it is now tions. These differences in methodol- The responses received from the high time for concrete action instead ogy make their findings less compara- member states are contained and ana- of more talk. That is why I would like ble between countries and over time. lysed in the “Stocktaking study on the to ask you to support the Council of The same can be said for adminis- measures and actions taken in Europe in turning words into deeds trative data. Many government agen- Council of Europe member states to during the Campaign, but also cies or institutions such as the police combat violence against women”. This beyond. I hope this seminar will be or judiciary, but also health and social study provides useful data on key one step among many. welfare services and NGOs who run aspects of preventing and combating On behalf of the Council of Europe, shelters have access to important data. violence against women in the I warmly welcome you to this seminar Not always do they systematically and look forward to your presenta- compile it in a comparable way. Or in 1. Reproduced in the appendix, page 123. tions.

18 Data collection as a prerequisite for effective policies to combat violence against women Extent of violence action. In addition to this, the Task Ms Hilary Fisher Force was also charged with the task of Between 12% and 15% of women in developing the Blueprint for the Europe face violence in the home Council of Europe Campaign to every day, many more continue to Chairperson, Council Combat Violence against Women, in- suffer physical and sexual violence cluding Domestic Violence.5 of Europe Task Force to from former partners even after the Combat Violence break-up.2 To promote action at national level, The United Nations Secretary the Blueprint contains four thematic against Women, General’s In-depth Study on all forms areas, which member states are urged including Domestic of violence against women 2006 to make progress on: legal and policy stated; “Eliminating violence against measures, support and protection for Violence women remains one of the most victims, data collection and awareness serious challenges of our time.”3 raising. Each of these thematic areas contain detailed objectives against The UN Study highlighted an which member states are invited to “Urgent need for enhanced data col- assess their national situation, identify lection to strengthen the knowledge existing gaps and tackle the challenges base on all forms of violence against with appropriate measures and ac- women for informed policy and strat- tion. egy development. Many countries still lack reliable data and much of the ex- In the field of data collection, the isting information cannot be mean- Blueprint calls on Governments to: ingfully compared”.4 ` ensure the systematic collection of statistical data disaggregated by Council of Europe Task Force sex, by type of violence as well as by the relationship of the perpetrator to Combat Violence against to the victim in all fields; Women, including Domestic ` develop and use a methodology Violence that allows for gender analysis and As you might be aware, the Council comparison with other member of Europe Task Force to Combat Vio- states of the Council of Europe; lence against Women, including Do- ` collect and disseminate good prac- mestic Violence, which is composed of tices for preventing violence.6 eight international experts in the field of preventing and combating domes- The importance of data col- tic violence, has been set up to evaluate progress at national level and es- lection tablish instruments for quantifying Data collection is one of the four developments at European level with recommendations because it is essen- a view to drawing up proposals for tial in understanding the nature and

2. See Combating violence against wom- 5. Blueprint of the Council of Europe Cam- en – Stocktaking study on the measures paign to Combat Violence against Women, and actions taken in Council of Europe including Domestic Violence prepared by the member states (CDEG (2006) 3). Task Force to Combat Violence against Wom- 3. See the 2006 UN In-depth study on all en, including Domestic Violence (EGTFV), forms of violence against women, para 2. 2006. 4. Ibid, para 14. 6. Ibid.

Regional seminar, Lisbon, Portugal, 5 July 2007 19 Stop domestic violence Opening addresses against women prevalence of violence against women fective collection of data at the na- legal and other measures because and how to address it. tional level? not all member states collect na- Data collection enables Govern- tional data on the number of cases ments to: Comparable data is essential of violence occurring in the family ` understand what happens when Comparable data is essential to es- or domestic unit that come to the women report violence; tablish if progress is being made, if attention of the police and/or ` establish if policies are effective, policies are effective and to enable health services and track neither have an impact; member states to learn from each referral nor judicial outcomes in a ` if policies are being implemented other. This is not possible without systematic process. appropriately; good data collection based on meth- Crucially, the Stocktaking study ` if the legal system is working. odologies that can be compared. notes “no member state has national Data collection also plays an im- data on the number of cases of domes- portant role in prevention Data linked to action tic violence that come to the attention of the police, and no systematic ` To raise awareness. Any data collection must be for a process to track either referrals or ju- The importance of data collection purpose; be linked to concrete ac- dicial outcomes. Thus, there is no has also been emphasised by the tions; linked to work of those that are baseline from which the effectiveness Council of Europe by, for example, the directly involved in working on vio- of the legal reforms penalising vio- Group of Specialists for Combating lence against women. The Group of lence against women can be meas- Violence Against Women (EG-S-VL), Specialists for Combating violence ured”.11 in Recommendation (2002) 5 and by against women highlighted the im- the Stocktaking study on measures portance of this as has the UN Study The Study urges the Council of and actions taken in Council of Europe which calls for data collection on vio- Europe to encourage member states member states which has not only as- lence against women to be: to commission research-based evalu- sessed current trends but has also ` carried out in consultation with a ation both of service provision and of evaluated practical methods of evalu- wide range of stakeholders, includ- legal reforms and recommends that all ation and data collection.7 ing data suppliers, advocates and member states institute systematic data collection that will permit analy- Council of Europe Recommenda- agencies providing services to sis tracking outcomes of reporting, re- tion (2002) 5 on the protection of women, policy-makers, legislators 9 cording, investigating, prosecuting women from violence calls for gov- and researchers. and convicting violence.12 ernments to: The Group of Specialists also ` Promote research, data collection noted the significant role women’s and networking at national and in- NGOs and academics have played in What needs to be done ternational level. improving data collection and empha- Today we will hear from experts to It also stresses the importance of sised the responsibility of states to consider what needs to be done. This establishing criteria for collecting ensure the systematic collection and needs to include providing resources comparable data, in order to be able to publication of data, including through for NGOs’ research that have been raise public awareness not only na- supporting NGOs, academics and critical in pushing boundaries of re- tionwide but also across Europe.8 other actors engaged in research to search. How well do Governments know if inform policy and strategy develop- 10 The UN Study notes the need for policies and practices are working, ment. standard methodology to be devel- how can they improve their actions, oped. Comparison is not possible how can they inform the public and Challenges of data collection because methodology differs in the raise awareness and how can compar- The Stocktaking study has high- way violence is defined and measured. isons be made across the Council of lighted the impact of the failure to We need agreement and action on: Europe member states without the ef- collect national data on violence ` Category of punishable crimes against women, including: ` Methodology and indicators for re- 7. See the Final Report of the Group of ` The lack of information on the cost search, including the collection of Specialists on the implementation of and of violence or its effect because this follow-up to Recommendation Rec (2002) 5 surveys and statistics. requires information on both the on the protection of women against vio- ` How to include other agencies such lence (EG-S-MV(2004) RAP FIN rev), and prevalence and incidence of vio- op. cit., Stocktaking Study. lence and such information is only as health professionals in data col- 8. See Council of Europe Recommenda- beginning to be available. lection. tion Rec (2002) 5 of the Committee of Min- ` The failure to establish a baseline ` Evaluation of implementation of isters to member states on the protection of policies for preventing and ad- women against violence, adopted by the to measure the effectiveness of Committee of Ministers on 30 April 2002, dressing violence against women. at the 794th meeting of the Ministers’ 9. Op. cit., UN Study, para. 241. Deputies; reproduced in the appendix, 10. Op. cit. Group of Specialists report, 11. Op. cit., Stocktaking Study p. 37. page 123. 8.5-8.7. 12. Ibid., p. 40.

20 Data collection as a prerequisite for effective policies to combat violence against women Stop à la violence Ms Hilary Fisher domestique faite aux femmes

` Ensuring a strong link between It is the hoped by the Task Force compare data, thereby significantly those who do the research and that we will see a significant improve- improving the ability of governments those who will use it. ment in the field of data collection to protect women from violence, ` Support for women’s NGOs and across all member states and that prevent violence and prosecute per- academics that are conducting re- through agreed, common methodol- petrators of violence against search. ogy, it will be possible to analyse and women.

Regional seminar, Lisbon, Portugal, 5 July 2007 21

The role of data in combating violence against women

Keynote speaker: Since 1992, violence against women Data to measure the extent has been recognised by international and configuration of the law as a violation of human rights. In Ms Carol consequence, states are under obliga- problem tion to exercise due diligence in pre- Today, victimisation surveys to Hagemann- vention, protection and punishment assess the prevalence of violence of such violations, wherever they against women have been carried out White occur, including violence within the in at least 23 European countries. family or private life. This goes far They document clearly that the beyond a general disapproval of inter- problem is widespread across diverse Professor, Faculty of personal aggression, which may not cultural, social and political condi- General Pedagogy and always call for state intervention. Vio- tions; it cuts across differences of lence against women is related to sys- social class, income, or lifestyle. Fur- Gender Studies, tematic discrimination, and its thermore, it persists over time, even University of exercise serves to confirm and con- after governments have taken highly tinue inequality; it impairs or nullifies publicised action, since repeated sur- Osnabrück, Germany the enjoyment by women of human veys, for example in Finland or the rights and fundamental freedoms in- United Kingdom, find no significant cluding essentials established in the decrease and sometimes even an in- Universal Declaration of Human crease in the extent of violence re- Rights, such as the right to liberty and ported, as women are encouraged by security of person; the right to physi- public policy commitments and cal and mental health; the right not to media information to disclose inti- be subjected to cruel, inhuman or de- mate abuse. This persistence over grading treatment, and of course the time is significant, by contrast, for ex- right to life. ample, to the data on physical punish- Women’s activism in civil society ment of children. In countries where was and still is key to making the policy and public opinion have re- cruel and demeaning nature of jected or even outlawed corporal pun- gender-based violence visible. But it ishment, it has decreased over time. was the collection of data that re- Violence against women seems more vealed systematic patterns of oppres- resistant to policy and awareness- sion and exclusion, showing that this raising, and the measures to address it is “violence that is directed against a must consider this fact. woman because she is a woman or Thus, while it could be questioned that affects women disproportion- whether every state needs its own vic- ately” (CEDAW General Recommen- timisation survey just to verify the ex- dation No. 19), and that the perpetra- istence of the problem, since we know tors cannot be assigned to any that violence against women is both deviant group such as minorities or serious and costly throughout Europe, alcoholics. population-based prevalence data are still an important guide to policy. They are as important as data on unemployment, poverty or disease, and indeed, they are related to these in multiple ways. Valid, reliable and regular data collection on violence

Regional seminar, Lisbon, Portugal, 5 July 2007 25 Stop domestic violence The role of data in combating violence against women against women against women can tell us whether tensive experience from existing rein only one of these areas, but explore specific groups within the population search, and that a population-based different levels and aspects. suffer disproportionately, what diffi- survey be carried out at least every I can only touch on some uses of cult experiences in childhood or five years. Some degree of standardi- data collection on the prevalence, the youth increase the risk of becoming a zation is needed to arrive at a impact and the use of agencies and victim later, as well as indicating when minimum of comparability and as a services or other help-seeking this policy efforts are having a measurable foundation for European-level policy morning, others would require more impact. discussion; however, there will always thorough consideration of policy By reason of the distinct cultural be variation in the cultural meanings needs. There is little point to compar- and political traditions and the policy- and understandings and in the extent ing countries in absolute terms, since related circumstances under which to which women name and evaluate we do not know whether low levels of prevalence studies have been funded, actions that are intimately painful to reported violence signify less vio- researchers in each European country them. Close study of the data from five lence, or a stronger taboo. For exam- have developed their own instru- surveys discovered both possibilities ple, in the 1995 prevalence study in ments, categories and modes of data for standardisation and limits. The in- Portugal, 28% of the women inter- analysis. Whilst this is a rich deposit of terval of five years suggests a realistic viewed had encountered sexual vio- variation in approaches and experi- time frame over which attitudes and lence, but only 3% said that a husband, ences for future learning, it can also be behaviour patterns, both among indi- lover or family member had been re- disappointing to note that, among na- viduals and in agencies responding to sponsible. In the light of numerous tional representative prevalence sur- violence, can be expected to change in studies across countries, it seems veys, hardly any are comparable in response to policy and public aware- likely that Portuguese women at that their published form. Percentages of ness. time were not able to make the con- all women aged 16 to 75 cannot be There are pitfalls to be avoided in nection between intimate partners compared to percentages of women establishing regular data collection. In and sexual violence explicitly in an in- with a partner between 18 and 59. order to follow developments over terview. I would see it as a sign of Some studies have interviewed both time, it is necessary to ask the same progress if, in more recent Portuguese women and men with the same inter- questions at regular intervals. It is surveys, the numbers for sexual vio- view schedule, others have con- vital that these questions be state-of- lence within partnerships were signif- sciously used different questionnaires the-art from today’s research knowl- icantly higher. Yet even after aware- to address gender-typical experi- edge, so that the results of survey data ness-raising and empowerment of ences; the majority surveyed women ten or twenty years from now will still women to disclose, it is quite possible only. Some explore childhood victim- be relevant to the realities of the prob- that in some countries, sexual vio- ization and family experiences, others lem. This is not easy to establish, as lence occurs predominantly within do not; some use detailed lists of pos- knowledge develops and deepens over the home, while in others, it may be sible violent acts, with up to 17 items time. A good case in point is the “Con- exercised more frequently in other of physical violence, for example, flict Tactics Scale”, developed in the contexts, perhaps more openly in while others have chosen summaris- early 1980’s in the USA as an instru- public spaces or against women who ing questions to avoid any excess ment of family sociology. Because it are regarded as lacking proper shame. burden on the interviewees. Some ask has been standardised and validated Cultural factors can influence such about help-seeking and health impact so many times, it is still in use, and val- patterns. There might be a need for in much more detail than others. uable for specific purposes, but it is different strategies depending on Thus, data collection on preva- not adequate for measuring violence where and how the notion of men’s en- lence does not have a European stand- against women, because it was devel- titlement to the sexual use of women ard. And while research-driven and oped prior to a deeper understanding is typically acted out. university-based studies have been of the connections between violence Population-based data give infor- major innovative forces in advancing against women, inequality, discrimi- mation on how many victims ought to methodology and theory, repeated nation and human rights violations. be served by agencies. For example, a surveys allowing measurement over As a research tool, it addresses con- well-crafted prevalence survey will time are rare unless the national sta- flict tactics only, which – as I pointed allow you to calculate how many tistical machinery is involved in a out in my introductory speech to the women were attacked in a manner routine way. The working group on present campaign in Madrid – is only that fulfills the legal definition of rape prevalence and health impact in the one of three roots of the problem: within the last 12 months, and how research network “Coordination dominance and subordination of many of them (far fewer, as a rule) say Action on Human Rights Violations” women, defense of privacy and its that they turned to the police. It is then thus recommends that standard abuse, and interactional conflict tac- easy to compare this to the number of survey modules with core questions tics. Today’s prevalence studies in rape complaints registered by the on victimisation and impact of vio- their more sophisticated formats police in the past year, and you will lence be developed, based on the ex- avoid defining violence as a problem probably find, as I did for Germany,

26 Data collection as a prerequisite for effective policies to combat violence against women Stop à la violence Keynote speaker: Ms Carol Hagemann-White domestique faite aux femmes that this number is again far lower Let me give you an example from them what happens to these cases, than it “should” be, if the police regis- Germany. In the Berlin model project whether their work is having any tered and recorded all complaints. of inter-agency co-operation address- effect. Thus, even at the basic level of Similarly, you are likely to find that ing domestic violence the police practice “on the ground”, poor and un- significantly fewer women seek agreed to label all cases with a specific coordinated administrative data medical care even after a serious inci- code when they were called to any sit- weakens the effectiveness of strategies dent of violence than would be ex- uation of domestic violence between to improve intervention by failing to pected considering the number re- adults. This yielded useful statistics give a minimum of feedback about in- porting that violence resulted in on how many such cases they at- terlocking procedures when other injuries or other health impairment. tended. Later, when the practice of agencies take over. Policy monitoring needs to see evicting the perpetrator from the res- The problem is that violence whether these gaps are reduced over idence was introduced, it was possible against women can seldom be ade- time. Such data are also invaluable in to monitor when and how often this quately addressed by one agency educating professionals to respond occurred, although these additional alone. Furthermore, progress is not more effectively, and concrete reports were and are unpopular indicated by a lower number of cases numbers from your own country among the police officers because of (as in crime statistics, where the police carry more conviction than references the extra work. The obvious next step are thought to be doing their job well to studies in elsewhere in the world. was to ask what the public prosecutors if the crime rate drops); on the con- do and how the courts then dispose of The uses of data for policy are man- trary, good practice is often a matter of cases prosecuted. Neither institution ifold. As the French ENVEFF survey increasing the number of cases re- was willing or able to provide such sta- found, by co-operating with women’s ported and addressed, as well as in- tistics (again: extra work). Our evalu- advocacy services during analysis and creasing the number of successful re- ation research team then gained per- dissemination, they were able to ferrals to further support and mission to go to the courts, pull the further public awareness considera- intervention. Data are needed that can relevant files and collect data on what bly. With the data from the British monitor this process and its effective- happened to these cases. Already, this Crime Survey, Sylvia Walby was able ness. Across Europe, official data are was only possible in those districts to calculate the costs of violence on a inadequate in relation to all forms of that had introduced a special prosecu- more solid foundation than was possi- violence against women – rape, stalk- tion service for domestic violence ble for previous estimates; European- ing, domestic violence, forced mar- cases, since otherwise, all court cases level data could permit a broader- riage. In consequence, it is difficult to were filed under the name of the ac- based estimate of the costs of violence track cases even across the criminal cused, regardless of what the offence against women – an important con- justice system; it is difficult to assess was, and there was no way to locate sideration when calling for policy whether any improvements in report- the relevant files. We developed a measures that, themselves, have ing and prosecution have occurred; checklist for analysing the files in visible costs in the budget. Finally, and violence against women becomes Berlin. When that was completed, we insofar as survey data may show the invisible within the police and judicial went to the next district, only to find impact of new policies, comparative system. Even in countries that have that they organized the information in study and the transfer of good practice established a unified standard, as in the prosecutor’s files entirely differ- are improved by having data compa- the Netherlands, recording is uneven ently, and of course none of these files rable across countries. I am pleased to and varies from one police district to are computerised. see that one session of this meeting another. will discuss these possibilities. I will not pursue this in any more detail. The point of the anecdote is There is an urgent need for regular that each agency, and often each local monitoring and evaluation of all rele- Data for monitoring practice agency, develops a recording method vant legal frameworks and statutory We live in an era of bureaucratic and filing system that serves its pur- agencies in addressing violence procedures, and masses of adminis- poses, and is not intended to commu- against women, both within each trative data accumulate as a by-prod- nicate with other administrative data member state, and across Europe. uct. In the era of information technol- systems. This may be a relief to those Only data-based monitoring permits ogy, bureaucracies have in theory concerned about abuse of data, but it realistic stocktaking of how state poli- many possibilities for linking masses is also de-motivating for the person- cies, action plans and legislation are of data. In practice, however, far less of nel from whom we require improved being implemented and with what this occurs than outsiders may think. practice. The German police now go degree of success. For nearly ten years, Quite aside from legitimate data pro- to considerable effort to treat domes- the Council of Europe Secretariat has tection concerns, data collection is tic violence as a serious offence and to been compiling and updating legisla- largely un-coordinated as soon as use best practice in attending the call tion in the member states; the latest questions go beyond the internal re- and collecting evidence, but there is version was published this spring. cording needs and habits of an agency no echo from the justice system telling These documents show a great deal of or institution. activity, not only in legislation but also

Regional seminar, Lisbon, Portugal, 5 July 2007 27 Stop domestic violence The role of data in combating violence against women against women in establishing services, but there is good practices into a general proce- tics. Medical systems have a long very little information published on dure. Quality assessment – to know tradition of anonymous recording, for their implementation, and even less whether practices are good – requires example regarding sexually transmit- on the outcomes. measuring practice against standards, ted diseases, which could be used to Monitoring is defined as “the sys- best derived from systematic evalua- protect the victim. tematic documentation of aspects of tion of successful projects. These refer programme performance that are in- to process variables such as the use of Finally, transparent and well-or- dicative of whether the programme is methods based on empowerment of ganised administrative data are essen- functioning as intended or according the victim. Measuring effectiveness tial to evaluate national plans of to some appropriate standard” . This requires statistics on cases, trajecto- action. Action plans should establish calls for documentation systems that ries and outcomes, including client mechanisms for reviewing perform- may include both quantitative and satisfaction measures. ance of statutory agencies in order to qualitative data. By collecting and an- There are further purposes to identify blockages to progress and to alysing client-based data and record- monitoring. As European policy in- set up procedures and guidelines for ing specific agency responses, system- teracts more closely, transferability of improvement. The implementation of atic monitoring aids the assessment of practices between European states quality standards should be moni- good practice in delivering services. gains importance. European good tored and evaluated by periodic audits Agency monitoring serves differ- practice can be furthered by projects of gaps and quality of service provi- ent purposes. The most obvious is ac- capable of being replicated or adapted sion. countability in connection with public for mainstreaming in different na- Ideally, states would aim for annual and private financial support; this is tional contexts. Such projects need to assessments on statutory-provided probably the most frequent reason for include data collection to know and NGO services, including progress compiling statistics. With new serv- whether the practice is working in a on attaining and improving on ices or approaches, this is often linked similar way at each location, and minimum standards. Agreement on to raising awareness and development whether it is having the desired effect. the necessary statistical data would of methods of addressing violence, A significant step forwards would make it possible to monitor progress which can in turn influence social be the development of policy impact across Europe, providing a major change. Thus, when service provision indicators that show how the problem impetus towards the implementation is being newly established, monitor- is growing or changing; these might of good practice. Democratic proc- ing can play a vital role in explaining to involve a combination of population- esses on which civil society depends a wider audience why a particular based data and client-based data from would be strengthened by a commit- service is needed and who benefits agencies. Comparable national statis- ment to the introduction of transpar- from its provision. tics should be based on data collection ency by member states, publishing A second main function of moni- by statutory agencies, including the annual reports on policy actions and toring addresses the quality and effec- justice system, the health system and their implementation, underpinned tiveness of intervention and services. the agencies of child protection and with standardised data. Client-based data are extremely im- social welfare. portant in bringing issues to the atten- When developing monitoring Routine administrative data are the tion of state provided services, with systems based on administrative data, foundation for monitoring whether the goal of improving their responses significant issues of data protection agencies are functioning in practice as both to perpetrators and those victim- and citizens’ informational rights they should. It would be extremely ised by domestic violence, rape and must be addressed, but these can be useful to develop guidelines repre- sexual assault. Once they have been dealt with. For example, in an insur- senting an agreement on basic data to sensitised, monitoring becomes an ance-based health care system, physi- be collected, with due consideration important tool for assessing the ade- cians may hesitate to write a diagnosis of the national structures, in the dif- quacy of existing service provisions of intentional injury in a patient’s files, ferent member states. Monitoring by and the quality of services; this usually since the insurance company could questionnaire to the member states means introducing new recording call on the perpetrator to pay for the can, until now, only assess whether systems and procedures, and requir- treatment. There would be some member states are taking any action, ing statutory agencies to report their justice to this, but if the perpetrator is but it cannot gather data or define in- findings to the public. Often, progress the woman’s husband, she becomes dicators of progress until there is is a two-step process: first, testing a responsible for paying for the treat- agreement on minimum standards for new model and collecting data on its ment of her own injuries. But the pa- constructing and recording relevant functioning, and then translating tient’s files are not necessary for statis- statistics.

28 Data collection as a prerequisite for effective policies to combat violence against women Collecting population-based data

Issues to consider in collecting population-based data

Keynote speaker: Introduction what kind of results you are expecting In November 2005 the World to see. Ms Henrica Health Organization (WHO) pub- This is what we found: lished a report on the initial results of ` In each site a large proportion of Jansen the WHO multi-country study on women had not told anyone about women's health and domestic vio- the violence prior to the interview lence (co-ordinator Dr Claudia – no matter where in the world a Garcia-Moreno).1 woman lived and if she was from a Epidemiologist, WHO As a member of the panel on issues city or a rural province: this ranged Multi-country Study on to consider in collecting population from less than 30% in some sites to based data, I will be presenting a paper 66% in Bangladesh. Women’s Health and on methodology and ethical recom- ` If women talked about the vio- Domestic Violence, mendations for data collection on violence, this was in most cases to lence against women (VAW). The family members or friends, neigh- Department of Gender, paper builds on our experience with bours; their close social network. Women and Health, the WHO study, and I will try to cover ` Only a very small percentage of a number of important challenges, es- women mentioned they had told World Health sential principles and lessons learned. services or authorities (including Organization I would like to illustrate some of the police, health personnel and reli- challenges in collecting data on vio- gious leaders). Methodology and ethical rec- lence by using the following results Points to take home from these from the WHO Study (see Box 1, data: ommendations for data re- page 32). ` Firstly, many women have not search on violence against In the WHO study, women who talked to anyone about their expe- women had experienced physical violence by rience of violence. This has impli- an intimate partner were asked whom cations for an interviewer who is they had told about the violence. often the first recipient of a Results are presented for five of the woman's story. This brings a huge countries studied: Bangladesh, Thai- responsibility and can have much land, Peru, Tanzania and Serbia (with impact on the interviewer as a a city and a rural province in the first “vessel (container) for unheard sto- four countries). Imagine for a moment ries”, like one of the interviewers described it. 1. Garcia-Moreno C., Jansen H.A.F.M., ` Secondly, we see that services are Ellsberg M., Heise L., Watts C. WHO multi- mentioned very rarely. This shows country study on women’s health and domes- immediately the limitations of the tic violence against women: initial results on prevalence, health outcomes and women's re- use of service statistics, such as sponses. Geneva, World Health Organiza- police or health service reports for tion, 2005. a sensitive subject as violence

Regional seminar, Lisbon, Portugal, 5 July 2007 31 Stop domestic violence Collecting population-based data against women

against women, in particular if you and characteristics of violence). quality of services, but NOT to want to find out what the magni- Service-based data can be useful to assess the magnitude of the prob- tude of the problem is (prevalence monitor use, effectiveness and lem.

Box 1: To whom do women talk about physical partner violence no one family friends, neighbours services, authorities 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Peru city Per u pr ov Serbia city Thailand city Tanzania city Thailand prov Tanzania prov Bangladesh city Bangladesh pr ov

Population-based studies – on violence can be done as specialised used different sample sizes, study challenges studies, such as the WHO Study, as populations (age, national versus re- well as others that you will hear about gional samples) and reference periods To measure the prevalence and today (e.g. IVAWS), or by using a (time frame) when measuring vio- characteristics of violence, popula- module on violence attached to a lence (all look at ever, many at past 12 tion-based studies are the way to go. survey on another subject (e.g. DHS). months, which are the most com- But it is not simple. It should be real- monly used time frames). Note: The ised that prevalence figures on vio- Sound statistical data on violence results for Serbia come from the lence are highly sensitive to methodo- against women is critical for the devel- WHO Study. This table may hide logical issues, and therefore difficult opment of appropriate policies, legis- quite a number of other differences to compare between settings. And lation and services for women af- that are not evident in the first place, comparability is critical! Further, as fected by violence. Over the past differences that challenge compara- we will see, population-based re- decade, progress has been made in bility. search on violence, as with research documenting the extent and nature of on other sensitive issues, raises major violence against women. While a great Besides variations in sample and issues of safety and ethics. However, if deal has been accomplished, there are study population there may be: differ- well designed, such a survey can still challenges and gaps, in particular ences in operational definitions of vi- provide results that are useful for un- due to lack of comparability (stand- olence; differences in application of derstanding the magnitude and char- ardisation, harmonisation) of meth- ethical and safety measures for data acteristics of violence, and for ods. quality, and differences in characteris- example identify risk and protective Box 2 (page 33) summarises results tics and training of interviewers. And factors, or measure associations with on physical partner violence from a finally there may be other relevant health, economic implications, crime number of studies in Council of issues such as the translation and val- reporting. Population-based studies Europe member states. The studies idation of questionnaires, which, un-

32 Data collection as a prerequisite for effective policies to combat violence against women Stop à la violence Keynote speaker: Ms Henrica Jansen domestique faite aux femmes fortunately, I will not be able to within and between settings, and over operational definitions and arrive at address in the time given to me. These time. common standards. challenges are very important because It should be pointed out that work of the need for data that is comparable is ongoing in this area to harmonise

Box 2. Prevalence of physical partner violence in a number of countries

Country Ye ar of s t ud y Coverage Sample size Age (years) Proportion of women physically assaulted by a partner (%) During the previous 12 Ever months Albania 2002 National 4049 15-44 5 8 Azerbaijan 2001 National 5533 15-44 8 20 Finland 1997 National 4955 18-74 30 France 2002 National 5908 18+ 3 9 Germany 2003 National 10264 16-85 23 Lithuania 1999 National 1010 18-74 42 Moldova 1997 National 4790 15-44 8 15 Netherlands 1986 National 989 20-60 21 Romania 1999 National 5322 15-44 10 39 Russia 2000 Three provinces 5482 15-44 7 22 Serbia and Montenegro* 2003 Belgrade 1189 15-49 3 23 Switzerland 1994-96 National 1500 20-60 6 21 Turkey 1998 E and SE Anatolia 599 14-75 58 Ukraine 1999 National 5596 15-44 7 19 United Kingdom 2001 National 12226 16-59 3 19

* Editor’s note: At the time of the study, Serbia and Montenegro formed part of the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro.

Factors that affect disclosure Number of times asked about vi- The context in which the ques- of violence olence? tions are asked Numerous studies have shown the The overall framework of the Moreover, experience from inter- importance of giving women more survey and the items immediately pre- national research indicates that some than one opportunity to disclose vio- ceding questions on abuse can also methods are more effective than lence during an interview. Women affect how women interpret and others in encouraging women to talk may not feel comfortable talking respond to violence-related ques- about violence. The following series of about something so intimate the first tions. For example, embedding ques- issues may affect women’s willingness time it is mentioned, or they may not tions on physical assault immediately to discuss experiences of violence. recall incidents that took place long following items on relationships will ago. This is why studies that include cue respondents to the issue of only one or two questions on violence partner abuse, whereas asking a simi- How are women asked about vi- usually result in substantial under-re- larly worded question after items on olence? porting of abuse. Researchers have crime victimisation will tend to cue found that many women initially deny respondents towards assaults perpe- It is important how the questions having experienced violence, but over trated by strangers. The issue of are phrased, the wording. Also the the course of the interview, overcome context is particularly relevant in their reluctance to talk. For this methods used to ask women about vi- large-scale surveys in which abuse- reason, it is also wise to avoid using related questions are integrated into olence may influence how comforta- “gateway” or “filter” questions, where questionnaires designed for other ble women are disclosing abuse. women who reply negatively to the purposes. Studies in industrialised countries first violence question are not asked Also the timing of the violence have found that for the purpose of the more specific questions in the questions within the overall interview identifying intimate partner abuse, survey. may affect how women respond, par- either face-to-face interviews or inter- ticularly when the questions are part views by telephone give better results of a much larger study. Asking about than self-administered question- violence too early may not provide in- naires. terviewers enough time to build

Regional seminar, Lisbon, Portugal, 5 July 2007 33 Stop domestic violence Collecting population-based data against women rapport with the informant. On the mentation of a methodology to collect ` Increasing national capacity and other hand, if questions are placed at data on violence against women collaboration among researchers the end of a long interview, both the across cultures and settings, together and women's organisations interviewers and the respondents may with partners in LSHTM (UK) and working on violence against be tired or anxious to finish the inter- PATH (USA), researchers and women; view and therefore less likely to probe women’s organisations in a number of ` Increasing sensitivity and respon- into experiences of violence. countries. The WHO Study repre- siveness to violence among re- One important way to ensure con- sents the first global study that gives searchers, policy makers and fidentiality is to interview only one truly comparable data on domestic vi- health providers; and woman per household. By the same olence and other forms of violence ` We wanted to promote a model of token, both ethical and methodologi- against women, for action, using state participatory research that is ethical principles suggest that it is better of the art methodology. cally sound, fully addressing safety to avoid interviewing women and men The report on initial results (2005) issues and safe-guarding women’s from the same household on violence. mentioned before, uses data from well-being. It is true that questioning both part- over 24 000 interviews with 15- to 49- ners of a couple would enable compar- year-old women from 15 sites in 10 isons between wives and husbands, as countries: Bangladesh, Brazil, Ethio- WHO Study – study design well as direct information about live pia, Japan, Peru, Namibia, Samoa, ` In particular in the early stages in events preceding abusive behaviour Serbia and Montenegro, Thailand, every site formative and qualitative by men. However, this method may and the United Republic of Tanzania. research took place (focus groups, place a woman at risk if her abusive In recent years, other countries and key informants, in-depth inter- husband suspects that she has been researchers have used the same views) to guide questionnaire de- talking about his behaviour. In antici- methods and have started to bring out velopment, translations and later pation of his reaction, she may be re- reports with comparable data (among on inform interpretation of the luctant to disclose violence. others Equatorial Guinea and the findings. Further, a number of con- Maldives, countries that collected sultations took place with re- Characteristics and skills of data in 2006 with our technical sup- searchers and other experts in the interviewers port). areas of violence against women, As in all research on sensitive The WHO Study aimed to provide mental health, reproductive health topics, disclosure rates are affected by a strong evidence base for informing etc. to inform the questionnaire characteristics such as the sex, age, policy and action at the national and content. marital status, attitudes and interper- international level. The Study’s objec- ` The main quantitative study con- sonal skills of interviewers. Women tives were as follows: sisted of a household survey done are more likely to be willing to share ` to obtain valid estimates of the by face-to-face interviews with intimate and potentially painful or prevalence and frequency of differ- randomly selected women 15-49 embarrassing aspects of their lives ent forms of physical, sexual and years old (age group comparable when they perceive the interviewer as emotional violence against women, with that in DHS), one woman per empathetic, non-judgmental, and with particular emphasis on vio- household. genuinely interested in their situation. lence perpetrated by intimate male ` The survey was done in one or two This highlights the importance of partners; sites (capital or large city and a using carefully selected and appropri- ` to assess the extent to which vio- more rural province) per country ately trained female interviewers. lence by intimate partners is asso- and involved approximately 1 500 Social stigma attached to the issue ciated with a range of health out- women per site. comes; The social stigma attached to the ` Within each participating country, issue affects disclosure. The level of ` to identify factors that may protect a collaborative research team was stigma and taboo differs between cul- or put women at risk for intimate- established to implement the tures and settings. As we have seen, partner violence; and study. This team generally con- many women may have never talked ` to document and compare the sisted of representatives of re- about the violence she has experi- strategies and services that women search organisations experienced enced before the interviewer asked use to deal with the violence they in conducting survey research, a her about the subject. experience. women’s organisation with experi- Besides these main objectives, we ence of providing services to WHO Study – objectives were also committed to achieving women experiencing violence and, To overcome a number of the chal- more process and action-oriented ob- in some places, government and lenges already mentioned, and to jectives, which are: national statistics offices. Each collect data that is as comparable as ` The development and testing of country research team also estab- possible, WHO started some ten years new instruments for measuring vi- lished an advisory group to support ago with the development and imple- olence cross-culturally; the implementation of the study

34 Data collection as a prerequisite for effective policies to combat violence against women Stop à la violence Keynote speaker: Ms Henrica Jansen domestique faite aux femmes

and ensure the dissemination of tered and time had been spent to The Study also included physical the results. create an atmosphere of good rapport and sexual violence against women, ` A standard questionnaire was and confidence. after 15 years of age, by perpetrators used, developed for use in diverse other than intimate partners—such as cultural settings with a minimum Study population of ever-part- friends, family members, acquaint- of adaptation. nered women for measuring ances, or strangers, as well as on child- ` Very essential is that in each site re- hood sexual abuse by asking the searchers and interviewers were partner violence women about their experiences prior trained following a standardised The definition of “ever-partnered to age 15, and whether their first three-week training course (all women” is central to the study, sexual experience was forced or not. using the same manuals). because it defines the population that Definitions of each of these aspects ` An important aspect of the study is could potentially be at risk of partner of violence were operationalised in that all respondents were provided violence (and hence becomes the de- the study using a range of behaviour- with information about sources of nominator for prevalence figures). Al- specific questions (acts) related to support and where necessary refer- though the study tried to maintain the each type of violence. We did not have ral was done. highest possible level of standardisa- questions that included words (loaded ` All countries were using the same tion across countries, it was agreed terms) like “violence”, “abuse” or data entry system with interactive that the same definition could not be “rape”. error checking and double data used in all countries, because the entry. concept of “partner” is culturally or Measurement of physical vio- ` Rigorous standard quality control legally defined. In general, the defini- lence by partner measures were put in place, e.g. tion of “ever-partnered women” included women who were or had ever For example, to measure physical measures for monitoring the re- violence by intimate partners, women sponse rate of interviewers in the been married or in a common-law relationship. In countries where pre- were asked the following six specific field, the measures for checking questions: and editing questionnaires, meas- marital sexual relationships are ures around data entry and clean- common, the definition covered Did your current partner or any other ing. Moreover there were annual dating relationships – defined as partner ever: meetings with all country research regular sexual partners, not living to- ` slap or throw something at you that teams for sharing and learning. gether. Former dating partners were could hurt you? not included, except in Japan, ` push or shove you or pull your hair? Questionnaire of the WHO Namibia and Peru, where many ` hit with his fist or with something women never live with regular sexual Study else that could hurt you? partners, even if they have children by ` kick, drag or beat you up? The questionnaire consisted of an them. ` choke or burn you on purpose? administration form, a household se- As a general advice for measuring ` threaten to use or actually use a lection form, a household question- partner violence: in order to not miss gun, knife or other weapon against naire and a women’s questionnaire. women's experiences we recommend you? The women’s questionnaire included to define the study populations at risk A woman must have experienced an individual consent form, and of partner violence as broadly as pos- one or more of these acts to be consid- twelve sections with structured ques- sible. ered a victim of physical partner vio- tions designed to obtain details about lence. Women are then further sub- the respondent and her community, Types of violence and opera- divided into whether they experience her general and reproductive health, only moderate violence (the first two her financial autonomy, her children, tional definitions in WHO types of behaviours listed above) or her partner, her experiences of Study severe violence: beating, kicking use partner and non-partner violence, The WHO Study focused primarily of weapons, etc. and the impact of violence on her life. on “domestic violence”, or violence by The study was introduced in the an intimate partner, experienced by Measurement of sexual violence community by a different name (usu- women. Included in this were acts of ally “women's health and life experi- physical, sexual and emotional abuse by partner ences”), as one of the safety measures by a current or former intimate male The Study used three questions to around the study, to protect the re- partner. In addition, it looked at con- measure sexual violence by intimate spondent from a violent husband who trolling behaviours, including acts to partners: may find out about her participation constrain a woman’s mobility or her ` Were you ever physically forced to to the study. Sections on violence were access to friends and relatives, have sexual intercourse when you only introduced later on in the ques- extreme jealousy, etc. It further did not want to? tionnaire after initial sections on less looked at violence in pregnancy and ` Did you ever have sexual inter- sensitive subjects had been adminis- violence resulting in injuries. course you did not want because

Regional seminar, Lisbon, Portugal, 5 July 2007 35 Stop domestic violence Collecting population-based data against women

you were afraid of what he might as they were not used to putting things much more essential than in “ordi- do? down on paper. nary” surveys, other areas of research. ` Did he ever force you to do some- While we hypothesised that the It is important for the safety of the thing sexual that you found de- anonymous reports would be “closer women and the researchers. Further- grading or humiliating? to the true prevalence” and thus more, it is crucial for data quality. Again, women who had experi- include at least all those who in the in- The World Health Organization enced any one of these behaviours are terview had disclosed childhood has developed the booklet “Putting considered to have experienced sexual sexual abuse plus a certain percentage Women First: Ethical and Safety Rec- violence by a partner. that had not done so during the inter- ommendations for Research on Do- For both physical and sexual vio- view, we noted that among those who mestic Violence Against Women,” lence for any of the acts mentioned, reported childhood sexual abuse which were used for the WHO Study.2 follow-up questions were: if it hap- during the interview there were These recommendations build on the pened in the past twelve months and women who would not disclose collective experiences of the Interna- how many times it had happened. anonymously and vice versa. Other tional Research Network on Violence studies have also found this, which is against Women. They have been re- Measurement of child sexual explained by the fact that women may viewed and approved by the Expert abuse have different reasons for disclosing Steering committee for the WHO verbally and not anonymously (for Study and also reviewed by members Child sexual abuse was measured example because of fear of putting of the Scientific and Ethical Review in a way that allowed multiple oppor- something on paper, as in Bangladesh) Group of the Special Programme of tunities for disclosure. Women were and vice versa. To explore patterns of Research and Training on Human Re- asked during the face-to-face inter- disclosing childhood sexual abuse productions. They emerged from view whether they had ever been further and because women have dif- those prepared for the WHO Study touched sexually or made to do some- ferent reasons to report one way or but are applicable to other research on thing sexual against their will before another, more recently the WHO violence against women and other the age of 15. The question was fol- VAW study developed a way to link fields and are currently widely used as lowed by: who did this to you, how old the anonymous question to the ques- standard. were you when it first happened, how tionnaire, by having the woman put old was this person and how many the marked paper in a blank envelope Here follow the main headings for times did this happen? Regardless of that she would seal and that would be sets of recommendations, and I will whether her first answer is yes or now, attached to the questionnaire. In this give some examples for each. probing questions are asked to cue the way, we can report a figure for child ` The safety of respondents and the respondent to different contexts and sexual abuse based on both methods research team is paramount, and perpetrators: Did it happen in school, combined. should guide all project decisions – was the perpetrator a friend or family e.g. interviews only in a private set- member, neighbour, stranger or Box 3: Drawing used in the WHO VAW ting; participant should feel free to anyone else? Study to ask women anonymously about reschedule or relocate; frame the The WHO Study further used an sexual abuse study not in terms of violence (but anonymous concealed method at the further information should be end of the interview: women were given as part of consent proce- asked to mark on a separate piece of dure); only one woman per house- paper whether they had been sexually hold interviewed; train interview- abused as a child by placing a check ers about interruptions. next to either a happy or sad face (Box 3 – faces would be cultural spe- ` Prevalence studies need to be cific), regardless of what they had methodologically sound and to chosen to reveal during the face-to- build on current research experi- face interview. Women were assured ence about how to minimise the that as their name was not on the under-reporting of violence. Ethi- cally it is unacceptable to conduct a paper, that their answer would not be Ethical and safety recommen- traced back to them. poorly designed study that cannot In most countries, more women dations address the aims. Practically too: disclosed violence using this method The final part of my presentation is too low estimates can be used to than they did in the direct question. on the ethical and safety recommen- question the importance of vio- This card method worked well in all dations. When conducting surveys to settings but one: Bangladesh. Espe- measure violence against women, 2. World Health Organization, Putting women first: Ethical and Safety Recommen- cially women in rural settings would special attention needs to be given to dations for Research on Domestic Violence get confused and would often call the ethical and safety issues. Because of against Women WHO/FCH/GWH/01.1 husband for assistance or permission the sensitivity of the subject, this is (Geneva: World Health Organization, 2001)

36 Data collection as a prerequisite for effective policies to combat violence against women Stop à la violence Keynote speaker: Ms Henrica Jansen domestique faite aux femmes

lence. Avoid loaded terms as abuse, ` Violence questions should only be Evidence of the value of training rape, violence. incorporated into surveys designed for other purposes when In Serbia and Montenegro a survey ` Protecting confidentiality is essen- was done in Belgrade using the WHO tial to ensure both women’s safety ethical and methodological requirements can be met – in partic- study methodology (2003). 13 inexpe- and data quality. This should be ad- rienced, carefully selected interview- dressed in training of interviewers; ular in terms of training, confidentiality, and support. ers were trained for three weeks. Half no interviewers working in their way through the field work, it became own community; confidentiality Selection and training of clear that they were not able to finish procedures; consent process; han- the field work within the set time dling of names, photographs. interviewers frame. As a result, an additional group ` All research team members should To have comparable data, valid and of 21 professional interviewers were be carefully selected and receive reliable, it is important to have a well hired – selected because of their inter- specialised training and on-going designed questionnaire and an appro- est in the topic. They received a much support. priate sample size. But this is not suf- shorter training of one day, including ficient. Based on the experience with some background on violence and ` The study design must include the WHO Study, we found inter- gender issues. actions aimed at reducing any pos- viewer selection and training to be key We found that the inexperienced sible distress caused to the partici- for data quality and women's safety.3 interviewers, who received the full pants by the research – Minimise We had developed a standardised training, achieved a significantly distress to participants by asking three-week training schedule. Essen- higher response rate, a higher disclo- questions in a supportive and non- tial components were training (sensi- sure rate and, most importantly, a judgemental manner; train inter- tisation) on gender and violence issues higher respondent satisfaction with viewers to deal with distress (refer- (to develop a basic understanding of the interview, whether she had experi- rals, information, no counselling) gender-based violence, its character- enced partner violence or not. (Re- and end all interviews positively. istics, causes and impact on the health spondent satisfaction was measured ` Fieldworkers should be trained to of women and children), as well as fa- at the end of the interview with a ques- refer women requesting assistance miliarising them with proper inter- tion about whether the interview to available local services and view techniques, the questionnaire, made her feel good or better, the same sources of support. Where few re- and the field procedures they would or worse.) See Box 4. sources exist, it may be necessary be using. for the study to create short-term The training period was further an These findings highlight the degree support mechanisms. If possible, important opportunity for trainers to which interviewer selection and meet prior to field work with po- and interviewers to address their own training affect levels of participation, tential providers of support. biases and stereotypes or own experi- disclosure and satisfaction with the Develop list of resources and offer ences of abuse. interview, and illustrate that it is not to all respondents – either small Training and support continued advisable to assume less training is enough to be hidden or include a through regular meetings and de- needed when using professional inter- range of other services. Where few briefings during the fieldwork. In ad- viewers. resources exist, consider having a dition to technical meetings to evalu- trained counsellor or women's ad- ate progress with data collection and Box 4. Evidence of the value of interviewer vocate accompany the teams. other logistic aspects of the survey, training emotional debriefing sessions were ` Researchers and donors have an Inexperi- Profes- ethical obligation to help ensure held to provide interviewers with an enced, 3 sional, 1 day opportunity to discuss their own feel- week train- training that their findings are properly in- ing terpreted and used to advance ings about the interviews. Interviewers were trained to Response rate 93% 86% policy and intervention develop- Disclosure 26% 21% ment. Researchers need to be respond sensitively to women who rate proactive in ensuring that research disclosed violence and to deal with Respondent findings are interpreted appropri- distress and when to refer, but not to satisfaction – 46% 29% assume the role of a counsellor or to with violence ately by public and media. Re- Respondent search findings should be fed into raise respondents’ expectations un- satisfaction – 46% 38% realistically about what the study without vio- ongoing advocacy, policy-making lence and intervention activities. Involve could do for them. advocacy and service groups etc. from the beginning as part of re- 3. Jansen H.A.F.M., Watts C., Ellsberg M., Despite the stigma, women are Heise L. and Garcia-Moreno C. Interviewer search team or advisory commit- training in the WHO Multi-country Study willing to talk and even find it benefi- tee. Also involve them in use and on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence. cial, as illustrated by the following advocacy. Violence Against Women, 2004, 10:831-849. quotation:

Regional seminar, Lisbon, Portugal, 5 July 2007 37 Stop domestic violence Collecting population-based data against women

“Somehow it made me feel good, Acknowledgements – team Health, University of São Paulo, because it was something that I had members São Paulo; Carmen Simone Grilo never told anyone before. Now I’ve Diniz, Feminist Collective for Sex- told someone.” – Respondent, Brazil uality and Health, São Paulo; Ana Core Research Team Paula Portella, SOS Corpo, Genero For many of the interviewers and – Claudia García-Moreno (Study e Cidadania, Pernambuco; Ana researchers participating in this in- Co-ordinator), World Health Or- Bernarda Ludermir, Medical tensive study has been a transforming ganization, Geneva, Switzerland School, Federal University of Per- experience with many going to work – Henrica A.F.M. (Henriette) Jansen, nambuco to address the violence they have been World Health Organization, Ge- Ethiopia documenting. Here is how an inter- neva, Switzerland viewer in Namibia phrased it: – Charlotte Watts, London School of – Yemane Berhane, Addis Ababa Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University, Addis Ababa; Ulf Hog- “I learned a lot from the beginning London, England berg, Umeå University, Sweden; of the training, till the end of the – Mary Ellsberg, PATH, Washing- Gunnar Kullgren, Umeå Univer- survey. The survey opened wounds, ton, DC, USA sity, Sweden; Negussie Deyessa, but I had to learn to face it and cope – Lori Heise, PATH, Washington, Addis Ababa University, Addis with it. The respondents really needed DC, USA Ababa; Maria Emmelin, Umeå and enjoyed this experience … My University, Sweden; Mary Ellsberg, career path changed, … because I Steering Committee PATH, Washington, DC, USA; Yegomawork Gossaye, Umeå Uni- could do something which can make a – Jacquelyn Campbell, Johns Hop- versity/Addis Ababa University, difference …” kins University, Baltimore, MD, Addis Ababa; Atalay Alem, Addis USA (co-Chair) Ababa University, Addis Ababa; – Lucienne Gillioz, Bureau d’Égalité, Derege Kebede, Addis Ababa Uni- Conclusions Geneva, Switzerland versity, Addis Ababa; Alemayehu – Rachel Jewkes, Medical Research Some points to take home are: Negash, Umeå University/Addis Council, Pretoria, South Africa Ababa University, Addis Ababa ` The experience has shown that a – Ivy Josiah, Women’s Aid Organisa- population-based survey on vio- tion, Selangor, Malaysia Japan lence against women can be done – Olav Meirik, Instituto Chileno de – Mieko Yoshihama, University of Medicina Reproductiva (ICMER), ethically and safely if appropriate Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Santiago, Chile (co-Chair) conditions are ensured and that Saori Kamano, National Institute – Laura Rodrigues, London School of Population and Social Security women are willing to share experi- of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Research, Tokyo; Hiroko Akiyama, ences with trained and empathetic London, England University of Tokyo, Tokyo; Fumi interviewers, often for the first – Irma Saucedo Gonzalez, El Colegio Hayashi, Toyo Eiwa University, time. We are convinced that train- de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico Tokio; Tamie Kaino, Ochanomizu ing is key. – Berit Schei, Norwegian University University, Tokyo; Tomoko Yu- ` It was essential that the study of Science and Technology, Trond- nomae, Japan Accountability Cau- design built in mechanisms to heim, Norway cus, Beijing, Tokyo – Stig Wall, Umeå University, Swe- ensure that findings are owned by a Namibia den wide range of stakeholders, partic- – Eveline January, Ministry of Health ipatory approach with links to the Country research teams and Social Services, Windhoek; policy process. Hetty Rose-Junius, Ministry of Bangladesh Health and Social Services, Wind- ` Even before results are known, – Ruchira Tabassum Naved, ICDDR, hoek; Johan Van Wyk, Ministry of there have been many direct B, Dhaka; Safia Azim, Naripokkho, Health and Social Services; Wind- impacts of the study in all countries Dhaka; Abbas Bhuiya, ICDDR, B, hoek; Alvis Weerasinghe, National where it was implemented, in the Dhaka; Lars Ake Persson, Uppsala Planning Commission, Windhoek areas of collaboration, local capac- University, Sweden ity building, increased awareness Peru and sensitivity to violence among Brazil – Ana Güezmes García, Centro de la researchers, policy makers and – Lilia Blima Schraiber, Faculty of Mujer Peruana Flora Tristán, Lima; health providers, knowledge trans- Medicine, University of São Paulo, Nancy Palomino Ramírez, Univer- lated into action at the local level. São Paulo; Ana Flavia Lucas D’Oli- sidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, veira, Faculty of Medicine, Univer- Lima; Miguel Ramos Padilla, Uni- ` Data collection can be an interven- sity of São Paulo, São Paulo; Ivan versidad Peruana Cayetano Here- tion in itself at many levels. França Junior, School of Public dia, Lima

38 Data collection as a prerequisite for effective policies to combat violence against women Stop à la violence Keynote speaker: Ms Henrica Jansen domestique faite aux femmes

Samoa Autonomous Women’s Centre United Republic of Tanzania – Tina Tauasosi-Posiulai, Secretariat Against Sexual Violence, Belgrade; of the Pacific Community; Tima Viktorija Cucic, Medical School, – Jessie Mbwambo, Muhimbili Uni- Levai-Peteru, Secretariat of the Pa- University of Belgrade, Belgrade versity College of Health Sciences, cific Community; Dorothy Counts, Dar es Salaam; Gideon Kwesigabo, Thailand Secretariat of the Pacific Commu- Muhimbili University College of – Churnrurtai Kanchanachitra, Ma- nity; Chris McMurray, Secretariat Health Sciences, Dar es Salaam; Joe hidol University, Bangkok; Kritaya of the Pacific Community Archavanitkul, Mahidol Univer- Lugalla, University of New Hamp- Serbia and Montenegro sity, Bangkok; Wassana Im-em, shire, Durham, NH, USA; –Stanislava Otaševic, Autonomous Mahidol University, Bangkok; Usa Sherbanu Kassim, Women Women’s Centre Against Sexual Lerdsrisanthat, Foundation for Research and Documentation Violence, Belgrade; Silvia Koso, Women, Bangkok Project, Dar es Salaam.

Regional seminar, Lisbon, Portugal, 5 July 2007 39 International standards in collecting population-based data

Ladies and gentlemen, on monitoring the situation in the EU Keynote speaker: Member States concerning racism Mr Sami Nevala I will be talking about the Interna- and discrimination continues to be a tional Violence Against Women core part of FRA’s work. Survey, which is a project that has been carried out in ten countries At the FRA I am currently involved Seconded Finnish around the world. Earlier this spring in the analysis of our recent pilot vic- Expert for Statistics, we completed a comparative report timisation survey on the victimisation on the results, and the report will be of immigrants and ethnic minorities European Union published in the autumn this year. In in six EU member states, and in the Agency for my presentation I will be showing you planning of a full-scale survey, cover- Fundamental Rights some of the results. ing the EU-27. First some words concerning my I should also note that the IVAWS background. project presented here relates to the work I carried out at HEUNI, and it is I have worked since 1998 at the Eu- not a project of the FRA. ropean Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, affiliated with the United The work, which I will be present- Nations (abbreviated HEUNI) which ing, is a joint effort of a large group of is located in Helsinki. Most of my time people. there I have been involved in the IVAWS project. I have included the Holly Johnson, currently working with Statistics Canada, has been the Web site address (http://www.heuni.fi/) here if you want to find out more on principal author of our upcoming the activities of HEUNI. report. My former colleague from HEUNI, Natalia Ollus, was also in- Since 1 January 2007 I have been on volved in the project from early on and secondment to the European Union later, while working at the United Agency for Fundamental Rights, FRA, Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, in Vienna. The FRA has been estab- regional office for Southern Africa, lished only recently, on 1 March 2007, was responsible for co-ordinating the and it replaced the European Moni- survey in Mozambique. Anna Alvazzi toring Centre for Racism and Xeno- del Frate, who is working at the United phobia (EUMC), which was opera- Nations Office on Drugs and Crime tional since 1998. The Fundamental (UNODC) in Vienna, provided us a Rights Agency has taken over the contact to the network of national work of the EUMC, and so the work survey co-ordinators from the Inter-

40 Data collection as a prerequisite for effective policies to combat violence against women Stop à la violence Keynote speaker: Mr Sami Nevala domestique faite aux femmes national Crime Victimisation Survey the adequacy of the criminal justice satisfaction with police response. You (ICVS). system responses and the need for will see some of these variables used in victim support services. In countries the results I will present shortly, but where there has already been quanti- that represents only a small part of the tative research on violence against possibilities for further analysis that women and domestic violence the the data set presents. project offers them an opportunity to The questionnaire is a result of compare their results with other elaborations in two international countries using a standard survey in- expert group meetings where many of strument. the national co-ordinators participated. Based on these meetings we were able to present the country teams with a questionnaire and a survey manual which they could take into the field after the translation with I have summarised here some of minimum modifications such as na- the main objectives of IVAWS. tionally relevant categories for educa- Firstly, the survey is about collect- tion and household income. ing cross-cultural, comparable data The data collection has been on the prevalence and incidence of vi- carried out fairly independently by the olence against women, including the country teams, and either telephone consequences and characteristics of or face-to-face interviews have been violence. In most cases the data col- used, depending on the country. lected nationally cannot be compared The survey is on the one hand in- across countries because the violence spired by the International Crime Vic- is defined in different ways, for timisation Survey, known as ICVS. example some surveys may focus only This is a survey, which covers the vic- on domestic violence, and others timisation of general population to include also violence outside the do- crimes such as burglary, thefts and as- mestic setting. Questions may be for- saults. The ICVS has been carried out mulated differently, delivered in a dif- in over seventy countries, and has ferent way, and data can be collected been repeated approximately every using a variety of different classifica- four years since 1989. Some of the nations which makes comparisons diffi- tional co-ordinators with the Interna- cult if not impossible. To overcome tional Violence Against Women these problems we set out to design a Survey, the persons responsible for questionnaire which could be used in carrying out the survey locally, are the Here you can see the eleven coun- a variety of countries and that would, same as with the ICVS project. The tries, which have participated in the together with instructions on its ap- most recent wave of the ICVS in- survey. Nine of these are included in plication, provide comparable infor- cluded a special European compo- our comparative report. The results of mation, which would also respond to nent, the European Crime Survey, the survey in Greece are still pending, the national data needs. which was implemented in eighteen and the results from Italy were re- Another objective is to use the member states. leased after our analysis was com- results to develop criminal justice pol- However, the content of the pleted. The survey in Italy, while icies and legislation, and to inform IVAWS questionnaire is more closely based on the IVAWS methodology crime prevention and the planning of related to some of the national vio- was also modified to better address police responses. It is very important lence against women surveys, espe- some local issues, and so only parts of that the results of the survey are used cially those conducted in Canada in it can be compared with the results to feed into the legislative processes, 1993 and in Finland in 1997. To look from other countries. policing reforms and the work of beyond the level of victimisation, the National reports on the results of victim support services in the partici- survey, like its predecessors, collects the survey have been published. The pating countries. detailed information on the most Australian report is available online The third point is to raise aware- recent incident of violence by partners and can be downloaded from the ness on violence against women. In and non-partners separately. These website of the Australian Institute of some of the countries involved this is variables include the place of the inci- Criminology (http://www.aic.gov.au/ the first survey on violence against dent, the persons who were involved, publications/rpp/56/). The report from the women, and as such it is in a position injuries and the need for medical as- Czech Republic includes an English to provide policy makers with evi- sistance, use of victim support serv- summary, which is also available at the dence of the extent of the problem, of ices, reporting to the police and the Web site of the Institute of Sociology

Regional seminar, Lisbon, Portugal, 5 July 2007 41 Stop domestic violence Collecting population-based data against women

(http://studie.soc.cas.cz/index.php3?lang= eng&shw=246). Denmark has published an online report in Danish (http:// www.justitsministeriet.dk/forskning-og- dokumentation/rapporter-fra- forskningsenheden/rapport-mappe/vold-og- overgreb-mod-kvinder/), and the results of the survey in Italy have been recently published by ISTAT, the national statistical office in Italy (e.g. http:// www.istat.it/salastampa/comunicati/ non_calendario/20070221_00/). After going through the different with a separate group of bars for phys- forms of physical violence there is also ical violence, sexual violence and any I will briefly show you now the way a list of different types of sexual vio- violence. This is now combining all violence was defined in our survey. lence. For both sexual and physical vi- the different perpetrators, both part- The respondents are asked to think olence the respondent is asked to ners and non-partners. We can see whether they have ever, since the age think of any incidents, which might that besides the one-year prevalence of 16, experienced any one of these vi- have taken place since they turned 16 of violence in each country there are olence types. The questions are pre- years of age. However, the question- groups of countries that can be identi- sented separately, and if the respond- naire also includes a section on the ex- fied. Denmark, Hong Kong, Philip- ent says yes to any of the items there perience of violence in the childhood, pines and Poland show lower rates in are a set of immediate follow-up ques- which was optional for countries to both types of violence and in overall tions concerning the perpetrator, the include. than Australia, Costa Rica, Czech Re- time of the most recent incident by Now to the results. The first table public and Mozambique, which different perpetrators and the inci- presents the one-year prevalence of shows the highest prevalence of the dence of violence. violence against women in our survey countries surveyed.

Since the violence by a partner may other countries. In Poland, in almost dents involve the use of more serious involve several different types of vio- 20% of the cases the most serious inci- means than threats. I should note that lence, either in one incident or several, dent has involved a gun or a knife. In the Swiss results are not completely we have looked at the most serious in- Mozambique and in the Czech Re- comparable because they used a mod- cident reported by the victim. Here we public, hitting or slapping the re- ified set of types of violence. see that in Costa Rica a gun or a knife spondents has been more common has been used in more cases than in than elsewhere. The majority of inci-

42 Data collection as a prerequisite for effective policies to combat violence against women Stop à la violence Keynote speaker: Mr Sami Nevala domestique faite aux femmes

With sexual violence the respond- of sexual violence they experienced remaining cases is described as at- ents describe, with the exception of was rape. A significant portion of the tempted rape. Denmark, that the most serious case

Was the most recent incident would describe the most recent inci- cases which respondents consider of partner violence a crime, dent of violence by an intimate partner serious enough to be classified as as a crime, and the other question is, crimes are not brought to the attention and was it reported to the was this incident reported to the of the police. On top of these, there are police? police. The is a large discrepancy all those incidents, 75% to 60% of all in- These are the results of two ques- between the two, except for Poland, so cidents, which the respondent did not tions. One is whether the respondents that often one-third to one-half of the view as quite so serious.

Regional seminar, Lisbon, Portugal, 5 July 2007 43 Stop domestic violence Collecting population-based data against women

The results in this slide should not dents taking place outside the home. mestic violence, which forms a signif- be surprising for anyone doing re- However, this continues to be central icant part of the violence experienced search on domestic violence: the clear when thinking about the special by women, happens at home behind majority of the violent incidents takes nature of domestic violence and the closed doors. Because of this, and place at home and only a relatively involvement of the police. While the other differences it is necessary that small proportion somewhere else. majority of violent incidents where the special nature of domestic vio- This applies both to violence by the men are victims happen in public lence is recognised in the legislation current partner and by a previous places, for example in the streets or in so that cases of domestic violence partner, although with violence by a bars, in the presence of witnesses and which come to the attention of the previous partner there are more inci- other people who may intervene, do- police can be effectively prosecuted.

44 Data collection as a prerequisite for effective policies to combat violence against women Stop à la violence Keynote speaker: Mr Sami Nevala domestique faite aux femmes

The report will include a discus- despite differences between countries accompanied by psychological abuse sion on the conclusions which can be in the prevalence of violence, violence and attempts to control the female drawn from the surveys and recom- occurs in every age and economic partner’s autonomy. Even very serious mendations on what can be done to vi- group. Violence by an intimate part- cases are often not reported to the po- olence against women. From the ner, when it occurs, is rarely a one- lice. country comparison it is evident that, time only event. The violence is often

Regional seminar, Lisbon, Portugal, 5 July 2007 45 Practices in collecting population- based data: the Portuguese experience

Ms Elza Pais Quantitative indicators in Portugal, 2000-2006

President of the Commission for Citizenship and Gender Equality, Portugal

46 Data collection as a prerequisite for effective policies to combat violence against women Stop à la violence Ms Elza Pais domestique faite aux femmes

Regional seminar, Lisbon, Portugal, 5 July 2007 47 Stop domestic violence Collecting population-based data against women

48 Data collection as a prerequisite for effective policies to combat violence against women Stop à la violence Ms Elza Pais domestique faite aux femmes

Regional seminar, Lisbon, Portugal, 5 July 2007 49 Stop domestic violence Collecting population-based data against women

50 Data collection as a prerequisite for effective policies to combat violence against women Stop à la violence Ms Elza Pais domestique faite aux femmes

Regional seminar, Lisbon, Portugal, 5 July 2007 51 Stop domestic violence Collecting population-based data against women

52 Data collection as a prerequisite for effective policies to combat violence against women Stop à la violence Ms Elza Pais domestique faite aux femmes

Regional seminar, Lisbon, Portugal, 5 July 2007 53 Stop domestic violence Collecting population-based data against women

54 Data collection as a prerequisite for effective policies to combat violence against women Mr Manuel National surveys of the pop- scientific investigation and data gath- ulation, knowledge and effec- ering in what concerns “violence against women”. Hopefully one can Lisboa tive intervention see this as a sign of recognition of the I should like to begin this interven- work that’s being done, despite of the tion by acknowledging this initiative, work still ahead. Professor, Department especially to the National Focal Point, Ms Elza Pais, President of the CIG, In the last twelve years, Portugal of Sociology, New Commission for Citizenship and experienced great change in its level of University of Lisbon, Gender Equality. knowledge of the subject of violence I would also like to greet all those against women, including domestic Portugal present, international and national violence. We went from knowledge experts, with special attention to the focused on case studies to a much members of the Council of Europe wider vision, with a national level and my colleagues from the Council of evaluation of the prevalence of do- Europe Task Force to Combat Violence mestic violence. against Women, including Domestic The first studies were without a Violence, whom I would like to doubt important, but they did not welcome to this country, hoping that prove to be effective when it came to it might be enjoyable not only because influencing public policies. In this of the sun, but also for the knowledge intervention, I shall take you through of the subjects we will be discussing. the path of not only what, stage by It is in fact with great pleasure that stage, we were able to understand, but I see that this event is taking place in also what we are still hoping to accom- Portugal, an event dedicated to the plish.

Regional seminar, Lisbon, Portugal, 5 July 2007 55 Stop domestic violence Collecting population-based data against women

Surveys of the Portuguese Population

l (1995) – National Survey Violence Against Women (FCSH - Universidade Nova de Lisboa andComissão para a Igualdade e para os Direitos das Mulheres) [First Portugusese National Survey about the violence against women]

l (2002) – National Survey The Social and Economic Costs of Violence Against Women (FCSH - Universidade Nova de Lisboa andComissão para a Igualdade e para os Direitos das Mulheres) [First Portugusese National Survey about the the social costs of viiolence against women]

l (2003) – National Survey Health and Violence Against Women (Health Care Centers) (FCSH - Universidade Nova de Lisboa andDirecção Geral de Saúde) [First Portugusese National Survey about the health costs of the violence against women]

l (2006-2007) – Violence Against Women and the Economic Costs with their Health (Health care Centers and Hospitals) (FCSH - Universidade Nova de Lisboa andDirecção Geral de Saúde) [First Portugusese Survey about the economic health costs of the violence againstwomen]

l (2007-…) – National Survey of Gender Violence (Men and Women) (FCSH - Universidade Nova de Lisboa and Comissão para a Igualdade e para os Direitos das Mulheres) [First National Survey that aims to keep under surveillance the evolution of violence against women in Portugal in the last decade. First National Survey that compares the victimization of both men and women]

In 1995, when we conducted the cealed, silenced in private social nections. How could we more deeply first national survey about violence spaces, or even within women’s inner- comprehend those social-cultural dy- against women – the second to be most feelings, as Michelle Perrot namics? Two new national studies, made in Europe, right after Holland – states: the majority of the acts took also conducted by the team of the New we began with a doubt: place at home and only 1% of the University of Lisbon, searched for To what extent in Portugal, a Latin victims pressed charges with the answers to these interrogations: country where the values of masculine police or at a court of law. ` The first is a nation-wide interdis- domination are so present, a country These results, which might appear ciplinary research, with the inclu- where this phenomenon had a weak simple, turned out to be of great im- sion of Sociology, Medicine, Psy- visibility and was confined to the portance especially in what concerns chology and Educational Sciences private and intimate spheres, would it the support provided to the definition perspectives, requested by CIDM be possible to observe violence of future public policies and also in the and conducted in 2002. Its sample against women, in a scientific way, at a direct intervention to fight the prob- was representative and the survey national level and through a sociolog- lem, by enhancing its efficiency. was directed at women aged 18 ical survey? In reality, domestic violence was years or more. It was the first The study’s conclusions, made at legally re-defined as a public crime, nation-wide study on the analyses the time by a research team of the New improving protection and support of the social costs of violence University of Lisbon (Universidade mechanisms for victims and its ability against women. Nova de Lisboa) and requested by to repress the offenders, making the ` The second was projected to CIDM, were, in my opinion, of the phenomenon more public. However, analyse the consequences of vio- utmost importance. For the first time the team of the New University of lence on a health level. The Di- we came to understand that more Lisbon that continued to work in this recção Geral da Saúde took the in- than half of the responding Portu- domain was confronted with new itiative and the study was guese women, older than 18, claimed issues. preformed in 2003 and was di- to have been victims of at least one of The first was the question to what rected at women, of a statistically the 52 acts of violence considered as extent the use of the definition of do- significant sample, who were such at the time by CIDM. mestic violence proposed by CIDM, health care centre users. We also discovered that this vio- as stated on the list of the 52 acts of vi- In these studies, the concept of vi- lence expressed itself in different ways olence, was insufficient for the under- olence was not confined to the 52 acts – physical, psychological, sexual or standing of violence which was per- that in 1995 were identified by CIDM even as social-cultural discrimination ceived and felt as such by the women as violent. We tried instead to find out – and that these ways were associated that claimed to be victims. The second what was these women’s perception of with the victims’ different social-cul- issue was that finally, we understood the acts that they conceived as violent. tural profiles. We realised that much that we were facing a phenomenon The phenomenon was still, in its of the phenomenon was still con- with multiple social and cultural con- majority, within the domestic sphere

56 Data collection as a prerequisite for effective policies to combat violence against women Stop à la violence Mr Manuel Lisboa domestique faite aux femmes and still fairly invisible – coming out several types of costs and they can be on the professional, health and chil- to the police, lawyers and courts of law empirically observed. dren’s education level, as well as being did not exceed 13%. But the great con- When we compare victims and accountable for leaving severe sequels clusion of these studies is that violence non-victims, we can observe that on physiological and physical health against women has, unmistakably, these costs are statistically significant levels.

Professional Costs (1)

• Difficulty in getting a job [69% more likely among the victims] • Difficulty in being promoted [74% more likely among the victims] • Being discharged and/or voluntary discharged [107% more likely among the victims] Costs with children

• Sick Children (1) [90% more likely among the victims] • Children with unhealthy school work environment at home (2) [ 3400% more likely among the victims]

Source: (1) Manuel Lisboa, in Prevenir ou Remediar (2) António Nóvoa and Sofia Marques da Silva, in Prevenir ou Remediar

Physical Health [more likely among the victims]

• Ecchymoses/Bruises [82% +] • Wounds [100% +] • Coma [94% +] • Haemorrhages [94% +] • Intoxications [79% +] • Genital lesions [73% +] • Obesity [57% +]

Source: Manuel Lisboa and Luísa Branco Vicente (2005). Saúde e Violência Contra as Mulheres. Lisboa: DGS. 5

Regional seminar, Lisbon, Portugal, 5 July 2007 57 Stop domestic violence Collecting population-based data against women

…Physical Health [more likely among the victims]

• Asthma [46% +] • Burns [46% +] • Palpitations [44% +] • Tremors [43% +] • Colitis [42% +] • Chronic Headaches [40% +] • Frequent Vomiting [40% +] • Dermatitis [37% +] • Gastric-duodenal Ulcer [37% +] • Respiratory distress [37% +] • Sweats [36% +] • Hypertension [26% +] … 6 Source: Manuel Lisboa and Luísa Branco Vicente (2005). Saúde e Violência Contra as Mulheres. Lisboa: DGS.

Physiological Health [more likely among the victims]

• Psychological/psychiatrical appointments [200% +] • Desperation – always [556% +] • Felling of void – always [479% +] • Discouragement – always [368% +] • Self-blame – always [355% +] • Sorrow and grief – always [344% +] • Pleasure and happiness – never [211% +] • Self-depreciation – always [128% +] • Anxiety – always [112% +]

Saúde e Violência Contra as Mulheres Source: Manuel Lisboa and Luísa Branco Vicente (2005). . Lisboa: DGS. 7

58 Data collection as a prerequisite for effective policies to combat violence against women Stop à la violence Mr Manuel Lisboa domestique faite aux femmes

… Physiological Health [more likely among the victims]

• Loss of hope [61% +] • Loneliness [58% +] • Audiovisual hallucinations [117% +] • Fainting sensation [200% +] • Suicide plans [300% +] • Suicide attempts [600% +]

Saúde e Violência Contra as Mulheres Source: Manuel Lisboa and Luísa Branco Vicente (2005). . Lisboa: DGS. 8

We also understood that the costs: quality, something which shapes a olence as a phenomenon that arises ` fall directly on the people involved, gender inequality problem. from gender inequality, on a na- but are also paid by all of society, It is a structural phenomenon, his- tional level and not merely in some specifically through taxes – shel- torically constructed and culturally cases? ters, police, magistrates, social ingrained in several segments of Por- ` How to monitor gender violence? workers etc.; tuguese society. Through an analysis of its change ` have an economic expression, but Naturally, these findings are ex- over time, or through a compara- also impact on other harder to tremely important when defining in- tive analysis with other national quantify dimensions which are tervention policies. To fight violence and international information nevertheless important – physio- against women and especially domes- sources? logical, social and cultural; tic violence, it is not enough to adopt In Portugal, the answers to these ` are visible short-term but continue short-term measures, it is also neces- questions began to be outlined two to add up throughout the life span sary to take medium and long-term years ago. An interdisciplinary team – post-traumatic stress is an preventive measures. in Sociology and Economy of the New example – and may even affect In other words, it is necessary to act University of Lisbon, in collaboration future generations through chil- directly upon the social and cultural with the Direcção Geral de Saúde, is dren. encystations historically ingrained in now finishing a study specifically on Another aspect that should be the regulation of the power relations the Economic Costs with Health, fol- highlighted is the methodology which between men and women, which lowing violence against women. From was used: for the first time in a nation- present a truly structural obstacle to the preliminary results it is already wide survey it was possible to articu- the problem’s resolution. possible to conclude that in an “epi- late the quantitative survey data with The steps should aim for a sus- sode of medium disease”, the health in-depth interviews. These interviews tained change of social structures and costs are 32% higher among victims of were performed on type cases, previ- mentalities where violence is pro- violence against women and that 72% ously identified through a Multivari- duced and reproduced. of the victim’s costs are borne by the ate Analysis, which allowed a more Having reached this point of scien- SNS (National Health Service). refined analysis of the dynamics of the tific knowledge about the phenome- The research is promoted by the social-cultural process underlying vi- non in Portugal and of the utilization Direcção Geral de Saúde and the data olence. of the results to design effective inter- was collected in health care centres Of the several conclusions drawn vention mechanisms, the research and hospitals. on this subject, I would like to high- team faced new questions. Concerning the national analysis of light one, which I believe is of utmost ` How to deepen the knowledge of gender violence, a new study pro- importance: the evaluation of the costs to soci- moted by CIG is projected, a study ` Violence against women, domestic ety? that for the first time will include indi- or not, has outlines of economical, ` How to obtain reliable indicators cators specially constructed to political, social and cultural ine- that allow a wider knowledge of vi- observe gender violence. This study is

Regional seminar, Lisbon, Portugal, 5 July 2007 59 Stop domestic violence Collecting population-based data against women also the first in Portugal that will allow ization, and from studies promoted in tional Plan to Fight Domestic Vio- for a comparative analysis of violence other countries that are members of lence, in what concerns the “system- against women and men based on a the Council of Europe. Hopefully, this atic data gathering”. We hope that the gender perspective. This nationwide will be the first step in the path that we intentions stated there evolve, them- survey, already in progress, will also have been pursuing, leading to the selves, into good practices. allow for an evaluation of the evolu- production of international statistics tion of violence against women in Por- about gender violence, allowing for as We know that it’s a long and tugal in the past decade – through the much comparison as possible. arduous journey for everyone – for use of a methodology that enables a Despite the existing experience men and women, for youngsters and comparison of the 1995 data with the with using national data derived from adults. But that’s exactly why we data gathered in 2007. other sources, for instance from Na- should start making our way as soon This matter is of the utmost impor- tional Statistics, the Forensic Medi- as possible. The women and men of tance in terms of the phenomenon’s cine Institutes or from the police, we tomorrow – and of today – demand it. surveillance, especially since multiple think that an increased effort must be legislative and other measures were made in the future to articulate these In fact, I believe that a country that already adopted and will necessarily data with the Nation Wide Population is not adamant to combat all forms of be taken into account. Surveys. After all, the social problem violence against women will always be At the same time, this study takes is the same. What changes are the a country with a democratic deficit. into account variables and indicators windows that we open to observe it. In Not only because it will, in the of other international studies: both that sense, I welcome the measures present, limit the full extent of democ- from studies conducted by interna- made public about a month ago, in the racy, but also because, by not taking tional organisations like the United presentation of the National Plan for any action, it will mortgage genera- Nations and the World Health Organ- Gender Equality and also by the Na- tions to come.

60 Data collection as a prerequisite for effective policies to combat violence against women Other national experiences

In this short presentation we shall gated by the Police. The second Mr Constantinos briefly report on data collection on column on Police, entitled “Other Re- domestic violence in Cyprus and ports”, records the number of Domes- Veis where possible we shall link this to de- tic Violence incidents reported to the signing effective policies and cam- Police, but given their specific circum- paigns. stances they tend to be not criminally Superintendent, Data banks on domestic violence in investigated. The major reason for Domestic violence and Cyprus on the part of Governmental this, seems to be the absence of a formal complaint and of a statement child abuse office of the Agencies date back to 1994, when the first Law4 on Domestic Violence was of the events on behalf of the victim Cyprus Police Service, passed. Prior to 1994, Domestic Vio- and the lack of evidence to proceed with further investigation. Data in this Cyprus lence as such did not exist as a legal term. The Governmental Agencies, column is considered to be of para- which since then maintain service mount importance in terms of guiding based statistics on the issue, are the policy development, and this will be Police and the Department of Welfare. further explored below. The third On the part of the Non-Governmental column on Police is simply the total of sector, the Crisis Centre of the Associ- the two preceding columns. Basic ation for Prevention and Handling Police statistics are published in the Domestic Violence maintain their Police Web Page at http:// own data since 1998. www.police.gov.cy/. All available statistical indexes in The left column of Social Services, Cyprus are shown in the table on which is headed “Child (Abuse, etc.)”, page 62. records Child Abuse cases only, and these may not necessarily be of a do- The first column on the Police, en- mestic/family nature. The column to titled “Criminal Files”, records the the right indicates cases of domestic annual number of criminal cases and violence handled by the Department. files on domestic violence investi- The column headed “Crisis 4. Law 47 (I)/1994. This Law was later re- Centre” to the far right indicates the placed by Law 119 (I)/2000, which was number of incidents handled by the amended by Law 212 (I)/2004. A compara- Association on Domestic Violence, tive legal study of the legal situation in all which is an NGO, either through their member states of the Council of Europe telephone hot line, or through per- found the integrated approach of the Cyprus law (47 (I)/1994) to be the most promising sonal appointments. way forward in relation to combating domes- All service-based data shown in tic violence in a democratic Europe (Radford, Table 1 are presented in the graph on Jill, (August, 1998). Violence Against Wom- page 62, where one may see the ten- en: Comparative Legal Study of the Situation in Council of Europe Member States. (Provi- dencies since 1994. It should be noted sional edition). Strasbourg: Council of Eu- that for the past few months all related rope.) to the issue State Agencies have been

Regional seminar, Lisbon, Portugal, 5 July 2007 61 Stop domestic violence Collecting population-based data against women discussing the possibility to adopt a multi-agency body established by the Violence from public servants, in co- unified reporting system, so that cu- Law on Domestic Violence, composed operation with the Advisory Commit- mulative cross-departmental statis- of State and NGO representatives. At tee began sorting out and unifying all tics may be issued. This project was the same time, the Office of the Attor- such reports which already have been initiated and it is promoted by the Ad- ney General of the Republic of transmitted to the Attorney General. visory Committee for the Prevention Cyprus, which is the final recipient of of Violence in the Family, which is a all mandatory reports on Domestic

Table: Domestic violence service statistics in Cyprus

POLICE SOCIAL SERVICES CRISIS CENTRE Year Criminal Files Other Reports Incidents Child (abuse, Domestic Vio- Cases (total) etc.) lence Cases 1994 229 ------029 0073 --- 1995 273 ------035 0084 --- 1996 243 ------060 0122 --- 1997 227 ------070 0152 768 1998 173 ------063 0150 597 1999 271 ------062 0179 642 2000 230 067 0297 102 0284 441 2001 336 176 0512 187 0436 423 2002 320 218 0538 257 0598 578 2003 414 209 0623 265 0667 687 2004 389 116 0505 271 0766 924 2005 422 518 0940 291 1119 776 2006 393 625 1018 624

AVG 302 275 0633 141 386 646

Source: Veis Kostas M. “Violence + Family = Crime2: Quantitative Analysis of Domestic Violence in Cyprus”. Review of Cyprus and European Law, Issue 3, February 2007, pp. 437-467. Dikeonomia-Nomikes Ekdosis. Table updated to include statistics issued in 2007. (Βέης Κώστας Μ., «Βία + Οικογένεια = Έγκλημα2: Ποσοτική Ανάλυση της Βίας στην Οικογένεια στην Κύπρο». Επιθεώρηση Κυπριακού και Ευρωπαϊκού Δικαίου, Τεύχος 3, Φεβρουάριος 2007, σελ 437-467. Δικαιονομία-Νομικές Εκδόσεις. Ενημέρωση Πίνακα με στοιχεία που δημοσιεύτηκαν το 2007.)

Graph: Domestic Violence Service 1200 Statistics in Cyprus 1000

800 600 400 Frequency 200 0 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Year Police:Criminal Files Police:Other Reports Police:Incidents (total) Social Services:Child (Abuse, etc.) Social Services:Domestic Violence Crisis Centre (Cases)

To date, there have been only two being victims of domestic violence at The first in-depth and comprehen- population self report surveys related some time in their life. The second sive attempt to analyse one of the two to domestic violence in Cyprus. Both survey.6 which was conducted in 2004, existing data pools, namely of the were conducted on behalf of the Advi- dealt with child abuse and found that Police, which includes data on more sory Committee. The first survey, 20% of the representative sample of than 4 000 incidents registered over which was on Domestic Violence,5 teenagers (12-18years) were exposed the past six years, was made in 2006. took place in 2000, and among others to physical abuse, and 10% to forms of The analysis, which revealed a wealth found that 11% of the representative sexual abuse. of information useful to the Police – of the population sample reported of and not only to them, is published in a

62 Data collection as a prerequisite for effective policies to combat violence against women Stop à la violence Mr Constantinos Veis domestique faite aux femmes local Cyprus periodical named Review Analyses of age and of occupation series of questions, including victim of Cyprus and European Law.7 of victims and offenders revealed in- expectations, victim support and The Report mostly analyses demo- teresting but not practically useful in- police role. graphic data, and it adds some other formation. Currently, a major research project quantitative perspectives, in a way This was not the case with ethnic on domestic violence is being con- that it responds to practical questions background data. Here, it was discov- ducted by the Police in Cyprus. This commonly aroused. The publication ered that although the percentage of study, involves in depth and thorough provided scientific-numerical input in non Cypriot offenders is within their analysis of all domestic violence inci- campaign as well as in policy develop- population percentage, the percent- dents reported to the Police in 2005. ment. age of non Cypriot victims doubles We have tracked down all (almost a At the simple level, it has been es- their population percentage. Further- thousand) incidents and up to now we tablished that overall 84% of reported more, it was found that non-Cypriot are almost finished with establishing offenders are men, and that 80% of women who are married to Cypriots their process and outcome in the complainants are women. From a dif- seem to constitute a vulnerable and criminal justice system. As soon as ferent data base on domestic homi- high risk group for spousal abuse. In this important and prerequisite stage cide or murders, it was established response to this, the Police translated is completed, we will study a set of var- that 90% of all and 95% of spousal of- in English and Turkish an existing iables and their effect on victim re- fenders are men and that 64% of do- Greek booklet for victims, and circu- traction and co-operation and on mestic and 95% of spousal victims are lated it for the information of non overall incident outcome. We will also women. Furthermore, it was found Greek-speaking residents. In fact the examine the quality and effectiveness that almost 20% of all murders and English and Turkish booklets were of police criminal files as a function of homicides occurring in Cyprus are published with a grant from the Na- the specialized training received by committed between family members. tional Machinery for the Rights of the investigator. We will also assess Besides the fact that this information Women (Ministry of Justice and victim attitude and police attitude. is in and of itself enough to guide and Public Order) as part of our national The protocol and design of this re- justify targeting women in victim ori- contribution to the campaign of the search as well as the results of the pi- ented campaigns, and men in offender Council of Europe to Stop Domestic loting stage of the study have been oriented campaigns, in response to Violence against Women. published by the European Police this finding, the Police published a rel- College (CEPOL).9 A last, but not at all least, area of ative poster. utilising police data on domestic vio- We acknowledge that for the time It was also found that the percent- lence, relates to the Reporting Time of being, what one may term as “hard- age of children (under 18) as victims is such incidents to the Police. One core research” on domestic violence, 11%, whereas their respective per- study8 of 400 serious incidents of is not at a high development stage in centage as offenders is only 1%. This, 2004-2005 revealed that 82% of Cyprus, but we anticipate of further together with the generally accepted victims contact the police at such time approaching this target in the near principle that children tend to be neg- that the only relevant state agency, future. For the time being, we are sat- atively affected if they experience do- which is readily available to assist, isfied that at least part of our practice, mestic violence even as bystanders, happens to be the police. This raises a policies, and campaigns is based on led the Police to include this theme in existing data. We have just shortly a second poster. 7. Veis Kostas M. “Violence + Family = presented all available service and Crime²: Quantitative Analysis of Domestic population data in Cyprus, some of 5. Advisory Committee for the Prevention Violence in Cyprus”. Review of Cyprus and their analyses and their effective use in of Violence in the Family (2000). Results of European Law, Issue 3, February 2007, pp. policy or campaign development. We the Survey on “Domestic Violence”. Lefkosia: 437-467. Dikeonomia-Nomikes Ekdosis. Ta- have also presented what is being Intercollege Research and Development ble updated to include statistics issued in Centre. 2007. done at the present, and more impor- (Συμβουλευτική Επιτροπή για την Πρόληψη (Βέης Κώστας Μ., «Βία + Οικογένεια = tantly, what we anticipate in the near και Καταπολέμηση της Βίας στην Οικογένεια Έγκλημα²: Ποσοτική Ανάλυση της Βίας στην future. (2000). Αποτελέσματα της Έρευνας με Θέμα Οικογένεια στην Κύπρο». Επιθεώρηση There is no doubt that we all need «Βία στην Οικογένεια». Λευκωσία: Κέντρο Κυπριακού και Ευρωπαϊκού Δικαίου, Τεύχος Ερευνών και Ανάπτυξης Intercollege.) 3, Φεβρουάριος 2007, σελ 437-467. reliable statistics on domestic vio- 6. Advisory Committee for the Prevention Δικαιονομία-Νομικές Εκδόσεις. Ενημέρωση of Violence in the Family (2000). The Preva- Πίνακα με στοιχεία που δημοσιεύτηκαν το 9. Veis, Kostas M. (2006). Police Domestic lence and Forms of Child Abuse in the Cy- 2007.) Violence Training Programs: Evaluation of prus Family. Lefkosia: ECONOMARKET 8. Veis Kostas M. “Police: Everything Diffi- the Practical Effectiveness. In Fehérváry J., and FDREDERICK IT. cult on Domestic Violence … even Time!” Hanak G, Hofinger V., and Stummvoll G. (Συμβουλευτική Επιτροπή για την Πρόληψη Police Chronicles: Lefkosia, April 2006, pp. (Eds.), Theory and Practice of Police Re- και Καταπολέμηση της Βίας στην Οικογένεια 23-31. search in Europe: Presentations and Contri- (2004). Η Έκταση και οι Μορφές Βίας (Βέης Κώστας Μ. «Αστυνομία: Όλα της Βίας butions from CEPOL Police Research and Ενάντια στα Παιδιά στην Κυπριακή στην Οικογένεια Δύσκολα..., κι’ αυτή ακόμα η Science Conferences 2003-2005. Bramshill Οικογένεια. Λευκωσία: ECONOMARKET Ώρα!». Αστυνομικά Χρονικά, Απρίλιος 2006, UK: CEPOL-European Police College, CE- και FDREDERICK IT.) σελ. 23-31.) POL Series No.1, pp. 137-153.

Regional seminar, Lisbon, Portugal, 5 July 2007 63 Stop domestic violence Collecting population-based data against women lence in our attempts to design and barriers to reporting, we have to look implement sound and effective poli- between and behind the numbers and cies as well as to monitor and evaluate the symbols, and we have to take 10. Kostas M. Veis holds a Masters Degree them, but we have to be cautious so as quality into consideration. When in Psychology and a Post Graduate Degree in not to be mislead by the quantities. dealing with the issue of domestic vi- Management and Public Administration. He works for Cyprus Police with the rank of Su- Given the fact that we are dealing with olence, given the circumstances, one perintendent B´, and he is the Officer in a highly under-reported problem, and only incident may be too many … charge of the Domestic Violence and Child which is surrounded by numerous and then mathematics fail. 10 Abuse Office at Police Headquarters.

64 Data collection as a prerequisite for effective policies to combat violence against women Ms Olena Contents Sample surveys Aleksandrova

Department of International Co- Data Source for Ukraine operation, State Not applicable Applicable Committee of Alternative source Statistics, Ukraine administrative data

Sample surveys

official statistics

Regional seminar, Lisbon, Portugal, 5 July 2007 65 Stop domestic violence Collecting population-based data against women

Basic Protection of Ukraine’s Population

p ILO supported

p Panel survey 2003 2004 p Questions related to sexual harassment at work place 2002 2006

p A question related to violence against women, 2000 including domestic violence added in 2002

Basic Protection of Ukraine’s Population

p Sample frame: students 9 400 people employed in agriculture

non-working pensioners

employed in manufacture p Surveyed population employed in non-production

officially registered unemployed

66 Data collection as a prerequisite for effective policies to combat violence against women Stop à la violence Ms Olena Aleksandrova domestique faite aux femmes

Basic Protection of Ukraine’s Population

Data results by both sexes

Not sufficient information to make an analysis

Medical and Demographic Survey in Ukraine

Previous similar survey was conducted by the International Institute for Social Research in the year 1996

In the year 2007 State Statistics Committee of Ukraine carries out this survey for the first time

Regional seminar, Lisbon, Portugal, 5 July 2007 67 Stop domestic violence Collecting population-based data against women

Medical and Demographic Survey in Ukraine

CSPro software USAID for survey data financed processing

Sample frame: Surveyed population: 15 000 people HH, males and females aged 15-49

ORC Macro questionnaire adapted

The Main Actions Underlying the Medical and Demographic Survey

No Actions Date

1 compilation of the methodological documentation and tools for survey February 2007

2 development of questionnaire design March 2007

3 questionnaire pre-testing April – May 2007

4 staff recruitment for the field work June 2007 (1 supervisor + 3 interviewers for each region)

5 staff training for the field work July 2007

6 field work August – October 2007 7 survey data processing October – December 2007 8 analysis and compilation of report based on survey data January – March 2008

9 publication March 2008

10 dissemination April 2008

One module is devoted to violence about the development and imple- Ukraine; assessment of the actions’ ef- against women, including domestic mentation of the state programmes ficiency. violence. for family planning; improvements to The purpose: to collect the needed the health care system and medical reliable and detailed information and demographic situation in

68 Data collection as a prerequisite for effective policies to combat violence against women Collecting service- based administrative data

Methodology and international standards in collecting service- based administrative data

Keynote speaker: Holding states to account: ` Need to establish agreed indicators methodology and interna- and benchmarks tional standards in collecting Ms Liz Kelly Recent project service-based and administrative data ` Proposal by United Nations Special Roddick Chair on Rapporteur on Violence against Women in 2003 to develop two sets Violence against Themes of indicators Women, London ` Context ` Commission on Human Rights’ Metropolitan ` Defining terms resolution (2004/46), para 25, need – Violence against women to develop, with international con- University, United sensus ways to measure violence –Indicators Kingdom against women and measures ` Challenges in measuring state re- taken to eliminate sponses ` Tasks ` Promising directions – Review current research literature on measuring violence against Calls for indicators women and indicators ` Beijing Platform for Action set out – Consult with states, United Na- basic standards and principle of tions agencies, academics and due diligence NGOs – Integrated measures to address – Produce a technical report with and eliminate violence against recommendations women · Protection, prosecution, prevention, Defining terms – violence rehabilitation against women ` Beijing+5 and +10 ` Conferences, research often claim – Need to gather systematic data to to cover violence against women, accurately assess progress but are limited to intimate partner ` United Nations’ Secretary Gen- violence eral’s report on violence against ` Prevalence measures women – Sometimes as few as 5 or 7 items – Re-asserts need for indicators and – Sexual violence, 0-3 items, some or links to MDGs all of which include “force”

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·MC v Bulgaria, European Court of – Research and PoAs often limited to · Percentage of employees reporting Human Rights domestic violence · Percentage of public/private bodies · African research on sexual initiation – Limited technical understanding with policy – Limited attention to sexual harass- about measuring violence · Percentage of public/private bodies ment, FGM/C, sexual exploitation, – Limited progress on gender disag- with procedures to sanction perpetra- forced marriage, stalking, crimes in gregation of official statistics tors the name of honour – and have lost – Vested interests in own defini- notion of women’s safety tions/research tools ` Promising directions 1: Femicide index – Not just whole populations, but ` Impossible to harmonise defini- vulnerable groups tions only in research, since –Intimate partner violence projects connect to local law ·Men killing women Defining terms – indicators ` Number of indicators – Women killing abusive men ` “Robust, valid and reliable” (Walby, – Over/under inclusive –Sexual murder 2005) – Resources and capacities of states –‘Honour’ killings – A number, proportion, percentage, – Women in prostitution rate, trend Current European suggestions – Local issues – Cuidad Juarez – Summarise complex data ` Council of Europe · Could adapt to include other issues – – Link to quantitative data – Stocktaking Study on the measures –Unambiguous dowry, female infanticide where lo- and actions taken in Council of Eu- cally relevant –Basis to assess change rope member States – Relevant to multiple audiences · A starting point, linked to Council of ` Promising directions 2: Attrition – Available at regular intervals Europe policies – Attrition = The proportion of re- · Trends over time ·Primarily YES/NO questions ported cases that fail to result in – Comparable across social groups ` EU: Begun in 1998, various presi- prosecution and conviction and states dencies – Increased reporting as indicator of – Violence against Women (IPV) decreased tolerance and increased Methodological Challenges ·No of female victims confidence in the justice system ` Failure of states and other parties · Types of victim support – Rates of investigation and convic- to adopt the violence against · Prevention measures tion indicators of effective prose- women agenda –Sexual harassment cution

Attrition in rape cases: England and Wales 1985-2004

16,000

14,000

12,000

10,000

8,000

6,000

4,000

2,000

0 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Reported 1,842 2,288 2,417 2,855 3,305 3,391 4,045 4,142 4,589 5,032 4,986 5,759 6,281 7,636 8,409 8,593 9,449 11,76612,76014,192 Prosecutions 844 927 1,048 1,288 1,400 1,467 1,711 1,648 1,704 1,782 1,604 1,696 1,880 2,185 2,169 2,046 2,651 2,945 2,790 2,689 Convictions 450 415 453 540 613 561 559 529 482 460 578 573 599 675 659 598 572 655 673 751

Reported Prosecutions Convictions

72 Data collection as a prerequisite for effective policies to combat violence against women Stop à la violence Keynote speaker: Ms Liz Kelly domestique faite aux femmes

Attrition in rape cases: Germany 1977-2001

9000

7500

6000

4500 Cases

3000

1500

0 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Reported 6725 6598 6576 6904 6925 6708 6723 5954 5919 5604 5281 5251 4987 5112 5454 5568 6376 6095 6175 6228 6636 7914 7565 7499 7891 Prosecutions 1703 1617 1603 1609 1711 1651 1683 1660 1480 1456 1461 1403 1297 1194 1138 1298 1323 1415 1323 1341 1321 2401 2480 2490 2451 Convictions 1190 1162 1166 1177 1310 1303 1333 1333 1180 1156 1161 1110 1017 923 897 1014 1053 1124 1021 1010 1009 1873 1917 1877 1876

Attrition in rape cases: Hungary 1977-2001

700

600

500

400

Cases 300

200

100

0 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Reported 430 491 434 469 562 483 622 653 593 622 485 438 457 468 470 438 410 436 417 423 392 346 331 294 321

Prosecutions 479 415 499 523 474 505 399 326 328 315 324 298 288 297 278 281 251 219 201 159 199 Convictions 542 424 406 398 410 443 400 489 490 460 386 325 291 257 212 236 184 264 238 195 224 203 173 162 157

Attrition in domestic violence – Arrest, charge and conviction in Promising directions 3: Main- 120 (5%) streaming a sophisticated ` Harder to do where there is no spe- – Convictions more likely where cific offence charges were for public order/ module - FGM/C ` Marianne Hester et al, 2005 criminal damage – North of England, developing Module used in Demographic and record keeping and case tracking Health Surveys (DHS+), at least 17 with police and courts countries and UNICEF Multiple Indi- cator Cluster Surveys (MICS) – 2 402 incidents 2002-2004 – 50% of individuals re-offended in ` Key indicator: Prevalence of FGM/ the period C by age cohorts 15-49 (5 year – Increasing percentage of arrests bands)

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` FGM/C status of all daughters (age Additional potentials Good and bad news now, age cut) and percentage of ` Indices of availability and capacity forms of FGM/C ` Unprecedented interest in devel- of services oping indicators – possible trends/changes between – Provision per 100 000 population generations and over more recent –Geographical spread ` Uneven starting points time – Across violence against women – Intimate partner violence/violence ` Performer of FGM/C ` Attitude surveys against women ` Support of, or opposition to FGM/ – Amnesty International polls ` Continuum of interests C by women and men age 15-49 –Eurobarometer ` Common data collection tools for – States, organisations, NGOs and Indictors for programming services academics ` Public declarations of intent – agreed databases ` Difficult conundrums ` Routine enquiry in health settings ` Community-based surveillance –Not just IPV – Common definitions across on- mechanisms for girls at risk – Accident and emergency, Pre- and going debates and varied legal con- ` Drop in prevalence post-natal, Mental health texts.

74 Data collection as a prerequisite for effective policies to combat violence against women The Portuguese experience

Mr João Redondo

Psychiatrist, Director of the Service of Family Violence at the Hospital Sobral CID, Founding member of the group “Violence: Information, Investigation, Intervention”, Coimbra, Portugal

The experience of the Family Violence Service of the Hospital Sobral CID and the Group “Vio- lence: Information, Investigation, Intervention”, Coimbra

Regional seminar, Lisbon, Portugal, 5 July 2007 75 Stop domestic violence Collecting service-based administrative data against women

76 Data collection as a prerequisite for effective policies to combat violence against women Stop à la violence Mr João Redondo domestique faite aux femmes

Regional seminar, Lisbon, Portugal, 5 July 2007 77 Stop domestic violence Collecting service-based administrative data against women

Introductory consultation –Services Network ` Assessment of hyperactive distur- –Primary Network bance ` Initial diagnostic interview ` Psychological assessment ` Emotional and behavioural assess- ` Follow-up diagnostic interview ment ` Assessment/intervention with ` Overall development assessment support networks ` Assessment of learning difficulties

78 Data collection as a prerequisite for effective policies to combat violence against women Stop à la violence Mr João Redondo domestique faite aux femmes

Procedure ` Other (specify) Additional activities after the introductory consultation ` Massage Family psychotherapy (systemic) Psychiatric consultation ` Relaxation ` Family ` Psychiatric consultation on pre- Networked actions ` Couple scription monitoring ` Networked activities ` Follow-up psychiatric consultation Group activities ` Interventions in community-based Medical/legal expert appraisal ` Group Morenian Psychodrama structures ` Medical/legal expert appraisal ` Group psycho-educational inter- Other activities Individual psychotherapy vention with victims ` Psychological assessment (specify) ` Psychodynamic guidance ` Group psychotherapy with aggres- ` Social action (specify) ` Systemic guidance sors ` Other situations (specify)

Some principles and rules governing the work on defining indicators and collecting data

Family Violence Service a) International Classification of Towards more accurate records Hospital Sobral Cid Diseases (ICD-10) … to help in reading, understand- b) International Classification of Ex- ing and defining strategies with an eye Emergency Service ternal Causes of Injuries (ICECI) to tailoring the responses even better General Hospital – CHC c) International Classification of to people’s actual needs. Clarifying the concepts Functioning, Disability and The need for indicators to help assess All partners must be involved Health (ICF) (e.g.): (taking account of the underlying In health services the requisite data multisectoral and multidisciplinary must be collected concurrently with 1. The seriousness of the violence, aspects). In recording information, we the provision of treatment. The tech- e.g. must respect the recognised INTER- nical staff of such services should also a) Frequency of the violence NATIONAL STANDARDS on classi- be empowered to recognise, treat and b) The physical and emotional fying and codifying diseases and the register victims of violence (on the impact of the aggression consequences for health, including same footing as the other partners in- c) Reproductive health problems death: volved). d) Cost and use of services

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2. The characteristics of the victims e) Method of murder used stitutions to implement such pro- and the aggressors f) Underlying motivation (eg jeal- cedures) a) Victim/aggressor relationship ousy) 8. The information system adopted b) Genders of victims and aggressors 5. Events during the intervention by the Health Services should be c) Ages of victims and aggressors – investigations in the victim’s home enabled also to record data on do- d) Frequency of/background to the – apprehension of a person mestic violence (with a guarantee victimisation – withdrawal of charges of confidentiality). e) (Re)offending history of the per- – type of penalty ordered petrator of the violence 9. Adopting qualitative methodolo- – admission of guilt by the aggressor gies in order to improve overall 3. The characteristics of the offence – victim support services a) Type of offence comprehension of the complexity, –etc. diversity and scope of the experi- b) Method used 6. The victim/aggressor relationship c) Seriousness of injuries ence of female victims of violence. 4. The characteristics of the homi- The following proposals are aimed at 10. Reinforcing the importance in the cide improving the quality of data-gather- other Public Services in contact a) Victim/aggressor relationship ing on violence against women: with female victims of violence of b) Genders of victims and aggressors 7. Assessment/registration of inju- increasing their efforts to system- c) Ages of victims and aggressors ries presented by the victim (it is atically collect statistics and share d) Scene of the crime important to empower health in- them with the Health Services.

Strategies being developed in the Family Violence Service (Hospital Sobral Cid) and the Emergency Service (general hospital – CHC)

The Group Violence: Informa- definition of intervention strategies to ALERT® OUTP, ALERT® INPT, tion, Investigation and Interven- help victims of domestic violence to ALERT® ORIS, ALERT® CARE and tion is co-operating with the software access the health services. ALERT® PRIVATE PRACTICE are company Alert Life Sciences Com- Alert is a company involved in de- already operating in hospitals, first- puting SA in developing a protocol veloping clinical software. Many of its aid centres and private clinics at the for screening, risk assessment and products, such as ALERT® EDIS, national and international levels.

80 Data collection as a prerequisite for effective policies to combat violence against women Stop à la violence Mr João Redondo domestique faite aux femmes

Network for diagnosing domes- etc. Reference network for care in the tic violence Analysis field of domestic violence Operational systems Data warehouse ` emergency service CHC Emerg. Serv. Net ` General Hospital Health centres Ad hoc enquiries ` Coimbra Hospital Centre INEM (Institute of Emergency Medicine [ambulance service]) Statistical reports PSP, GNR (police), Social Security Data mining

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Training activities Domestic violence: from design to intervention

Hospital Sobral CID Linked to the following SVF clini- Clinical procedure No. cal procedures Clinical procedure No. Family Violence Service (SVF) Clinical record Clinical procedure No. Clinical procedure No. Clinical procedure No.

82 Data collection as a prerequisite for effective policies to combat violence against women Stop à la violence Mr João Redondo domestique faite aux femmes

Index ` 11. Assessment of quality of life: ` Other activities WHOQOL-BREF – Psychological assessment ` Date of application for registration – Social intervention of consultation ` 12. Which family member is suffering and in need of SVF assistance? – Other situations ` Date of first consultation Degree of user satisfaction with the Assessment of situation development Introductory consultation (treatment services provided by the SVF (what has changed?) provided) Date of procedure Date of assessment Re. domestic violence situation & ` Development of the family vio- associated risk Intervention strategy(ies) adopted lence situation ` ` 01. Socio-demographic indicators Psychiatric consultation ` Development of the legal situation ` Medical-legal expert opinion associated with domestic violence ` 02. Origin and reasons for procedure ` Individual psychotherapies ` Development of the risk level con- – Dynamic orientation nected with the situation ` 03. Onset of violence –Systemic orientation ` Development of the clinical situa- ` 04. Nature of violence & risk (to the –Other situation tion victim) ` Family psychotherapy ` Development of the family system – a) Other indicators of risk to the –Family – Genogramme victim –Couple –Family APGAR ` 05. Type of violence ` Group intervention ` Development of the support ` 06. Relationship between victim – Morenian Psychodrama network and perpetrator of violence – Group psychotherapy with aggres- – Number of individuals involved in ` 07. Indicators of any risk of murder sors the network on the part of the aggressor – Group psycho-educational activity – Potential for link-ups within the with victims network ` 08. Assessment of the clinical situ- –“Shortcuts” ation ` Additional therapeutic activities –Massage ` Changes in quality of life ` 09. Nuclear family –Relaxation – WHOQOL-BREF – a) Genogramme ` Networked action ` Changes in compliance with SVF –b) Family APGAR – Networked activities rules ` 10. Primary/secondary networks – Activities conducted in commu- ` Degree of user satisfaction with the – a) Map of network nity-based structures services provided by the SVF

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04. Nature of violence & risk ` Separates her/him from family and –no friends/isolate her/him from ` Threatens to kill her/him (specify) Verbal violence (specify) others ` Uses a brusque, authoritarian tone ` Deprives her/him of freedom Does (s)he promise to carry out the ` Shouts at her/him threats ` Presents him/herself as the one –yes ` Insults her/him and/or calls her/ who knows best and/or imposes –no him names what has to be done – do not know/am not sure ` Other situation ` Considers her/him as mentally ill Does (s)he say when, where and how ` Threatens her/him with taking Psychological violence (specify) (s)he will do it? custody of the children ` Criticises her/his appearance –yes ` Threatens her/him with bodily ` Listens to her/his conversations –no harm ` Insists on knowing what (s)he is – do not know/am not sure ` Threatens to harm an animal com- doing at all times panion Has (s)he tried to carry out the ` Keeps an account of how (s)he threats? ` Threatens to harm a friend spends his/her time –yes ` Threatens other reprisals (specify) ` Criticises her/his friends and/or –no family ` Threatens with weapons (specify) ` Other situation ` Disparages and/or humiliates her/ Does (s)he promise to carry out the Economic violence (specify) him threats? ` Controlling money and bank ac- ` Regularly phones to embarrass –yes counts her/him in the presence of others –no ` Forces her/him to transfer her/his ` Verbally offends her/him in the – do not know/am not sure wages to his/her account presence of others Does (s)he say when, where and how ` ` Neglects physical and/or emo- (s)he will do it? Considers partner’s income sec- tional needs (specify seriousness of –yes ondary/disparages her/his work clinical situation) –no ` Prevents her/him from working ` Accuses her/him of having extra- – do not know/am not sure ` Forces her/him to resign or change marital relations Has (s)he tried to carry out the type of work ` Checks whether (s)he is at work/ threats? ` Concealing information on fi- follows her/him –yes nances

84 Data collection as a prerequisite for effective policies to combat violence against women Stop à la violence Mr João Redondo domestique faite aux femmes

` Destroying property ` Other situations (specify) ` Throwing or hitting with objects ` Prevents her/him from having Physical violence (specify) ` Burning –Access to money ` Hair-pulling ` Electric shocks –A chequebook –A bankcard ` Punching ` Other (specify) ` Supervises all expenditure/insists ` Manhandling Are there firearms in the house on knowing where every penny is ` Rough pushing and pulling –yes spent ` Kicking –no – do not know/am not sure ` “Running up” debts ` Biting ` other situations (specify) ` Hitting When (s)he attacks/has attacked, Sexual violence (specify) ` Slapping does/did (s)he use any type of weapon, object, chemicals, etc? ` ` Unwanted touching and fondling Spitting –yes ` Forced “sexual play” (specify) ` Smothering –no ` Rape ` Strangling – do not know/am not sure

a) Other indicators of risk to the – do not know/am not sure – If yes (specify how many months victim ` Have you ever been pregnant? ago) No –no ` Have the situations of physical vio- If yes were you attacked during the ` Has (s)he got a new partner? lence been increasing in severity pregnancy? –yes and/or frequency over the last –yes –no year? –yes –no Regarding his/her/your children, –no – do not know/am not sure has (s)he ever – do not know/am not sure ` Does (s)he cohabit with the aggres- ` threatened to harm him/her/ ` Are the severity and frequency of sor? them? abuse likely to increase in future? –yes –yes –yes –no –no –no ` Is a separation in the offing? – do not know/am not sure – do not know/am not sure –yes ` abused them physically? ` Are you pregnant? –no –yes –yes – do not know/am not sure –no –no ` Did they separate recently? – do not know/am not sure

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` assaulted/abused them sexually? –no – do not know/am not sure –yes – do not know/am not sure Does the aggressor’s violent behav- –no ` Has (s)he served judicial sen- iour – do not know/am not sure tences? ` Does (s)he live in an isolated area –yes ` intensify when (s)he consumes without close neighbours? –no alcohol or drugs? –yes – do not know/am not sure –yes –no ` Is the aggressor possessive and –no ` Is (s)he afraid to return home? jealous? – do not know/am not sure –yes –yes ` Is (s)he also violent when (s)he –no –no does not consume alcohol or – do not know/am not sure – do not know/am not sure drugs? ` Does the aggressor have a past ` Has (s)he ever threatened and/or –yes history of violence involving other attempted to commit suicide? –no victims? –yes – do not know/am not sure –yes –no ` Does (s)he suffer from any (other) –no – do not know/am not sure psychiatric disorder(s)? – do not know/am not sure If yes specify –yes Does (s)he consume ` Is the aggressor also violent outside –no the family environment? ` alcohol? – do not know/am not sure –yes –yes If yes (specify) –no –no – do not know/am not sure – do not know/am not sure ` Is (s)he capable of murder? ` Does the aggressor have a criminal ` drugs? –yes record? –yes –no –yes –no – do not know/am not sure

Risk of conjugal violence ` Low standard of education ` Different religious orientations in ` Low income the couple ` Excessive consumption of alcohol ` Deficits in behavioural and verbal ` “Accident al” f actors (unw ante d ` Low frustration threshold assertiveness pregnancy, unemployment, early ` Little self-control ` Anti-social personality disorder marriage, separation)

86 Data collection as a prerequisite for effective policies to combat violence against women Stop à la violence Mr João Redondo domestique faite aux femmes

` Mental illness ` Death threats ` Psychiatric/psychopathological illness ` Higher educational and profes- ` Suicide threats sional standard on the part of the ` Forced sex with the victim wife ` Extreme attitudes of dominance and power ` Mental illness ` Violence vis-à-vis the children ` Use of weapons during previous in- ` Obsessive and brooding attitudes ` Violence in the family of origin cidents and behaviour ` Violence in the family of origin Risk of conjugal homicide ` Excessive jealousy Indicators of risk of conjugal violence and ` Alcohol and drug abuse ` General violent conduct homicide (compiled by Rui Abrunhosa, Uni- versity of Minho, on the basis of the follow- ` Access to or possession of weapons ing works: Belfrage and Rying, 2004, ` Serious injuries during previous Campbell 1995, Dutton and Hart 1992, ` Armed threats incidents Saunders 1995).

08. Assessment of the clinical sit- Could this disorder be linked to a –1. problem of domestic violence? uation –2. ` no Psychiatric illness(es)? –3. ` if yes (specify) Could this disorder be linked to a ` no suicide risk problem of domestic violence? ` if yes –yes –no ` no –Diagnosis Physical illness(es)? ` if yes (specify) –ICD-10 ` no –1. Treatment guide ` if yes –2. Name of medicine/fasting/break- –Diagnosis fast/lunch/afternoon tea/dinner/ –3. –ICD-10 bedtime/observations

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88 Data collection as a prerequisite for effective policies to combat violence against women Stop à la violence Mr João Redondo domestique faite aux femmes

Facing a medical-legal emer- ` If the sexual assault took place 1. Firearms more than 72 hours previously: the gency? Precautions victim must be referred to the Fo- The forensic medical examiner ` Do not wash the victim’s hands and rensic Medical Services during must always be contacted with a view protect them with paper bags; to observing, collecting and conserv- opening hours (9 am to 12.30 pm ` Do not disinfect or suture injuries ing evidence and subsequently draft- and 2 pm to 5.30 pm). before the expert examination; ing the relevant expert report, in the following cases: Armed assault ` Do not cut clothing in the areas comprising holes through which Sexual assault The first thing, obviously, is to save projectiles have entered or exited; ` If the sexual assault took place a the victim’s life where immediate ` Store clothing in paper bags. maximum of 72 hours previously: medical or surgical treatment is re- 2. Sharp instruments Pending the arrival of the forensic quired (collecting any projectiles or medical examiner, the victim must foreign bodies and packing them and Precautions not: forwarding them to the competent au- ` Do not disinfect, enlarge or suture – urinate (if necessary collect the thorities). In such cases it is vital to injuries before the expert examina- urine in a container) or defecate; tion; – wash hands, genitals or any other describe the number, location and part of the body; extent of injuries (length, width and ` Do not cut clothing in the areas – brush teeth or hair; depth), and their shape, colour, comprising holes through which a – change or wash clothes (if clothes outline and edges; the injuries should sharp instrument has entered or are changed, keep those worn at also, if possible, be photographed (in- exited; the time of the aggression). cluding in close-up) before suturing. ` Store clothing in paper bags.

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Physical examination a result of bruising action exerted per- Bruising – solution of continuity of pendicularly or obliquely on the all skin layers, with irregular, abraded ` Does the victim display any kind of surface of the body. and crushed edges, comprising an ec- injury? Haematosis – blood collecting in a chymotic area with an irregular base Yes/no newly formed cavity showing on the and connecting tissues. (If so, mark them on the diagrams skin surface. Cuts – fusiform solution of conti- and describe and photograph them) Abrasion – solution of continuity nuity of the epidermis with straight, Glossary of the epidermis resulting from bruis- regular edges without macroscopic le- Ecchymosis – burst vessels and ing action exerted obliquely, caused sions, with angular ends and a regular tissues showing on the skin surface as by skidding between two surfaces. base to the injury.

90 Data collection as a prerequisite for effective policies to combat violence against women Stop à la violence Mr João Redondo domestique faite aux femmes

Legend: injuries yes/no M Bite # Fracture OU Other Type of lesion Q Burn Location/Type of lesion/Descrip- EQ Ecchymosis FI Cut tion ED Oedema FC Bruise ES Abrasion AD Tooth avulsion HM Haematosis LD Tooth luxation

Genogramme – Ecomap – Network map ` Family health work requires a – helping to consolidate the reading – potentially promoting appropriate simple visual strategy, and understanding of the problem; exchange of information and experience, i.e. the

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` Simple, easy-to-use instruments tion that the problems can be – anyone wishing to relate the story that can transform data-gathering solved of his/her life to do so more easily (it is never easy to say all you want – into a more formative process ` Facilitates – improving the efficiency of user to say in a face-to-face conversa- – a visual representation of the fam- service tion) ily structure and dynamics, and – reinforcing links and mutual trust – an overview of major events in the – facilitating discussion/reflection between the interviewer and the on possible action family members family’s history, e.g. separations, births and deaths. – helping ensure that the team main- – helping assess change within the tains a positive spirit, a determina- ` Enables, inter alia: family

1856 Emigrated to England (1859)/Emi- 1896 Minna, Freud’s wife’s sister, Galicia grated to England moves in with them Schlomo/Pepi Hoffman 1857-57 1896 Jakob, Freud’s father, dies Odessa Julius/1858/1860/1861/1862/ 1900 The Interpretation of Dreams Jacob Nathanson/Sara Wilenz 1863/1866 is published 1815-96 Editor 1856/Doctor of Medicine. Begins Jakob psychoanalysis Anna/Rosa/Marie/Dolfi/Paula Al- Tysmienica exander Vienna (looked after by her Vienna. “Headaches” mother) Wool trader/Sally Kanner/Rebecca Sigmund/1861 Housewife Vienna Housewife /1835 1855-72 Martha Vienna Isaac/1860/1868/Minna/lived 1887//1889//1891//1892//1893// Tuberculosis with the Freuds 1895 Amalia Nathanson Corn merchant/from 1896 Mathilde/Martine/Oliver/Ernest/ 79/Religious family/1830 onwards Sophie/Anna Berman Bernays/trader/Emmeline 1860 Jakob moves the family to 1900 1833/1836 Vienna … textile trader/textile trader 1895 Anna Freud is born (last Emmanuel/Philip daughter) Cross-links in the Freud Family

92 Data collection as a prerequisite for effective policies to combat violence against women Stop à la violence Mr João Redondo domestique faite aux femmes

Network map Personal social network: definition anonymous mass of society. (Sluzki, ` the function and specific features All the relationships which a given 1997: 41) of the relationships which the indi- individual regards as significant or The Network Map is geared to pro- vidual in question maintains with which differentiates them from the viding information on: other persons who are important ` the structure of the social network to her/him.

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ECOMAP

` The ECOMAP is a diagram ` It represents a dynamic photo- – the (social, cultural and economic) showing relations between the graph of a specific moment in the support available and the use made family and the community life of the family in question of it by the family – the areas of conflict and compati- ` It helps assess: bility

Ecomap example University friends No.23 Company where X works Y’s brother – sub-sub-title Cultural association Neighbourhood

94 Data collection as a prerequisite for effective policies to combat violence against women Stop à la violence Mr João Redondo domestique faite aux femmes

Family Apgar Definition: Evaluation instrument tion felt by each family member (vis- used to gauge the degree of satisfac- à-vis his/her family)

Family APGAR questionnaire P (participation) – I am satisfied R (Resolutive capacity) – I am sat- (based on Smilkstein) with the way in which my family dis- isfied with the time I share with my cusses matters of common interest family almost always/sometimes/hardly and helps me solve problems ever G (Development) – I consider that Family (in terms of functionality)/ my family is supportive when I wish to Apgar – Result 2 points/1 point/0 points initiate new activities or change my Highly functional – 07-10 A (suitability) – I am very satisfied lifestyle with the assistance I receive from my A (Affectivity) – I am satisfied with Moderately dysfunctional – 04-06 family when I am worried about the way in which my family expresses something affection and reacts to my feelings Severely dysfunctional – 00-03

WHOGOL Quality of Life Assessment and in relation to their goals, ex- concept is reflected in six different 1. Quality of life: “an individual’s per- pectations, standards and con- domains that underpin the whole ception of their position in life in cerns” (WHOQOL Group 1994). structure of WHOQOL. the context of the culture and 2. recognition of the multidimen- value systems in which they live, sionality of the quality of life

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Table 2 – WHOQOL domains Domain III – Level of independence 18. Financial resources and facets 9. Mobility 19. healthcare and social welfare pro- 10. Everyday activities vision: availability and quality Domain I – physical health 11. Dependence on medication or 20. Opportunities for acquiring new 1. Pain and discomfort treatment information and skills 2Energy and fatigue 12. Work capacity 21. Participation in and opportunities 3. Sleep and rest for recreation/leisure activities Domain IV – Social relations 22. Physical environment (pollution/ Domain II – Psychological health 13. Personal relations noise/traffic/climate) 4. Positive feelings 14. Social support 23. Transport 5. Thinking, learning, memory and 15. Sexual activity concentration Domain VI – Spiritual aspects/Reli- 6. Self-esteem Domain V – Environment gion/Personal beliefs 7. Body image and appearance 16. Physical security and protection 24. Spirituality/religion/personal be- 8. Negative feelings 17. Home environment liefs.

96 Data collection as a prerequisite for effective policies to combat violence against women Other national experiences

On behalf of the Ministry of Internal ment of family members” was a total Ms Lili Affairs of Georgia and all women I of 47, in 2006 this number ascended to would like to express my profound 108 cases. Since 2007 more then 170 Sidamonidze gratitude towards the organisers for cases of “domestic violence” are regis- holding a seminar on this very impor- tered within the MOIA. This success- tant and sensitive issue. ful outcome is partially the direct Ministry of Internal The Ministry of Internal Affairs of consequence of the effective imple- Affairs, Georgia Georgia is deeply concerned with the mentation of the Restrictive Orders issue of violence against women, in- adopted by the Minister of Internal cluding domestic violence, a pervasive Affairs on the basis of Paragraph 3 of and devastating social problem. As it Article 21 and Paragraph 4 of Article is commonly acknowledged, the main 16 of the Law of Georgia on Combat- problem currently existing in the ing Domestic Violence, Prevention of country with regards to this topic is and Support to its Victims. the difficult and time-demanding From the MOIA standpoint, the process of changing attitudes of provision of comprehensive and society as a whole towards this mali- regular trainings enhancing the pro- cious phenomenon. Traditionally, a fessional development of the officials Georgian woman has always enjoyed of the relevant units and the establish- distinguished respect, which is why it ment of specific curricula on domestic is very embarrassing for women to violence within the Police Academy of admit the fact of abuse. the Ministry of Internal Affairs of The adoption of a law on domestic Georgia is an ongoing effort. Besides, violence by the Georgian Parliament the MOIA provided “hotlines” within in May 2006 was a major step forward. its several units where the responsible The law introduced a definition of do- officials were proposed with the mestic violence and a legal basis for special orientation trainings. Recon- issuing protective and restrictive struction is undergoing currently on orders. the official website of the Ministry in Despite the financial and technical order to create a special directory with obstacles, the progress in the process all relevant information on domestic of eliminating domestic violence is be- violence services accessible to the coming more and more visible. In general public. light of the fact that legislation in this The issue of determining specific field is quite novel, the results of the plans for the promotion of the link- statistical data is impressive: ages and co-ordination between the According to the Informative-Ana- relevant government agencies and de- lytical Department of the Ministry of partments, as well as fostering part- Internal Affairs, if in 2005 the amount nerships with NGOs and communi- of the criminal cases regarding crimes ties became an important priority for committed on the basis of “disagree- the MOIA. Among the steps already

Regional seminar, Lisbon, Portugal, 5 July 2007 97 Stop domestic violence Collecting service-based administrative data against women taken in this regard is the fact that Trafficking in women is also a domestic violence as well as attitudes MOIA became actively involved in serious problem. Fight against this and knowledge about the problem. the working group on the establish- crime has been quite efficient as a Reported rates of violence vary from ment of shelters for victims of domes- result of ongoing reforms and en- 5% to 31% of families. The majority of tic violence which according to sub- hanced co-operation with law enforc- the studies follow a mixed methodol- section “i” of Article 4 of the Law of ers of different countries. 18 cases of ogy, a combination of qualitative and Georgia on Combating Domestic Vio- trafficking have been registered by quantitative methods. For example, lence, Prevention of and Support to its 2006. the Caucasus Women’s Research and Victims is to be created within the Since 2007 have been registered: system of the Ministry of Labour, Consulting Network showed that ` 112 cases of violence against Health and Social Protection. Fur- 5.2% of women had experienced fre- women thermore, the relevant units of the quent physical abuse by their part- MOIA initiated close co-operation ` 38 cases of rape ners. “Sakhli” conducted research on with the staff of the local non-govern- ` 5 cases of trafficking in women “Gender Aspects of Family Conflicts” mental organisations, namely the Bride kidnapping should also be with the stated goal of identifying “Anti-Violence Network of Georgia” mentioned. The number of kidnapped reasons for violence related to gender, and “Saphari,” who on a regular basis brides amounts to 305. 10 of the cases as well as examining the links between offer basic and advanced trainings for were followed by rape. domestic violence and socio-eco- police officers. Recognising the inval- Since 2007, 57 cases of bride kid- nomic status, family functioning, con- uable input from the mentioned napping have been registered, 3 of flict resolution styles, and self-esteem. NGOs the Ministry of Internal Af- them were followed by rape. The researchers concluded that eco- fairs, from its side, shows a constant Herewith, it is important to under- readiness to provide assistance in the nomic difficulties were the main line that MOIA is well aware that in reason for violence. case of need. fact the overall number of cases of vi- It is worth mentioning that the olence against women is much higher. Although there have been several MOIA is actively involved in the It is worth to mention that such studies which address domestic vio- process of the final reconsiderations crime as rape of a pregnant woman at of the National Plan of Action which is lence, they are mostly either relatively the previous knowledge of the perpe- believed to become the cornerstone small in scale or include domestic vio- trator; or by using one’s official posi- for the mobilisation of the entire gov- lence as the only component of a tion are not registered. One case of in- ernment against this crime. larger study. So there is a gap in data volvement in prostitution was In 2006 were registered: collection. It is an ongoing effort to registered in 2006, and no such crime improve and develop the methods of ` 573 cases of violence against has been registered this year. The per- women, which makes up 0.9% of all centage of crimes committed against data collection in Georgia. It is a crimes committed, women is very small in comparison stated goal of our countries to fight ` 167 cases of rape (0.3% of all with other crimes. and eradicate violence against crimes). There have been a number of women. It is difficult to achieve but if These numbers have increased as a studies that address domestic violence valiant and sustained efforts are put result of raised confidence in the law against women in Georgia. The forward, the inconceivable can rapidly enforcers. studies have examined the scope of become reality.

98 Data collection as a prerequisite for effective policies to combat violence against women Mr Albert Bell Data collection practices in this corpus of data provides the key relation to domestic violence stakeholders in the field with valuable indictors on the nature and extent of in Malta: a preliminary ap- domestic violence in Malta. Member of the praisal Yet, it is evident that this services- Commission on To date, Malta lacks a coherent, based administrative data only pro- concerted and multi-pronged data vides for a partial account of the Domestic Violence and collection strategy in the domestic reality of domestic violence in Malta. Lecturer, Department violence field. Victims of domestic violence may ex- It is difficult to trace a cogent, pur- perience this reality in silence and of Youth and poseful link between policy formula- without reaching out to the myriad of Community Studies, tion and evidence-based assessment services offered on the island. University of Malta, of the nature and extent of the prob- Moreover, reporting domestic vio- lem. lence offences to the police is often a Malta Policy formulation and service de- last option. In this respect, we may velopment efforts have relied quasi- thus speak of a significant, “hidden” or exclusively on service-based indica- “dark” figure of domestic violence, tors, and impressionistic data drawn which may be more adequately unrav- from direct experience in the field. elled by population-based domestic Service evaluation studies have also violence prevalence surveys. been few and far between. One Our experience to this effect notable exception in this regard was however has proved problematic. an in-depth evaluation study of Malta’s domestic violence prevalence shelter services for domestic violence study efforts may be best described as survivors (Galea-Seychell 1999). sporadic, ad hoc, lacking co-ordina- Service-based administrative data tion or follow-up. is collated on an on-going basis by Appogg (Foundation of Social Welfare Services) – the national agency for do- Population-based studies ad- mestic violence and child protection dressing domestic violence to services in Malta. date include: Appogg runs support and counsel- ` ling services for both victims and per- A national crime victim survey petrators of domestic violence, and a (NCVS) commissioned to the in- shelter for victims of domestic vio- stitute of forensic studies (Univer- lence. The Agency publishes data on sity of Malta) by the then ministry “case turnover”, (reporting new, on- for home affairs in 1997. going and closed cases), type of abuse – The survey targeted 1 000 house- and referrals on an annual basis. holds. The households were sys- Voluntary sector shelters maintain tematic randomly sampled from all their own service-based statistics also households listed in Malta tele- recording referral and intake fre- phone directory. quency on an on-going basis. – Participants were required to be Together with police records track- aged 16+ last birthday. ing domestic violence reports per lo- – The survey tool mirrored (with cality and subsequent court arraign- some adaptations after piloting) ments and other criminal justice data, the CVS (UNICRI) questionnaire.

Regional seminar, Lisbon, Portugal, 5 July 2007 99 Stop domestic violence Collecting service-based administrative data against women

– This was a general crime victimisa- · More women than men however re- From the outset the Commission tion survey. Hence, domestic vio- ported thinking that domestic vio- has prioritised the addressing of this lence was only one of several do- lence is very common. lacuna. Shortly after its setting up, the mains addressed. · More women than men also tended to Commission sought to establish – Domains relevant to domestic vio- perceive sexual violence as a very seri- contact with HEUNI (European Insti- lence included “sexual abuse”, “vio- ous offence (M: 69%; F: 81%). tute for Crime Prevention and Con- lence/force”, “threat of violence/ · Fewer Gozitans (56%) than Maltese trol, affiliated with the United Na- force”, “injury” by “spouse”, “rela- (76%) recorded considering sexual tions) to explore possibilities for tive” and “close friend”. violence to be very serious. participation in the International Vio- lence Against Women Survey – Response rate: unknown. · 36% overall reported not knowing (IVAWS) project. – Raw data passed on to the Ministry, whether specific laws on domestic violence in Malta exist or not. This entails a comparative, inter- only preliminary data analysis ef- national prevalence survey using the fected. Report not published. ` Undergraduate studies (UOM) tried and tested methodologies of the ` Domestic violence against women: Domestic violence has attracted International Crime Victim Survey perceptions of the maltese general considerable scrutiny by several un- (ICVS) developed amongst others by public (NSO, 2003). dergraduate University of Malta stu- UNICRI (United Nations Inter-regional Crime and Justice Research In- – Survey Commissioned by the Re- dents, mostly in the form of disserta- stitute. search Unit (MSP) to the National tions by BA (Hons.) Social Work Statistics Office (NSO). degree course alumni. LLD, MA These attempts at establishing (Human Rights), BA (Hons.) Sociol- contact have not proved successful. – Examined public perceptions on ogy and other social science students The Commission is now in an ad- domestic violence against women also record an interest in the area. and related factors, including, level vanced stage of the process of estab- Studies have focused inter alia on of awareness/knowledge on do- lishing a Research and Statistics Sub- the bio-psycho-social effects and mestic violence/laws preventing committee with the specific objective traumas of domestic violence (e.g. domestic violence; perceived de- of building a sustained approach stigma, ostracisation, mental health terminants of domestic violence towards prevalence studies in the problems), domestic violence causal- and perceptions on approaches to sector and to rationalise administra- ity, the impact of domestic violence on combat domestic violence. tive-based data practices that are cer- children, police intervention in cases tainly valuable indicators of the reality – Survey replicated EC opinion poll of spousal/partner abuse and other of domestic violence in Malta. (Eurobarometer 51.0: Europeans remedies available for victims. Most Our presence here evinces the and their views on domestic vio- of these studies make use of qualita- Commission and the Council of Eu- lence). tive, ethnographic methods generat- rope’s commitment to realise these – Procedure: Systematic Random ing valuable primary data while giving goals and thus assist improvement sample. voice to the main protagonists here – and consolidation of services and – Sample Size (N=700); generated namely women victims/survivors of moreover to ensure an informed plat- from electoral register database). domestic violence. form for the development of domestic This brief overview thus reveals –Response rate: 65%. violence policies at national level. that while the phenomenon of vio- – Main Findings: awareness on do- We are confident that we can count lence against women, including most on the plentitude of experiences and mestic violence comparable to pre- notably domestic violence, has been enlargement EU 15 member states the sound knowledge base of our col- subject to scientific scrutiny by leagues here to arrive successfully at (Malta 94.6%; EU 15 95.6%), higher various interested parties, as yet, awareness reported among 25-44 the completion of these paramount Malta lacks an on-going population objectives. age group, residents of the North- based prevalence survey mapping the ern region and persons in posses- extent and magnitude of the problem sion of post-secondary/tertiary ed- within a comparative, pan-European References ucation. The highest level of lack of framework. – Galea-Seychell, O. 1999. Shelter awareness was recorded among the The setting up of the Commission Services for Survivors of Domestic Gozo/Comino region (11%). on Domestic Violence by law decree Violence in the Maltese Islands: A · More women (5.6%) than men (3.4%) in 2006, aims inter alia at providing Qualitative Evaluation. Malta: reported having not heard about do- the requisite framework to advance Ministry for Social Policy. mestic violence. the realisation of such studies by (a) – National Statistics Office (NSO). · Compared to the EU 15 average (24%); tapping into and mobilising existing 2003. Domestic Violence against 29% of the total amount of Maltese re- resources and expertise, and (b) Women: Perceptions of the Mal- spondents recorded perceiving do- gleaning lessons of best practice in the tese General Public. Malta: Minis- mestic violence to be very common. area that exist internationally. try for Social Policy..

100 Data collection as a prerequisite for effective policies to combat violence against women Mr Filiberto Introduction The awareness-raising cam- Before dealing with the theme of paign Casali this presentation, I would like to say I would like to present some figures just a few words as an introduction: in and data about the campaign started San Marino the Campaign to combat in San Marino: it was launched on Expert on Data violence against women, including 29 November through advertising, domestic violence started officially on posters, publications, public encoun- Collection in the Field 29 November 2006 and we have been ters and debates with people and in of Violence against collecting data since 1 December schools, training seminars for experts 2006. involved in the field, the creation of a Women, Department free telephone help line called “pink of Health, San Marino Therefore, the experience of San line” to help victims of violence. The Marino is quite recent and the data activities are co-ordinated by collection and treatment regarding Ms Patrizia Busignani, who is the Na- the phenomenon of violence against tional Responsible for the campaign in women are still in their early stages. the Republic of San Marino. The cam- The aim of this presentation is to de- paign will end officially in March scribe the work done in order to share 2008. On that occasion, the results with you the choices made to collect will be published and disclosed. the data and try to gather all the infor- The main goals of the campaign mation collected. are: I will welcome any observations or ` To raise the awareness of people suggestions from you. about this problem. First of all, I would like to give you ` To raise the awareness of institu- a short description of San Marino: tions. ` It covers an area of 61 square kilo- ` To collect data to investigate the metres. phenomenon at local and national level. ` it has a population of about 30.448 ` To check and verify the laws in 1 people force and to introduce new laws to help and protect the victims. ` 14 997 are male, and 15 471 are female (13 230 of whom2 are older ` To improve the actions of the than 16 years old). public services. Therefore we are talking about a Data collection small country. However, this charac- teristic has enabled us to work imme- Before the launch of the campaign, diately in close cooperation with all there were no data or reports on the the professionals involved, trying to phenomenon of violence against create a network of experts with women, including domestic violence. whom we decided what kind and how We thought from the beginning that it many data we would collect. was necessary to involve all services dealing with this problem and to 1. Statistical report of March 2007, issued choose together with them common by San Marino Office for National Statistics. instruments and measures to collect 2. Estimated figure. data. Therefore, we involved a repre-

Regional seminar, Lisbon, Portugal, 5 July 2007 101 Stop domestic violence Collecting service-based administrative data against women sentative from each of the following stance by addressing to the Emer- ` Citizenship services: gency Room or to the Police ` Educational qualification ` The 3 Police forces of San Marino; Forces). This concerns especially – Unknown cases of psychological violence at ` Family doctors; –Elementary school home. ` The Emergency Room of San Ma- – Middle school rino’s Hospital; – Secondary school The stages of data collection –University degree ` The Psychiatric Service; We distinguished different stages ` Job ` San Marino’s Minor Service; to collect the data: ` The Home Care Service; ` During the initial stage we analysed Personal data concerning the person committing violence or harassment ` The Elderly Care Service; the data as they were collected before the launch of the Campaign. ` Birth year ` The Pink Line; ` Together with the working group ` Gender ` San Marino’s justice court. we agreed on the data to conduct a The goals set to collect data are: ` Kind of family or emotional rela- first survey. tionship with the victim ` To gather together the data col- ` lected We prepared a paper questionnaire ` Citizenship and shared it to collect informa- To know the scale of the problem it ` Educational qualification tion. is necessary to have data. However, – Unknown the data collected must be compara- ` Finally, we distributed the ques- –Elementary school ble. tionnaire to experts and profes- – Middle school ` To collect information without vio- sionals. – Secondary school lating privacy rights ` Depending on the data we will re- –University degree We have always considered privacy ceive, we will decide whether to ` Job as a priority for us, especially during create software for the data compi- this initial phase. Indeed, we believe lation and collection. Data concerning the violence or har- that this phase is important to bring to assment suffered light the problem of violence against Questionnaire to collect the ` Kind of violence or harassment women, including domestic violence. data (also more than one) –Physical ` To create a “network of profession- This is briefly the questionnaire we –Sexual als” to investigate the problem distributed: The co-operation and teamwork –Psychological ` Date of notice involving experts must be used not –Economic only to collect data, but also to find ` Place where the questionnaire was –Stalking common and co-ordinated answers to filled in – Others (to specify) the problem, according to some Personal data concerning the victim of ` Annotations agreed “guidelines”. violence or harassment Data concerning minors involved (di- ` To verify the opportunity to dis- ` Birth year rectly or indirectly) cover as soon as possible violence cases or “border-line” situations ` Gender ` Number of minors before becoming evident (for in- ` Place of residence ` Kind of family relationship.

102 Data collection as a prerequisite for effective policies to combat violence against women Data as a knowledge base for effective policies to combat violence against women

The Nordic experience

Ladies and gentlemen, first I’d like to As far as I know, among the Nordic Ms Helena thank you for the invitation to take countries only Denmark collects na- part in this seminar. I am also grateful tional data on violence against women Ewalds for this opportunity to present to you on a regular basis. The Danish Insti- some examples of how the Nordic tute of Public Health has established a countries have developed documen- national database on violence against Senior Officer, tation by various authorities on vio- women in Denmark, in collaboration Department for Family lence against women. I will focus in with the Women’s Council and the particular on the documentation by Minister of Gender Equality. The da- and Social Affairs, social and health care authorities. My tabase consists of data collected from Ministry of Social presentation is not based on a specific various sources, such as national reg- joint Nordic study but on the informa- isters, surveys and administrative in- Affairs and Health, tion I have collected from my Nordic formation from shelters and rape Finland, and member colleagues. crisis centres. The data contains information about violence that has come Generally, it could be said that al- of the Council of to the knowledge of the police, vio- though the Nordic countries are lence that has been recorded by health Europe Task Force to known to have good statistics and sys- care units, and violence that is not tematic records of matters, there is Combat Violence known to the public. Information on still much room for development with violence of different types is obtained against Women, regard to the systematic registration from different sources. The register of violence against women. including Domestic does not cover psychological violence. Violence Collection of administrative data is I will give you a personal example highlighted as a topical issue in partic- of how the recording of violence ular in the national action plans to started at local level in a municipality reduce violence against women and I was employed in at the beginning of intimate partner violence. We need 2000. The purpose was to create a better records of violence kept by au- local model of action to reduce vio- thorities. We will get a better picture lence against women. The various of violence by combining the material social and health care actors, the of different authorities. If the activity school, child day care etc. were as- is, for instance, based on the data of signed to survey how often they met the police alone, the scale of combat- violence against women in their eve- ing violence against women remains ryday work. The authorities’ sponta- limited. Such comprehensive data on neous reaction was that the number of violence is needed at both, national such cases is fairly low. Based on a and local level, so as to be able to focus more careful survey, after the matter the actions on issues that demand de- had been paid attention to, the situa- velopment and to offer comprehen- tion was found to be quite different. A sive assistance to the victims of vio- considerable change took place for in- lence. stance in mental health work and

Regional seminar, Lisbon, Portugal, 5 July 2007 105 Stop domestic violence Data as a knowledge base for effective policies to combat violence against women against women family guidance, where staff started to information carefully, and therefore sectors have made a joint decision to ask women systematically if they had the ICD classification apparently does improve and harmonise the docu- experienced violence. This survey not give reliable information about vi- mentation and statistics of violence. helped the authorities to become olence against women met in health That work has been started by devel- aware of the existence of the problem care. This problem has been recog- oping questions about violence as a and motivated them to develop their nised in both Norway and Finland. part of the client data in social serv- work against violence. The informa- I believe that just for this reason the ices. The purpose is that every social tion was also important for local deci- recording of physical violence has service client will be asked if he or she sion-makers, which needed justifica- been developed in health care in the has experiences of violence for which tion for why resources should be Nordic countries. In Finland, a partic- he or she would need help. If the allocated to combating violence. ular assault and body map form has answer is yes, other questions describ- In Norway, a comparable question- recently been introduced in emer- ing violence will be asked. The ques- naire survey “A week to count” was gency health care in some areas. The tions are similar to those on the carried out at the request of the Min- aim of the form is to improve the legal assault and body map form. The said istry of Justice in 2003. During one protection of the victim as well as co- recording form will be experimented week, various authorities recorded operation of authorities. Representa- with in some municipalities in the how often they met intimate partner tives of both the police and the munic- autumn. If the questions prove usable, violence in their work. Also this cam- ipal social service system have been the aim is to introduce them nation- paign showed that if the authorities do involved in the development of the ally. The objective is to take up vio- not systematically ask about violence form. A great number of variables de- lence for discussion, to record possi- it will not be recorded. scribing violence are recorded on the ble violence and, if needed, refer the It is therefore important to create a forms: information about injuries, the person to some other mode of assist- systematic method of surveying and manner of perpetrating, the relation- ance. recording experiences of violence. In ship between the victim and perpetra- In 2003 a study was carried out in the Nordic countries there can be seen tor, sites of violence, exposure of chil- Norway regarding the ways of differ- different emphases in the develop- dren to violence, and authorities’ ent authorities to identify violence ment of keeping a record of violence. further measures relating to the case. against women and intimate partner On the one hand, the countries aim to A study carried out about the use of violence. The study was one measure systematise and specify the keeping of the form shows that the recording has in the national action plan to improve a record by those authorities that have clearly improved the co-operation the recording of violence. The study to deal with violence directly, such as between authorities and thus pro- issues recommendations for further the police and acute medical care staff. vided more comprehensive help to the measures in recording violence. In On the other hand, the aim is to victim of violence. Co-operation with conclusion, I want to mention an im- improve the keeping of a record of vi- the hospital concerned has facilitated portant point of view raised in the olence by those authorities with which the investigation of assault offences. Norwegian study that we endorse. A the patients or clients do not them- The aim is to introduce this form na- routine (systematic) identification of selves take up the matter, or the matter tionally so that it will be integrated violence presupposes that there is an is not the chief reason for contacting into the electronic patient record. As effective service system in place to the authority. Screening of violence regards sexual violence, at least help the victims of violence. Without a has also been developed for identify- Sweden and Finland have issued in- systematic identification of violence, ing violence experienced by pregnant structions to physicians and health the recording of violence remains in- women and women who have recently care staff regarding how to investigate adequate. It is not possible to develop given birth. and record cases of sexual violence. the services needed for helping the Health care generally uses the in- On the other hand, there is no victims of violence if the situations ternational classification of diseases – uniform way of recording violence in and needs of the victims are not iden- the ICD 10 diagnosis classification. social services, although among the tified and recorded. The efforts to The ICD classification allows record- clients there are often women who develop the recording of violence are ing the injuries caused by violence and have experienced violence. The situa- inadequate if the identification of vio- also the perpetrator of violence. Un- tion is similar in all the Nordic coun- lence and development of the systems fortunately, doctors do not fill in this tries. In Finland, the administrative of assistance are not linked to it.

106 Data collection as a prerequisite for effective policies to combat violence against women Other national experiences

It is not a secret that as much as each The National Programme on the of us is not physically one and identi- improvement of the women’s situa- cal, thus much an idea of differences tion and on increasing their role in exists. Differences by their essence are society has been adopted by the Re- also perceived differently. Differences public of Armenia Government Reso- Ms Anahit Safyan acquire different qualities by the char- lution No. 406 on 26 June 1998. The acter of perception. They are per- collection and publication of statisti- ceived as good or bad, pleasant or cal data on the social and economic Head of International non-pleasant, tolerant and non-toler- situation of women have been fore- Statistical ant, etc. The main point is to recog- seen by the mentioned programme. nise that riches and value of existing Based on the above, in 1999 the Na- Co-operation Division, realities are exactly in differences that tional Statistical Service of the Repub- National Statistical requires care of them, being equipped lic of Armenia published the first with tolerance. booklet on gender statistics Women Service, Armenia The issue of gender equality is one and Men in the Republic of Armenia. of numerous products of differences. The development and publication In this aspect, the issue of gender became possible thanks to technical equality has become the subject of support of Statistics Sweden, headed discussions in many countries and so- by Ms Birgitta Hedman, Gender Sta- cieties, and at present with the tistics Expert, and financed by the support of modern statistics it is dis- Swedish International Development cussed against a scientific back- and Co-operation Agency (SIDA). ground; due to this fact the processes Since 1999, the process of large- of solving of tasks of a gendered char- scale introduction of statistical indi- acter have been intensified. cators into all statistical publications Armenia as a country in transition by gender has been started. Consider- that is based on the liberal economy able work has been done to introduce and democratic principles actively and develop “gender-responsive” sta- engaged in that process. On 15 April tistics. Besides, the active methodo- 1998 the Government of the Republic logical work has been conducted with of Armenia adopted Resolution No. all administrative registers on transi- 242 “On programme provisions on tion to the data collection, archiving improvement of the women’s situa- and presentation by gender. tion in the Republic of Armenia”, aimed at providing equal rights and It is not a secret that the Millen- opportunities for women and men, as nium Development Goals (MDGs) defined in Article 15 of the Constitu- adopted by the United Nations in Sep- tion of the Republic of Armenia, in tember 2000 are the most comprehen- United Nations Convention on the sive and worldwide programme of the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimi- 21st century, Goal 3 of which is to nation against Women and imple- promote gender equality and the em- mentation of recommendations of the powerment of women. Beijing Fourth World Conference in To implement the programme, an 1995. important role is reserved for statisti-

Regional seminar, Lisbon, Portugal, 5 July 2007 107 Stop domestic violence Data as a knowledge base for effective policies to combat violence against women against women cians both at international and na- hold surveys conducted by the Na- sential to international relations in the tional level. tional Statistical Service of the Repub- twenty-first century”, the documents The MDGs indicators have also lic of Armenia. of the Council of Europe for the Equal- been reflected in the Poverty Reduc- In 2003, the National Action Plan ity of Rights of Women and Men and tion Strategy Programme (PRSP) (NAP) on Improving the Status of commitments of the Republic of Ar- adopted by the Government of Women in the Republic of Armenia menia. The programme aims at sup- Armenia in 2003, the goals of which and Enhancing their Role in Society porting equal rights and opportuni- are also benchmarked for achieve- for 2004-2010 has been adopted by ties for women and men that must be ment by 2015. the Republic of Armenia Govern- assured as a prerequisite to build a The MDG-based PRSP, where the ment. The NAP is based on the rele- democratic, legal and social state and development of gender policy is one of vant provisions of the Republic of to create a civil society. the main components, has been de- Armenia Constitution and targeted at signed by the Government of the fulfillment of the United Nations Following the first statistical Armenia with the support of interna- Convention on the Elimination of All booklet on gender and as a result of tional organisations and experts. Forms of Violence against Women, the skills, knowledge and experience, NGOs have largely been involved in the recommendations of the Beijing and lessons learned in the course of that work. There were large-scale dis- Conference, the United Nations Mil- co-operation with Statistics Sweden, cussions on the draft PRSP by civil lennium Development Declaration the National Statistical Service of the society. When defining the PRSP requirements that are benchmarks for Republic of Armenia published monitoring indicators, numerous sta- progress towards a vision of develop- “Family and children in Armenia” tistical indicators have been taken into ment, peace and human rights, guided 2000 and “Men and Women in Arme- account, particularly results of house- by “certain fundamental values … es- nia” 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 statistical

Work with users, marketing, V data presentation and dissemination

Data classification, identification personnel IV verification and compilation vel

organisational, Seeking available and forming III new statistical and administrative data sources (work with respondents)

ovision at the national le

methodological,

Statistics mission and methodology Legal regulating (including data quality and

II and financial pr international comparisons)

Lobbying for legal,

Gender issues I and gender policy objectives

108 Data collection as a prerequisite for effective policies to combat violence against women Stop à la violence Ms Anahit Safyan domestique faite aux femmes booklets that raised a wide resonance disaggregated through the conduc- gender equality and women’s empow- among statistical users. tion of special surveys, such as surveys erment. Gender statistics are an im- The mentioned booklet by gender on time use, illegal trafficking, illegal portant tool and reference guide for covers such areas as population, migration, violence against women in policy makers and key actors in the health, social security and social pro- households, etc. Armenian statistical given field. The success of compiling tection, family and households, edu- priorities should include data related gender statistics depends on the dia- cation and science, culture and sport, to gender issues. logue between statisticians and users employment and unemployment, Gender statistics show disparities of such statistics. time use, crime, power and influence. or inequalities, women’s multiple bur- The process of introduction, main- Gender statistics data sources are dens, gender inequality in education, tenance and development of gender current statistics, population census, employment, gender-based violence statistics in Armenia in technological household surveys, labour force sur- (domestic violence, conflict situa- and organisational aspect could be veys, health and demographic sur- tions), gender inequality in decision- presented by the following scheme, in veys, time use surveys, administrative making processes; it should reflect the which the delimitation on phases are data. place and role of women and men in relative, because the whole process Being comparatively new area in society, considering them as particu- has a cyclic character. Armenia, gender statistics need to be lar social and demographic groups, In general, the gender statistics in developed and improved in the future, with different social and economic re- Armenia and non-solved tasks could to be improved in use of information alities available to them. be presented by the following scheme. administrative sources, to be ex- Gender statistics aim at defining an tended in coverage and set of indica- impartial basis for comparing and tors, as well as to be further gender- evaluating the progress towards

Gender statistics Tasks to improve Lack of production gender statistics gender statistics in Armenia in Armenia in Armenia

Population To deepen disaggregation Lack of gender statistics of available data in agriculture Health by their content

Social security Lack of gender statistics and social protection To deepen disaggregation in business of available data and entrepreneurship Family and households by regions

Education and science Lack of gender statistics To develop administrative on informal employment Culture and sport data sources and improve the methodology and tools Employment aimed at reducing Lack of gender statistics and unemployment the respondent’s burden on latent crime Time use Lack of gender statistics Crime in business on trafficking Power and influence and migration

Regional seminar, Lisbon, Portugal, 5 July 2007 109 For almost ten years, by taking into phenomenon but also of evaluating its Ms Francesca Tei consideration the lines of action of the perception and tolerance. Therefore, Council of Europe, in particular the this survey extended not only to the ones referring to: service operators but also to the citi- Sociologist, Team ` The promotion of the data collec- zens. ARIANNA Project, tion and of the creation of inter- Almost at the end of this project, vention networks and in continuity with the Urban Department for Rights ` The support to both national and Project, a request for proposals and Equal local quantitative and qualitative opened in 2005 for the activation of a researches with a gender perspec- “National Network against Violence” Opportunities, Italy tive, in order to improve awareness and the organisation and manage- and guarantee the creation of inter- ment of a call centre service by means vention strategies and operative of the creation of an experimental free proposals, which start from the number to support the victims of collection of data and information intra- and extra-domestic violence. about all aspects of the phenome- This request was launched by the non and the actions implemented Presidency of the Council of Minis- to face it ters, and had the aim of offering a first the Italian Government has been pro- help phone service and of building an moting and financing important integrated system of actions and serv- studies and researches aimed at com- ices for the women who are victims of bating gender violence. In addition to violence. the recent National Survey on vio- This initiative is part of an equal lence headed by the institute for na- opportunities and gender-oriented tional statistics (ISTAT), another re- policy which tries to overcome the search deserves to be mentioned silence of the victims of violence by before talking about the free phone taking into account and using both the service for women who are victims of single and collective practises and violence, created by the Department knowledge of women. for Rights and Equal Opportunities of For nearly two years the number the Presidency of the Council of Min- 1522 for women victims of violence isters. has been a public service managed by In fact, the project Rete Antiviolenza a temporary company network, tra le città Urban Italia (Network formed by a profit company special- against Violence among Urban Italy ised in the provision of call centres, an cities) began in 1998, with the coordi- onlus women association managing a nation of the Department, within PIC centre against violence in Sicily and an Urban Italy 1994-1999 (Programme association of social research expert based on an EU initiative and devoted on gender inequalities and equal op- to the poor urban areas of European portunities. towns). It was later reinforced by the The service is organised between resources of FSE PON “Security for two working groups: an external the development of the South of Italy” group composed of phone operators It is the first research action lasting who answer to the public according to eight years and addressing the aware- two reply levels, and an internal group ness of violence within the family, composed by several professionals with the aim not only of measuring the devoted everyday to a good function-

110 Data collection as a prerequisite for effective policies to combat violence against women Stop à la violence Ms Francesca Tei domestique faite aux femmes ing, monitoring and extension of the people between 31 and 50 tell the The perpetrator of violence is the service both to reach further areas and phone operators mostly about physi- victim’s partner in 76% of the cases, a to offer new services. cal abuses, followed by psychological relative in 15% and an unknown Indeed, the heart of the service ones. person in 8.2%. structure is a national map of public During the whole period of the call Among the women who are victims and private non-profit services oper- centres activation, 12 931 people of sexual abuse, 61.4% declare they ating to fight gender violence. This called, of whom 92.3% were women have been undergoing it for years, map is organised at the provincial having undergone some type of vio- 28.1% some days before the call to level, and includes centres against violence. They represent the 70.7% of the 1522, whereas 10.4% just some hours lence linked to shelter houses for sample, the 12% is a relative or a before. abused women and their children, friend/acquaintance, the 10.6% is just We believe that the phone service basic health services, women associa- a citizen, the 2.3% are service opera- 1522 for women victims of violence tions, centres where people may be tors and then there are few freelanc- has been activated fully exploiting its listened to by catholic volunteers, first ers. The operators are most of all opportunities, also thanks to the aid units, family consulting centres social assistants (30.5%) followed by women who called it, and contributed and police forces. the ones working in centres against vi- to the knowledge of a social phenom- With the aim of better understand- olence (21.5%). enon characterised by silence, which ing the phenomenon, the phone data The main reason urging women to is difficult to overcome. are collected once every three months contact the call centre is always a The coldness of data cannot always about the characteristics of the request for help, because they have fully comprehend the phenomena, women who are victims of violence undergone violence (76.5%), they but we believe that, by going on with and the type and perpetrator of the vi- want to report a case they have seen or the collection of cases on intra- and olence they have undergone. heard, but that involves them, even if extra-familiar violence, we can get to Most of all we speak about married in a hidden way (15.1%), and finally share the knowledge and experience women, with a high school diploma, the 12.1% call to have some informa- of the centres against violence, and the both housewives and employed tion about help services and the training of the operators who work in outside the family. On average young project in which they are included. the services helping the victims.

Data of the call centre 1522 for women victims of violence, during the period from 8 March to 15 June 2007

Table 1 Table 3 Table 4..

Gender of the users Who called 1522? Types of violence reported in the calls Gender V.a. V. % Ty p e o f u s e r V. a . V. % Specific reason for the V.a. V. % Male 992 7.7 Woman victim of vio- 9141 70.7 lence call (type of violence) Relative/friend/acquaint- Female 11.939 92.3 1 558 12.0 Violence by the partner 5660 76.5 ance Total 12.931 100.0 Citizen 1370 10.6 Violence by relatives 1 105 15.0

Table 2 Violence by unknown Operator 301 2.3 people 612 8.2 Sexual abuse within the Nationality of the users* Freelancer 63 0.5 14 0.20 family Italian nationality V.a. V. % Disturbing person 498 3.8 Total* 7391 100.0 Yes 9439 91.5 Total* 12 931 100.0 * The total is lower than 12 931 because the No 881 8.5 question is a specification of the reason “help * The total is higher than 12 931 because the request by a woman victim of violence”.

Total 10 320 100.0 question permitted multiple answers. The per- Table 5 centages are calculated on the basis of the new * The variable nationality shows a lower answers. Timing of the violence number of total cases because it was introduced in the communication plan only in mid- Gender V.a. V. % July 2006. Among them 119 women do not report their home country, while 762 do. Some hours before 10 10.4

Some days before 27 28.1

Months or years before 59 61.4

Total 96 100.0

Regional seminar, Lisbon, Portugal, 5 July 2007 111

Closing address

Ladies and gentlemen, Ladies and gentlemen, Mr Hanno Hartig The third seminar organised By declaring the issue of data col- within the Council of Europe Cam- lection on violence against women a paign to Combat Violence against Campaign objective, the Council of Head of Department, Women, including Domestic Violence Europe Task Force to Combat Violence Directorate of is now drawing to a close. against Women, including Domestic Throughout the day we have been Violence has placed it high up on our Standard-Setting, discussing how more and better data agenda. Today’s speeches and contri- Directorate General of can serve the ongoing efforts to butions have shown that many initia- combat violence against women, in- tives to collect and harmonise popula- Human Rights and cluding domestic violence. We have tion-based data are currently being Legal Affairs, Council also discussed what type of data needs undertaken. The knowledge-base on to be collected and how. We have surveys, specialised or general, and of Europe heard from academic researchers, how to conduct them, is growing. It is from national and international statis- now time to apply this knowledge in tics experts and also from various gov- every possible way. ernmental and NGO representatives The seminar has also shown, how- what is currently being done and how ever, that administrative data can and their efforts are helping to shape or should be compiled, but that efforts to review measures to combat violence do so are scant. There are many against women. reasons for this, ranging from practi- I am especially pleased that this cal to legal difficulties and back. How- seminar has enabled us to learn more ever, it is worthwhile looking into about the work carried out in this field ways in which the information availa- by two other international organisa- ble to important sectors such as the tions, namely the United Nations and judiciary, the police, the health and the World Health Organization. For social fields, can be used to ultimately that I am very grateful to Ms Guisep- save the lives of women. Because in pina Muratore, member of the the end, this is what we are all trying to UNECE Task Force on Measurement do. That is why the Council of Europe of Violence against Women, and will work, together with researchers, Ms Henrica Jansen from the World on the development of harmonised Health Organization, who came to guidelines for collecting administra- this seminar to share their expertise tive data on victims of domestic vio- with us. lence. These guidelines are intended I would like to extend my warmest to support member states in collect- thanks to all speakers and participants ing such data and will be made availa- for their excellent interventions and ble towards the end of the Campaign. fruitful discussion. Already now I would like to encourage I would also like to express my grat- you to apply these guidelines and itude to the Portuguese government adjust the collection of administrative and especially the Commission for data in your home countries to Citizenship and Gender Equality of become more knowledgeable about Portugal for hosting this seminar and violence against women and steer for their hospitality. Ms Elza Pais and your efforts in the right direction. This her team have contributed signifi- would be an effective contribution to cantly to the success of this seminar. eliminating violence against women

Regional seminar, Lisbon, Portugal, 5 July 2007 115 Stop domestic violence Closing address against women and showing respect for women’s Campaign. The members of the Task pants and can be accessed on the human rights. Force present here today and myself special Campaign website. As you know, the Council of Europe have taken note of your proposals and On behalf of the Council of Europe, Task Force to Combat Violence against ideas for action so that they can be let me thank you again for your contri- Women, including Domestic Violence channelled into that process. They butions to this seminar. I look forward will assess the measures and action may therefore lead to new intergov- to receiving information on any taken by member states during the ernmental activities. The proceedings follow-up action which this seminar Campaign. The Task Force will base of this seminar containing all might spark in your country – during its assessment partly on the informa- speeches and presentations will soon the course of this Campaign and be- tion it will obtain from the five semi- be published, so that all information is yond. nars organised within the intergov- retained. The proceedings will be ernmental dimension of this made available to all seminar partici-

116 Data collection as a prerequisite for effective policies to combat violence against women Participants Stop domestic violence Participants against women

Member states of the Council of Europe

Armenia Ms Francesca Tei Ms Maria de Belém Roseira Sociologist for 1522 National number to Member of the Portuguese Parliament Ms Nelli Duryan combat intra and extra domestic violence Assembleia da República Police Colonel against women Grupo Parlamentar do Partido Socialista Head of the Division of Minor Issues Department for Rights and Equal Opportuni- Mr Manuel Lisboa Department of Public Security Protection ties Professor Police of the Republic of Armenia LeNove studies and research Le Onde onlus Department of Sociology Ms Anahit Safyan Ms Alessandra Kustermann New University of Lisbon Head of the International Statistical Gynecologist, Head of Centre against Violence Ms Maria João Costa Co-operation Division (SVS- Soccorso Violenza Sessuale) Jurist Directorate General of Justice Policy National Statistical Service Fondazione Irccs Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Mr João Redondo Ms Susanna Vardanyan Mangiagalli e Regina Elena Director of the Service of Family Violence at the President of Women’s Rights Centre NGO Hospital Sobral CID Malta Serviço de Violência Familiar Austria Hospital Psiquiátrico Sobral Cid Ms Olivia Galea Seychell Ms Nicole Konecny-Kummer Group Human Resources & Research, Senior San Marino Judge Manager Mr Filiberto Casali Ministry of Justice Foundation for Social Welfare Services Expert on data collection in the field of violence Ms Joslyn Magro against women Cyprus Manager Labour Market Statistics Department of Health Ms Maria Kyratzi National Statistics Office Ms Katia Massari Welfare Officer, Responsible for Family and Member of the Commission’s sub-committee Representative of the Ministry of Foreign Child Protection (Violence against women, in- on research and data collation Affairs cluding domestic violence) Mr Albert Bell Paneuropean Campaign of the Council of Social Welfare Services Member of the Commission on Domestic Vio- Europe on violence against women, including Ministry of Labour and Social Insurance lence domestic violence Department of Foreign Affairs Designate Chairperson of the Commission’s Ms Maria Yiangou Palazzo Begni Welfare Officer, Responsible for the Statistics of sub-committee on research and data collation Social Welfare Services Lecturer, Department of Youth and Commu- Slovakia nity Studies Ministry of Labour and Social Insurance Faculty of Education Ms Viera Hanuláková Mr Constantinos Veis University of Malta Head of the Gender Equality and Equal Oppor- Superintendent responsible for Domestic Vio- tunities Department lence and Child Abuse Office Portugal Ministry of Labour, Social Affairs and Family Cyprus Police Ms Veronika Žuffová – Kunčová Mr Fernando Rocha Andrade Chief State Counsellor Georgia Under-State Secretary of Internal Affairs Office for Personal Data Protection Government of Portugal Mr Ednar Mgeladze Ms Dušana Karlovská Ms Alda Maria Carvalho Head of the Fenestra Crises Centre (NGO) Ministry of Internal Affairs President of the National Institute of Statistics Ms Lika Sidamonidze Mr Jorge Lacão Ministry of Internal Affairs Secretary of State of the Presidency Ukraine Ms Thea Metreveli Council of Ministers of Portugal Mr Viktor Suslov Redactor of Gender informational Portal Government of Portugal Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs of Ukraine Women’s Information Center Mr Mário Dias Comes Ms Olena Aleksandrova Vice-Attorney General, Portugal Senior staff of the Department of the Interna- Italy tional Cooperation of the State Committee of Mr Antonio Rendas Statistics of Ukraine Ms Silvia Della Monica Dean of the New University of Lisbon Mr Andrii Pasichnyk Chief of Department Ms Elza Pais Attaché of the Directorate General for Treaties Department of Rights and Equal Opportunities Commission for Citizenship and Gender Equal- and Legal Affairs of the Ministry of Foreign [Apologised/Excusée] ity Affairs of Ukraine

118 Data collection as a prerequisite for effective policies to combat violence against women Stop à la violence domestique faite aux femmes

Keynote speakers Ms Carol Hagemann-White Ms Liz Kelly Mr Sami Nevala Professor Professor of Sexualised Violence European Union Agency for Fundamental Faculty of General Pedagogy and Gender Human Rights and Social Justice Research In- Rights (FRA) Studies stitute Seconded National Expert for Statistics University of Osnabrück London Metropolitan University Unit 2 – Research and Data Collection Germany United Kingdom Austria Ms Henrica Jansen Ms Maria Giuseppina Muratore World Health Organization National Institute of Statistics Switzerland Istat DCCDV SDS/C UNECE Task Force on the Measurement of Vio- lence against Women Italy

Council of Europe bodies

Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe Mr José Mendes-Bota Vice-Chairperson of the Committee on Equal Opportunities for Women and Men of the Par- liamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe Member of the Parliament of Portugal Assembleia da República

Council of Europe committees

Task Force to Combat Violence Ms Hilary Fisher Mr Manuel Lisboa against Women, including Chairperson of the Task Force Professor Domestic Violence Director Department of Sociology End Child Poverty New University of Lisbon United Kingdom Portugal Ms Helena Ewalds Senior Officer Department for Family and Social Affairs Ministry of Social Affairs and Health Finland

Guests of the host country

Representatives from the different Ms Ana Beatriz Cardoso Ms Catarina Nunes Almeida state bodies as well as NGOs and Lar Sta. Teresa Instituto da Segurança Social civil society Ms Ana Ferreira Ms Clara Quental União Geral dos Trabalhadores Ms Alexandra Dourado Associação Mulher Migrante União de Mulheres Alternativa e Resposta Ms Ana Paula Rodrigues Ms Conceição Brito Lopes Mr Américo Toscano Gabinete de Mediação Familiar Ms Cristina Duarte Aventura Humana Centro Distrital Segurança Social de Portalegre Ms Ana Rita Ferreira Ms Alexandra Figueira Câmara Municipal de Cascais Mr Aurélio Machado Câmara Municipal de Lisboa Guarda Nacional Republicana Ms Apolónia Teixeira Mr Aurélio Raimundo Ms Alexandra Pais Câmara Municipal do Barreiro Hospital Sobral Cid Guarda Nacional Republicana Ms Augusta Barbosa Ms Amélia Branco Ms Ausenda Vieira Lar Sta. Teresa Direcção-Geral da Segurança Social Direcção-Geral da Administração Interna Ms Carla Gomes Costa Mr Américo Toscano Ms Cândida Alves Centro Distrital Segurança Social de Portalegre Polícia de Segurança Pública (PSP) Associação Abraço Ms Ana Azeiteiro Mr Carlos Alberto Duarte Ms Catarina Ferreira Hospital Sobral Cid PSP São João da Madeira Câmara Municipal de Setúbal Ms Anabela Cristóvão Queirós Mr Carlos Figueira Mr Cardoso Pereira Câmara Municipal de Lisboa Departamento de Investigação e Acção Penal Guarda Nacional Republicana

Regional seminar, Lisbon, Portugal, 5 July 2007 119 Stop domestic violence Participants against women

Mr Carraço Luìs Ms Fernanda Portinha Maria Amélia Lourenço Guarda Nacional Republicana Mr Fernando Barnabé União Geral dos Trabalhadores Ms Carla Gomes Costa Câmara Municipal de Lisboa Maria Amélia Vera Jardim Polícia de Segurança Pública (PSP) Mr Fernando Gonçalves Direcção-Geral de Política da Justiça Ms Carla Nunes Ministério do Trabalho e da Segurança Social Ms Maria da Graça Colaço Câmara Municipal de Lisboa Mr Fernando Paulo Ferreira Instituto da Segurança Social Ms Carla Sèrgio Câmara Municipal de Vila Franca de Xira Ms Maria José Vicente Câmara Municipal de Odivelas Ms Filipa Sousa Pereira Câmara Municipal do Barreiro Mr Carlos Alberto Duarte Câmara Municipal de Cascais Ms Maria de Fátima Martins PSP São João da Madeira Ms Filomena Faustino União Geral dos Trabalhadores Mr Carlos Figueira Quaternaire Ms Maria Emília Borges Santos Departamento de Investigação e Acção Penal Ms Filomena Marques Centro Distrital Segurança Social de Coimbra Ms Cármen José Câmara Municipal de Lisboa Ms Maria João Leote Carvalho Câmara Municipal de Lisboa Ms Graça Freitas Ms Maria José Carrilho Ms Catarina Nunes Almeida Direcção Geral de Saúde Ms Maria Margarida Saramago Instituto da Segurança Social Mr Guilherme de Santa-Rita Casa Abrigo “Nova Esperança” Ms Cidália Maria Anjos Câmara Municipal de Lisboa Ms Maria Natal Marinha Portuguesa Ms Helena Maria Pestana Câmara Municipal da Amadora Ms Clara Quental Associação Presença Feminina Ms Maria João Leote Carvalho União Geral dos Trabalhadores Ms Helena Rodrigues Ms Maria José Carrilho Ms Cláudia Sá Câmara Municipal de Lisboa Instituto Nacional de Estatística Casa de Apoio à Mulher Vítima de Violência (Santa Casa da Misericórdia de Lisboa) Ms Inês Freitas Soares Ms Maria Margarida Saramago Câmara Municipal de Lisboa Casa Abrigo “Nova Esperança” Ms Cláudia Santa Cruz Câmara Municipal de Lisboa Ms Isabel Baptista Ms Maria Natal Centro de Estudos para a Intervenção Social Câmara Municipal da Amadora Ms Conceição Santos Centro Distrital Segurança Social da Guarda Ms Isabel Cruz Ms Maria Teresa Martins Governo Civil de Coimbra Ms Cristina Estorninho Direcção Geral da Reinserção Social Instituto da Segurança Social Ms Isabel Fernandes Ms Marília Fidalgo Dias Gabinete de Atendimento à Família Ms Cristina Gonçalves Câmara Municipal de Lisboa Câmara Municipal de Lisboa Ms Isabel Gonçalves Ms Marisa Cristóvão Associação Mulheres XXI Ms Dália Costa Casa Abrigo “Nova Esperança” Universidade Técnica de Lisboa Ms Ivone Dias Ferreira Ms Marta Borges Pires Câmara Municipal de Lisboa Ms Deolinda Mota Câmara Municipal de Lisboa Câmara Municipal de Odivelas Ms Joana Gomes Ms Marta Coelho Câmara Municipal de Lisboa Ms Dina Canço Vale da Esperança Comissão para a Cidadania e Igualdade de Mr José Carvalho Ferreira Ms Marta Isabel Mateus Género Câmara Municipal de Lisboa Marinha Portuguesa Mr Domingos Santos Ms Laura Pinheiro Ms Maria José Maia Escola Secundária Sebastião da Silva Vale da Esperança Escola Secundária Sebastião da Silva Mr Eduardo Lima Pinto Ms Leonor Furtado Ms Marta Pinto Estado-Maior do Exército Direcção Geral da Reinserção Social Câmara Municipal de Odivelas Ms Elizabete Brasil Ms Lucrécia de Jesus da Silva Ms Marta Santos União de Mulheres Alternativa e Resposta Administração Regional Saúde Alentejo Comissão para a Cidadania e Igualdade de Ms Elsa Beja Ms Luísa Brito Género Associação Portuguesa de Apoio à Vítima Vale da Esperança Ms Marta Silva Ms Ema Lourenço Ms Madalena Franco Amnistia Internacional Presidência do Conselho de Ministros Câmara Municipal de Lisboa Mr Miguel Reis Ms Fátima Abrantes Mendes Mr Manuel Albano Câmara Municipal de Lisboa Assembleia da República Comissão para a Cidadania e Igualdade de Ms Mónica Diniz Ms Fátima Alves Género Câmara Municipal de Lisboa Escola Secundária Sebastião da Silva Mr Manuel Correia Ms Mónica Henriques Ms Fátima Coelho Santa Casa da Misericórdia do Fundão Cruz Vermelha Portuguesa (Matosinhos) Direcção Geral da Reinserção Social Ms Manuela Marinho Ms Nádia Domingos Ms Fátima Costa Gomes Comissão para a Cidadania e Igualdade de Câmara Municipal de Lisboa Direcção Geral da Reinserção Social Género Mr Nuno Freitas Mr Fausto Gomes Ms Márcia Mendes da Silva Universidade Lusófona Direcção Geral da Reinserção Social Projecto Escolhas Mr Nuno Gradim Ms Fernanda Corda Ms Margarida Faustino Comissão para a Cidadania e Igualdade de Direcção Geral da Reinserção Social Associação Portuguesa de Mulheres Juristas Género Ms Fernanda Miguel Ms Maria da Conceição Santos Ms Oriana Lourenço Câmara Municipal da Amadora Direcção-Geral da Reinserção Social Direcção Geral da Reinserção Social

120 Data collection as a prerequisite for effective policies to combat violence against women Stop à la violence domestique faite aux femmes

Ms Otília Saraiva Simões Ms Rita Gomes Ms Teresa Caldas de Almeida Estabelecimento Prisional de Ponta Delgada Associação Mulher Migrante Alto Comissariado da Saúde Ms Patrícia Faro Ms Rosa Borreicho Ms Teresa Português Barreira Cruz Vermelha Portuguesa (Matosinhos) PSP Évora Centro Distrital Segurança Social de Bragança Ms Paula Borges Martins Ms Sandra Leitão Câmara Municipal de Lisboa Guarda Nacional Republicana Ms Teresa Rosmaninho Ms Paula Carvalheira Ms Sara Rosado Soroptimist Direcção-Geral da Reinserção Social Instituto Nacional de Emergência Médica Ms Vera Venâncio Ms Paula Garcia Ms Sónia Soares Câmara Municipal de Lisboa Departamento de Investigação e Acção Penal União de Mulheres Alternativa e Resposta Mr Paulo Valério Ms Sónia Trindade Mr Victor Coelho Governo Civil de Coimbra Quaternaire Direcção Geral da Reinserção Social Mr Plácido Rodrigues Fernandes Ms Susana Rosado Mr Victor Garcia Centro de Estudos Judiciários Lar Sta. Teresa Instituto Nacional de Estatística Ms Raquel Cardoso Ms Tânia Ribeiro Mr Victor Peña Ferreira Associação de Mulheres Contra a Violência Santa Casa da Misericórdia Lisboa Comissão para a Cidadania e Igualdade de Ms Raquel Mendes Mr Telmo Torrinha Género Governo Civil de Castelo Branco Vale da Esperança Ms Rita Garnel Ms Teresa Anjinho Ms Virgínia Lúcia Oliveira SociNova Faculdade de Direito, Universidade de Lisboa PSP Setúbal

Council of Europe Secretariat

Secretariat of the Parliamentary Directorate General of Human Ms Valérie Bapst Assembly of the Council of Europe Rights and Legal Affairs Administrative Assistant Gender Equality and Anti-trafficking Division Mr Lamine Diallo Mr Hanno Hartig Directorate General of Human Rights Deputy Secretary to the Committee on Equal Head of Department and Legal Affairs Opportunities for Women and Men of the Par- Directorate of Standard-Setting liamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe Directorate General of Human Rights Directorate of Communications and Legal Affairs Ms Cathie Burton Team Leader Campaigns Support Ms Johanna Nelles Public Relations Division Administrator Gender Equality and Anti-trafficking Division Interpreters Directorate General of Human Rights Ms Kathryn Watson and Legal Affairs Mr Manuel Sant’iago Ribeiro

Regional seminar, Lisbon, Portugal, 5 July 2007 121

Recommendation Rec (2002) 5

The Committee of Ministers, under Bearing in mind the provisions of Recommendation the terms of Article 15.b of the Statute the European Convention on Human Rec (2002) 5 of the Council of Europe, Rights (1950) and the case-law of its Reaffirming that violence towards organs, which safeguard, inter alia, of the Committee women is the result of an imbalance of the right to life and the right not to be power between men and women and subjected to torture or to inhuman or of Ministers to is leading to serious discrimination degrading treatment or punishment, against the female sex, both within the right to liberty and security and member states on society and within the family; the right to a fair trial; Affirming that violence against Considering the European Social the protection of women both violates and impairs or Charter (1961) and the revised Euro- nullifies the enjoyment of their human pean Social Charter (1996), in partic- women against rights and fundamental freedoms; ular the provisions therein concerning Noting that violence against equality between women and men violence women constitutes a violation of their with regard to employment, as well as physical, psychological and/or sexual the Additional Protocol to the Euro- integrity; pean Social Charter providing for a adopted by the Noting with concern that women system of collective complaints; are often subjected to multiple dis- Recalling the following recom- Committee of crimination on ground of their gender mendations of the Committee of Min- as well as their origin, including as Ministers on 30 April isters to member states of the Council victims of traditional or customary of Europe: Recommendation No. R 2002 at the 794th practices inconsistent with their (79) 17 concerning the protection of human rights and fundamental meeting of the children against ill-treatment; Rec- freedoms; 1 ommendation No. R (85) 4 on vio- Ministers’ Deputies Considering that violence against lence in the family; Recommendation women runs counter to the establish- No. R (85) 11 on the position of the ment of equality and peace and consti- victim within the framework of crim- tutes a major obstacle to citizens’ se- inal law and procedure; Recommen- curity and democracy in Europe; dation No. R (87) 21 on assistance to Noting with concern the extent of victims and the prevention of victimi- violence against women in the family, sation; Recommendation No. R (90) 2 whatever form the family takes, and at on social measures concerning vio- all levels of society; lence within the family; Recommen- Considering it urgent to combat dation No. R (91) 11 concerning this phenomenon which affects all Eu- sexual exploitation, pornography and ropean societies and concerns all their prostitution of, and trafficking in, members; children and young adults; Recom- Recalling the Final Declaration mendation No. R (93) 2 on the adopted at the Second Council of medico-social aspects of child abuse, Europe Summit (Strasbourg, 1997), in Recommendation No. R (2000) 11 on which the heads of state and govern- action against trafficking in human 1. In conformity with Article 10.2c of the ment of the member states affirmed beings for the purpose of sexual ex- Rules of Procedure of the Ministers’ Depu- ties, Sweden reserved its right to comply or their determination to combat vio- ploitation and Recommendation Rec not with paragraph 54 of this recommenda- lence against women and all forms of (2001) 16 on the protection of chil- tion. sexual exploitation of women; dren against sexual exploitation;

Regional seminar, Lisbon, Portugal, 5 July 2007 125 Stop domestic violence Recommendation Rec (2002) 5 against women

Recalling also the Declarations and Recalling also the inclusion of men in actions aiming at combating Resolutions adopted by the 3rd Euro- gender-related crimes and sexual vio- violence against women; pean Ministerial Conference on lence in the Statute of the Interna- Equality between Women and Men tional Criminal Court (Rome, 17 July IV. Encourage all relevant institu- held by the Council of Europe (Rome, 1998), tions dealing with violence against 1993); Recommends that the govern- women (police, medical and social Bearing in mind the United ments of member states: professions) to draw up medium- and Nations Declaration on the Elimina- long-term co-ordinated action plans, tion of Violence against Women I. Review their legislation and poli- which provide activities for the pre- (1993), the United Nations Conven- cies with a view to: vention of violence and the protection tion on the Elimination of All Forms of 1. guaranteeing women the recogni- of victims; Discrimination against Women tion, enjoyment, exercise and protec- (1979), the United Nations Conven- tion of their human rights and funda- tion against Transnational Organised mental freedoms; V. Promote research, data collection Crime and its Protocol to Prevent, 2. taking necessary measures, where and networking at national and inter- Suppress and Punish Trafficking in appropriate, to ensure that women are national level; Persons, especially Women and Chil- able to exercise freely and effectively dren (2000), the Platform for Action their economic and social rights; VI. Promote the establishment of adopted at the Fourth World Confer- 3. ensuring that all measures are co- higher education programmes and re- ence on Women (Beijing, 1995) and ordinated nation-wide and focused on search centres including at university the Resolution on Further actions and the needs of the victims and that rele- level, dealing with equality issues, in initiatives to implement the Beijing vant state institutions as well as non- particular with violence against Declaration and Platform for Action governmental organisations (NGOs) women; adopted by the United Nations be associated with the elaboration and General Assembly (23rd extraordi- the implementation of the necessary nary session, New York, 5-9 June measures, in particular those men- VII. Improve interactions between 2000); tioned in this recommendation; the scientific community, the NGOs Bearing in mind the United 4. encouraging at all levels the work in the field, political decision-makers Nations Convention on the Rights of of NGOs involved in combating vio- and legislative, health, educational, the Child (1989), as well as its Op- lence against women and establishing social and police bodies in order to tional Protocol on the sale of children, active co-operation with these NGOs, design co-ordinated actions against child prostitution and child pornogra- including appropriate logistic and fi- violence; phy (2000); nancial support; Also bearing in mind the Interna- VIII. Adopt and implement the tional Labour Organisation Conven- II. Recognise that states have an ob- measures described in the appendix tion No. 182 concerning the Prohibi- ligation to exercise due diligence to to this recommendation in the tion and Immediate Action for the prevent, investigate and punish acts of manner they consider the most appro- Elimination of the Worst Forms of violence, whether those acts are per- priate in the light of national circum- Child Labour (1999) and Recommen- petrated by the state or private per- stances and preferences, and, for this dation (R 190) on the Worst Forms of sons, and provide protection to vic- purpose, consider establishing a na- Child Labour (1999); tims; tional plan of action for combating vi- Recalling the basic principles of in- olence against women; ternational humanitarian law, and es- III. Recognise that male violence pecially the 4th Geneva Convention against women is a major structural relative to the protection of civilian and societal problem, based on the IX. Inform the Council of Europe on persons in time of war (1949) and the unequal power relations between the follow-up given at national level to 1st and 2nd additional Protocols women and men and therefore en- the provisions of this recommenda- thereto; courage the active participation of tion.

Appendix to Recommendation Rec (2002) 5

Definition results in, or is likely to result in, phys- ring in public or private life. This in- 1. For the purposes of this recom- ical, sexual or psychological harm or cludes, but is not limited to, the fol- mendation, the term “violence against suffering to women, including threats lowing: women” is to be understood as any act of such acts, coercion, or arbitrary a. violence occurring in the family or of gender-based violence, which deprivation of liberty, whether occur- domestic unit, including, inter alia,

126 Data collection as a prerequisite for effective policies to combat violence against women Stop à la violence Recommendation Rec (2002) 5 of the Committee of Ministers to member states on the protection of women against vio- domestique faite aux femmes physical and mental aggression, emo- f. prevention in all respective fields. subject of violence towards women tional and psychological abuse, rape 4. In this framework, it will be neces- openly, without prejudice or precon- and sexual abuse, incest, rape between sary to set up, wherever possible, at ceived ideas; spouses, regular or occasional part- national level, and in co-operation 8. include in the basic training pro- ners and cohabitants, crimes commit- with, where necessary, regional and/ grammes of members of the police ted in the name of honour, female or local authorities, a governmental force, judicial personnel and the genital and sexual mutilation and co-ordination institution or body in medical and social fields, elements other traditional practices harmful to charge of the implementation of concerning the treatment of domestic women, such as forced marriages; measures to combat violence against violence, as well as all other forms of b. violence occurring within the women as well as of regular monitor- violence affecting women; general community, including, inter ing and evaluation of any legal reform 9. include in the vocational training alia, rape, sexual abuse, sexual harass- or new form of intervention in the programmes of these personnel, in- ment and intimidation at work, in in- field of action against violence, in con- formation and training so as to give stitutions or elsewhere trafficking in sultation with NGOs and academic them the means to detect and manage women for the purposes of sexual ex- and other institutions. crisis situations and improve the ploitation and economic exploitation 5. Research, data collection and net- manner in which victims are received, and sex tourism; working at national and international listened to and counselled; level should be developed, in particu- c. violence perpetrated or condoned 10. encourage the participation of lar in the following fields: by the state or its officials; these personnel in specialised training d. violation of the human rights of a. the preparation of statistics sorted programmes, by integrating the latter women in situations of armed con- by gender, integrated statistics and in a merit-awarding scheme; flict, in particular the taking of hos- common indicators in order to better 11. encourage the inclusion of ques- tages, forced displacement, system- evaluate the scale of violence against tions concerning violence against atic rape, sexual slavery, forced women; women in the training of judges; pregnancy, and trafficking for the pur- b. the medium- and long-term con- poses of sexual exploitation and eco- sequences of assaults on victims; 12. encourage self-regulating professions, such as therapists, to develop nomic exploitation. c. the consequence of violence on strategies against sexual abuse which those who are witness to it, inter alia, could be committed by persons in po- General measures concern- within the family; sitions of authority; ing violence against women d. the health, social and economic costs of violence against women; 13. organise awareness-raising cam- 2. It is the responsibility and in the paigns on male violence towards e. the assessment of the efficiency of interest of states as well as a priority of women, stressing that men should be the judiciary and legal systems in national policies to safeguard the right responsible for their acts and encour- combating violence against women; of women not to be subjected to vio- aging them to analyse and dismantle lence of any kind or by any person. To f. the causes of violence against mechanisms of violence and to adopt this end, states may not invoke women, i.e. the reasons which cause different behaviour; custom, religion or tradition as a men to be violent and the reasons why society condones such violence; 14. introduce or reinforce a gender means of evading this obligation. perspective in human rights educa- g. the elaboration of criteria for 3. Member states should introduce, tion programmes, and reinforce sex benchmarking in the field of violence. develop and/or improve where neces- education programmes that give sary, national policies against violence special importance to gender equality based on: Information, public awareness, and mutual respect; a. maximum safety and protection of education and training 15. ensure that both boys and girls victims; Member states should: receive a basic education that avoids b. empowerment of victimised 6. compile and make available to the social and cultural patterns, preju- women by optimal support and assist- general public appropriate informa- dices and stereotyped roles for the ance structures which avoid second- tion concerning the different types of sexes and includes training in assert- ary victimisation; violence and their consequences for iveness skills, with special attention to c. adjustment of the criminal and victims, including integrated statisti- young people in difficulty at school; civil law including the judicial proce- cal data, using all the available media train all members of the teaching pro- dure; (press, radio and television, etc.); fession to integrate the concept of d. raising of public awareness and 7. mobilise public opinion by organ- gender equality in their teaching; education of children and young per- ising or supporting conferences and 16. include specific information in sons; information campaigns so that society school curricula on the rights of chil- e. ensuring special training for pro- is aware of the problem and its devas- dren, help-lines, institutions where fessionals confronted with violence tating effects on victims and society in they can seek help and persons they against women; general and can therefore discuss the can turn to in confidence.

Regional seminar, Lisbon, Portugal, 5 July 2007 127 Stop domestic violence Recommendation Rec (2002) 5 against women

Media ing medical and forensic medical ex- have the possibility to be heard by a Member states should: amination and treatment, together female officer should they so wish; 17. encourage the media to promote a with post-traumatic psychological 30. to this end, take steps to increase non-stereotyped image of women and and social support as well as legal as- the number of female police officers at men based on respect for the human sistance; this should be provided on a all levels of responsibility; person and human dignity and to confidential basis, free of charge and 31. ensure that children are suitably avoid programmes associating vio- be available around the clock; cared for in a comprehensive manner lence and sex; as far as possible, these 24. in particular, ensure that all serv- by specialised staff at all the relevant criteria should also be taken into ices and legal remedies available for stages (initial reception, police, public account in the field of the new infor- victims of domestic violence are pro- prosecutor’s department and courts) mation technologies; vided to immigrant women upon their and that the assistance provided is 18. encourage the media to partici- request; adapted to the needs of the child; pate in information campaigns to alert 25. take all the necessary measures in 32. take steps to ensure the necessary the general public to violence against order to ensure that collection of fo- psychological and moral support for women; rensic evidence and information is children who are victims of violence 19. encourage the organisation of carried out according to standardised by setting up appropriate facilities and training to inform media profession- protocol and forms; providing trained staff to treat the als and alert them to the possible con- child from initial contact to recovery; 26. provide documentation particu- sequences of programmes that associ- these services should be provided free larly geared to victims, informing ate violence and sex; of charge; them in a clear and comprehensible 20. encourage the elaboration of manner of their rights, the service 33. take all necessary measures to codes of conduct for media profes- they have received and the actions ensure that none of the victims suffer sionals, which would take into they could envisage or take, regardless secondary (re)victimisation or any account the issue of violence against of whether they are lodging a com- gender-insensitive treatment by the women and, in the terms of reference plaint or not, as well as of their possi- police, health and social personnel re- of media watch organisations, existing bilities to continue to receive psycho- sponsible for assistance, as well as by or to be established, encourage the in- logical, medical and social support judiciary personnel. clusion of tasks dealing with issues and legal assistance; concerning violence against women Criminal law, civil law and ju- and sexism. 27. promote co-operation between the police, health and social services dicial proceedings and the judiciary system in order to Local, regional and urban plan- Criminal law ning ensure such co-ordinated actions, and encourage and support the establish- Member states should: Member states should: ment of a collaborative network of 34. ensure that criminal law provides 21. encourage decision-makers in the non-governmental organisations; that any act of violence against a field of local, regional and urban plan- 28. encourage the establishment of person, in particular physical or ning to take into account the need to emergency services such as anony- sexual violence, constitutes a violation reinforce women’s safety and to mous, free of charge telephone help- of that person’s physical, psychologi- prevent the occurrence of violent acts lines for victims of violence and/or cal and/or sexual freedom and integ- in public places; persons confronted or threatened by rity, and not solely a violation of mo- 22. as far as possible, take all neces- situations of violence; regularly rality, honour or decency; sary measures in this respect, con- monitor calls and evaluate the data 35. provide for appropriate measures cerning in particular public lighting, obtained from the assistance provided and sanctions in national legislation, organisation of public transport and with due respect for data protection making it possible to take swift and ef- taxi services, design and planning of standards; fective action against perpetrators of car parks and residential buildings. violence and redress the wrong done 29. ensure that the police and other to women who are victims of violence. law-enforcement bodies receive, treat Assistance for and protection of In particular, national law should: victims (reception, treatment and counsel victims in an appropriate manner, based on respect for human ` penalise sexual violence and rape and counselling) beings and dignity, and handle com- between spouses, regular or occa- Member states should: plaints confidentially; victims should sional partners and cohabitants; 23. ensure that victims, without any be heard without delay by specially- ` penalise any sexual act committed discrimination, receive immediate trained staff in premises that are de- against non-consenting persons, and comprehensive assistance pro- signed to establish a relationship of even if they do not show signs of re- vided by a co-ordinated, multidiscipli- confidence between the victim and sistance; nary and professional effort, whether the police officer and ensure, as far as ` penalise sexual penetration of any or not they lodge a complaint, includ- possible, that the victims of violence nature whatsoever or by any means

128 Data collection as a prerequisite for effective policies to combat violence against women Stop à la violence Recommendation Rec (2002) 5 of the Committee of Ministers to member states on the protection of women against vio- domestique faite aux femmes

whatsoever of a non-consenting have suffered in order to avoid further 53. ensure co-operation and co-ordi- person; trauma; nation between intervention pro- ` penalise any abuse of the vulnera- 44. where necessary, ensure that grammes directed towards men and bility of a pregnant, defenceless, ill, measures are taken to protect victims those dealing with the protection of physically or mentally handi- effectively against threats and possi- women. capped or dependent victim; ble acts of revenge; ` penalise any abuse of the position 45. take specific measures to ensure Additional measures with of a perpetrator, and in particular that children’s rights are protected regard to sexual violence of an adult vis-à-vis a child. during proceedings; 46. ensure that children are accompa- Civil law nied, at all hearings, by their legal rep- A genetic data bank Member states should: resentative or an adult of their choice, Member states should: 36. ensure that, in cases where the as appropriate, unless the court gives a 54. consider setting up national and facts of violence have been estab- reasoned decision to the contrary in European data banks comprising the lished, victims receive appropriate respect of that person; genetic profile of all identified and compensation for any pecuniary, 47. ensure that children are able to in- non-identified perpetrators of sexual physical, psychological, moral and stitute proceedings through the inter- violence in order to put in place an ef- social damage suffered, correspond- mediary of their legal representative, a fective policy to catch offenders, ing to the degree of gravity, including public or private organisation or any prevent re-offending, and taking into legal costs incurred; adult of their choice approved by the account the standards laid down by 37. envisage the establishment of fi- legal authorities and, if necessary, to domestic legislation and the Council nancing systems in order to compen- have access to legal aid free of charge; of Europe in this field. sate victims. 48. provide that, for sexual offences and crimes, any limitation period Additional measures with Judicial proceedings does not commence until the day on regard to violence within the Member states should: which the victim reaches the age of 38. ensure that all victims of violence majority; family are able to institute proceedings as 49. provide for the requirement of Member states should: well as, where appropriate, public or professional confidentiality to be 55. classify all forms of violence private organisations with legal per- waived on an exceptional basis in the within the family as criminal offence; sonality acting in their defence, either case of persons who may learn of cases 56. revise and/or increase the penal- together with the victims or on their of children subject to sexual violence ties, where necessary, for deliberate behalf; in the course of their work, as a result assault and battery committed within 39. make provisions to ensure that of examinations carried out or of in- the family, whichever member of the criminal proceedings can be initiated formation given in confidence. family is concerned; by the public prosecutor; 57. preclude adultery as an excuse for 40. encourage prosecutors to regard Intervention programmes for violence within the family; violence against women and children the perpetrators of violence 58. envisage the possibility of taking as an aggravating or decisive factor in Member states should: measures in order to: deciding whether or not to prosecute 50. organise intervention pro- a. enable police forces to enter the in the public interest; grammes designed to encourage per- residence of an endangered person, 41. take all necessary steps to ensure petrators of violence to adopt a vio- arrest the perpetrator and ensure that that at all stages in the proceedings, lence-free pattern of behaviour by he or she appears before the judge; the victims’ physical and psychologi- helping them to become aware of their b. enable the judiciary to adopt, as cal state is taken into account and that acts and recognise their responsibil- interim measures aimed at protecting they may receive medical and psycho- ity; the victims, the banning of a perpetra- logical care; 51. provide the perpetrator with the tor from contacting, communicating 42. envisage the institution of special possibility to follow intervention pro- with or approaching the victim, resid- conditions for hearing victims or wit- grammes, not as an alternative to sen- ing in or entering certain defined nesses of violence in order to avoid the tence, but as an additional measure areas; repetition of testimony and to lessen aiming at preventing violence; partic- c. establish a compulsory protocol the traumatising effects of proceed- ipation in such programmes should be for operation so that the police and ings; offered on a voluntary basis; medical and social services follow the 43. ensure that rules of procedure 52. consider establishing specialised same procedure; prevent unwarranted and/or humili- state-approved intervention centres d. promote proactive victim protec- ating questioning for the victims or for violent men and support centres tion services which take the initiative witnesses of violence, taking into due initiated by NGOs and associations to contact the victim as soon as a consideration the trauma that they within the resources available; report is made to the police;

Regional seminar, Lisbon, Portugal, 5 July 2007 129 Stop domestic violence Recommendation Rec (2002) 5 against women e. ensure smooth co-operation of all mutilation, with or without the per- gender-based persecution and/or relevant institutions, such as police son’s consent; such acts shall be pun- providing residence status on human- authorities, courts and victim protec- ishable even if only partly performed; itarian grounds to women victims of tion services, in order to enable the 64. organise information and preven- violence during conflicts; victim to take all relevant legal and tion campaigns aimed at the popula- 73. support and fund NGOs provid- practical measures for receiving as- tion groups concerned, in particular ing counselling and assistance to sistance and taking actions against the immigrants and refugees, on the victims of violence during conflicts perpetrator within due time limits health risks to victims and the crimi- and in post-conflict situations; and without unwanted contact with nal penalties for perpetrators; 74. in post-conflict situations, the perpetrator; 65. alert the medical professions, in promote the inclusion of issues spe- f. penalise all breaches of the meas- particular doctors responsible for pre- cific to women into the reconstruc- ures imposed on the perpetrators by and post-natal medical visits and for tion and the political renewal process the authorities. monitoring the health of children; in affected areas; 66. arrange for the conclusion or rein- 59. consider, where needed, granting 75. at national and international forcement of bilateral agreements immigrant women who have been/are levels, ensure that all interventions in concerning prevention, and prohibi- victims of domestic violence an inde- areas which have been affected by tion of female genital mutilation and pendent right to residence in order to conflicts are performed by personnel the prosecution of perpetrators; enable them to leave their violent hus- who have been offered gender-sensi- 67. consider the possibility of grant- bands without having to leave the host tive training; country. ing special protection to these women as a threatened group for gender- 76. support and fund programmes based reasons. which follow a gender-sensitive ap- Additional measures with proach in providing assistance to regard to sexual harassment Additional measures con- victims of conflicts and contributing Member states should: to the reconstruction and repatriation cerning violence in conflict 60. take steps to prohibit all conducts efforts following a conflict. of a sexual nature, or other conduct and post-conflict situations based on sex affecting the dignity of Member states should: Additional measures con- women at work, including the behav- 68. penalise all forms of violence cerning violence in institu- iour of superiors and colleagues: all against women and children in situa- conduct of a sexual nature for which tions of conflict, in accordance with tional environments the perpetrator makes use of a the provisions of international hu- Member states should: position of authority, wherever it manitarian law, whether they occur in 77. penalise all forms of physical, occurs (including situations such as the form of humiliation, torture, sexual and psychological violence neighbourhood relations, relations sexual slavery or death resulting from perpetrated or condoned by the state between students and teachers, tele- these actions; or its officials, wherever it occurs and phone harassment, etc.), is con- 69. penalise rape, sexual slavery, in particular in prisons or detention cerned. These situations constitute a forced pregnancy, enforced sterilisa- centres, psychiatric institutions, etc.; tion or any other form of sexual vio- violation of the dignity of persons; 78. penalise all forms of physical, lence of comparable gravity as an in- 61. promote awareness, information sexual and psychological violence tolerable violation of human rights, as and prevention of sexual harassment perpetrated or condoned in situations crimes against humanity and, when in the workplace or in relation to work in which the responsibility of the state committed in the context of an armed or wherever it may occur and take the or of a third party may be invoked, for conflict, as war crimes; appropriate measures to protect example in boarding schools, retire- 70. ensure protection of witnesses women and men from such conduct. ment homes and other establish- before the national courts and inter- ments. Additional measures with national criminal tribunals trying genocide, crimes against humanity regard to genital mutilation and war crimes, and provide them Additional measures con- Member states should: with legal residence at least during the cerning failure to respect 62. penalise any mutilation of a proceedings; freedom of choice with regard woman’s or girl’s genital organs either 71. ensure social and legal assistance to reproduction with or without her consent; genital to all persons called to testify before mutilation is understood to mean the national courts and international Member states should: sewing up of the clitoris, excision, clit- criminal tribunals trying genocide, 79. prohibit enforced sterilisation or oridectomy and infibulation; crimes against humanity and war abortion, contraception imposed by 63. penalise any person who has delib- crimes; coercion or force, and pre-natal selec- erately participated in, facilitated or 72. consider providing refugee status tion by sex, and take all necessary encouraged any form of female genital or subsidiary protection for reasons of measures to this end.

130 Data collection as a prerequisite for effective policies to combat violence against women Stop à la violence Recommendation Rec (2002) 5 of the Committee of Ministers to member states on the protection of women against vio- domestique faite aux femmes

Additional measures con- our”, including information cam- Additional measures concerning killings in the name paigns aimed at the population groups cerning early marriages and the professionals concerned, in of honour particular judges and legal personnel; Member states should: Member states should: 82. penalise anyone having deliber- 84. prohibit forced marriages, con- 80. penalise all forms of violence ately participated in, facilitated or en- cluded without the consent of the against women and children commit- couraged a “killing in the name of persons concerned; ted in accordance with the custom of honour”; “killings in the name of honour”; 85. take the necessary measures to 81. take all necessary measures to 83. support NGOs and other groups prevent and stop practices related to prevent “killings in the name of hon- which combat these practices. the sale of children.

Regional seminar, Lisbon, Portugal, 5 July 2007 131

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